ActivityPub - Wikipedia

ActivityPub - Wikipedia
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Decentralized social networking protocol
ActivityPub
Communication protocol
An infographic of the core functionality of ActivityPub
Abbreviation
AP
Purpose
Decentralized social networking
Developer(s)
World Wide Web Consortium
and
Christine Lemmer-Webber
Jessica Tallon
Erin Shepherd
Amy Guy
Evan Prodromou
Introduction
January 23, 2018
; 8 years ago
2018-01-23
Based on
ActivityStreams
JSON-LD
Influenced
AT Protocol
Website
activitypub
.rocks
ActivityPub
is a
protocol
and
open standard
for
decentralized
social networking
. It provides a
client-to-server
(C2S)
API
for creating and modifying content, as well as a
federated
server-to-server
(S2S) protocol for delivering notifications and content to other servers.
ActivityPub is the defining standard of the
Fediverse
, a decentralised social network of various social interaction models, and content types, which consists of independently managed instances of software such as
Mastodon
Pixelfed
and
PeerTube
, among others.
ActivityPub is considered to be an update to the ActivityPump protocol used in
pump.io
, and the official W3C repository for ActivityPub is identified as a fork of ActivityPump.
The creation of a new standard for
decentralized social networking
was prompted by the complexity of
OStatus
, the most commonly used protocol at the time. OStatus was built using a multitude of technologies (such as
Atom
Salmon
WebSub
and
WebFinger
), a product of the infrastructure used in
GNU social
(the originator and largest user of the OStatus protocol), which made it difficult to implement the protocol into new software. OStatus was also only designed to work with
microblogging
services, with little flexibility to the types of data that it could hold.
The standard was first published by the
World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) as a W3C Recommendation in January 2018 by the Social Web Working Group (SocialWG), a
working group
chartered to build the protocols and vocabularies needed to create a standard for social functionality.
Shortly after, further development was moved to the Social Web Community Group (SocialCG), the successor to the SocialWG.
Design
edit
ActivityPub uses the
ActivityStreams
2.0 format for building its content, which itself uses
JSON-LD
. The three main data types used in ActivityPub are Objects, Activities and Actors. Objects are the most common data type, and can be images, videos, or more abstract items such as locations or events. Activities are actions that create and modify objects, for example a
Create
activity creates an object. Actors are representative of an individual, a group, an application or a service, and are the owners of objects.
Every actor type contains an inbox and outbox stream, which sends and receives activities for a user. In order to publish data (for example liking an article), a user creates an activity that declares that they liked an Article object and publishes it to their outbox, where it is then delivered by the ActivityPub server via a
POST
request to the inboxes listed in the activity's
to
bto
cc
and
bcc
fields. The receiving servers then account for the newly received activity and update the article by adding the like action to it.
Example data
edit
An example actor object that represents a
user account
"@context"
"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams"
"@language"
"ja"
}],
"type"
"Person"
"id"
"https://kenzoishii.example.com/"
"following"
"https://kenzoishii.example.com/following.json"
"followers"
"https://kenzoishii.example.com/followers.json"
"liked"
"https://kenzoishii.example.com/liked.json"
"inbox"
"https://kenzoishii.example.com/inbox.json"
"outbox"
"https://kenzoishii.example.com/feed.json"
"preferredUsername"
"kenzoishii"
"name"
"石井健蔵"
"summary"
"この方はただの例です"
"icon"
"https://kenzoishii.example.com/image/165987aklre4"
An example activity that likes an article object:
"@context"
"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams"
"@language"
"en"
}],
"type"
"Like"
"actor"
"https://dustycloud.org/christine/"
"summary"
"Christine liked 'Minimal ActivityPub update client'"
"object"
"https://rhiaro.co.uk/2016/05/minimal-activitypub"
"to"
"https://rhiaro.co.uk/#amy"
"https://dustycloud.org/followers"
"https://rhiaro.co.uk/followers/"
],
"cc"
"https://e14n.com/evan"
An example article object:
"@context"
"https://www.w3.org/ns/activitystreams"
"@language"
"en-GB"
}],
"id"
"https://rhiaro.co.uk/2016/05/minimal-activitypub"
"type"
"Article"
"name"
"Minimal ActivityPub update client"
"content"
"Today I finished morph, a client for posting ActivityStreams2..."
"attributedTo"
"https://rhiaro.co.uk/#amy"
"to"
"https://rhiaro.co.uk/followers/"
"cc"
"https://e14n.com/evan"
Project status
edit
The SocialCG previously organized a yearly free conference called ActivityPub Conf about the future of ActivityPub.
Triages are held regularly to review issues pertaining to the ActivityPub and ActivityStreams 2.0 specifications as part of the SocialCG.
10
In 2023, Germany's
Sovereign Tech Fund
donated €152,000 to socialweb.coop with the goal of building a new suite for testing various ActivityPub implementations and their compliance with the specification.
11
Adoption
edit
Further information:
Fediverse § Adoption
The initial wave of adoption for ActivityPub (circa 2016–2018) came from software that was already using OStatus as their federation protocol, such as
Mastodon
GNU social
and
Pleroma
12
Following the
acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk
in 2022, many groups of users that were critical of the acquisition migrated to Mastodon, bringing new attention to the ActivityPub protocol with it.
13
Various major social media platforms and corporations have since pledged to implement ActivityPub support, including
Tumblr
14
Flipboard
15
and
Meta Platforms
Threads
16
Threads introduced crossposting to ActivityPub in 2024 for users outside of the
European Economic Area
17
however full 2-way compatibility remains incomplete as of 2025.
18
Criticism
edit
Accidental denial-of-service attacks
edit
Poorly
optimized
ActivityPub implementations can cause unintentional
distributed denial-of-service
(DDOS) attacks on other websites and servers, due to the decentralized nature of the network.
citation needed
An example would be
Mastodon
's implementation of
OpenGraph
link previews, wherein every instance that receives a post that contains a link with OpenGraph metadata will download the associated data, such as a
thumbnail
, in a very short timeframe, which can slow down or crash servers as a result of the sudden burst of requests.
19
20
Account migration
edit
ActivityPub has been criticized for not natively supporting moving accounts from one server to another, forcing implementations to build their own solutions.
21
While there has been work on building a standardized system for migrating accounts using the Move activity via the Fediverse Enhancement Proposal organization, the current proposal only allows for basic follower migration, with all other data remaining linked to the original account.
22
Missing content and data
edit
ActivityPub implementations have been criticized for missing replies and parts of reply threads from remote posts, and presenting outdated statistics (e.g. likes and reposts) about remote posts.
23
24
However, this isn't a problem with the ActivityPub protocol itself, but with implementations not
refreshing
their content for updated data when needed.
25
26
citation needed
Software using ActivityPub
edit
Software name
Total users
27
28
Initial ActivityPub-compatible release
Type of software
Fork of
Akkoma
9,530
29
2022
30
Blogging
Pleroma
BookWyrm
31
31,132
32
2021
33
Book cataloging
Castopod
818 podcasts
34
2020
35
Audio hosting
Discourse
2025
36
Internet forum
Firefish
4,137
37
2022
38
Blogging
Misskey
Flipboard
39
145,000,000
40
2023
41
42
Social news
Friendica
43
12,713
44
2010
45
Blogging
event management
groups
image gallery
Funkwhale
5,447
46
2018
47
Audio hosting
Gancio
48
3,363
49
2020
50
Calendar
, event planner
Ghost
51
52
2025 (in beta)
53
Blogging
Hubzilla
54
7,851
55
2015
56
Blogging, event planner,
file hosting
, image gallery,
wiki
Lemmy
57
481,487
58
2019
Social news
Libervia
59
2022 (in beta)
Blogging, event management, file sharing,
instant messaging
Loops
39,323
60
2025 (in beta)
61
Video sharing (
short-video
sharing)
Mastodon
8,513,201
62
2017
63
Blogging
mbin
64
10,204
65
2023
Social news
kbin
Micro.blog
235,487
66
2021
67
Microblogging
Minds
Blogging
Misskey
1,162,727
68
2018
69
Blogging
Mobilizon
89,657
70
2020
Event management, groups
NodeBB
219,102
71
2025
72
Internet forum
PeerTube
73
433,828
74
2018
Video sharing
PieFed
11,712
75
2023
76
Social news
Pixelfed
77
1,016,775
78
2018
Image sharing
Pleroma
66,121
79
2018
80
Blogging
Plume
81
4,084
82
2018
83
Blogging
Sharkey
84
23,786
85
2023
Blogging
Misskey
Snac
86
68
87
2022
88
Blogging
Socialhome
3,000
2016
89
Blogging
Threads
130,000,000
90
2023
91
Blogging
Wafrn
92
6,074
93
2023
Blogging
WordPress
94
95
27,091
96
97
2023
98
Blogging
WriteFreely
50,861
99
2018
100
Blogging
Future implementations
edit
Flarum
, an internet forum software
101
Forgejo
, a Git
forge
and development platform
102
Uncertain future implementations
edit
GitLab
, a Git
forge
and development platform which had previously had an open issue discussing the topic, but was later closed due to the development team moving focus to other areas.
103
Tumblr
, a microblogging platform. Despite previous statements from
Automattic
CEO
Matt Mullenweg
104
105
106
ActivityPub integration has been delayed indefinitely. The integration would have been implemented with its WordPress migration, as the first-party plugin for interoperability would have been used for federation.
107
Flickr
, an image and video hosting site.
108
See also
edit
Free and open-source software portal
AT Protocol
Comparison of microblogging and similar services
Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking
Fediverse
Micropub
OStatus
References
edit
"FAQ"
AT Protocol
. Retrieved
June 20,
2024
"W3C Recommendation 23 January 2018"
Pierce, David (February 7, 2024).
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The Verge
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June 20,
2024
w3c/activitypub
, World Wide Web Consortium, June 20, 2024
, retrieved
June 22,
2024
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zenhack.net
. May 29, 2016. Archived from
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on October 30, 2020
. Retrieved
September 23,
2017
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W3C
. Retrieved
June 23,
2024
"ActivityPub Specification"
W3C
. January 23, 2018
. Retrieved
June 22,
2024
"ActivityPub Conf 2019"
. Archived from
the original
on March 8, 2021
. Retrieved
August 1,
2020
"ActivityPub Conf 2020"
. Archived from
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on June 2, 2021
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2020
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. Retrieved
March 18,
2024
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Sovereign Tech Fund
. Retrieved
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2024
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2024
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TechCrunch
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June 23,
2024
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Popular Science
. Retrieved
June 23,
2024
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Engineering at Meta
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2025
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It's FOSS News
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ar.al
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2024
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atproto.com
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2024
fediverse.
"FEP-7628"
Codeberg.org
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June 20,
2024
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"This is a serious problem the fediverse has..."
Furries.club
. Retrieved
June 18,
2024
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"I think one of the things that most annoy newcomers to the #Fediverse is..."
Fedia.Social
. Retrieved
June 19,
2024
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"Missing replies · Mastodon · Discussion #22608"
GitHub
. Retrieved
June 18,
2024
Prodromou, Evan (June 19, 2024).
"All of that information is available through ActivityPub..."
CoSocial
. Retrieved
June 19,
2024
"Fediverse Observer"
fediverse.observer
. Retrieved
June 22,
2024
"FediDB, Fediverse Network Statistics"
fedidb.org
. Retrieved
June 22,
2024
"Akkoma"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"Akkoma: A vision to refocus Pleroma"
Coffee and Dreams
. June 24, 2022.
Archived
from the original on July 1, 2023
. Retrieved
July 25,
2023
bookwyrm.
"Bookwyrm"
Archived
from the original on May 26, 2021
. Retrieved
May 26,
2021
"BookWyrm"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"BookWyrm (@bookwyrm@tech.lgbt)"
LGBTQIA+ Tech Mastodon
. May 6, 2021.
Archived
from the original on July 25, 2023
. Retrieved
July 25,
2023
"Castopod Index"
index.castopod.org
. Retrieved
May 2,
2025
"Release v1.0.0-alpha.1: chore(release): 1.0.0-alpha.1 [skip ci] · ad-aures/castopod"
GitHub
Archived
from the original on July 25, 2023
. Retrieved
July 25,
2023
"Discourse and the Fediverse!"
Discourse
. April 23, 2025
. Retrieved
May 11,
2025
"Firefish"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"firefish"
Codeberg.org
Archived
from the original on July 26, 2023
. Retrieved
July 26,
2023
Perez, Sarah (May 23, 2023).
"Flipboard becomes first app to support Bluesky, Mastodon and Pixelfed all in one place"
TechCrunch
. Retrieved
July 7,
2023
"Twitter, Who? Flipboard Adds Mastodon Features, Pushing Further Into Social Networking"
CNET
. Retrieved
June 23,
2024
"Flipboard is pivoting to ActivityPub and the fediverse"
The Verge
. December 18, 2023.
McCue, Mike (December 19, 2023).
"Flipboard Begins to Federate"
Medium
. Retrieved
January 2,
2024
"Friendica 2019.01 released"
. Retrieved
January 24,
2019
"Friendica"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"Hubzilla Timeline and History"
hubzilla.org
Archived
from the original on July 25, 2023
. Retrieved
March 9,
2026
"Funkwhale"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
Collective, Funkwhale.
"Funkwhale Blog ~ Funkwhale 0.17 is out!"
blog.funkwhale.audio
Archived
from the original on July 25, 2023
. Retrieved
July 25,
2023
"Home"
Gancio
Archived
from the original on July 24, 2023
. Retrieved
July 24,
2023
"Gancio"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"v0.21.0 · les / gancio · GitLab"
GitLab
Archived
from the original on July 25, 2023
. Retrieved
July 25,
2023
Ahooja, Anuj (April 22, 2024).
"Substack Competitor Ghost Announces ActivityPub Integration"
We Distribute
. Retrieved
April 28,
2024
Patel, Nilay (April 22, 2024).
"Newsletter platform Ghost adopts ActivityPub to 'bring back the open web'
The Verge
. Retrieved
September 9,
2024
"Social web (beta)"
Changelog
. April 1, 2025
. Retrieved
May 10,
2025
"Hubzilla - Frequently asked questions"
hubzilla.org
Archived
from the original on July 25, 2023
. Retrieved
July 25,
2023
"Hubzilla"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"Hubzilla Timeline and History"
hubzilla.org
Archived
from the original on July 25, 2023
. Retrieved
March 9,
2026
"Lemmy - ActivityPub for link aggregation"
nlnet.nl
. Retrieved
June 5,
2023
"Lemmy"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"Libervia progress note 2022-W45"
salut-a-toi.org
. November 2022.
"Loops"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
Supernault, Daniel (October 14, 2025).
"Loops Joins the Fediverse"
Loops Official Blog
. Retrieved
December 5,
2025
We're excited to announce that Loops now federates with the fediverse. After months of development, ActivityPub support has officially entered beta. Your loops can now travel across the open social web.
"Mastodon"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"Release v1.6.0 · mastodon/mastodon"
GitHub
. Retrieved
June 22,
2024
MbinOrg/mbin
, Mbin, June 22, 2024
, retrieved
June 23,
2024
"Mbin"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"MicroDotBlog"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"ℹ️ Mastodon and ActivityPub"
Micro.blog Help Center
. March 8, 2021
. Retrieved
June 22,
2024
"Misskey"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"ActivityPub対応国産SNS「Misskey」、LTLも実装"
"Mobilizon"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"NodeBB"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
Tilley, Sean (January 20, 2025).
"NodeBB Officially Joins the Fediverse"
We Distribute
. Retrieved
February 12,
2025
"Server-Server - ActivityPub implementation reports"
. Retrieved
January 2,
2019
"Peertube"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"FediDB Software Details"
fedidb.com
. Retrieved
December 8,
2025
"Blog - Page 3 of 3"
. December 11, 2023.
Krasnoff, Barbara (August 2022).
"Eight photo-centric social sites that are not Instagram"
The Verge
"Pixelfed"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"Pleroma"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"ActivityPub in Pleroma"
blog.soykaf.com
. March 4, 2018
. Retrieved
June 22,
2024
joinplu.me.
"Plume"
Archived
from the original on May 10, 2019
. Retrieved
May 2,
2019
"Plume"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
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GitHub
Archived
from the original on July 25, 2023
. Retrieved
July 25,
2023
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fedidb.org
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"Sharkey"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
"Snac - A simple, minimalistic ActivityPub instance written in portable C"
snac2
. Retrieved
April 19,
2024
"Snac"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
grunfink.
"snac2"
Codeberg.org
. Retrieved
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2024
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. Retrieved
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. Retrieved
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2024
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
link
Davis, Wes (December 13, 2023).
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The Verge
. Retrieved
June 22,
2024
García, Gabriel Amador (June 21, 2024),
gabboman/wafrn
, retrieved
June 22,
2024
"Wafrn"
FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
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Github
. Retrieved
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2023
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. Retrieved
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2023
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FediDB.com
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March 9,
2025
Pfefferle, Matthias; Automattic.
"ActivityPub"
WordPress.org
. Retrieved
June 23,
2024
Sato, Mia (October 11, 2023).
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2024
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FediDB.com
. Retrieved
March 9,
2025
WriteFreely (November 10, 2018).
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2024
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forgejo.org
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. Retrieved
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2023
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GitLab
. Retrieved
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2025
Perez, Sarah (November 21, 2022).
"Tumblr to add support for ActivityPub, the social protocol powering Mastodon and other apps"
TechCrunch
. Retrieved
December 19,
2023
Perez, Sarah (December 11, 2023).
"Tumblr's 'fediverse' integration is still being worked on, says owner and Automattic CEO Matt Mullenweg"
TechCrunch
. Retrieved
December 19,
2023
Perez, Sarah (February 11, 2025).
"Tumblr to join the fediverse after WordPress migration completes"
TechCrunch
. Retrieved
February 12,
2025
Peters, Jay (June 30, 2025).
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The Verge
. Retrieved
July 3,
2025
Perez, Sarah (November 30, 2022).
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Tech Crunch
. Retrieved
February 5,
2026
External links
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
ActivityPub
Official website
ActivityPub specification
Fediverse
and
decentralized social networks
ActivityPub
network
Drupal
(via plugins)
Friendica
GNU social
Lemmy
Mastodon
micro.blog
Minds
Misskey
Mobilizon
Nextcloud Social
PeerTube
(via plugins)
Pixelfed
Pleroma
Threads
WordPress
(via plugins)
diaspora*
network
diaspora*
Drupal
(via plugins)
Friendica
WordPress
(via plugins)
Other networks
AT Protocol
Bluesky
Blacksky
Matrix
Nostr
OpenMicroBlogging
OStatus
pump.io
Twister
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(W3C)
Products,
standards
Recommendations
ActivityPub
Activity Streams
ARIA
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2.0
3.x
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elements
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Working drafts
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sXBL
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Guidelines
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
Initiative
Markup Validation Service
Web Accessibility Initiative
Web Components
Deprecated
C-HTML
HDML
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VML
WebPlatform
Obsoleted
P3P
XHTML+MathML+SVG
Groups,
organizations
WHATWG
Defunct:
World Wide Web Foundation
Elected
AB
Board
TAG
Working
CSS
SVG
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Web Advertising BG
WebAssembly
CG
Closed
Device Description
(DDWG)
HTML
Multimodal Interaction Activity
(MMI)
Software
CERN httpd
Libwww
Browsers
Line Mode
(1990–)
Arena
(1993–98)
Agora
(1994–97)
Argo
(1994–97)
Amaya
(browser/editor, 1996–2012)
Conferences
International World Wide Web Conference
(IW3C)
Steering Committee
(IW3C2)
First conference
("WWW1", 1994)
Retrieved from "
Categories
2018 introductions
Distributed computing
Microblogging software
Social software
Fediverse
Web applications
Communications protocols
Software that federates via ActivityPub
Distributed social networking
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