A. P. J. Abdul Kalam - Wikipedia

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam - Wikipedia
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President of India from 2002 to 2007
"Abdul Kalam" redirects here. For the member of Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly, see
Abdul Kalam (Varanasi politician)
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Official portrait,
c.
2002
President of India
In office
25 July 2002 – 25 July 2007
Prime Minister
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Manmohan Singh
Vice President
Krishan Kant
Bhairon Singh Shekhawat
Preceded by
K. R. Narayanan
Succeeded by
Pratibha Patil
Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India
In office
November 1999 – November 2001
President
K. R. Narayanan
Prime Minister
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Preceded by
Office established
Succeeded by
Rajagopala Chidambaram
Director General
of
Defence Research and Development Organisation
In office
1992–1999
Preceded by
Raja Ramanna
Succeeded by
Vasudev Kalkunte Aatre
Personal details
Born
1931-10-15
15 October 1931
Rameswaram
Madras Presidency
British India
(present day
Tamil Nadu
, India)
Died
27 July 2015
(2015-07-27)
(aged 83)
Shillong
Meghalaya
, India
Resting place
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial
Party
Independent
Alma mater
St. Joseph's College
BEng
Madras Institute of Technology
MEng
Profession
Aerospace scientist
author
Awards
List of awards and honours
Notable work(s)
Wings of Fire
India 2020
Ignited Minds
Indomitable Spirit
Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji
Scientific career
Honours
Padma Bhushan
(1981)
Padma Vibhushan
(1990)
Bharat Ratna
(1997)
Fields
Aerospace engineering
Institutions
Defence Research and Development Organisation
Indian Space Research Organisation
Website
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Centre
Signature
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam
ɑː
UB
-duul kə-
LAHM
; 15 October 1931 – 27 July 2015) was an Indian
aerospace
scientist and statesman who served as the
president of India
from 2002 to 2007.
Born and raised in a Muslim family in
Rameswaram
Tamil Nadu
, Kalam studied
physics
and
aerospace engineering
. He spent the next four decades as a scientist and science administrator, mainly at the
Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO) and
Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO) and was intimately involved in India's civilian space programme and military
missile development efforts
. He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development of
ballistic missile
and
launch vehicle
technology. He also played a pivotal organisational, technical, and political role in
Pokhran-II
nuclear tests in 1998, India's second such test after the
first test
in 1974.
Kalam
was elected
as the
president of India
in 2002 with the support of both the ruling
Bharatiya Janata Party
and the then-opposition
Indian National Congress
. He was widely referred to as the "People's President". He engaged in teaching, writing and public service after his presidency. He was a recipient of several awards, including the
Bharat Ratna
, India's highest civilian honour.
While delivering a lecture at
IIM Shillong
, Kalam collapsed and died from an apparent
cardiac arrest
on 27 July 2015, aged 83. Thousands attended the funeral ceremony held in his hometown of Rameswaram, where he was buried with
full state honours
. A
memorial
was inaugurated near his home town in 2017.
Early life and education
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 to a
Tamil Muslim
family in the pilgrimage center of
Rameswaram
on
Pamban Island
Madras Presidency
(now in the
Indian state
of
Tamil Nadu
).
His father, Jainulabdeen Marakayar, was a boat owner and
imam
of a local mosque,
and his mother, Ashiamma, was a housewife.
His father owned a boat that ferried
Hindu
pilgrims between Rameswaram and
Dhanushkodi
Kalam's birthplace in
Rameswaram
Tamil Nadu
This article is part of
a series about
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Presidency
(2002–2007)
Presidential elections
2002
Awards and honours
Eponyms
Death and state funeral
Memorial
World Students' Day
Books and publications
Wings of Fire
India 2020
Ignited Minds
Target 3 Billion
Transcendence
Indomitable Spirit
Associated projects
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme
Pokhran-II
Project Devil
Project Valiant
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
Satellite Launch Vehicle
Smiling Buddha
Gallery
: Picture, Sound, Video
Kalam was the youngest of four brothers and a sister in the family.
10
11
His ancestors had been wealthy
Marakayar
traders and landowners, with numerous properties and large tracts of land. Marakayar are a
Muslim
ethnic group found in coastal Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka who claim descent from
Arab
traders and local women. The family business had involved trading goods and transporting passengers between the Indian mainland and the Pamban Island and to and from Sri Lanka. With the opening of the
Pamban Bridge
connecting Pamban Island to mainland India in 1914, the businesses failed. As a result, apart from the ancestral home, the other family fortune and properties were lost by the 1920s, and the family was poverty-stricken by the time Kalam was born. As a young boy, he delivered newspapers to support the family's meager income.
12
13
14
In his school years, Kalam got average grades but was described by his teachers as a bright and hardworking student with a strong desire to learn. He spent hours learning
Mathematics
14
He did his schooling at Schwartz Higher Secondary School in
Ramanathapuram
15
He then graduated in
Physics
from
St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli
, in 1954.
16
Kalam moved to Madras in 1955 to study
aerospace engineering
at the
Madras Institute of Technology
While he was working on a class project, the Dean of the institution was dissatisfied with his lack of progress and threatened to revoke his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. Kalam met the deadline, impressing the Dean, who later said to him, "I was putting you under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline."
17
Later, he narrowly missed out on his dream of becoming a
fighter pilot
, as he placed ninth in qualifiers, and only eight positions were available in the
Indian Air Force
18
Career as a scientist
This was my first stage, in which I learnt leadership from three great teachers—Dr
Vikram Sarabhai
, Prof
Satish Dhawan
and Dr
Brahm Prakash
. This was the time of learning and acquisition of knowledge for me.
— Abdul Kalam
19
After graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology in 1960, Kalam became a member of the
Defence Research & Development Service
and joined the
Aeronautical Development Establishment
of the
Defence Research and Development Organisation
(DRDO) as a scientist. During his early career, he was involved in the design of small
hovercraft
, and remained unconvinced by his choice of a job at DRDO.
20
Later, he joined the
Indian National Committee for Space Research
, working under renowned space scientist
Vikram Sarabhai
He was interviewed and recruited into
Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO) by
H. G. S. Murthy
, the first director of the
Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station
21
In 1969, Kalam transferred to ISRO where he became the project director of India's first
satellite launch vehicle
(SLV) which successfully deployed the
Rohini
satellite in near-earth orbit in July 1980. He had earlier started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.
22
In 1969, Kalam received the approval from the
Government of India
to expand the programme to include more engineers.
19
In 1963–64, he visited
NASA
's
Langley Research Center
in
Hampton
Goddard Space Flight Center
in
Greenbelt
, and
Wallops Flight Facility
23
Since the late 1970s, Kalam was part of the effort to develop the
SLV-3
and
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle
(PSLV), both of which were successful.
24
25
In May 1974, Kalam was invited by
Raja Ramanna
to witness the country's first nuclear test
Smiling Buddha
as the representative of
Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory
, even though he was officially not part of the project.
26
In the 1970s, Kalam directed two projects,
Project Devil
and
Project Valiant
, which sought to develop
ballistic missiles
using the technology from the successful SLV programme. Despite the disapproval of the
union cabinet
, then Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi
allotted funds for these aerospace projects under Kalam's directorship through her discretionary powers. Kalam also played a major role in convincing the cabinet to conceal the true nature of these classified projects. His research and leadership brought him recognition in the 1980s, which prompted the government to initiate an advanced missile programme under his directorship.
27
Kalam worked with metallurgist
V. S. R. Arunachalam
, who was then scientific adviser to the Defence Minister, on the suggestion by the then Defence Minister
R. Venkataraman
on the simultaneous development of a quiver of missiles instead of taking planned missiles one after another.
28
Venkatraman was instrumental in getting the cabinet approval for allocating
3.88 billion
(equivalent to
66 billion or US$780 million in 2023) for the project titled
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme
(IGMDP) and appointed Kalam as its chief executive.
28
Kalam played a major role in the development of missiles including
Agni
, an intermediate range ballistic missile and
Prithvi
, the tactical surface-to-surface missile, despite inflated costs and time overruns.
28
29
He was known as the "Missile Man of India" for his work on the development of
ballistic missile
and
launch vehicle
technology.
30
31
32
Kalam served as the chief scientific adviser to the prime minister and
secretary
of the DRDO from July 1992 to December 1999. He played a key organisational, political and technical role in the
Pokhran-II
nuclear tests conducted in May 1998.
33
Along with
Rajagopala Chidambaram
, he served as the chief project coordinator for the tests.
34
Media coverage of Kalam during this period made him the country's best known nuclear scientist.
35
However, the director of the site test,
K. Santhanam
, said that the
thermonuclear bomb
had been a "
fizzle
" and criticised Kalam for issuing an incorrect report.
36
The claim was refuted and rejected by Kalam and Chidambaram.
37
In 1998, Kalam worked with
cardiologist
Bhupathiraju Somaraju
and developed a low cost
coronary stent
, named the "Kalam-Raju stent".
38
39
In 2012, the duo designed a
tablet computer
named the "Kalam-Raju tablet" for usage by healthcare workers in rural areas.
40
Presidency
Kalam greeting then prime minister
Vajpayee
on 25 December 2003
On 10 June 2002, the
National Democratic Alliance
(NDA) which was in power at the time, expressed its intention to nominate Kalam for the post of the
President of India
41
42
His candidature was backed by the opposition parties including the
Samajwadi Party
and the
Nationalist Congress Party
43
44
After the support for Kalam, incumbent president
K. R. Narayanan
chose not to seek a re-election.
45
Kalam said of the announcement of his candidature:
I am really overwhelmed. Everywhere both in Internet and in other media, I have been asked for a message. I was thinking what message I can give to the people of the country at this juncture.
46
On 18 June, Kalam filed his nomination papers in the
Indian Parliament
. Three sets of nomination papers were filed, one accompanied by the NDA leaders including prime minister
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
and senior cabinet members, the second accompanied by Congress including
Sonia Gandhi
, and the third with leaders from other supporting political parties.
47
He faced off against
Lakshmi Sahgal
, and the polling for the
presidential election
was held on 15 July 2002, in the Indian parliament and the state assemblies, with the media predicting a win for Kalam.
48
The counting was held on 18 July, and Kalam won the elections after securing 922,884 electoral votes as against the 107,366 votes won by Sahgal.
49
He was sworn in as the
11th president
of India on 25 July 2002.
50
51
He was the first scientist and the first bachelor to occupy the top chair at
Rashtrapati Bhawan
52
Kalam with prime minister designate
Manmohan Singh
in New Delhi on 19 May 2004
During his term as president, he was affectionately known as the "People's President".
53
54
55
56
He later stated that signing the
Office of profit
bill was the toughest decision he had taken during his tenure.
57
58
59
In September 2003, during an interactive session at
PGIMER
in
Chandigarh
, Kalam asserted the need of
Uniform Civil Code
in India, keeping in view the population of the country.
60
61
He also took a decision to impose
President's rule
in Bihar in 2005.
62
However, during his tenure as president, he made no decision on 20 out of the 21 mercy petitions submitted to him to commute
death penalties
, including that of terrorist
Afzal Guru
, who was convicted of conspiracy in the
December 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament
and was sentenced to death by the
Supreme Court of India
in 2004.
63
He acted only on a single plea, rejecting that of
Dhananjoy Chatterjee
, who was later hanged.
64
Towards the end of his term, on 20 June 2007, Kalam expressed his willingness to consider a second term in office provided there was certainty about his victory in the upcoming
presidential election
65
His name was proposed by the
United National Progressive Alliance
, but he did receive the support of the ruling
United Progressive Alliance
66
67
However, two days later, he decided not to contest the election again stating that he wanted to avoid involving the Rashtrapati Bhavan in the political processes.
68
Kalam addressing the nation on the eve of the 58th Republic day in 2007
In April 2012, towards the expiry of the term of the 12th president
Pratibha Patil
, media reports claimed that Kalam was likely to be nominated for his second term.
69
70
71
After the reports,
social networking sites
witnessed a surge in posts supporting his candidature.
72
73
While the ruling
Indian National Congress
opposed the nomination of Kalam,
74
other parties such as the
Bharatiya Janata Party
and the
Trinamool Congress
were reported by the media to be keen on his candidature.
75
76
77
78
On 18 June 2012, Kalam declined to contest stating that:
Many, many citizens have also expressed the same wish. It only reflects their love and affection for me and the aspiration of the people. I am really overwhelmed by this support. This being their wish, I respect it. I want to thank them for the trust they have in me.
79
Post-presidency
Kalam addressing students at
IIT Guwahati
in 2012
After leaving office, Kalam returned to teaching, and became a visiting professor at various institutions. He became a visiting professor at
IIM Shillong
80
an honorary professor at his alma mater
Anna University
in Chennai,
81
and an honorary fellow of the
Indian Institute of Science
at
Bengaluru
82
83
In September 2007, he became the first chancellor of the newly established
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
at
Thiruvananthapuram
84
He also conducted lectures for management students in India,
85
and visited China twice at the invitation of the
Chinese government
to conduct sessions at the
Peking University
86
In 2011, Kalam voiced his support towards the establishment of the
nuclear power plant
at
Koodankulam
in Tamil Nadu, giving assurances for the safety of the facility.
87
However, some of the locals were unconvinced by his statements on the safety of the plant, and were hostile to his visit.
88
In May 2012, Kalam launched a programme called
What Can I Give Movement
aimed at the youth of India with a central theme of defeating corruption.
89
90
Death
Main article:
Death and state funeral of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
On 27 July 2015, Kalam travelled to
Shillong
to deliver a lecture on "Creating a Livable Planet Earth" at IIM Shillong. While climbing a flight of stairs, he experienced some discomfort, but was able to enter the auditorium after a brief rest.
91
92
At around 6:35 p.m.
IST
, after five minutes into his lecture, he collapsed.
93
He was rushed to the nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical condition, and upon arrival, he lacked a pulse or any other signs of life. Despite being placed in the
intensive care unit
, he was confirmed dead of a sudden
cardiac arrest
at 7:45
p.m.
94
95
His purported last words to his aide
Srijan Pal Singh
were: "Funny guy! Are you doing well?"
96
Aftermath
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial
at
Rameswaram
Following his death, the people of India paid tributes on social media.
97
The Government of India declared a seven-day
state mourning
period as a mark of respect.
98
Various leaders from India and abroad condoled the death of Kalam.
99
100
101
Kalam's body was flown to New Delhi on the morning of 28 July, where dignitaries including then president, vice president, and prime minister paid their last respects.
102
His body was placed in his Delhi residence for public viewing.
103
On 29 July, his body was flown to the town of
Mandapam
via
Madurai
, and was carried towards his home town of Rameswaram by road. His body was displayed in an open area to allow the public to pay their final respects until 8
p.m. that evening.
104
105
106
On 30 July 2015, following an
Islamic burial prayer
performed by the local
imam
107
he was laid to rest at Rameswaram's Pei Karumbu ground with full state honours with over 350,000 people in attendance.
108
109
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Memorial
was built in memory of Kalam by the DRDO in Pei Karumbu in Rameswaram.
110
It was inaugurated by the prime minister
Narendra Modi
in July 2017.
111
112
The memorial displays replicas of rockets and missiles which Kalam had worked with, and various acrylic paintings about his life. There is a large statue of Kalam in the entrance showing him playing the
veena
, and two other smaller statues in sitting and standing posture respectively.
113
Personal life and interests
Kalam's veena on display at the
Rashtrapati Bhavan
museum in Delhi
Kalam was the youngest of five siblings, the eldest of whom was a sister, Asim Zohra (
d.
1997
), followed by three elder brothers: Mohammed Lebbai (5 November 1916–7 March 2021),
114
115
Mustafa Kalam (
d.
1999
) and Kasim Mohammed (
d.
1995
).
116
He was close to his elder siblings and their extended families throughout his life, and would regularly send small sums of money to his older siblings, though he himself remaining a lifelong
bachelor
116
117
Kalam was noted for his integrity and his simple lifestyle.
117
118
He was a
teetotaler
119
and a
vegetarian
120
Kalam enjoyed writing
Tamil
poetry, playing the
veena
(an Indian string instrument),
121
and listening to
Carnatic devotional music
every day.
122
He never owned a
television
, and was in the habit of rising at 6:30 or 7
a.m. and sleeping by 2
a.m.
123
His personal possessions included a few books, a
veena
, clothing, a
compact disc
player and a
laptop
. He left no will, and his possessions went to his eldest brother after his death.
124
125
Kalam set a target of interacting with 100,000 students during the two years after his resignation from the post of scientific adviser in 1999. He explained, "I feel comfortable in the company of young people, particularly high school students. Henceforth, I intend to share with them experiences, helping them to ignite their imagination and preparing them to work for a developed India for which the road map is already available." His dream is to let every student to light up the sky with victory using their latent fire in the heart.
14
He had an active interest in other developments in the field of science and technology such as developing
biomedical implants
. He also supported
open source
technology over
proprietary software
, predicting that the use of free software on a large scale would bring the benefits of information technology to more people.
126
Religious and spiritual views
Religion and spirituality were very important to Kalam throughout his life.
127
He was a practising
Sunni Muslim
, and daily
namaz
and fasting during
Ramadan
were integral to his life.
122
128
His father was an imam of a mosque, and had strictly instilled these Islamic customs in his children.
His father had also impressed upon the young Kalam the value of interfaith respect and dialogue. As Kalam recalled: "Every evening, my father A. P. Jainulabdeen, an imam, Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, the head priest of the Ramanathaswamy Hindu temple, and a church priest used to sit with hot tea and discuss the issues concerning the island."
129
130
Such early exposure convinced Kalam that the answers to India's multitudinous issues lay in "dialogue and cooperation" among the country's religious, social, and political leaders.
128
Moreover, since Kalam believed that "respect for other faiths" was one of the key cornerstones of Islam, and he remarked: "For great men, religion is a way of making friends; small people make religion a fighting tool."
131
One component of Kalam's widespread popularity among diverse groups in India, and an enduring aspect of his legacy, is the
syncretism
he embodied in appreciating various elements of the many spiritual and cultural traditions of India.
122
128
132
In addition to his faith in the
Quran
and Islamic practice, Kalam was well-versed in Hindu traditions, learnt
Sanskrit
133
134
and read the
Bhagavad Gita
135
136
In 2002, in one of his early speeches to Parliament after becoming the president, he reiterated his desire for a more united India, stating that "During the last one year I met a number of spiritual leaders of all religions ... and I would like to endeavour to work for bringing about unity of minds among the divergent traditions of our country".
132
Describing Kalam as a unifier of diverse traditions,
Shashi Tharoor
remarked, "Kalam was a complete Indian, an embodiment of the eclecticism of India's heritage of diversity".
122
Former
deputy prime minister
L. K. Advani
concurred that Kalam was "the best exemplar of the Idea of India, one who embodied the best of all the cultural and spiritual traditions that signify India's unity in immense diversity.
137
Kalam's desire to meet spiritual leaders led him to meet
Pramukh Swami Maharaj
, the Hindu guru of the
Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha
(BAPS), who Kalam would come to consider his ultimate spiritual teacher and guru.
128
Kalam and Pramukh Swami met eight times over a fourteen-year period and on his first meeting on 30 June 2001, Kalam described being immediately drawn to Pramukh Swami's simplicity and spiritual purity.
129
138
Kalam stated that he was inspired by Pramukh Swami throughout their numerous interactions, and recalled being moved by Swami's equanimity and compassion, citing this incident as one of his motivations for writing his experiences as a book later.
129
Summarising the effect that Pramukh Swami had on him, Kalam stated that "[Pramukh Swami] has indeed transformed me. He is the ultimate stage of the spiritual ascent in my life ... Pramukh Swamiji has put me in a God-synchronous orbit. No manoeuvres are required any more, as I am placed in my final position in eternity."
128
139
Writings
Main article:
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam bibliography
Kalam delivering a speech in 2010
Kalam has authored various books during his career, and his books have garnered interest in various countries.
140
In his book
India 2020
, he strongly advocated an action plan to develop India into a "knowledge superpower" and a
developed nation
by 2020. He regarded his work on India's
nuclear weapons
programme as a way to assert India's place as a future superpower.
141
I have identified five areas where India has a core competence for integrated action: (1) agriculture and food processing; (2) education and healthcare; (3) information and communication technology; (4) infrastructure, reliable and quality electric power, surface transport and infrastructure for all parts of the country; and (5) self-reliance in critical technologies. These five areas are closely inter-related and if advanced in a coordinated way, will lead to food, economic and national security.
Kalam described a "transformative moment" in his life in his book
Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji
. When he asked Pramukh Swami on how India might realise his vision of development, Swami answered to add a sixth area of developing faith in God and spirituality to overcome the current climate of crime and corruption.
129
Bibliography
The following are the books authored by Kalam:
142
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
Roddam Narasimha
(1988).
Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology
Indian Academy of Sciences
143
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
Y. S. Rajan
(1998).
India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium
Penguin Random House
ISBN
978-0-670-88271-7
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
Arun Tiwari
(1999).
Wings of Fire
. Universities Press.
ISBN
978-8-173-71146-6
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2002).
Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power within India
Penguin Books
ISBN
978-0-670-04928-8
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
A. Sivathanu Pillai
(2004).
Envisioning an Empowered Nation: Technology for Societal Transformation
McGraw-Hill
ISBN
978-0-070-53154-3
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2004).
The Luminous Sparks: A Biography in Verse and Colours
. Punya Publishing.
ISBN
978-8-190-18978-1
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
Arun Tiwari
(2005).
Guiding Souls: Dialogues on the Purpose of Life
. Ocean Books.
ISBN
978-8-188-32274-9
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
Manav Gupta
(2005).
Mission India : A Vision for Indian youth
Penguin Books
ISBN
978-0-14-333499-6
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2007).
Inspiring Thoughts: Quotation Series
Rajpal & Sons
ISBN
978-81-7028-684-4
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
Arun Tiwari
(2010).
You Are Born To Blossom: Take my Journey Beyond
. Ocean Books.
ISBN
978-8-184-30037-6
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
Y. S. Rajan
(2011).
The Scientific India: A Twenty First Century Guide to the World around Us
Penguin Books
ISBN
978-0-143-41687-6
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
Arun Tiwari
(2011).
Failure to Success: Legendry Lives
Orient Blackswan
ISBN
978-8-125-04212-9
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
Srijan Pal Singh
(2011).
Target 3 Billion: Innovative Solutions towards Sustainable Development
Penguin Books
ISBN
978-0-143-41730-9
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; Poonam Kohli (2012).
You are Unique: Scale New Heights by Thoughts and Actions
. Punya Publishing.
ISBN
978-0-143-41730-9
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2012).
Turning Points: A Journey through Challenges
Harper Collins
ISBN
978-9-350-29347-8
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2013).
Indomitable Spirit
Rajpal & Sons
ISBN
978-8-170-28879-4
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2013).
Spirit of India
Rajpal & Sons
ISBN
978-8-170-28795-7
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2014).
My Journey: Transforming Dreams into Actions
Rupa Publications
ISBN
978-8-129-12491-3
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
A. Sivathanu Pillai
(2014).
We Can do it: Thoughts for Change
. Shree Book Centre.
ISBN
978-9-350-49763-0
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2014).
Governance for Growth in India
Rupa Publications
ISBN
978-8-129-13260-4
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam; V. Ponraj (2014).
A Manifesto for Change: A Sequel to India 2020
Harper Collins
ISBN
978-9-351-36172-5
144
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2014).
Forge Your Future: Candid, Forthright, Inspiring
Rajpal & Sons
ISBN
978-93-5064-279-5
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2014).
Beyond 2020: A Vision for Tomorrow's India
. Viking Publishing.
ISBN
978-0-670-08796-9
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (2015).
The Guiding Light: A Selection of Quotations from My Favourite Books
Rupa Publications
ISBN
978-8-129-13486-8
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
Srijan Pal Singh
(2015).
Reignited: Scientific Pathways to a Brighter Future
Penguin Books
ISBN
978-0-143-33354-8
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
Acharya Mahapragya
(2015).
The Family and the Nation
Harper Collins
ISBN
978-8-172-23727-1
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
Arun Tiwari
(2015).
Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji
Harper Collins
ISBN
978-9-351-77405-1
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam;
Srijan Pal Singh
(2015).
Advantage India: From Challenge to Opportunity
Harper Collins
ISBN
978-9-351-77645-1
Awards and honours
Main article:
List of honors and awards received by A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Kalam received
honorary doctorates
from various universities.
145
146
147
The Government of India honoured him with the
Padma Bhushan
in 1981 and the
Padma Vibhushan
in 1990.
26
In 1997, he was awarded India's highest civilian honour, the
Bharat Ratna
, for his contribution to the scientific research and modernisation of defence technology in India.
148
He received the
Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration
in 1997, Savarkar Award in 1998, and Ramanujan Award in 2000.
26
In 2008, he was the recipient of
Hoover Medal
149
In 2013, he was awarded the
Von Braun Award
by the
National Space Society
"to recognize excellence in the management and leadership of a space-related project".
150
Legacy
A 2015
India Post
stamp of Kalam
Main article:
List of things named after A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Kalam's birthday is celebrated as
World Students' Day
in India.
151
In 2012, Kalam was ranked second in
the Greatest Indian
poll conducted by
Outlook
152
In September 2014, India and the United States launched the Fulbright-Kalam climate fellowship which enabled six Indian doctoral students and researchers to work with institutions in the US for a period of 6–12 months.
153
In 2015, the
Government of Tamil Nadu
announced that Kalam's birthday, 15 October, would be observed as "Youth Renaissance Day". It also instituted the "
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Award
" constituting a gold medal, a certificate and
500,000
(US$5,900), to be awarded annually on the
Indian Independence Day
, to residents of the state with achievements in promoting scientific growth, the humanities or the welfare of students.
154
On the anniversary of Kalam's birth in 2015, the
Central Board of Secondary Education
(CBSE) released topics on his name as a part of the CBSE expression series.
155
On the same day,
India Post
released postage stamps commemorating the 84th anniversary of Kalam's birth.
156
In 2017, researchers at the NASA's
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
discovered a new bacterium on the filters of the
International Space Station
and named it
Solibacillus kalamii
to honour Kalam.
157
In February 2018, scientists from the
Botanical Survey of India
named a newly found plant species as
Drypetes kalamii
, in his honour.
158
In 2022, a newly discovered species of
footballfish
was named as
Himantolophus kalami
in Kalam's honour.
159
In 2023, a newly discovered
tardigrade
was named
Batillipes kalami
after him.
160
Several places and locations have been named after Kalam. In August 2015,
Aurangzeb Road
in New Delhi was named after Kalam as Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road.
161
162
163
In September 2015, the national missile test site in
Odisha
in Wheeler Island was renamed as
Abdul Kalam Island
164
In October 2015, a 6,180 m (20,280 ft) peak near the
Bara Shigri Glacier
in the
Himalayas
was named as Mount Kalam.
165
Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex
, a missile research facility in
Hyderabad
is named after him.
166
Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Science City
in
Patna
, and
Dr. Abdul Kalam Science Centre and Planetarium
in
Puducherry
are named in honour of Kalam.
167
168
Several universities,
169
and other educational institutions and other locations were renamed or named in honour of Kalam.
170
171
172
173
In popular culture
Biographies
Eternal Quest: Life and Times of Dr Kalam
by S Chandra; Pentagon Publishers, 2002.
174
President A P J Abdul Kalam
by R K Pruthi; Anmol Publications, 2002.
175
A P J Abdul Kalam: The Visionary of India
by K Bhushan, G Katyal; A P H Pub Corp, 2002.
176
The Kalam Effect: My Years with the President
by P M Nair; HarperCollins, 2008.
177
My Days With Mahatma Abdul Kalam
by Fr A K George; Novel Corporation, 2009.
178
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: A Life
by
Arun Tiwari
; Harper Collins, 2015.
179
The People's President: Dr A P J Abdul Kalam
by S M Khan; Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016.
180
Film and media
In 2008, a documentary film
A Little Dream
directed by P. Dhanapal was released in India.
181
In the 2011
Hindi film
I Am Kalam
, Kalam is portrayed as a positive influence on a poor but bright
Rajasthani
boy named Chhotu, who renames himself Kalam in honour of his idol.
182
People's President
is a 2016 Indian documentary
feature film
directed by Pankaj Vyas and produced by the Government of India's
Films Division
183
My Hero Kalam
is a 2018
Kannada
biographical film by Shivu Hiremath which portrays Kalam's life from childhood to the Pokhran tests.
184
The third episode of
Mega Icons
(2018–2020), a documentary television series about prominent personalities of India aired on
National Geographic
was based on Kalam's life.
185
In the 2020
Tamil
film
Soorarai Pottru
, Sheik Maideen portrayed Kalam.
186
In
Rocket Boys
, a Hindi biographical
streaming television
series on
SonyLIV
, the character of Kalam was played by Arjun Radhakrishnan.
187
In the 2022 Tamil film
Rocketry: The Nambi Effect
, Kalam is portrayed by Amaan.
188
See also
Presidency of A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
List of presidents of India
References
Contested the
2002 Indian presidential election
as an independent candidate backed by the ruling
National Democratic Alliance
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{{
cite news
}}
: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
link
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Press Information Bureau
Archived
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"Images of the Inauguration function"
Defence Research and Development Organisation
Archived
from the original on 2 August 2017.
"The Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi's web page with news and photos"
Archived
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"What is the Abdul Kalam memorial row?"
The Indian Express
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Archived
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"Kalam's elder brother dies at 104"
The Hindu
. 7 March 2021.
ISSN
0971-751X
Archived
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2021
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India Today
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"We thought he would be with us for another decade: Kalam's nephew"
Mid-Day
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NDTV
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NDTV
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"Kalam had no property"
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{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
link
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Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji
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Rediff.com
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The Hindu
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ISSN
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2012
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"IDG Session Address"
(PDF)
NUJS Law Review
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2015
"List of 25 Inspiring books written by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam"
Jagran Prakashan
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2024
"Developments in Fluid Mechanics and Space Technology"
National Informatics Centre
Archived
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1 March
2012
"Dr. Abdul Kalam's new Book A Manifesto for Change to release on July 14"
Bihar Prabha
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Zawya
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"Kalam receives honorary doctorate from Queen's University Belfast"
Oneindia.in
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2012
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Rediff.com
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13 March
2012
"Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, 2008 Hoover Medal Recipient"
American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Archived
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12 August
2023
"NSS Von Braun Award"
National Space Society
. Archived from
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10 February
2015
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The Hindustan Times
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2022
Sengupta, Uttam (20 August 2012).
"A Measure of the Man"
Outlook
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"India, US Launch Fulbright-Kalam Climate Fellowship"
NDTV
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Archived
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2017
"Award in Kalam's name, birthday to be observed as 'Youth Renaissance Day'
The Economic Times
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Archived
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2024
"NASA pays tribute to APJ Abdul Kalam by naming new species after him"
International Business Times
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Archived
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2017
Pacha, Aswathi (24 February 2018).
"New plant species from West Bengal named after former President Abdul Kalam"
The Hindu
Archived
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Scharpf, Christopher (3 June 2024).
"Order LOPHIIFORMES (part 2): Families Caulophrynidae, Neoceratiidae, Melanocetidae, Himantolophidae, Diceratiidae, Oneirodidae, Thaumatichthyidae, Centrophrynidae, Ceratiidae, Gigantactinidae And Linophrynidaee"
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Archived
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2024
Rajwi, Tiki (19 September 2023).
"New marine tardigrade species named after former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam"
The Hindu
ISSN
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2024
"Delhi exits 'cruel' Aurangzeb Road for 'kind' Abdul Kalam"
The Indian Express
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Archived
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Nath, Damini (4 September 2015).
"Aurangzeb Road is now Abdul Kalam Road"
The Hindu
Archived
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27 February
2018
"Aurangzeb Road Renamed After APJ Abdul Kalam, Arvind Kejriwal Tweets 'Congrats'
NDTV
Archived
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27 February
2018
"Odisha's Wheeler Island to be renamed after APJ Abdul Kalam"
The Hindustan Times
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2015
"These 2 Indians Scaled an Unexplored Mountain Peak. And Named It Mt. Kalam"
Better India
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2024
"Missile Complex in Hyderabad renamed after Kalam"
India Today
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2024
Rumi, Faryal (24 February 2019).
"Work on APJ Abdul Kalam Science City to begin this month"
The Times of India
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"Science centre-cum-planetarium named after Abdul Kalam"
The Hindu
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2015
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The Times of India
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"Bihar govt names college, science city after 'People's President' APJ Abdul Kalam"
The Hindu
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"Institute to be named after Kalam"
The Hindu
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India Today
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The New York Times
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President Apj Abdul Kalam
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My Days with Mahatma Abdul Kalam
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The People's President: Dr A P J Abdul Kalam
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2009
"I Am Kalam: Movie Review"
The Times of India
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2012
"Biopic to be streamed as tribute to Dr APJ Abdul Kalam"
(PDF)
Films Division of India
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2021
"My Hero Kalam (2018)"
Indiancine
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17 February
2021
"Mega Icons Season 1 Episode 1"
Disney+ Hotstar
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2021
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2022
'Rocket Boys' Begins Well, Then Turns Into Hagiography With a Blatantly Communal Touch"
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External links
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
at Wikipedia's
sister projects
Media
from Commons
News
from Wikinews
Quotations
from Wikiquote
Texts
from Wikisource
Data
from Wikidata
Documentation
from MediaWiki
Official website
Archived
27 February 2021 at the
Wayback Machine
Website of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam during his tenureship as the President of India
, hosted by the
National Informatics Centre
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
at
IMDb
Political offices
Preceded by
K. R. Narayanan
President of India
2002 - 2007
Succeeded by
Pratibha Patil
Government offices
New title
First holder
Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India
1999 - 2002
Succeeded by
Rajagopala Chidambaram
Preceded by
V. S. R. Arunachalam
Director General
Defence Research and Development Organisation
1992 - 1999
Succeeded by
V. K. Aatre
Navboxes related to A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
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K. R. Narayanan
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Presidency
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Presidency
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Presidency
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Presidency
Droupadi Murmu
(incumbent)
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Acting
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Eponyms
Prasad
Abdul Kalam
International trips
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Murmu
Residence
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Category
Recipients of
Bharat Ratna
Award
1954–1960
C. Rajagopalachari
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
, and
C. V. Raman
(1954)
Bhagwan Das
M. Visvesvaraya
, and
Jawaharlal Nehru
(1955)
Govind Ballabh Pant
(1957)
Dhondo Keshav Karve
(1958)
1961–1980
Bidhan Chandra Roy
, and
Purushottam Das Tandon
(1961)
Rajendra Prasad
(1962)
Zakir Husain
, and
Pandurang Vaman Kane
(1963)
Lal Bahadur Shastri
(1966)
Indira Gandhi
(1971)
Varahagiri Venkata Giri
(1975)
K. Kamaraj
(1976)
Mother Teresa
(1980)
1981–2000
Vinoba Bhave
(1983)
Abdul Ghaffar Khan
(1987)
M. G. Ramachandran
(1988)
B. R. Ambedkar
, and
Nelson Mandela
(1990)
Rajiv Gandhi
Vallabhbhai Patel
, and
Morarji Desai
(1991)
Abul Kalam Azad
J. R. D. Tata
and
Satyajit Ray
(1992)
Gulzarilal Nanda
Aruna Asaf Ali
, and
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
(1997)
M. S. Subbulakshmi
, and
C. Subramaniam
(1998)
Jayaprakash Narayan
Amartya Sen
Gopinath Bordoloi
, and
Ravi Shankar
(1999)
2001–2020
Lata Mangeshkar
, and
Bismillah Khan
(2001)
Bhimsen Joshi
(2008)
C. N. R. Rao
, and
Sachin Tendulkar
(2014)
Atal Bihari Vajpayee
, and
Madan Mohan Malaviya
(2015)
Nanaji Deshmukh
Bhupen Hazarika
, and
Pranab Mukherjee
(2019)
2021–2040
Karpoori Thakur
Lal Krishna Advani
Charan Singh
P. V. Narasimha Rao
, and
M. S. Swaminathan
(2024)
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Asha Bhosle
Nandalal Bose
Hariprasad Chaurasia
Chiranjeevi
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Kumar Gandharva
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Satish Gujral
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M. F. Husain
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award recipients (1980–1989)
1980
Sunil Gavaskar
1981
Vainu Bappu
Prafulla Desai
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Gopinath Mohanty
Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya
Amritlal Nagar
Mrinal Sen
Avabai Bomanji Wadia
1982
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1983
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Arun Kumar Sharma
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Umrao Singh
1984
Horace Alexander
Michael Ferreira
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Jnan Prakash Ghosh
Kotha Satchidananda Murthy
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Ishwari Prasad
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Marie Seton
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Natwar Singh
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Baldev Upadhyaya
1985
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1986
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1987
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1988
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1989
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A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
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