Papers by Ahmed M. El Naim
Intercropping, the cultivation of two or more crops at the same time in the same field, is a comm... more Intercropping, the cultivation of two or more crops at the same time in the same field, is a common practice in North Korodfan of Sudan in traditional farms of smallholders. This experiment conducted in rainy season (2019/2020) to investigate the effect of intercropping on yield and yield components of cowpea (Vigan unguiculta L), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) and roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa var. sabdariffa L) intercropped at different spatial arrangements. The experiment consisted of nine treatments: three sole crop of Sorghum Cowpea, and Roselle and eight spatial arrangements of 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, and 2:2 rows of Cowpea with each of Sorghum or Roselle. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications was used. The results showed that intercropping treatments had significant (P ≤ 0.05) effect on most of the parameters measured on Sorghum, Cowpea and Roselle intercropping. For sorghum: the spatial arrangements 2:2 and 1:1 had the significant highest 100-seed weight (2.9 g) and final seed yield (0.34 ton/ha). For cowpea: the treatment 2:2 had the highest number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, and shoot dry weight for cowpea. The intercropping 2C:1S had a highest cowpea seed yield (4.2 ton/ha) compared to others spatial arrangements. For roselle the intercropping 2C:2R (two rows of cowpea alternated with two rows of roselle) had the higher number of calyx per plant (19.7) and calyx yield (9.7 g/plant) than the other spatial arrangements. From this study, the practice of planting two rows of cowpea alternating with two rows of sorghum is recommended for farmers under rain-fed sector.
Asian Plant Research Journal
Chickpea seeds in Sudan is an economically important, as a cash crop that generates income for fa... more Chickpea seeds in Sudan is an economically important, as a cash crop that generates income for farmers and rural communities, and as a significant source of protein for poor people. It is used increasingly as a substitute for animal protein This study was conducted to screen eight chickpea cultivars viz Salawa, Burgeig, Wadhamid, Jebelmarra, Hawatta, Shendi, Atmour, and Mattama using eighteen (18) isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp ciceris (FOC) isolated from infected plants of chickpea displaying the characteristic symptoms of Fusarium wilt disease in winter season from different locations in Sudan. A pot experiment was carried out to assess disease intensity in terms of disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS). After seven weeks from inoculation 19 out of 144 isolated-cultivar combinations do not show disease symptoms. The cultivar Burgeig was found to be immune to all Fusarium wilt isolates in the second and third week after inoculation. After seven weeks from inocula...
Asian Plant Research Journal
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the antagonistic effects of some selected rhizobacteria... more This experiment was conducted to evaluate the antagonistic effects of some selected rhizobacteria on Fusarium oxysporium f. sp. ciceris in a pot experiment. Rhizobacterial isolates (one isolate of Pseudomonas, eight isolates of Bacillus genera and one bacterium isolate) and two chickpea cultivars (Shendi and Burgeig) were arranged in a factorial pot experiment in CRD with four replicates. The disease incidence and severity were detected weekly. Disease reduction percentage was estimated at the end of the study. Generally, the application of rhizobacterial isolates as biological control agent reduced disease incidence compared with the control in both cultivars. The incidence in cultivar Shendi occurred at the third week after inoculation when treated with Pseudomonas stutzeri strain W28 (SA3) and Bacillus subtilis strain CM14(SA9). For the two cultivars, Shendi and Burgeig, the Geobacillus sp. CRRI-HN-1(SA2) and Bacillus sp (SA1), respectively had the highest positive effect on dise...
Innovation in Science and Technology
A field experiment was conducted under rain fed condition for two seasons (2011 and 2012) at two ... more A field experiment was conducted under rain fed condition for two seasons (2011 and 2012) at two locations in North Kordofan, Sudan at Elobeid Research Station farm and Faris village, to study the effect of NPK micro dose on yield, oil and protein content of six groundnut genotypes with two NPK micro-doses, 0.0 g (control) and 0.6 g per hole. A randomized Complete Block Design with four replications was used. The characters yield and its component, oil % and protein % content were measured. The results of the combined and interaction analysis showed that there were significant (p =0.05) differences were observed for pod yield, hay yield, number of pods per plant, hundred seed weight and maturity, while differences in shelling percentage and harvest index were not significant. The high value of oil content % released by Sodiri variety with NPK treatment and the high value of protein recorded by Gibiesh with NPK treatment. Generally we concluded that the micro doses of NPK improved yi...
Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) has been identified as a new growth regulator in plants ... more Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) has been identified as a new growth regulator in plants due to its beneficial effect in abiotic stress reduction. The experiment was conducted at the Wheat Cultivation Department Laboratory, Gezira Scheme, Sudan. To investigate the effects of melatonin priming in alleviating the negative effect of salt stress on seed germination of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Elnilein and Imam). Six concentrations were used: control, salt (300 mM NaCl) and four concentrations of melatonin (M) 10, 100, 500 and 1000 μM with salt (300 mM NaCl) add to each concentration: CT, ST, M1+ST, M2+ST, M3+ST, M4+ST. The treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The parameters studied included: seed germination rate (%), germination index, mean germination time (d), lengths (cm) and dry weight (mg) of coleoptile and radicle, starch, soluble sugar, and sucrose concentrations, amylase activities, activities of the antiox...
Response of Sesame to Intercropping with Groundnut and Cowpea
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis
Sustainable food production is one of the major challenges of the twentyfirst century in the era ... more Sustainable food production is one of the major challenges of the twentyfirst century in the era of global environmental problems such as climate change, increasing population, and natural resource degradation. Therefore, intercropping approach to sustainable food production is the need of hour to overcome this global issue. Field experiments were conducted under rainfed conditions for two consecutive rainy seasons (2015/2016-2016/2017) at North Kordofan Estate, Sudan, to investigate the effects of intercropping sesame with groundnut and cowpea on its growth, yield components, and Land Equivalent Ratio (LER). The experiment consisted of nine treatments: three sole crops of sesame (S), groundnut (G) and cowpea (C) and six spatial arrangements of 1S:1G or C, 1S:2G or C, and 2S:1G or C row/s of sesame with each groundnut and cowpea. The treatments were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications. The results showed that intercropping had a significant (P < .05) effect on most of the parameters measured in this study. For sesame, the treatment 2S:1G (two rows of sesame alternating with one row of groundnut) gave the best number of seeds per capsules (79 seeds). For groundnut, the intercropping 1S:1G had the highest number of pods per plant (11 pods) and seed yield (7 g/plant). The spatial arrangement 1S:1G was the best pattern in terms of land equivalent ratio with 1.6. From this study, for attaining the highest total crop yield per unit area of land, where there is no crop bias and the preference is to maximize land use, the practice of planting one row of sesame alternating with one row of groundnut is recommended.
International Journal of Advances in Life Science and Technology, 2014
The Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is known as pest of eco... more The Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is known as pest of economic importance which cause damage to millet and sorghum crops besides pastures in western Sudan. The study was done to investigate the biology of the insect on its natural habitat. Observations in the field were made twice/ week, from April-November each year for three continuous seasons 2006/2007, 2007/2008 and 2008/2009, in two selected sites one around Gellabiya village in North Kordofan State west Elobeid town. The other was around Kuik village in South Kordofan State north Kadugli town. The nymphs and the adults were collected by sweep net from the field and transferred to the laboratory for study. Female adults of the Senegalese grasshopper were dissected and examined under binocular Microscope (Paralux, Optigue de précision CE 0602397) to investigate the fecundity through ovarioles numbers and function. Duration of each of the developmental stages of the pest was determined. Res...
International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Research, 2019
A field experiment was conducted at two locations, in North Kordofan under rainfed conditions for... more A field experiment was conducted at two locations, in North Kordofan under rainfed conditions for two consecutive seasons (2005/06 and 2006/07), to study the physiological aspects of yield variation among seven groundnuts (Araichis hypogaea L.), genotypes (Barberton, Sodiri, Gubiesh, ICGV89171, ICGV93296, ICGV86744 and ICGV92126). The parameters related to morpho-physiological traits were measured: growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), specific leaf area (SLA), net assimilation rate (NAR), leaf area (LA), leaf area (LAI) and yield. The results of the combined analysis showed that there were no significant (p =0.05) differences among varieties for the measured morpho-physiological traits throughout the season. Mean seasonal pattern of these traits indicated that the maximum LAI, SLA, CGR, RGR and NAR were attained 65 days after planting. Significant varietal differences were observed for pod yield, hay yield, 100-seed weight and pod maturity. The highest pods yields of 551, 545 and 540 kg ha-1 were recorded by Barberton, ICGV89171 and Sodiri, respectively. Contribution/Originality: This study is one of the very few studies which have investigated the effect of genotypes on growth and yield of groundnut related to morpho-physiological traits in the traditional rain-fed sector of North Kordofan, Sudan 1. INTRODUCTION Peanuts or groundnut (Arashis hypogaea L.), is an important oilseed crop grown in a wide range of countries over 22 million hectares in the tropical and subtropical parts of the world (Mohammed et al., 2018); (El Naim and Eldouma, 2011). The total annual world production of the unshelled nuts amount to about 28 million tons. India, China and U.S.A produce almost 65% of the world production. Other major groundnut producing countries include Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Republic of Democratic of Congo and Indonesia. In Sudan, groundnut is an important oil and cash export crop. The area under cultivation the crop is about 0.8 million hectares with an estimated total production of 0.4 million ton (El Naim and Eldouma, 2011). The crop is grown under irrigation in the central clay plains and in the rainfed areas in the sandy soils of western Sudan (Ishag, 1986). About 80% of the area and two third of the national production come from the traditional rainfed sector of western Sudan. In North Kordofan, groundnut comes after sorghum in the area under cultivation. Barberton, Sodiri and Gubiesh, are widely grown cultivars characterized by early maturity, tolerance to drought stress and high pod yield. Several varieties and lines
World Journal of Agricultural Research, 2016
In the latest years, scarcity of rainfall in North Kordofan of Sudan led to the search for irriga... more In the latest years, scarcity of rainfall in North Kordofan of Sudan led to the search for irrigation water for cultivation of fodder crops to fill the gap in fodder production, hence the North Kordofan state characterized by a limited water situations. Therefore, efficient use of irrigation water seems to be of vital importance. This situation emphasizes the need for using earlier variety and scientifically sound methods for deciding when and how much to irrigate the crops. A field experiment was carried out during two successive seasons (2014/2015) and (2015/2016), to investigate the effect of ten genotypes and two watering intervals (seven and ten days) on growth and yield of forage sorghum. The treatments were arrange in a split plot design with three replications. The results showed that there were significant differences among watering intervals and genotypes for the most characters measured. The Watering interval of seven days significantly improved growth and forage yield of...
This research study was conducted during season 2006/07 at New Halfa Agricultural Production Corp... more This research study was conducted during season 2006/07 at New Halfa Agricultural Production Corporation (an irrigated Agricultural scheme in Eastern Sudan). To evaluate the technical efficiency of groundnut production by using stochastic frontier production function. The results indicated that the mean production technical efficiency was 70%. This shows that there is a scope for increasing groundnut production by 30%, with the present level of inputs and technology. Also, the result depicted  that the irrigation numbers, tenancy location, weeding, labour and farm income were the most important factors that determining production technical efficiency, whereas the extension, agricultural credit had significant effects on tenants’ technical inefficiency of groundnut production. To improve groundnut production technical efficiency, the study recommended usage of herbicides, introduce of high yield varieties, cleaning and maintenance of irrigation canals.
Evaluation the Toxicity of Honey Bee Venom on Achroia grisella Developmental Stages
World Journal of Agricultural Research, 2018
The common control method used to control the lesser wax moth A. grisella was fumigation with tox... more The common control method used to control the lesser wax moth A. grisella was fumigation with toxic gases; however, many insect pests of honey bees have developed resistance to the conventional control methods. This study aimed to study the toxicity of crude bee venom on developmental stages of A. grisella as safer alternative and replacement of these chemicals. The bee venom was collected by placing the electric bee venom collector device at the entrance of the beehive. Newly deposited eggs of A. grisella were assayed to evaluate the crude honey bee venom effect on the viability of eggs. Dried crude honey bee venom was diluted with pure acetone to concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 µg/µl. Egg hatchability was significantly (p<0.05) affected by the treatment. The corrected mortality of the treated eggs was 50.54% in the higher concentration of 50µg/µl with average unhatched eggs of 17.5 eggs per total of 25 eggs with the median lethal concentration (LC50) of 52.89 µg /µl. Th...
International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences, 2018
The experiment was conducted for three consecutive seasons (2013, 2014 and 2015), at Elobeid Rese... more The experiment was conducted for three consecutive seasons (2013, 2014 and 2015), at Elobeid Research Station research farm (12 o-13 o N, 3 o-14 o E), under rain fed conditions, to study the effect of plant spacing on hay and pod yield of groundnut variety Geibish. Six treatment combinations (60, 40 and 30 for inter-row and 20 and 15 for intra-row spacing) were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) factorial with four replications. Days to fifty percent flowering were significant in season 2014 and 2015. The earliest flowering days were recorded for the spacing of 30×20 cm. reducing plant spacing from 60×20 cm to 30×20 cm decreased the number of weeds before first and second weeding to 50%. High significant difference (P ≤ 5) among treatments in hay and pod yield of 2643.5 kg/ha and2065.0 kg/ha were recorded for the spacing of 30×20cm, respectively, the treatment combination of 30×20 cm increased the pods 66.1% and hay yield 52.2% on average across all season. Significant differences (P ≤5) were showed between treatments in number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pod for enter row. No significant differences (P ≤5) were observed between treatments in shelling percent, maturity, harvest index
International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2018
Shortage of rainfall is one of the most severe stresses faced the crop productivity in the Sudan.... more Shortage of rainfall is one of the most severe stresses faced the crop productivity in the Sudan. The continued decrease in productivity of the crops in North Kordofan resulting from rainfall decline and drought. These necessitate application of micro-catchment water harvest methods and techniques to catch small amount of rainfall available, in order to increase crop productivity. Afield experiment was conducted during two consecutive seasons, under rain fed condition in gradud soil of North Kordofan State. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of in-situ water harvesting technique on growth and yield of four sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. moench) cultivars. The Strip Plot Design with four replications was used. The results showed that in-situ water harvesting treatment had significant effect on the most parameters measured. It has increased the number of seeds per panicle, 100- seed weight, panicle weight and preform a highest seed yield (t ha-1). In addition, the result...
World Journal of Agricultural Research, 2016
The dynamic response of soil to farm implements is a main factor in determining their performance... more The dynamic response of soil to farm implements is a main factor in determining their performance. The interaction between tillage tools and soil is of a primary interest to the design and use of these tools for soil manipulation. A computer simulation is conducted by developing a program using C ++ programming language to study effect of tool depth and width on angle of soil failure plane, soil cutting coefficients, soil resistance force and Power requirements in three-dimensional soil cutting. The results demonstrated that at 0.2 m tine depth the highest values of angle of soil failure plane, frictional coefficient, overburden coefficient, soil cohesion coefficient and soil adhesion coefficient were 52.6°, 19.8, 49.54, 16.47 and 1.38 respectively and they were recorded by 0.04 m tine width while the lowest values in same sequence were 51.6°, 10.64, 22.05, 7.26 and 1.30 and they were recorded by 0.1 m width. The lowest values of soil resistance force and power were 1.77 kN and 1.03...
A decision support system (DSS) was developedin Visual Basic 6.0 programming languageto match tra... more A decision support system (DSS) was developedin Visual Basic 6.0 programming languageto match tractor power and implement size. The proper selection and matching of tractor and implements is becoming very important and difficult in Sudan because of the availability of variety of tractor models and powers ranging from 20 to > 100kW and variety ofimplement sizes. The program options permit the user to select the type of operation and the types of implements available in his/her farm. The system enables the user to insert the inputs data through file system, and obtain the output easily. The developed system was tested with a case study using data from The Arab Investment Corporation-Um Doom Farm. It was found that the power used in the farm can match the implement available. In addition, it was tested by making comparison between the power required for zero tillage and for conventional tillage. The sensitivity analyses showed that changing in some parameters such asspeed, width and...
Journal of Life Sciences, 2017
This study was carried in New Halfa Agricultural Production Corporation, Sudan, season 2006/2007.... more This study was carried in New Halfa Agricultural Production Corporation, Sudan, season 2006/2007. To measure the factors affecting technical efficiency of sorghum production using a stochastic frontier production function. The study used multi-stage stratified random sampling by mean of a structured questionnaire to interview 150 tenants. The results revealed that the magnitude of technical efficiency varied from one tenant to another and ranged from 33% to 99%, with a mean of 78%. Which means that sorghum production could have been increased by 22% at the same level of inputs. The main factors that influenced the degree of sorghum efficiency were the irrigation number, tenancy location, weeding, labour and education. While experiences of tenant, Animal ownership and schooling years, had significant effects on tenants’ technical inefficiency of sorghum production.  To improve sorghum production technical efficiency, the study recommended usage of herbicides, provision credit to t...
World Journal of Agricultural Research, 2016
A research was carried to identify the effect of plastic mulch on growth and yield of water melon... more A research was carried to identify the effect of plastic mulch on growth and yield of water melon (citrullus lanatus) and cowpea ((Vigna unguiculata L.Walp).), two popular crops extensively grown in Western Sudan under rain-fed condition. The experiment was conducted during rainy seasons (2014/15-2016/16) at two locations in North Kordofan of Sudan, consisted of two treatments (covered or uncovered with thin plastic sheet) laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Plastic sheet mulching significantly increased plant height, fruit weight, fruit number and seed yield of watermelon by 30%, 70%, 17%, and 65%, respectively. In cowpea plastic sheet mulching significantly increased number of pods per plant, grain yield and 100- seed weight by 17%, 30% and 10% respectively. It can be concluded that using plastic mulch as a soil cover increased the vegetative growth and yield of watermelon and cowpea crops under marginal sandy rain-fed conditions of North ...
Life Table and Demographic Parameters of the Lesser Wax Moth, Achroia grisella, Reared on Natural Honey Bee Wax
World Journal of Agricultural Research, 2020
Life table is one of the useful procedures to understand the population dynamic of a specie. The ... more Life table is one of the useful procedures to understand the population dynamic of a specie. The population growth of the insect can be studied by using the demographic studies of insect species and summarize the data collected from the population as well as understanding the dynamics. This study was carried out to track the demographic processes, such as birth, death, and fecundity, as these affect the size and composition of the population of A. grisella in laboratory conditions. In addition, a life table on honey bee wax is constructed to estimate the rate of population growth and survival of this pest. A stock culture was started by 30 pairs of adult moths to lay eggs. The newly hatched larvae were raised on sanitized combs, and the culture was placed and allowed to reproduce at a room temperature of 31±1°C and 66.28±3% RH with 12L: 12D photoperiod in a closed aquarium tank (9.2×16×9.2 cm). The aquarium was covered with muslin cloth for good aeration in the laboratory. The resul...
Response of Guar ( Cyamopsis teteragonolopa L.) to Bradyrhizobium Inoculations in Semi-arid Environment
International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 2016
Bio-fertilizers are environment friendly and protect the environment against the pollutant. Afiel... more Bio-fertilizers are environment friendly and protect the environment against the pollutant. Afield experiment was conducted in semi-arid environment ”North Kordofan of Sudan” in rainy seasons (2008/09) to investigate the effect of inoculation of Bradyrhizobium on growth and yield of guar (Cyamopsis teteragonolopa L.) in gardoud soil. The treatments used were: un-inoculated control, inoculated with TAL169 and Hi12 (introduced), and other12 strains (Local Isolated Strains). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Estimated Parameters were: fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, plant height, number of fruiting branches, number of nodules, number of pods per plant, 100-seed (g) and total seed yield (ton/ha). The results showed that, the Bradyrhizobium significant increased growth and yield attributes of guar.
RESEARCH ARTICLE EFFECT OF SEED RATE AND CULTIVAR ON YIELD AND YIELDS COMPONENTS OF COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp) IN KORDOFAN OF SUDAN
The effect of seed rate on three cultivars were investigated in field trial in two successive sea... more The effect of seed rate on three cultivars were investigated in field trial in two successive seasons (2006/07 and 2007/08) at North Kordofan of Sudan, to determined the optimum seed rate for yield and yield components of cowpea under rain fed. Buff, Haydoob and Eien Elgazal cultivars were sowing in four seed rates of 6, 12, 18 and 24 kg ha -1 . The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in four replications. The results showed that, increased seed rate significantly increased seed yield per unit area, however the number of pods per plant, 100-seed weight, seed yield per plant and harvest index reduced with increased seed rate. The buff cultivar had a significantly heavier 100-seed weight and superior in final seed yield (t/ha).
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Papers by Ahmed M. El Naim