Artemis I - Wikipedia

2022 uncrewed Moon-orbiting NASA mission
Artemis I
The uncrewed
Orion
approaching the
Moon
on day six of the mission
Names
Artemis I (official)
Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1)
Mission type
Uncrewed lunar orbital
flight test
Operator
NASA
Website
nasa
.gov
/artemis-i
Mission duration
25 days, 10 hours, 52 minutes and 46 seconds
Distance travelled
1.3 million miles (2.1 million kilometers)
Spacecraft
Manufacturer
Launch date
November 16, 2022, 06:47:44
UTC
(1:47:44
am
EST
Rocket
Space Launch System
Launch site
Kennedy
LC-39B
Recovered by
USS
Portland
Landing date
December 11, 2022, 17:40:30
UTC
(9:40:30
am
PST
Landing site
Pacific Ocean
off
Baja California
Reference system
Selenocentric
Regime
Distant retrograde orbit
Period
14 days
Closest approach
November 21, 2022, 12:57
UTC
Distance
130 km (81 mi)
Orbital insertion
November 25, 2022, 21:52
UTC
Orbital departure
December 1, 2022, 21:53
UTC
Spacecraft component
Orion
Closest approach
December 5, 2022, 16:43
UTC
Distance
128 km (80 mi)
Mission insignia
Artemis I
(November 16 – December 11, 2022), formerly
Exploration Mission-1
EM-1
),
was an uncrewed
Moon-orbiting
mission. As the first major spaceflight of
NASA
's
Artemis program
, Artemis I marked the agency's return to lunar exploration after the conclusion of the
Apollo program
nearly five decades earlier. It was the first integrated flight test of the
Orion spacecraft
and
Space Launch System
(SLS) rocket,
note 1
and its main objective was to test the Orion spacecraft, especially its
heat shield
10
in preparation for subsequent Artemis missions. These missions seek to reestablish a human presence on the Moon and demonstrate technologies and business approaches needed for future scientific studies, including
exploration of Mars
11
12
The Orion spacecraft for Artemis I was
stacked
on October 20, 2021,
13
and on August 17, 2022, the fully stacked vehicle was rolled out for launch after a series of delays caused by difficulties in pre-flight testing. The first two launch attempts were canceled due to a faulty engine temperature reading on August 29, 2022, and a hydrogen leak during fueling on September 3, 2022.
14
Artemis I was launched on November 16, 2022, at 1:47:44 am EST.
15
Artemis I was launched from
Launch Complex 39B
at the
Kennedy Space Center
16
After reaching
Earth orbit
, the upper stage carrying the Orion spacecraft separated and performed a
trans-lunar injection
before releasing Orion and deploying ten
CubeSat
satellites. Orion completed one
flyby
of the Moon on November 21, entered a
distant retrograde orbit
for six days, and completed a second flyby of the Moon on December 5.
17
The Orion spacecraft then returned and
reentered the Earth's atmosphere
with the protection of its heat shield, splashing down in the Pacific Ocean on December 11.
18
The mission aimed to certify Orion and the Space Launch System for crewed flights beginning with
Artemis II
19
a crewed lunar flyby in April 2026.
20
Diagram showing the objectives of the Artemis I mission
Key events from launch and ascent to space
Artemis I was launched on the Block 1 variant of the
Space Launch System
21
The Block 1 vehicle consisted of a core stage, two five-segment
solid rocket boosters
(SRBs) and an upper stage. The core stage used four
RS-25
D engines, all of which had previously flown on
Space Shuttle
missions.
22
The core and boosters together produced 39,000 kN (8,800,000 lb
), or about 4,000 metric tons of thrust at liftoff. The upper stage, known as the
Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage
(ICPS), was based on the
Delta Cryogenic Second Stage
and was powered by a single
RL10
B-2 engine on the Artemis I mission.
23
Once in orbit, the ICPS fired its engine to perform a
trans-lunar injection
(TLI) burn, which placed the Orion spacecraft and 10
CubeSats
on a trajectory to the Moon. Orion then separated from the ICPS and continued its coast into lunar space. Following Orion separation, the ICPS Stage Adapter deployed ten CubeSats for conducting scientific research and performing technology demonstrations.
24
The Orion spacecraft spent approximately three weeks in space, including six days in a
distant retrograde orbit
(DRO) around the Moon.
25
It came within approximately 130 km (80 mi) of the lunar surface (closest approach)
and achieved a maximum distance from Earth of 432,210 km (268,563 mi).
26
27
Mission timeline
26
Date/Time (UTC)
Event
Launch
November 16, 06:47:44
Liftoff
November 16, 06:49:56
Solid rocket booster separation
November 16, 06:50:55
Service module fairing jettisoned
November 16, 06:51:00
Launch abort system (LAS) jettisoned
November 16, 06:55:47
Core stage main engine cutoff (MECO)
November 16, 06:55:59
Core stage and ICPS separation
November 16, 07:05:53 – 07:17:53
Orion solar array deployment
November 16, 07:40:40 – 07:41:02
Perigee raise maneuver
November 16, 08:17:11 – 08:35:11
ICPS trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn
November 16, 08:45:20
Orion/ICPS separation
November 16, 08:46:42
Upper-stage separation burn
November 16, 10:09:20
ICPS disposal burn
Moon outbound transit
November 16, 14:35:15
First trajectory correction burn
November 17‍–‍20
Outbound coasting phase
November 21, 12:44
Outbound powered flyby burn
November 21‍–‍24
Transit to Moon
Orbiting Moon
November 25–30
Distant retrograde orbit (DRO)
December 1, 21:53
DRO departure burn
December 1‍–‍4
Exiting DRO
Earth return
December 5‍–‍11
Return transit
December 5, 16:43
Close lunar approach
December 11, 17:40:30
Splashdown in Pacific Ocean
Earth
Artemis I
Moon
Artemis I lifts off from Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida on November 16, 2022
Artemis I was outlined by NASA as Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) in 2012, at which point it was set to launch in 2017
28
note 2
as the first planned flight of the SLS and the second uncrewed test flight of the
Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle
. The initial plans for EM-1 called for a
circumlunar trajectory
during a seven-day mission.
30
31
In January 2013, it was announced that the Orion spacecraft's
service module
was to be built by the
European Space Agency
and named the
European Service Module
32
In mid-November 2014, construction of the SLS core stage began at NASA's
Michoud Assembly Facility
(MAF).
33
In January 2015, NASA and
Lockheed Martin
announced that the primary structure in the Orion spacecraft used on Artemis I would be up to 25% lighter compared to the previous one (
EFT-1
). This would be achieved by reducing the number of cone panels from six (EFT-1) to three (EM-1), reducing the total number of
welds
from 19 to 7
34
and saving the additional mass of the weld material. Other savings would be due to revising its various components and wiring. For Artemis I, the Orion spacecraft was to be outfitted with a complete
life support system
and crew seats but would be left uncrewed.
35
In February 2017, NASA began investigating the feasibility of a crewed launch as the first SLS flight.
21
It would have had a crew of two astronauts and the flight time would have been shorter than the uncrewed version.
36
However, after a months-long feasibility study, NASA rejected the proposal, citing cost as the primary issue, and continued with the plan to fly the first SLS mission uncrewed.
37
In March 2019, then-NASA administrator
Jim Bridenstine
proposed moving the Orion spacecraft from SLS to commercial rockets, either the
Falcon Heavy
or
Delta IV Heavy
, to comply with the schedule.
38
39
The mission would require two launches: one to place the
Orion spacecraft
into orbit around the Earth, and a second carrying an upper stage. The two would then dock while in Earth orbit, and the upper stage would ignite to send Orion to the Moon.
40
The idea was eventually scrapped.
41
One challenge with this option would be carrying out that docking, as Orion is not planned to carry a docking mechanism until
Artemis III
42
The concept was shelved in mid-2019, due to another study's conclusion that it would further delay the mission.
43
First static-fire attempt of the core stage performed on January 16, 2021
The core stage for Artemis I, built at
Michoud Assembly Facility
in
Louisiana
by Boeing, had all four engines attached in November 2019
44
and was declared finished one month later.
45
The core stage left the facility to undergo the Green Run test series at
Stennis Space Center
, consisting of eight tests of increasing complexity:
46
Modal testing
(vibration tests)
Avionics
(electronic systems)
Fail-safe
systems
Propulsion
(without firing of the engines)
Thrust vector control
system (moving and rotating engines)
Launch countdown
simulation
Wet dress rehearsal
, with
propellant
Static fire
of the engines for eight minutes
The first test was performed in January 2020,
46
47
and subsequent Green Run tests proceeded without issue. On January 16, 2021, a year later, the eighth and final test was performed, but the engines shut down after running for one minute.
48
This was caused by pressure in the hydraulic system used for the engines' thrust vector control system dropping below the limits set for the test. However, the limits were conservative – if such an anomaly occurred in launch, the rocket would still fly normally.
49
The static fire test was performed again on March 18, 2021, this time achieving a full-duration eight-minute burn.
50
The core subsequently departed the
Stennis Space Center
on April 24, 2021, en route to the
Kennedy Space Center
51
Block 1 variant of SLS rocket
SLS with the Orion capsule
stacked
in the
Vehicle Assembly Building
, March 2022
SLS/Orion is assembled by
stacking
its major sub-assemblies atop a
mobile launcher platform
inside the NASA
Vehicle Assembly Building
(VAB). First, the seven components of each of the two boosters are stacked. The core stage is then stacked and is supported by the boosters. The interstage and upper stage are stacked atop the core, and the Orion spacecraft is then stacked onto the upper stage.
The
Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage
was the first part of the SLS to be delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in July 2017.
52
Three years later, all of the SLS's
solid rocket booster
segments were shipped by train to the Kennedy Space Center on June 12, 2020,
53
and the SLS launch vehicle stage adapter (LVSA) was delivered by
barge
one month later on July 29.
54
The assembly of the SLS took place at the
Vehicle Assembly Building
's High Bay 3, beginning with the placement of the two bottom solid rocket booster segments onto
Mobile Launcher-1
on November 23.
55
Assembly of the boosters was temporarily paused due to the core stage Green Run test delays before being resumed on January 7, 2021,
56
and the boosters' stacking was completed by March 2.
57
The SLS core stage for the mission, CS-1, arrived at the launch site on the
Pegasus barge
on April 27, 2021, after the successful conclusion of Green Run tests. It was moved to the VAB low bay for refurbishment and stacking preparations on April 29.
58
The stage was then stacked with its boosters on June 12. The stage adapter was stacked on the Core Stage on June 22. The ICPS upper stage was stacked on July 6. Following the completion of umbilical retract testing and integrated modal testing, the Orion stage adapter with ten secondary payloads was stacked atop the upper stage on October 8.
59
This marked the first time a
super-heavy-lift vehicle
has been stacked inside NASA's VAB since the final
Saturn V
in 1973.
The Artemis I Orion spacecraft began fueling and pre-launch servicing in the
Multi-Payload Processing Facility
on January 16, 2021, following a handover to NASA Exploration Ground Systems (EGS).
60
61
On October 20, the Orion spacecraft, encapsulated under the launch abort system and aerodynamic cover, was rolled over to the VAB and stacked atop the SLS rocket, finishing the stacking of the Artemis I vehicle in High Bay 3.
62
During a period of extensive integrated testing and checkouts, one of the four RS-25 engine controllers failed, requiring a replacement and delaying the first rollout of the rocket.
63
64
Launch preparations
edit
First rollout of SLS in March 2022. It was subsequently rolled back in for repairs.
On March 17, 2022, Artemis I rolled out of High Bay 3 from the VAB for the first time to perform a pre-launch wet dress rehearsal (WDR). The initial WDR attempt, on April 3, was scrubbed due to a mobile launcher pressurization problem.
65
A second attempt to complete the test was scrubbed on April 4, after problems with supplying gaseous nitrogen to the launch complex, liquid oxygen temperatures, and a vent valve stuck in a closed position.
66
During preparations for a third attempt, a
helium
check valve
on the ICPS upper stage was kept in a semi-open position by a small piece of rubber originating from one of the mobile launcher's umbilical arms, forcing test conductors to delay fueling the stage until the valve could be replaced in the VAB.
67
68
The third attempt to finish the test did not include fueling the upper stage. The rocket's liquid oxygen tank started loading successfully. However, during the loading of liquid hydrogen on the core stage, a leak was discovered on the tail service mast umbilical plate, located on the mobile launcher at the base of the rocket, forcing another early end to the test.
69
70
NASA rolled the vehicle back to the VAB to repair the hydrogen leak and the ICPS helium check valve while upgrading the nitrogen supply at LC-39B after prolonged outages on the three previous wet dress rehearsals. Artemis I was rolled back to the VAB on April 26.
71
72
73
After the repairs and upgrades were complete the Artemis I vehicle rolled out to LC-39B for a second time on June 6 to complete the test.
74
During the fourth wet dress rehearsal attempt on June 20, the rocket was fully loaded with propellant on both stages. Still, due to a hydrogen leak on the quick-disconnect connection of the tail service mast umbilical, the countdown could not reach the planned T
9.3 seconds mark and was stopped automatically at T
29 seconds. NASA mission managers soon determined they had completed almost all planned test objectives and declared the WDR campaign complete.
75
On July 2, the Artemis I stack was rolled back to the VAB for final launch preparations and to fix the hydrogen leak on the quick disconnect ahead of a launch targeted in two launch windows: August 29 and September 5.
76
77
The SLS passed its flight readiness review on August 23, checking out five days before the first launch opportunity.
78
Initial launch attempts
edit
Attempt
Planned
Result
Turnaround
Reason
Decision point
Weather go (%)
Notes
29 Aug 2022, 8:33:00 am
Scrubbed
Technical
29 Aug 2022, 10:33 am
High temperature in engine 3, hydrogen leak, and communication problems.
3 Sep 2022, 2:17:00 pm
Scrubbed
5 days 5 hours 44 minutes
Technical
3 Sep 2022, 11:17 am
Hydrogen leak in service arm.
16 Nov 2022, 1:47:44 am
Success
73 days 11 hours 31 minutes
Fueling was scheduled to commence just after midnight on August 29, 2022, but was delayed an hour due to offshore storms, only beginning at 1:13 am EDT. Before the planned launch at 8:33 am, Engine 3 of the rocket's four engines was observed to be above the maximum allowable temperature limit for launch.
79
80
Other technical difficulties involved an eleven-minute communications delay between the spacecraft and ground control, a fuel leak, and a crack on the insulating foam of the connection joints between the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks.
79
81
82
NASA scrubbed the launch after an unplanned hold and the two-hour
launch window
expired.
83
An investigation revealed that a sensor not used to determine launch readiness was faulty, and displayed an erroneously high temperature for Engine 3.
80
Following the first attempt, a second launch attempt was scheduled for the afternoon of September 3.
84
The launch window would have opened at 2:17 pm
EDT
(18:17
UTC
), and lasted for two hours.
85
The launch was scrubbed at 11:17 am EDT due to a fuel supply line leak in a service arm connecting to the engine section.
86
14
The cause of the leak was uncertain. Mission operators investigated whether an overpressurization of the liquid hydrogen line of the quick-disconnect interface during the launch attempt may have damaged a seal, allowing hydrogen to escape.
87
Launch operators decided on the date for the next launch attempt; the earliest possible opportunity was September 19
88
89
90
until mission managers declared that September 27, and then September 30, would be the absolute earliest date, NASA having successfully repaired the leak.
91
92
A launch in September would have required that the
Eastern Range
of the
United States Space Force
agree to an extension on certification of the rocket's flight termination system, which destroys the rocket should it move off-course and towards a populated area;
87
this was carried out on September 22.
93
However, unfavorable forecasts of the trajectory of then-
Tropical Storm Ian
led launch managers to call off the September 27 launch attempt and begin preparations for the stack's rollback to the VAB.
94
On the morning of September 26, the decision was made to roll back later that evening.
95
96
On November 12, following another delay due to
Hurricane Nicole
, NASA launch managers requested launch opportunities for November 16 and 19. They initially requested an opportunity for the 14th but were prevented by then-Tropical Storm Nicole.
97
As the storm approached, NASA decided to leave the rocket at the launch pad, citing a low probability that wind speeds would exceed the rocket's design limits.
98
Wind speeds were expected to reach 29 mph (47 km/h), with gusts up to 46 mph (74 km/h). Nicole made landfall as a category one hurricane on November 9, with sustained wind speeds at Kennedy Space Center reaching 85 mph (137 km/h), and gusts up to 100 mph (160 km/h). After the storm cleared, NASA inspected the rocket for physical damage and conducted electronic health checks.
99
100
101
On November 15, the mission management team gave a "go" to begin fully preparing for launch, and the main tanking procedures began at 3:30 pm EST (20:30 UTC).
102
SLS on standby, ready for launch
Inside Orion with mannequin Campos
Orion on the first day of the mission
Orion, the Moon and Earth on day 13
Mission control on day 14
Details of the lunar surface, day 19
The Moon after return flyby, day 19
Artemis 1 before reentry, day 25
Orion descending to the Pacific Ocean
Orion shortly after splashdown
The
Space Launch System
launches from Kennedy Space Center's
LC-39B
Following more delays from fuel leaks, NASA made the call to send in a team of technicians. The "red team" consisted of three men, who drove to the launch site. When they arrived, they reported on the leak and set to work tightening packing nuts to correct the leak. After departing, mission control confirmed the leak had been corrected and proceeded with the count.
103
At 6:47:44 UTC (1:47:44 am EST) on November 16, 2022, Artemis I successfully launched from
Launch Complex 39B
(LC-39B) at the Kennedy Space Center.
Artemis I was the first launch from LC-39B since
Ares I-X
. The Orion spacecraft and ICPS were both placed into a nominal orbit after separating from the Space Launch System, achieving orbit approximately
minutes after launch.
104
Eighty-nine minutes after liftoff, the ICPS fired for approximately eighteen minutes in a trans-lunar injection (TLI) maneuver.
Orion
then separated from the expended stage and fired its auxiliary thrusters to move safely away as it started its journey to the Moon.
105
The 10
CubeSat
secondary payloads were then deployed from the Orion Stage Adapter, attached to the ICPS.
106
The ICPS conducted a final maneuver at three and a half hours after launch to dispose itself into a
heliocentric orbit
107
On November 20 at 19:09 UTC, the Orion spacecraft entered the lunar
sphere of influence
, where the influence of the Moon's gravity on the spacecraft is greater than that of Earth.
108
On November 21, Orion experienced a planned loss of communication with NASA from 12:25 through 12:59 UTC as it passed behind the Moon and no longer had
line-of-sight
to Earth. There, during an automatically controlled maneuver, the first of several trajectory-altering burns, called an "outbound powered flyby burn",
108
to transition Orion to a
distant retrograde orbit
began at 12:44 UTC. The
orbital maneuvering system
engine fired for two minutes and thirty seconds. While operating autonomously, Orion made its closest lunar approach of approximately 130 km (81 mi) above the surface at 12:57 UTC.
109
110
The spacecraft performed another burn on November 25, firing the orbital maneuvering system (OMS) for one minute and twenty-eight seconds, changing Orion's velocity by 363 ft/s (398 km/h) finally entering orbit.
111
On November 26, at 13:42 UTC, Orion broke the record for the farthest distance from Earth traveled by an Earth-returning
human-rated spacecraft
. The record was formerly held by the
Apollo 13
mission at 400,171 km (248,655 miles).
111
112
On November 28, Orion reached a distance of 432,210 km (268,563 mi) from Earth, the maximum distance achieved during the mission.
113
On November 30, the Orion spacecraft performed a maintenance burn to maintain its trajectory and decrease its velocity for a planned burn on December 1, at 21:53 UTC, to depart its distant retrograde orbit around the Moon, beginning its journey back to Earth.
114
On December 5 at 16:43 UTC, the spacecraft reached 128 km (80 mi) from the lunar surface at its closest approach right before an earthbound burn, the "powered return flyby burn", to leave the zone of lunar gravitational influence. The spacecraft once again passed behind the Moon, losing communications with mission control for about half an hour.
115
Shortly before the flyby, Orion experienced an electrical anomaly, which was soon resolved.
116
On December 6 at 7:29 UTC, Orion exited the lunar sphere of influence. It then conducted a minor course correction burn and an inspection of the crew module's thermal protection system and the
ESM
117
Over the next few days the mission control team continued to conduct system checks and prepared for reentry and splashdown. On December 10, mission planners announced that the final landing site would be near Guadalupe Island off the
Baja peninsula
in Mexico.
118
The final trajectory correction burn of six total trajectory burns throughout the mission took place the next day five hours before reentry.
119
Reentry and splashdown
edit
The spacecraft separated from its service module at around 17:00 UTC on December 11 and then reentered Earth's atmosphere at 17:20 UTC travelling near 40,000 km/h (25,000 mph).
120
It was the first United States use of a "skip entry", a form of
non-ballistic atmospheric entry
into the atmosphere, pioneered by
Zond 7
, in which two phases of deceleration would expose human occupants to relatively less intense G-forces than would be experienced during an Apollo-style reentry.
121
The Orion capsule splashed down at 17:40 UTC (9:40 am PST) west of Baja California near
Guadalupe Island
18
Following splashdown, NASA personnel and the crew of
USS
Portland
recovered the spacecraft after planned ocean testing of the capsule.
122
The recovery team spent about two hours performing tests in open water and imaging the craft, namely to investigate signs of atmospheric re-entry, then used a winch and several tending lines to pull the craft into a securing assembly in the
well dock
of the USS
Portland
. The recovery team included personnel from the
US Navy
, Space Force, Kennedy Space Center,
Johnson Space Center
, and
Lockheed Martin Space
123
On December 13, the Orion capsule arrived at the
Port of San Diego
124
Post-landing analysis
edit
Heat shield showing damage after recovery
After the capsule was recovered, inspection showed unexpected loss of
AVCOAT
material used on the heat shield. NASA undertook an exhaustive and complex analysis of the loss and was finally able to report on it and announce recommendations after two years, on December 5, 2024. The conclusion was that the damage was initiated by spalling caused when gas trapped within the shield heated and expanded, blowing pieces out of the shield. This occurred during the reentry "skip" maneuver, which had a different heating and cooling profile than simpler direct-entry profiles.
125
AstroRad
vest on the
International Space Station
The Orion spacecraft carried three astronaut-like mannequins equipped with sensors to provide data on what crew members may experience during a trip to the Moon.
126
The first mannequin, called "Captain Moonikin Campos" (named after
Arturo Campos
, a NASA engineer during the
Apollo program
),
127
occupied the commander's seat inside Orion and was equipped with two radiation sensors in its Orion Crew Survival System suit, which astronauts will wear during launch, entry, and other dynamic phases of their missions. The commander's seat also had sensors to record acceleration and vibration data during the mission.
128
Alongside Moonikin were two phantom torsos, "Helga" and "Zohar" (named by the
German Aerospace Center
and the
Israel Space Agency
respectively
129
), who took part in the Matroshka AstroRad Radiation Experiment (MARE), in which NASA, together with the German Aerospace Center and the
Israel Space Agency
, measured the radiation exposure during the mission. Zohar was shielded with the
Astrorad radiation vest
and equipped with sensors to determine radiation risks. Helga did not wear a vest. The phantoms measured the radiation exposure of body location, with both passive and active
dosimeters
distributed at sensitive and high
stem cell
-concentration tissues.
130
The test provided data on radiation levels during missions to the Moon while testing the effectiveness of the vest.
131
In addition to the three mannequins, Orion carried a plush doll of NASA's
Snoopy
as zero-g indicator
132
and a
Shaun the Sheep
toy
133
representing the ESA's European Service Module contribution to the mission.
Besides these functional payloads, Artemis I also carried commemorative stickers, patches, seeds, and flags from contractors and space agencies worldwide.
134
A technology demonstration called Callisto, named after
the mythical figure
associated with Artemis, developed by Lockheed Martin in collaboration with
Amazon
and
Cisco
, was also aboard. Callisto used video conferencing software to transmit audio and video from mission control and used the
Amazon Alexa
virtual assistant
to respond to the audio messages. In addition, the public could submit messages to be displayed on Callisto during the mission.
135
needs update
Orion spacecraft's stage adapter with nine out of ten CubeSats installed.
Ten low-cost
CubeSats
, all in six-unit configurations,
136
flew as
secondary payloads
137
They were carried within the Stage Adapter above the second stage. Two were selected through NASA's
Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships
, three through the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, two through the
Science Mission Directorate
, and three from submissions by NASA's international partners.
138
These CubeSats were:
137
ArgoMoon
, designed by
Argotec
and coordinated by the
Italian Space Agency
, was designed to image the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage.
BioSentinel
contains
yeast
cards that are rehydrated in space, designed to detect, measure, and compare the
effects of deep space radiation
. In August 2023, NASA extended BioSentinel's mission into November 2024.
139
CubeSat for Solar Particles
, designed by the
Southwest Research Institute
, was to orbit the Sun in
interplanetary space
and study its
particle
and
magnetic
activity. Contact was lost soon after launch and never recovered.
EQUULEUS
, designed by Japan's
JAXA
and the
University of Tokyo
, was to image the Earth's
plasmasphere
, impact craters on the
Moon's far side
, and conduct small trajectory maneuvers near the Moon. EQUULEUS filmed the Green Comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) in February 2023.
140
Lunar IceCube
, a lunar orbiter designed by
Morehead State University
, was to use its
infrared spectrometer
to detect water and organic compounds in the
lunar surface
and
exosphere
. Contact was lost soon after launch.
Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper
("LunaH-Map"), selected by the NASA
SIMPLEx program
141
A lunar orbiter designed by
Arizona State University
was to search for evidence of
lunar water
ice inside
permanently shadowed craters
using its neutron detector. The engines failed to ignite and after months of unsuccessful recovery attempts the satellite was declared lost.
142
Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
, designed by NASA's
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
, was a
solar sail
that would have flown by a
near-Earth asteroid
. Communications with the spacecraft were not successful and after many efforts, NEA Scout was considered lost.
OMOTENASHI
, designed by
JAXA
, a lunar probe which would have attempted to land using
solid rocket motors
, but failed to function properly and the landing sequence was never started.
LunIR
, designed by Lockheed Martin, performed a flyby of the Moon to collect its surface
thermography
. An "unexpected issue with the radio signal" kept the spacecraft from conducting any observations during the flyby.
Team Miles
, designed by Fluid and Reason LLC, was planned to demonstrate
low-thrust plasma propulsion
in deep space. Team Miles was deployed but contact was not established with the spacecraft.
143
Three other CubeSats were originally planned to launch on Artemis I but missed the integration deadline and will have to find alternative flights to the Moon. The stage adapter contained thirteen CubeSat deployers in total.
144
Sample souvenir boarding pass for those who registered their names to be flown aboard the Artemis I mission.
The Artemis I
mission patch
was created by NASA designers of the SLS, Orion spacecraft and
Exploration Ground Systems
teams. The silver border represents the color of the Orion spacecraft; at the center, the SLS and Orion are depicted. Three lightning towers surrounding the rocket symbolize Launch Complex 39B, from which Artemis I was launched. The red and blue mission trajectories encompassing the white full Moon represent Americans and people in the European Space Agency who work on Artemis I.
151
The Artemis I flight is frequently marketed as the beginning of Artemis's "Moon to Mars" program,
152
153
though there is no concrete plan for a crewed mission to Mars within NASA as of 2022.
154
To raise public awareness, NASA made a website for the public to get a digital boarding pass of the mission. The names submitted were written to a flash drive stored inside the Orion spacecraft.
155
156
Also aboard the capsule is a digital copy of the 14,000 entries for the Moon Pod Essay Contest hosted by Future Engineers for NASA.
157
An Orion capsule was
flown
in 2014, but not the entire Orion spacecraft.
The Space Launch System was originally mandated by Congress in the
NASA Authorization Act of 2010
to be ready for flight before the end of 2016.
29
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