Papers by Bernadett Bajnóczi
Archeometriai Műhely, 2025
Pop art is a 20 th century art movement that originated in England. The themes of pop art are dra... more Pop art is a 20 th century art movement that originated in England. The themes of pop art are drawn from the products of the popular culture, and its techniques are very diverse. Pop art has been present in Hungary since the mid-1960s. Pop art works, even if they are very recent, may require restoration due to the quality of the materials used or the potential damage caused by the environmental conditions. The same happened to György Kemény's pop art masterpiece, the protected mural 'Secco', which is located on the walls of a room in a downtown apartment in Budapest. In the present study, we report the results of the scientific analyses related to the restoration. The analyses were carried out to determine the causes of deterioration and to identify the pigments used in the mural. The mural layers and various colours were analysed for chemical composition using a handheld XRF spectrometer in situ and for mineralogical composition using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis on small detached samples. SEM-EDX, micro-XRD and Raman microspectroscopy were used for detailed characterisation of the paint layers and the identification of the inorganic and organic colorants used. This combined analytical approach confirmed the use of chrome yellow (PbCrO4, in greens), cobalt blue (cobalt spinel/CoAl2O4, in blue) inorganic pigments, as well as phthalocyanine (PB16, PG7 and PG36 in green, PB15 in blue and light green), PY3 (in light green), PR3 (in red) and PBk8 (in black) synthetic organic pigments. The deterioration of the mural was most likely caused by the combined effect of moisture and traffic-related vibration, enhanced by the hardening, brittleness and volume change of the paint film layer due to ageing.
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A pop-art 20. századi, Angliából induló képzőművészeti irányzat. Témáit a popkultúra termékeiből meríti, technikái igen változatosak. Magyarországon az 1960-as évek közepétől van jelen. Bár a pop-art művek egyáltalán nem régiek, a felhasznált anyagok minősége vagy a műtárgyat károsító környezeti tényezők miatt mégis restaurálásra szorulhatnak. Így történt Kemény György alkotása, a védett ’Szekkó’ falfestmény esetén is, amely a budapesti Arany-ház egyik lakásában, a volt cselédszoba falán található. Jelen munkánkban a restauráláshoz kapcsolódó természettudományos vizsgálatok eredményeiről számolunk be. A vizsgálatok célja a károsodás okainak feltárása, valamint a festményhez alkalmazott pigmentek jellemzése volt. A falak egyes rétegeinek és különböző színeinek kémiai összetételét in situ kézi röntgenfluoreszcens spektrométerrel (hXRF), ásványos összetételét leválasztott mintákon röntgen-pordiffrakcióval (XRD) határoztuk meg. A festékrétegek részletes jellemzésére és a színadó szervetlen és szerves pigmentek azonosítására SEM-EDX-t, mikro-XRD-t és Raman mikrospekroszkópiát alkalmaztunk. A különféle vizsgálati módszerek kombinálásával igazoltuk krómsárga (PbCrO4, zöldekben), kobaltkék (kobalt-spinel/CoAl2O4, kékben) szervetlen pigmentek, valamint ftalocianin (PB16, PG7 és PG36 zöldben, PB15 halványzöldben és kékben), PY3 (halványzöldben), PR3 (vörösben), és PBk8 (feketében) szintetikus szerves pigmentek jelenlétét. A falfestmény károsodását a nedvesség és a közlekedésből származó rezgések együttesen okozhatták, amit fokozott a festékfilm öregedéssel járó keményedése, ridegsége és térfogatváltozása.
Late Roman glazed ceramics in Pannonia – processing based on archaeological aspects
and archaeom... more Late Roman glazed ceramics in Pannonia – processing based on archaeological aspects
and archaeometric background
Glazed ceramics from the Roman period, especially objects dated to the Late Roman period (mid-3rd century to 5th century AD) have not received adequate attention in recent Hungarian archaeological research. Although numerous studies and scientific works can be cited from an archaeological perspective that delve into the topic to
some extent, and sporadic archaeometric examinations have been carried out on Pannonian material, the systematic research and processing combined with archaeometric analysis of Pannonian glazed ceramics are still awaited.
Therefore, our work is the beginning of a longer, unique and gap-filling research.
Following the outline of the archaeological and archaeometric background and the research objectives, we also address the questions of production in Aquincum based on previous studies. The study concludes with a catalogue of the glazed ceramics selected for examination from Aquincum and the Barbaricum (Ecser, Üllő).
Evaluation of bulk carbonate stable isotope composition from the Süttő loess sequence (Hungary) - What can we interpret with an existing chronology?
Archeologiai Értesítő, 2025
The settlement of Tiszaigar lies some 10 km south of Tiszafüred in the northern Hungarian Plain i... more The settlement of Tiszaigar lies some 10 km south of Tiszafüred in the northern Hungarian Plain in eastern Hungary. A site known as Tiszaigar-Homokbánya extends over a roughly 250 3 150 m large area about 500 m south of the village, to the north of the entrance to the Arboretum, on the high bluff overlooking the floodplain and a former curved channel of the Tisza to the west. A large, abandoned quarry pit with a diameter of 100 m, whose depth reached 5 m in some spots, can be found in its northern part. In 1984, the pupils of the local school noticed the remains of a disturbed and already largely eroded Middle Neolithic pit as well as several other features of differing sizes in the sand quarry's southwestern part. They found countless pottery sherds, bones, and burnt daub fragments in the pits' ashy section, alongside a most unusual clay tablet lying at a depth of 73 cm from the surface. The remains of the pit were excavated as part of a small archaeological excavation conducted between May 11 and 13, 1984. However, no more than a brief preliminary report was published about the Tiszaigar site and its finds. The finds recovered from the pit indicated that the contents of the Tiszaigar pit diverged from the 'norm' and the usual content of the refuse pits of the Alföld Linear Pottery (ALP) culture. Upon closer inspection, it turned out that a part of the finds represented types with a special symbolic value, while others fell within the usual spectrum of household refuse, suggesting that they were interwoven with the community activities associated with them. The hearth on the pit's floor (layer E) and the layer of burnt daub fragments in the pit's uppermost part (layer B) can be regarded as marking the initial and final acts of a specific set of activities. The assemblage of ritual material remains, and its physical context was situated in this matrix, which also determined the choreography of the one-time symbolic activities. The multidisciplinary examination of the archaeological record has shed light on the nature of the structured deposit found in the pit from several perspectives. The two radiocarbon dates for the remarkable Tiszaigar assign the assemblage to the close of the Middle Neolithic, to between 5300 and 5070 (86%) cal BC.
Archaeologiai Értesítő, 2025
The settlement of Tiszaigar lies some 10 km south of Tiszafüred in the northern Hungarian Plain i... more The settlement of Tiszaigar lies some 10 km south of Tiszafüred in the northern Hungarian Plain in eastern Hungary. A site known as Tiszaigar-Homokbánya extends over a roughly 250 3 150 m large area about 500 m south of the village, to the north of the entrance to the Arboretum, on the high bluff overlooking the floodplain and a former curved channel of the Tisza to the west. A large, abandoned quarry pit with a diameter of 100 m, whose depth reached 5 m in some spots, can be found in its northern part. In 1984, the pupils of the local school noticed the remains of a disturbed and already largely eroded Middle Neolithic pit as well as several other features of differing sizes in the sand quarry's southwestern part. They found countless pottery sherds, bones, and burnt daub fragments in the pits' ashy section, alongside a most unusual clay tablet lying at a depth of 73 cm from the surface. The remains of the pit were excavated as part of a small archaeological excavation conducted between May 11 and 13, 1984. However, no more than a brief preliminary report was published about the Tiszaigar site and its finds. The finds recovered from the pit indicated that the contents of the Tiszaigar pit diverged from the 'norm' and the usual content of the refuse pits of the Alföld Linear Pottery (ALP) culture. Upon closer inspection, it turned out that a part of the finds represented types with a special symbolic value, while others fell within the usual spectrum of household refuse, suggesting that they were interwoven with the community activities associated with them. The hearth on the pit's floor (layer E) and the layer of burnt daub fragments in the pit's uppermost part (layer B) can be regarded as marking the initial and final acts of a specific set of activities. The assemblage of ritual material remains, and its physical context was situated in this matrix, which also determined the choreography of the one-time symbolic activities. The multidisciplinary examination of the archaeological record has shed light on the nature of the structured deposit found in the pit from several perspectives. The two radiocarbon dates for the remarkable Tiszaigar assign the assemblage to the close of the Middle Neolithic, to between 5300 and 5070 (86%) cal BC.
Archeometriai Műhely, 2025
A total of more than 50 pellet bells and bells dating to the Avar period belong to the archaeolog... more A total of more than 50 pellet bells and bells dating to the Avar period belong to the archaeological collection of the Rippl-Rónai Museum in Kaposvár. They were investigated within the frame of the research project "Metallic Idiophones between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe", in an interdisciplinary and cross-national cooperation between Austria and Hungary. The results, gained through archaeological, archaeometric, acoustic, psychoacoustic methods and experimental textile archaeology are presented here.
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2025
The Carpathian Basin played a crucial role in spreading metallurgical technology across Europe. F... more The Carpathian Basin played a crucial role in spreading metallurgical technology across Europe. Furthermore, the significance of the region is exemplified by its abundant copper finds in the Early and Middle Copper Age (4500-3700 cal BCE). On a typological basis, the Great Hungarian Plain was linked to the Southeastern European metallurgical circle, while Transdanubia was linked to the Central European metallurgical circle, thus forming an essential link between the two areas. The provenance of the raw material of the copper artefacts was investigated through lead isotope and chemical composition analyses performed on Early and Middle Copper Age copper artefacts from Transdanubia and Central Hungary. The sites were dated through the use of radiocarbon dating. The earliest evidence of local metalworking was identified in Early Copper Age material as tuyères. Artefacts typologically related to the Central European metallurgical circlespecifically, copper discs and spectacle spiral pendantswere manufactured from raw materials sourced from the Northwestern Carpathians. The slag remnants discovered within a Middle Copper Age crucible also originated from this region. During the Middle Copper Age, the use of flat axes crafted from arsenical copper emerged. In addition to the Northwestern Carpathians, the possible exploitation of ore deposits in Northeastern Hungary and the Bihor region has also been proposed.
The myth of Mecsek malachite used in the Late Neolithic Carpathian Basin– the provenance of Late Neolithic malachite and copper artefacts from South-eastern Transdanubia
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2025
Journal of Archaeological Science, 2024
Fifty years after the discovery of the Regöly grave, the emblematic Hunnic period archaeological ... more Fifty years after the discovery of the Regöly grave, the emblematic Hunnic period archaeological assemblage from Hungary, an extensive scientific investigation was performed on the polychrome dress accessories of the high-status woman, often referred to as the "Princess of Regöly", buried there. The multi-instrumental analyses aimed to characterise material and technological aspects of the gemstone-inlaid artefacts (a set of a pair of bowbrooches and a belt buckle), i.e., the manufacturing and decorative techniques as well as the chemical and mineralogical compositions. The non-destructive and non-invasive gemmological and geochemical analyses applied optical microscopes, handheld XRF, SEM-EDX and Raman microspectrometer. This study provides the first comprehensive examination of the Hunnic period polychrome jewellery, and highlights the potential of combining surface and subsurface analyses to specify garnet provenances. It presents the first evidence of use of antique and early medieval garnet sources during the early Migration period. The findings enhance understanding of the garnet supply chain and trade network, the production organisation and potential workshop connections. Significant differences of the brooches and the buckle reveal varying levels of luxury among the elite, providing insight into the social context of the polychrome jewellery associated with the "Princess of Regöly".
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2024
The case study addresses the question of the early medieval revival of copper production in Europ... more The case study addresses the question of the early medieval revival of copper production in Europe. The focus of the research area is the Carpathian Basin, located on the eastern periphery of the zone influenced by European early medieval
processes. The research of where and when early medieval metal production started in the region in our case also provides answers to the question of how the region was linked to the European continental economic network, which is until recently an unresolved problem. Ore extraction and the production of various non-ferrous metals (copper, silver, gold) had important centres in the Carpathian Mountains throughout the Middle Ages until the Modern Era. Concerning the Avar period, our study comprises lead isotope and chemical analyses of ‘Late Avar’ (c. 8th century AD) copper rivets, used for certain purposes alongside the copper alloys predominant in the period. As rivets were selected from the entire Avar cultural area, expanding virtually to all lowland and hilly areas in the Carpathian Basin, results are representative of the entire region. It shows that Avar craftsmen producing large quantities of copper alloy objects in the 8th and the early 9th century were supplied with copper from a single mining district, from the ore deposits of the Slovak Ore Mountains in the today Central Slovakia, a region which became an important metal-processing centre in the 11th century AD.
Archeometriai Műhely, 2024
Over the past two decades, research and collaboration in the field of art history and archaeometr... more Over the past two decades, research and collaboration in the field of art history and archaeometry have provided a much more detailed picture of the medieval and early Modern Age use of the Jurassic red compact limestone ("red marble"), the most important ornamental stone in the Carpathian Basin and wider Central Europe. In addition to art historical research, petrographic and stable isotope geochemical analyses were carried out on dozens of reference samples from quarries and more than 50 artefacts from Hungary and abroad. The results confirmed the historical use of Hungarian stone material quarried in the Gerecse Mountains near Buda(pest) and Esztergom, covering a significant part of the medieval territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, but also pointed out the use of similar raw materials quarried in the Adnet area near Salzburg in Austria. From an art-historical point of view, the grave slab of Bishop Lukács Szegedi (†1510) from Zagreb in Croatia and the grave stone fragments (around 1430) found in the royal castle of Bobovac near Sarajevo in Bosnia, indicated a clear connection with the tombs of Buda and the raw materials from the Gerecse Mountains. Of particular interest is the evidence of Hungarian origin in some of the stones of the Capella speciosa, built in Klosterneuburg near Vienna and consecrated in 1222. The "red marble", quarried in the area of Ólubló (Stará Ľubovňa) in the northeast of the present-day Slovakia and included for the first time in our research, may have played an important role in the northeastern part of historical Upper Hungary. The detailed archaeometric investigation of the "Lubló/Ľubovňa marble" as well as that of the red limestone occurrences in the Verona area (Italy) could be the basis for future research.
Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 2023
Elephant ivory, a prestigious and valuable raw material in the post-Roman West and Byzantium betw... more Elephant ivory, a prestigious and valuable raw material in the post-Roman West and Byzantium between the 5th and 7th centuries AD, may originate from various sources. While both written and art historical evidence suggests that in the case of early medieval artefacts, African provenance is more likely than Asian, no data at hand is conclusive. The present paper investigates, with the help of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, carbon and nitrogen concentration and nitrogen isotope (δ 15 N) analyses, the material resources of elephant ivory artefacts discovered in 6th-and 7th-century AD archaeological context in the Carpathian Basin to contribute to our understanding of late antique long-distance trade networks and economic relations.
Határtalan Régészet, 8. évfolyam, 3. szám, 66-69., 2023
Archaeometry, 2023
This study identified the provenance of Pb flux used in the production of the glaze of unique, hi... more This study identified the provenance of Pb flux used in the production of the glaze of unique, high-quality late medieval stove tiles from the northern part of the Carpathian Basin, and elaborated and evaluated a fast preparation process to measure Pb isotope ratios in high-Pb glazes. We compared three different methods of preparation. Method 1 consisted of the dissolution of bulk chips of glaze, dilution of the solution and mass
spectrometric analysis without Pb purification. Method 2 collected the Pb from the surface of the glaze with acid-impregnated swabs, subsequent dilution and direct analysis of the sample solution. Method 3 used solutions from method 1, extraction of Pb by ion-exchange chromatography and analysis of the purified Pb. Each preparation method produced a similar Pb isotope ratio. The majority of the Pb isotope ratios fall into one group and indicate that lead imported from the Krakow–Silesia mining region was mainly used for production of the glazes of the stove tiles made by different workshops.
In the southern, lowland part of Nógrád county, on the border of Csécse, a preliminary excavation... more In the southern, lowland part of Nógrád county, on the border of Csécse, a preliminary excavation at an already registered archaeological site uncovered a previously unknown Late Copper Age classical Baden and Roman age settlement part. Due to the rarities found in the excavated part of the site between the features (calf skeletons, postholes, pits containing intact vessels and pot deposits) and the finds (finds related to metalwork, special bone tools), it is worth publishing this small part of the settlement, due to its novelty and wealth of information.
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 2023
The late Roman silver quadripus from Kőszárhegy (Fejér County, Hungary) is the only known silver ... more The late Roman silver quadripus from Kőszárhegy (Fejér County, Hungary) is the only known silver folding stand from the Late Roman Imperial Age, dated to the fourth century AD. Archaeological evidence indicates that the quadripus is closely related to the Seuso Treasure. Elemental composition and lead isotope analyses of samples taken from the various parts of the folding stand were performed by using LA-QICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS methods in order to determine the provenance of raw material used and the production technology. The silver quadripus consists of rather pure silver (92.5–96.5%) intentionally alloyed with copper. The different trace element composition (Bi, Au, Pb) of the various parts (base, lower part, griffin, upper part, finial, cross bands) indicates the use of different silver batches implying that the various parts were made separately, and then soldered together with hard solders. The same parts of the two original feet are very similar regarding their elemental composition and lead isotope ratios suggesting series production. The nearly constant gold and lead contents of the object indicate that not re-used or re-melted, but primary, cupelled silver was used for manufacturing. The lead isotope ratios of the quadripus cover a quite narrow range (206Pb/204Pb = 18.514–18.717; 207Pb/204Pb = 15.645–15.667; 208Pb/204Pb = 38.592– 38.817). Comparing our results to the lead isotope data of the European lead-silver ores, and taking into consideration the archaeological evidences, the silver used for manufacturing the quadripus could come from the Balkan region.
Archeometriai Műhely, 2023
The collections of the Balaton Museum in Keszthely and of the Hungarian National Museum contain a... more The collections of the Balaton Museum in Keszthely and of the Hungarian National Museum contain around 50 pellet bells from the Great Migration period from the Keszthely Region. All originate from cemeteries and were analysed concerning their find position, function, sounds, psychoacoustic parameters, and chemical compositions. Additionally, adhering textiles were investigated. Primarily children wore pellet bells hanging from their tunic. Pellet bell served as amulets and the idea that their sounds and metals protect are still popular today. Kivonat A keszthelyi Balaton Múzeum és a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum gyűjteményei közel ötven, népvándorlás kori csörgőt őriznek a keszthelyi régióból. A leletek temetőkből származnak. A csörgőket megtalálási helyzetük, hangzásuk, pszichoakusztikus paramétereik és kémiai összetételük alapján elemeztük, valamint vizsgáltuk a rajtuk megőrződött textilmaradványokat. Elsősorban a gyerekek viselték a tunikájukról lelógó csörgőket. A csörgőket amullettként használták, a hangjuk és anyaguk védelmező funkciója manapság is népszerű elképzelés.
SAVARIA 43 A vas megyei múzeumok érstesítöje, 2021
Metallic idiophones dating to the Roman and the Great Migration period, excavated in Vas County a... more Metallic idiophones dating to the Roman and the Great Migration period, excavated in Vas County and housed in the
collection of the Savaria Museum in Szombathely are presented here. They were investigated archaeologically, ar-
chaeometrically, acoustically and psychoacoustically within the framework of the research project ‘Metallic Idiophones
between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe’ in order to make statements regarding their function, their method
of production and their influence on the listening habits of the respective societies.
keywords: idiophones, archaea musicology, Roman Period, Migration Period, Early Middle Ages, acoustics, psy-
choacoustics, archaeometry
PLoS ONE, 2022
In 2016, a Stollhof-type copper hoard was found during an excavation in Magyaregres, Hungary. It ... more In 2016, a Stollhof-type copper hoard was found during an excavation in Magyaregres, Hungary. It was placed in a cooking pot, and deposited upside down within the boundaries of an Early Copper Age settlement. Similar hoards dating to the end of the 5 th millennium BCE are well-known from Central Europe, however, this hoard represents the only one so far with thoroughly documented finding circumstances. The hoard contained 681 pieces of copper, 264 pieces of stone and a single Spondylus bead, along with 19 pieces of small tubular spiral copper coils, three spiral copper bracelets, and two large, spectacle spiral copper pendants. Until now, information on the provenance of raw materials and how such copper artefacts were manufactured has not been available. The artefacts were studied under optical microscopes to reveal the manufacturing process. Trace elemental composition (HR-ICP-MS) and lead isotope ratios (MC-ICP-MS) were measured to explore the provenance of raw materials. The ornaments were rolled or folded and coiled from thin sheets of copper using fahlore copper probably originating from the Northwestern Carpathians. A complex archaeological approach was employed to reveal the provenance, distribution and the social roles the ornaments could have played in the life of a Copper Age community. Evidence for local metallurgy was lacking in contemporaneous Transdanubian sites, therefore it is likely that the items of the hoard were manufactured closer to the raw material source, prior to being transported to Transdanubia as finished products. The method of deposition implies that such items were associated with special social contexts, represented exceptional values, and the context of deposition was also highly prescribed. The Magyaregres hoard serves as the first firm piece of evidence for the existence of a typologically independent Central European metallurgical circle which exploited the raw material sources located within its distribution.
PLOS ONE, 2022
In 2016, a Stollhof-type copper hoard was found during an excavation in Magyaregres, Hungary. It ... more In 2016, a Stollhof-type copper hoard was found during an excavation in Magyaregres, Hungary. It was placed in a cooking pot, and deposited upside down within the boundaries of an Early Copper Age settlement. Similar hoards dating to the end of the 5 th millennium BCE are well-known from Central Europe, however, this hoard represents the only one so far with thoroughly documented finding circumstances. The hoard contained 681 pieces of copper, 264 pieces of stone and a single Spondylus bead, along with 19 pieces of small tubular spiral copper coils, three spiral copper bracelets, and two large, spectacle spiral copper pendants. Until now, information on the provenance of raw materials and how such copper artefacts were manufactured has not been available. The artefacts were studied under optical microscopes to reveal the manufacturing process. Trace elemental composition (HR-ICP-MS) and lead isotope ratios (MC-ICP-MS) were measured to explore the provenance of raw materials. The ornaments were rolled or folded and coiled from thin sheets of copper using fahlore copper probably originating from the Northwestern Carpathians. A complex archaeological approach was employed to reveal the provenance, distribution and the social roles the ornaments could have played in the life of a Copper Age community. Evidence for local metallurgy was lacking in contemporaneous Transdanubian sites, therefore it is likely that the items of the hoard were manufactured closer to the raw material source, prior to being transported to Transdanubia as finished products. The method of deposition implies that such items were associated with special social contexts, represented exceptional values, and the context of deposition was also highly prescribed. The Magyaregres hoard serves as the first firm piece of evidence for the existence of a typologically independent
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Papers by Bernadett Bajnóczi
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A pop-art 20. századi, Angliából induló képzőművészeti irányzat. Témáit a popkultúra termékeiből meríti, technikái igen változatosak. Magyarországon az 1960-as évek közepétől van jelen. Bár a pop-art művek egyáltalán nem régiek, a felhasznált anyagok minősége vagy a műtárgyat károsító környezeti tényezők miatt mégis restaurálásra szorulhatnak. Így történt Kemény György alkotása, a védett ’Szekkó’ falfestmény esetén is, amely a budapesti Arany-ház egyik lakásában, a volt cselédszoba falán található. Jelen munkánkban a restauráláshoz kapcsolódó természettudományos vizsgálatok eredményeiről számolunk be. A vizsgálatok célja a károsodás okainak feltárása, valamint a festményhez alkalmazott pigmentek jellemzése volt. A falak egyes rétegeinek és különböző színeinek kémiai összetételét in situ kézi röntgenfluoreszcens spektrométerrel (hXRF), ásványos összetételét leválasztott mintákon röntgen-pordiffrakcióval (XRD) határoztuk meg. A festékrétegek részletes jellemzésére és a színadó szervetlen és szerves pigmentek azonosítására SEM-EDX-t, mikro-XRD-t és Raman mikrospekroszkópiát alkalmaztunk. A különféle vizsgálati módszerek kombinálásával igazoltuk krómsárga (PbCrO4, zöldekben), kobaltkék (kobalt-spinel/CoAl2O4, kékben) szervetlen pigmentek, valamint ftalocianin (PB16, PG7 és PG36 zöldben, PB15 halványzöldben és kékben), PY3 (halványzöldben), PR3 (vörösben), és PBk8 (feketében) szintetikus szerves pigmentek jelenlétét. A falfestmény károsodását a nedvesség és a közlekedésből származó rezgések együttesen okozhatták, amit fokozott a festékfilm öregedéssel járó keményedése, ridegsége és térfogatváltozása.
and archaeometric background
Glazed ceramics from the Roman period, especially objects dated to the Late Roman period (mid-3rd century to 5th century AD) have not received adequate attention in recent Hungarian archaeological research. Although numerous studies and scientific works can be cited from an archaeological perspective that delve into the topic to
some extent, and sporadic archaeometric examinations have been carried out on Pannonian material, the systematic research and processing combined with archaeometric analysis of Pannonian glazed ceramics are still awaited.
Therefore, our work is the beginning of a longer, unique and gap-filling research.
Following the outline of the archaeological and archaeometric background and the research objectives, we also address the questions of production in Aquincum based on previous studies. The study concludes with a catalogue of the glazed ceramics selected for examination from Aquincum and the Barbaricum (Ecser, Üllő).
processes. The research of where and when early medieval metal production started in the region in our case also provides answers to the question of how the region was linked to the European continental economic network, which is until recently an unresolved problem. Ore extraction and the production of various non-ferrous metals (copper, silver, gold) had important centres in the Carpathian Mountains throughout the Middle Ages until the Modern Era. Concerning the Avar period, our study comprises lead isotope and chemical analyses of ‘Late Avar’ (c. 8th century AD) copper rivets, used for certain purposes alongside the copper alloys predominant in the period. As rivets were selected from the entire Avar cultural area, expanding virtually to all lowland and hilly areas in the Carpathian Basin, results are representative of the entire region. It shows that Avar craftsmen producing large quantities of copper alloy objects in the 8th and the early 9th century were supplied with copper from a single mining district, from the ore deposits of the Slovak Ore Mountains in the today Central Slovakia, a region which became an important metal-processing centre in the 11th century AD.
spectrometric analysis without Pb purification. Method 2 collected the Pb from the surface of the glaze with acid-impregnated swabs, subsequent dilution and direct analysis of the sample solution. Method 3 used solutions from method 1, extraction of Pb by ion-exchange chromatography and analysis of the purified Pb. Each preparation method produced a similar Pb isotope ratio. The majority of the Pb isotope ratios fall into one group and indicate that lead imported from the Krakow–Silesia mining region was mainly used for production of the glazes of the stove tiles made by different workshops.
collection of the Savaria Museum in Szombathely are presented here. They were investigated archaeologically, ar-
chaeometrically, acoustically and psychoacoustically within the framework of the research project ‘Metallic Idiophones
between 800 BC and 800 AD in Central Europe’ in order to make statements regarding their function, their method
of production and their influence on the listening habits of the respective societies.
keywords: idiophones, archaea musicology, Roman Period, Migration Period, Early Middle Ages, acoustics, psy-
choacoustics, archaeometry