Browse In Book, Post, Journal Issue | IMF eLibrary

Browse In Book, Post, Journal Issue | IMF eLibrary
Jump to Content
AREAER Online
IMF.org
Bookstore
IMF Data
MCM Data
Browse
Business and Economics
Agribusiness
Banks and Banking
Budgeting
Corporate Finance
Corporate Governance
Corporate Taxation
Crowdfunding
Econometrics
Economic Development
Economic Theory
Economics: General
Environmental Economics
Exports and Imports
Finance: General
Financial Risk Management
Forecasting
Foreign Exchange
Globalization
Industries: Automobile
Industries: Energy
Industries: Fashion and Textile
Industries: Financial Services
Industries: Food
Industries: General
Industries: Hospital,Travel and Tourism
Industries: Information Technololgy
Industries: Manufacturing
Industries: Service
Inflation
Information Management
Infrastructure
Insurance
International Economics
International Taxation
Investments: Bonds
Investments: Commodities
Investments: Derivatives
Investments: Energy
Investments: Futures
Investments: General
Investments: Metals
Investments: Mutual Funds
Investments: Options
Investments: Stocks
Islamic Banking and Finance
Labor
Macroeconomics
Money and Monetary Policy
Natural Resource Extraction
Personal Finance -Taxation
Production and Operations Management
Public Finance
Real Estate
Statistics
Sustainable Development
Taxation
Urban and Regional
Computers
Intelligence (AI) & Semantics
Cloud Computing
Computer Science
Data Mining
Data Processing
Data Transmission Systems
Databases
Internet: General
Management Information Systems
Online Safety & Privacy
Web Services & APIs
Web: Social Media
Health and Fitness
Diet and Nutrition
Diseases: Contagious
Diseases: AIDS and HIV
Diseases: Respiratory
Law
Banking
Business and Financial
Medical
Health Policy
Nature
Natural Resources
Environmental Conservation and Protection
Natural Disasters
Political Science
Environmental Policy
Social Services and Welfare
Agriculture & Food Policy
Civics and Citizenship
NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations)
National and International Security
Political Economy
Science
Energy
Social Science
Women's Studies
Criminology
Demography
Emigration and Immigration
Gender Studies
Poverty and Homelessness
Technology and Engineering
Automation
Inventions
Mobile and Wireless Communications
Transportation
Aviation
Africa
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros, Union of the
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of
Côte d'Ivoire
Equatorial Guinea, Republic of
Eritrea, The State of
Eswatini, Kingdom of
Ethiopia, The Federal Democratic Republic of
Gabon
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho, Kingdom of
Liberia
Madagascar, Republic of
Malawi
Mali
Mauritius
Mozambique, Republic of
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan, Republic of
Tanzania, United Republic of
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Asia and Pacific
Australia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, People's Republic of
Cook Islands
Fiji, Republic of
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kiribati
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
Korea, Republic of
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Macao Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
Malaysia
Maldives
Marshall Islands, Republic of the
Micronesia, Federated States of
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nauru, Republic of
Nepal
New Zealand
Niue
Norfolk Island
Palau, Republic of
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Samoa
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Sri Lanka
Taiwan, Province of China
Thailand
Timor-Leste, Democratic Republic of
Tokelau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Vietnam
Europe
land Islands
Albania
Andorra, Principality of
Austria
Belarus, Republic of
Belgium
Bermuda
Bosnia and Herzegovina
British Virgin Islands
Bulgaria
Cayman Islands
Croatia, Republic of
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia, Republic of
Faroe Islands
Finland
France
French Guiana
French Polynesia
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Guernsey
Holy See
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Jersey
Kosovo, Republic of
Latvia, Republic of
Liechtenstein
Lithuania, Republic of
Luxembourg
Malta
Martinique
Mayotte
Moldova, Republic of
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands, The
New Caledonia
North Macedonia, Republic of
Norway
Poland, Republic of
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
San Marino, Republic of
Serbia, Republic of
Slovak Republic
Slovenia, Republic of
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Türkiye, Republic of
Turks and Caicos Islands
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Wallis and Futuna Islands
Middle East and Central Asia
Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of
Algeria
Armenia, Republic of
Azerbaijan, Republic of
Bahrain, Kingdom of
Djibouti
Egypt, Arab Republic of
Georgia
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Iraq
Jordan
Kazakhstan, Republic of
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania, Islamic Republic of
Morocco
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Somalia
Sudan
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan, Republic of
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan, Republic of
Yemen, Republic of
Western Hemisphere
American Samoa
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas, The
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Curacao
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guam
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Montserrat
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
St. Martin
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Archived Series
Balance of Payments Statistics
Direction of Trade Statistics
Economic Issues
Government Finance Statistics
IMF Policy Discussion Papers
IMF Special Issues
IMF Staff Papers
IMF Staff Position Notes
IMF Survey
International Financial Statistics
Occasional Papers
Pamphlet Series
Seminar Volumes
World Economic and Financial Surveys
Books and Analytical Papers
Books
Departmental Papers
High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
IMF Staff Country Reports
IMF Working Papers
Miscellaneous Publications
Per Jacobsson lecture
Policy Papers
Selected Issues Papers
Technical Assistance Reports
Flagships
External Sector Report
Fiscal Monitor
Global Financial Stability Report
Regional Economic Outlook
World Economic Outlook
Notes and Manuals
Analytical Notes
Fintech Notes
Gender Notes
Global Financial Stability Notes
Glossary
IMF How To Notes
IMF Notes
Manuals & Guides
Spillover Notes
Staff Climate Notes
Staff Discussion Notes
Tax Law Technical Note
Technical Notes and Manuals
Official Reports and Documents
Annual Report of the Executive Board
Articles of Agreement
By Laws, Rules & Regulations
IMF Speeches
Independent Evaluation Office Reports
Selected Decisions
Selected Legal and Institutional Papers Series
Summary Proceedings
Periodicals
Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions
Finance & Development
IMF Research Bulletin
IMF Research Perspectives
Content Directory
Frequently Asked Questions
IMF eLibrary Startup Guide
Set Up A Personal Account
Brochures and Posters
Corrections
Essential Reading
IMF Virtual Publications Booth
Metadata
Rights and Permissions
Tools for Authors
IMF.org
Bookstore
AREAER Online
IMF Data
MCM Data
Browse
Business and Economics
Computers
Health and Fitness
Law
Medical
Nature
Political Science
Science
Social Science
Technology and Engineering
Transportation
Agribusiness
Banks and Banking
Budgeting
Corporate Finance
Corporate Governance
Corporate Taxation
Crowdfunding
Econometrics
Economic Development
Economic Theory
Economics: General
Environmental Economics
Exports and Imports
Finance: General
Financial Risk Management
Forecasting
Foreign Exchange
Globalization
Industries: Automobile
Industries: Energy
Industries: Fashion and Textile
Industries: Financial Services
Industries: Food
Industries: General
Industries: Hospital,Travel and Tourism
Industries: Information Technololgy
Industries: Manufacturing
Industries: Service
Inflation
Information Management
Infrastructure
Insurance
International Economics
International Taxation
Investments: Bonds
Investments: Commodities
Investments: Derivatives
Investments: Energy
Investments: Futures
Investments: General
Investments: Metals
Investments: Mutual Funds
Investments: Options
Investments: Stocks
Islamic Banking and Finance
Labor
Macroeconomics
Money and Monetary Policy
Natural Resource Extraction
Personal Finance -Taxation
Production and Operations Management
Public Finance
Real Estate
Statistics
Sustainable Development
Taxation
Urban and Regional
Intelligence (AI) & Semantics
Cloud Computing
Computer Science
Data Mining
Data Processing
Data Transmission Systems
Databases
Internet: General
Management Information Systems
Online Safety & Privacy
Web Services & APIs
Web: Social Media
Diet and Nutrition
Diseases: Contagious
Diseases: AIDS and HIV
Diseases: Respiratory
Banking
Business and Financial
Health Policy
Natural Resources
Environmental Conservation and Protection
Natural Disasters
Environmental Policy
Social Services and Welfare
Agriculture & Food Policy
Civics and Citizenship
NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations)
National and International Security
Political Economy
Energy
Women's Studies
Criminology
Demography
Emigration and Immigration
Gender Studies
Poverty and Homelessness
Automation
Inventions
Mobile and Wireless Communications
Aviation
Africa
Asia and Pacific
Europe
Middle East and Central Asia
Western Hemisphere
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cabo Verde
Cameroon
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros, Union of the
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Republic of
Côte d'Ivoire
Equatorial Guinea, Republic of
Eritrea, The State of
Eswatini, Kingdom of
Ethiopia, The Federal Democratic Republic of
Gabon
Gambia, The
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho, Kingdom of
Liberia
Madagascar, Republic of
Malawi
Mali
Mauritius
Mozambique, Republic of
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
South Africa
South Sudan, Republic of
Tanzania, United Republic of
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Australia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China, People's Republic of
Cook Islands
Fiji, Republic of
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
India
Indonesia
Japan
Kiribati
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
Korea, Republic of
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Macao Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
Malaysia
Maldives
Marshall Islands, Republic of the
Micronesia, Federated States of
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nauru, Republic of
Nepal
New Zealand
Niue
Norfolk Island
Palau, Republic of
Papua New Guinea
Philippines
Samoa
Singapore
Solomon Islands
Sri Lanka
Taiwan, Province of China
Thailand
Timor-Leste, Democratic Republic of
Tokelau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Vietnam
land Islands
Albania
Andorra, Principality of
Austria
Belarus, Republic of
Belgium
Bermuda
Bosnia and Herzegovina
British Virgin Islands
Bulgaria
Cayman Islands
Croatia, Republic of
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia, Republic of
Faroe Islands
Finland
France
French Guiana
French Polynesia
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece
Greenland
Guernsey
Holy See
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Jersey
Kosovo, Republic of
Latvia, Republic of
Liechtenstein
Lithuania, Republic of
Luxembourg
Malta
Martinique
Mayotte
Moldova, Republic of
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands, The
New Caledonia
North Macedonia, Republic of
Norway
Poland, Republic of
Portugal
Romania
Russian Federation
San Marino, Republic of
Serbia, Republic of
Slovak Republic
Slovenia, Republic of
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Türkiye, Republic of
Turks and Caicos Islands
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Wallis and Futuna Islands
Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of
Algeria
Armenia, Republic of
Azerbaijan, Republic of
Bahrain, Kingdom of
Djibouti
Egypt, Arab Republic of
Georgia
Iran, Islamic Republic of
Iraq
Jordan
Kazakhstan, Republic of
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Lebanon
Libya
Mauritania, Islamic Republic of
Morocco
Oman
Pakistan
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Somalia
Sudan
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan, Republic of
Tunisia
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan, Republic of
Yemen, Republic of
American Samoa
Anguilla
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas, The
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Curacao
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guam
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Montserrat
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
St. Martin
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Archived Series
Books and Analytical Papers
Flagships
Notes and Manuals
Official Reports and Documents
Periodicals
Balance of Payments Statistics
Direction of Trade Statistics
Economic Issues
Government Finance Statistics
IMF Policy Discussion Papers
IMF Special Issues
IMF Staff Papers
IMF Staff Position Notes
IMF Survey
International Financial Statistics
Occasional Papers
Pamphlet Series
Seminar Volumes
World Economic and Financial Surveys
Books
Departmental Papers
High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
IMF Staff Country Reports
IMF Working Papers
Miscellaneous Publications
Per Jacobsson lecture
Policy Papers
Selected Issues Papers
Technical Assistance Reports
External Sector Report
Fiscal Monitor
Global Financial Stability Report
Regional Economic Outlook
World Economic Outlook
Analytical Notes
Fintech Notes
Gender Notes
Global Financial Stability Notes
Glossary
IMF How To Notes
IMF Notes
Manuals & Guides
Spillover Notes
Staff Climate Notes
Staff Discussion Notes
Tax Law Technical Note
Technical Notes and Manuals
Annual Report of the Executive Board
Articles of Agreement
By Laws, Rules & Regulations
IMF Speeches
Independent Evaluation Office Reports
Selected Decisions
Selected Legal and Institutional Papers Series
Summary Proceedings
Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions
Finance & Development
IMF Research Bulletin
IMF Research Perspectives
Brochures and Posters
Corrections
Essential Reading
IMF Virtual Publications Booth
Metadata
Rights and Permissions
Tools for Authors
Content Directory
Frequently Asked Questions
IMF eLibrary Startup Guide
Set Up A Personal Account
Narrow Your Choices
Refine By Countries
Open Section
Africa
(6,547)
Angola
(173)
Benin
(251)
Botswana
(190)
Burkina Faso
(461)
Burundi
(119)
Cabo Verde
(174)
Cameroon
(272)
Central African Republic
(411)
Chad
(198)
Comoros, Union of the
(100)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
(433)
Congo, Republic of
(204)
Côte d'Ivoire
(363)
Equatorial Guinea, Republic of
(208)
Eritrea, The State of
(25)
Eswatini, Kingdom of
(31)
Ethiopia, The Federal Democratic Republic of
(187)
Gabon
(191)
Gambia, The
(109)
Ghana
(411)
Guinea
(251)
Guinea-Bissau
(149)
Kenya
(387)
Lesotho, Kingdom of
(118)
Liberia
(208)
Madagascar, Republic of
(148)
Malawi
(161)
Mali
(279)
Mauritius
(188)
Mozambique, Republic of
(258)
Namibia
(117)
Niger
(252)
Nigeria
(526)
Rwanda
(222)
São Tomé and Príncipe
(193)
Senegal
(296)
Seychelles
(102)
Sierra Leone
(322)
South Africa
(1,354)
South Sudan, Republic of
(108)
Tanzania, United Republic of
(361)
Togo
(188)
Uganda
(361)
Zambia
(190)
Zimbabwe
(212)
Open Section
Asia and Pacific
(8,825)
Australia
(533)
Bangladesh
(189)
Bhutan
(56)
Brunei Darussalam
(33)
Cambodia
(164)
China, People's Republic of
(2,766)
Cook Islands
(9)
Fiji, Republic of
(72)
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
(826)
India
(1,226)
Indonesia
(588)
Japan
(2,303)
Kiribati
(31)
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
(28)
Korea, Republic of
(961)
Lao People's Democratic Republic
(155)
Macao Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
(31)
Malaysia
(439)
Maldives
(64)
Marshall Islands, Republic of the
(54)
Micronesia, Federated States of
(36)
Mongolia
(138)
Myanmar
(73)
Nauru, Republic of
(17)
Nepal
(91)
New Zealand
(982)
Niue
(1)
Norfolk Island
(1)
Palau, Republic of
(39)
Papua New Guinea
(257)
Philippines
(354)
Samoa
(71)
Singapore
(495)
Solomon Islands
(126)
Sri Lanka
(343)
Taiwan, Province of China
(281)
Thailand
(504)
Timor-Leste, Democratic Republic of
(80)
Tokelau
(6)
Tonga
(53)
Tuvalu
(22)
Vanuatu
(49)
Vietnam
(242)
Open Section
Europe
(10,952)
land Islands
(1)
Albania
(167)
Andorra, Principality of
(20)
Austria
(241)
Belarus, Republic of
(163)
Belgium
(378)
Bermuda
(24)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
(186)
British Virgin Islands
(38)
Bulgaria
(258)
Cayman Islands
(46)
Croatia, Republic of
(139)
Cyprus
(135)
Czech Republic
(670)
Denmark
(273)
Estonia, Republic of
(249)
Faroe Islands
(4)
Finland
(256)
France
(1,184)
French Guiana
(1)
French Polynesia
(1)
Germany
(1,739)
Gibraltar
(6)
Greece
(516)
Greenland
(10)
Guernsey
(15)
Holy See
(1)
Hungary
(445)
Iceland
(213)
Ireland
(584)
Isle of Man
(27)
Israel
(217)
Italy
(863)
Jersey
(19)
Kosovo, Republic of
(22)
Latvia, Republic of
(225)
Liechtenstein
(32)
Lithuania, Republic of
(205)
Luxembourg
(189)
Malta
(94)
Martinique
(2)
Mayotte
(1)
Moldova, Republic of
(153)
Monaco
(5)
Montenegro
(126)
Netherlands, The
(527)
New Caledonia
(3)
North Macedonia, Republic of
(138)
Norway
(334)
Poland, Republic of
(547)
Portugal
(440)
Romania
(283)
Russian Federation
(1,626)
San Marino, Republic of
(43)
Serbia, Republic of
(255)
Slovak Republic
(380)
Slovenia, Republic of
(140)
Spain
(683)
Sweden
(495)
Switzerland
(350)
Türkiye, Republic of
(478)
Turks and Caicos Islands
(21)
Ukraine
(730)
United Kingdom
(3,482)
Wallis and Futuna Islands
(1)
Open Section
Middle East and Central Asia
(3,836)
Afghanistan, Islamic Republic of
(165)
Algeria
(160)
Armenia, Republic of
(211)
Azerbaijan, Republic of
(141)
Bahrain, Kingdom of
(126)
Djibouti
(53)
Egypt, Arab Republic of
(288)
Georgia
(1,707)
Iran, Islamic Republic of
(148)
Iraq
(165)
Jordan
(229)
Kazakhstan, Republic of
(259)
Kuwait
(191)
Kyrgyz Republic
(318)
Lebanon
(110)
Libya
(111)
Mauritania, Islamic Republic of
(159)
Morocco
(298)
Oman
(117)
Pakistan
(330)
Qatar
(216)
Saudi Arabia
(592)
Somalia
(147)
Sudan
(188)
Syrian Arab Republic
(155)
Tajikistan, Republic of
(131)
Tunisia
(211)
Turkmenistan
(58)
United Arab Emirates
(368)
Uzbekistan, Republic of
(128)
Yemen, Republic of
(81)
Open Section
Western Hemisphere
(15,432)
American Samoa
(12)
Anguilla
(36)
Antigua and Barbuda
(179)
Argentina
(959)
Aruba
(65)
Bahamas, The
(97)
Barbados
(127)
Belize
(88)
Bolivia
(224)
Brazil
(1,322)
Canada
(1,139)
Chile
(817)
Colombia
(532)
Costa Rica
(394)
Cuba
(24)
Curacao
(32)
Dominica
(153)
Dominican Republic
(300)
Ecuador
(166)
El Salvador
(278)
Grenada
(151)
Guam
(3)
Guatemala
(99)
Guyana
(84)
Haiti
(146)
Honduras
(104)
Jamaica
(202)
Mexico
(1,231)
Montserrat
(38)
Nicaragua
(106)
Panama
(161)
Paraguay
(128)
Peru
(389)
Puerto Rico
(23)
St. Martin
(27)
St. Kitts and Nevis
(2,776)
St. Lucia
(55)
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
(89)
Suriname
(66)
Trinidad and Tobago
(255)
United States
(12,772)
Uruguay
(365)
Venezuela
(203)
Refine By Topic
Open Section
Business and Economics
(26,991)
Agribusiness
(442)
Banks and Banking
(10,072)
Budgeting
(2,161)
Corporate Finance
(364)
Corporate Governance
(93)
Corporate Taxation
(342)
Crowdfunding
(6)
Econometrics
(507)
Economic Development
(66)
Economic Theory
(238)
Economics: General
(1,158)
Environmental Economics
(917)
Exports and Imports
(10,067)
Finance: General
(6,702)
Financial Risk Management
(2,684)
Forecasting
(121)
Foreign Exchange
(4,771)
Globalization
(146)
Industries: Automobile
(7)
Industries: Energy
(372)
Industries: Fashion and Textile
(1)
Industries: Financial Services
(4,205)
Industries: Food
(6)
Industries: General
(82)
Industries: Hospital,Travel and Tourism
(178)
Industries: Information Technololgy
(80)
Industries: Manufacturing
(233)
Industries: Service
(67)
Inflation
(3,562)
Information Management
(38)
Infrastructure
(912)
Insurance
(390)
International Economics
(2,350)
International Taxation
(66)
Investments: Bonds
(686)
Investments: Commodities
(773)
Investments: Derivatives
(57)
Investments: Energy
(1,020)
Investments: Futures
(69)
Investments: General
(1,554)
Investments: Metals
(235)
Investments: Mutual Funds
(1)
Investments: Options
(67)
Investments: Stocks
(693)
Islamic Banking and Finance
(66)
Labor
(3,725)
Macroeconomics
(14,438)
Money and Monetary Policy
(8,713)
Natural Resource Extraction
(186)
Personal Finance -Taxation
(243)
Production and Operations Management
(1,565)
Public Finance
(12,155)
Real Estate
(611)
Statistics
(2,384)
Sustainable Development
(42)
Taxation
(2,944)
Urban and Regional
(13)
Open Section
Computers
(422)
Intelligence (AI) & Semantics
(76)
Cloud Computing
(1)
Computer Science
(1)
Data Mining
(1)
Data Processing
(38)
Data Transmission Systems
(166)
Databases
(129)
Internet: General
(3)
Management Information Systems
(2)
Online Safety & Privacy
(38)
Web Services & APIs
(1)
Web: Social Media
(8)
Open Section
Health and Fitness
(872)
Diet and Nutrition
(2)
Diseases: Contagious
(768)
Diseases: AIDS and HIV
(89)
Diseases: Respiratory
(17)
Open Section
Law
(386)
Banking
(48)
Business and Financial
(339)
Open Section
Medical
(126)
Health Policy
(126)
Open Section
Nature
(1,019)
Natural Resources
(366)
Environmental Conservation and Protection
(326)
Natural Disasters
(451)
Open Section
Political Science
(1,803)
Environmental Policy
(222)
Social Services and Welfare
(1,242)
Agriculture & Food Policy
(74)
Civics and Citizenship
(98)
NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations)
(5)
National and International Security
(6)
Political Economy
(229)
Open Section
Science
(85)
Energy
(85)
Open Section
Social Science
(2,796)
Women's Studies
(272)
Criminology
(1,028)
Demography
(943)
Emigration and Immigration
(191)
Gender Studies
(215)
Poverty and Homelessness
(568)
Open Section
Technology and Engineering
(65)
Automation
(33)
Inventions
(29)
Mobile and Wireless Communications
(5)
Open Section
Transportation
(2)
Aviation
(2)
Refine By Series
Open Section
Archived Series
(2,067)
Balance of Payments Statistics
(104)
Direction of Trade Statistics
(105)
Economic Issues
(153)
Government Finance Statistics
(17)
IMF Policy Discussion Papers
(111)
IMF Special Issues
(21)
IMF Staff Papers
(202)
IMF Staff Position Notes
(51)
IMF Survey
(400)
International Financial Statistics
(392)
Occasional Papers
(283)
Pamphlet Series
(127)
Seminar Volumes
(31)
World Economic and Financial Surveys
(69)
Open Section
Books and Analytical Papers
(22,705)
Books
(424)
Departmental Papers
(253)
High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
(146)
IMF Staff Country Reports
(10,721)
IMF Working Papers
(8,834)
Miscellaneous Publications
(43)
Per Jacobsson lecture
(18)
Policy Papers
(1,714)
Selected Issues Papers
(313)
Technical Assistance Reports
(239)
Open Section
Flagships
(1,008)
External Sector Report
(8)
Fiscal Monitor
(80)
Global Financial Stability Report
(120)
Regional Economic Outlook
(354)
World Economic Outlook
(446)
Open Section
Notes and Manuals
(703)
Analytical Notes
(9)
Fintech Notes
(46)
Gender Notes
(5)
Global Financial Stability Notes
(15)
Glossary
(10)
IMF How To Notes
(58)
IMF Notes
(25)
Manuals & Guides
(190)
Spillover Notes
(12)
Staff Climate Notes
(26)
Staff Discussion Notes
(178)
Tax Law Technical Note
(4)
Technical Notes and Manuals
(130)
Open Section
Official Reports and Documents
(522)
Annual Report of the Executive Board
(262)
Articles of Agreement
(27)
By Laws, Rules & Regulations
(34)
IMF Speeches
(26)
Independent Evaluation Office Reports
(59)
Selected Decisions
(58)
Selected Legal and Institutional Papers Series
(1)
Summary Proceedings
(55)
Open Section
Periodicals
(716)
Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and Exchange Restrictions
(75)
Finance & Development
(563)
IMF Research Bulletin
(72)
IMF Research Perspectives
(6)
Refine By Language
(24,862)
French
(1,130)
Spanish
(536)
Arabic
(330)
Russian
(327)
Chinese
(266)
Portuguese
(132)
Japanese
(74)
German
(36)
Ukrainian
(10)
Bosnian
(9)
Romanian
(6)
Albanian
(4)
Vietnamese
(4)
Hindi
(3)
Thai
(3)
Czech
(2)
Armenian
(2)
Polish
(2)
Turkish
(2)
Bulgarian
(1)
Bangla
(1)
Indonesian
(1)
Indonesian
(1)
Italian
(1)
Georgian
(1)
Korean
(1)
Refine By IMF Taxonomy
Open Section
Cross-cutting issues
(6,216)
Development
(68)
Education
(1,063)
Environment
(1,236)
Gender
(257)
Health
(1,424)
Integrated Policy Framework
(13)
International organization
(2,020)
Population and demographics
(901)
Poverty
(1,094)
Technology
(589)
Open Section
Economic theory and methods
(2,300)
Cross country analysis
(7)
Econometric analysis
(336)
Economic and financial statistics
(1,393)
Economic forecasting
(123)
Economic theory
(178)
Political economy
(316)
Regional economics
(17)
Open Section
External sector
(9,712)
Balance of payments
(1,957)
Economic integration
(197)
External debt
(4,032)
External position
(260)
Foreign aid
(198)
Foreign exchange
(3,349)
Globalization
(122)
International trade
(2,447)
Open Section
Financial and monetary sector
(14,320)
Asset and liability management
(1,896)
Central banks
(965)
Financial crises
(2,007)
Financial institutions
(5,014)
Financial markets
(2,301)
Financial regulation and supervision
(1,275)
Financial sector policy and analysis
(1,817)
Financial services
(1,860)
Monetary policy
(2,744)
Money
(4,331)
Open Section
Fiscal sector
(12,801)
Expenditure
(5,155)
Fiscal policy
(3,156)
Public debt
(4,955)
Public financial management (PFM)
(3,536)
Revenue administration
(2,786)
Revenue performance assessment
(59)
Tax policy
(166)
Taxes
(1,824)
Open Section
Real sector
(12,948)
Commodities
(1,535)
Economic growth
(342)
Economic sectors
(3,184)
Labor
(3,724)
Macrostructural analysis
(230)
National accounts
(4,148)
Prices
(4,418)
Production
(1,317)
Refine By JEL Taxonomy
Open Section
Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics?Environmental and Ecological Economics
(4,727)
Agricultural Markets and Marketing; Cooperatives; Agribusiness
(186)
Agricultural Policy; Food Policy
(88)
Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics: General
(188)
Agriculture: Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis; Prices
(313)
Agriculture: General
(748)
Alternative Energy Sources
(84)
Climate; Natural Disasters and Their Management; Global Warming
(1,024)
Commodity Markets
(545)
Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services; Biodiversity Conservation; Bioeconomics; Industrial Ecology
(11)
Energy and the Macroeconomy
(177)
Energy: Demand and Supply; Prices
(1,466)
Energy: General
(791)
Energy: Government Policy
(128)
Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
(34)
Environmental Economics: Generale
(382)
Environmental Economics: Government Policy
(273)
Hydrocarbon Resources
(98)
Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation: General
(261)
Renewable Resources and Conservation: Demand and Supply; Prices
(4)
Renewable Resources and Conservation: Forestry
(3)
Renewable Resources and Conservation: General
(19)
Renewable Resources and Conservation: Water
(14)
Resource Booms
(32)
Sustainable Development
(44)
Open Section
Business Administration and Business Economics?Marketing?Accounting?Personnel Economics
(1,279)
Accounting
(33)
Accounting and Auditing: Government Policy and Regulation
(8)
Auditing
(241)
Corporate Culture; Diversity; Social Responsibility
(15)
IT Management
(11)
Open Section
Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
(1,626)
Comparative Studies of Countries
(67)
Development Planning and Policy: General
(19)
Development Planning and Policy: Trade Policy; Factor Movement; Foreign Exchange Policy
(173)
Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
(71)
Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth: General
(12)
Economic Development: General
(78)
Economic Development: Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure
(344)
Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity: General
(238)
Environment and Growth
(63)
Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
(134)
Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
(46)
Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights: General
(282)
Monetary Growth Models
(12)
Planning Models; Planning Policy
(41)
Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
(283)
Open Section
Economic History
(2)
Economic History: General
(2)
Open Section
Economic Systems
(414)
Economic Systems: General
(3)
Other Economic Systems: Public Economics; Financial Economics
(67)
Political Economy
(333)
Open Section
Financial Economics
(13,903)
Bankruptcy; Liquidation
(246)
Banks; Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages
(8,155)
Corporate Finance and Governance: General
(205)
Corporate Finance and Governance: Government Policy and Regulation
(143)
Financial Crises
(1,503)
Financial Economics: General
(20)
Financial Institutions and Services: General
(1,078)
Financial Institutions and Services: Government Policy and Regulation
(2,150)
Financing Policy; Financial Risk and Risk Management; Capital and Ownership Structure; Value of Firms; Goodwill
(953)
General Financial Markets: General (includes Measurement and Data)
(4,146)
General Financial Markets: Government Policy and Regulation
(2,271)
Insurance; Insurance Companies; Actuarial Studies
(400)
International Financial Markets
(856)
Investment Banking; Venture Capital; Brokerage; Ratings and Ratings Agencies
(76)
Pension Funds; Non-bank Financial Institutions; Financial Instruments; Institutional Investors
(1,737)
Portfolio Choice; Investment Decisions
(1,297)
Open Section
General Economics and Teaching
(11)
General Economics: General
(11)
Open Section
Health, Education, and Welfare
(3,047)
Analysis of Health Care Markets
(114)
Education: General
(1,047)
Education: Government Policy
(18)
Government Policy; Provision and Effects of Welfare Program
(1,190)
Health Behavior
(842)
Health, Education, and Welfare: General
(5)
Health: General
(820)
Health: Government Policy; Regulation; Public Health
(51)
Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
(50)
Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty: General
(582)
Open Section
History of Economic Thought
(48)
Financial Economics
(32)
Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian)
(17)
Open Section
Industrial Organization
(5,921)
Air Transportation
(2)
Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment; Related Parts and Equipment
(9)
Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions; Privatization; Contracting Out
(216)
Electric Utilities
(145)
Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits
(6)
Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities
(13)
Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices
(41)
Industrial Organization: General
(28)
Industry Studies: Manufacturing: General
(218)
Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction: General
(173)
Industry Studies: Services: General
(65)
Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities: General
(169)
Information and Internet Services; Computer Software
(20)
Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
(288)
Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
(6)
Nonprofit Institutions; NGOs; Social Entrepreneurship
(8)
Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General
(342)
Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment
(1)
Public Enterprises; Public-Private Enterprises
(1,076)
Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce
(34)
Sports; Gambling; Restaurants; Recreation; Tourism
(165)
Open Section
International Economics
(14,327)
Current Account Adjustment; Short-term Capital Movements
(2,096)
Economic Integration
(190)
Empirical Studies of Trade
(768)
Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
(417)
Foreign Aid
(298)
Foreign Exchange
(4,945)
Globalization: General
(146)
International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations
(2,003)
International Conflicts; Negotiations; Sanctions
(21)
International Economic Order and Integration
(43)
International Economics: General
(29)
International Investment; Long-term Capital Movements
(1,716)
International Lending and Debt Problems
(4,789)
International Migration
(189)
International Policy Coordination and Transmission
(188)
Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance: General
(108)
Multinational Firms; International Business
(100)
Neoclassical Models of Trade
(92)
Remittances
(220)
Trade Policy; International Trade Organizations
(1,233)
Trade: General
(2,627)
Open Section
Labor and Demographic Economics
(8,218)
Demand and Supply of Labor: General
(1,003)
Demographic Economics: General
(568)
Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
(138)
Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation; Collective Bargaining
(18)
Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
(364)
Economics of the Elderly; Economics of the Handicapped; Non-labor Market Discrimination
(393)
Geographic Labor Mobility; Immigrant Workers
(64)
Human Capital; Skills; Occupational Choice; Labor Productivity
(490)
Labor Contracts
(60)
Labor Demand
(212)
Labor Economics Policies
(158)
Labor Economics: General
(1,489)
Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
(266)
Labor Standards: Labor Force Composition
(146)
Labor Turnover; Vacancies; Layoffs
(26)
Labor and Demographic Economics: General
(3)
Labor-Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining: General
(19)
Mobility, Unemployment, and Vacancies: General
(51)
Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits; Private Pensions
(385)
Particular Labor Markets: General
(25)
Professional Labor Markets; Occupational Licensing
(37)
Retirement; Retirement Policies
(108)
Unemployment Insurance; Severance Pay; Plant Closings
(61)
Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
(557)
Wage Level and Structure; Wage Differentials
(124)
Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General
(1,144)
Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy
(155)
Open Section
Law and Economics
(1,081)
Corporation and Securities Law
(61)
Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
(764)
Labor Law
(10)
Law and Economics: General (including Data Sources and Description)
(11)
Tax Law
(50)
Open Section
Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
(19,127)
Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
(1,785)
Business Fluctuations; Cycles
(572)
Central Banks and Their Policies
(935)
Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy; Stabilization; Treasury Policy
(189)
Demand for Money
(211)
Employment; Unemployment; Wages; Intergenerational Income Distribution; Aggregate Human Capital; Aggregate Labor Productivity
(1,203)
Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
(1,155)
Fiscal Policy
(4,312)
Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
(76)
General Aggregative Models: General
(744)
General Aggregative Models: Keynes; Keynesian; Post-Keynesian
(30)
Incomes Policy; Price Policy
(46)
Informal Economy; Underground Econom
(303)
Institutions and the Macroeconomy
(427)
Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
(1,633)
Investment; Capital; Intangible Capital; Capacity
(1,154)
Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics: General
(33)
Macroeconomics: Consumption; Saving; Wealth
(1,277)
Macroeconomics: Production
(1,468)
Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth; Environmental Accounts
(64)
Monetary Policy
(4,156)
Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit: General
(4,155)
Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System; Payment Systems
(2,757)
Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
(127)
Neoclassical
(20)
Policy Objectives; Policy Designs and Consistency; Policy Coordination
(226)
Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
(4,247)
Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles: General (includes Measurement and Data)
(347)
Open Section
Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
(2,552)
'Panel Data Models; Spatio-temporal Models'
(100)
Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory
(4)
Bayesian Analysis: General
(63)
Classification Methods; Cluster Analysis; Principal Components; Factor Models
(55)
Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: General
(182)
Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology; Computer Programs: Other
(1,368)
Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models; Discrete Regressors; Proportions
(40)
Econometric Modeling: General
(78)
Econometric and Statistical Methods: General
(38)
Estimation
(144)
Forecasting and Other Model Applications
(216)
Input-Output Models
(12)
Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
(42)
Mathematical and Quantitative Methods: General
(2)
Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data; Data Access
(212)
Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables: General
(29)
Neural Networks and Related Topics
(19)
Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes
(244)
Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models
(189)
Truncated and Censored Models; Switching Regression Models; Threshold Regression Models
(16)
Open Section
Microeconomics
(2,186)
Allocative Efficiency; Cost-Benefit Analysis
(23)
Bureaucracy; Administrative Processes in Public Organizations; Corruption
(249)
Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
(60)
Expectations; Speculations
(41)
Externalities
(216)
Microeconomics: General
(1)
Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
(1,147)
Production; Cost; Capital and Total Factor Productivity; Capacity
(512)
Open Section
Other Special Topics
(12)
Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Language; Social and Economic Stratification
(10)
Other Special Topics: General
(2)
Open Section
Public Economics
(13,673)
Business Taxes and Subsidies
(1,230)
Crisis Management
(133)
Debt; Debt Management; Sovereign Debt
(6,230)
Efficiency; Optimal Taxation
(144)
Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
(181)
Governmental Loans, Loan Guarantees, Credits, and Grants
(52)
Governmental Property
(20)
National Budget, Deficit, and Debt: General
(314)
National Budget; Budget Systems
(1,940)
National Government Expenditures and Education
(123)
National Government Expenditures and Health
(243)
National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General
(4,912)
National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures; Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
(1,161)
National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Other
(10)
National Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
(182)
National Security and War
(67)
Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
(764)
Public Administration; Public Sector Accounting and Audits
(1,595)
Public Economics: General
(33)
Social Security and Public Pensions
(624)
Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
(114)
Tax Evasion and Avoidance
(194)
Taxation and Subsidies: Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
(263)
Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General
(3,619)
Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenues: Other Sources of Revenue
(50)
Open Section
Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics
(2,100)
General Regional Economics (includes Regional Data)
(18)
Housing Supply and Markets
(510)
Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
(62)
Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location: General
(75)
Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: General
(8)
Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics: Household Analysis: General
(62)
Refine by LOC Taxonomy
Open Section
Chemical technology
(33)
Copper
(12)
Food industry and trade
(6)
Silver
(15)
Open Section
Commerce
(4,000)
Antidumping duties
(8)
Auditing
(343)
Auditing, Internal
(72)
Balance of trade
(384)
Business enterprises
(232)
Commercial policy
(403)
Commercial products
(197)
Commercial treaties
(97)
Comparative advantage; International trade
(56)
Compliance auditing
(4)
Export credit
(29)
Export subsidies
(19)
Exports
(1,968)
Import quotas
(18)
Imports
(988)
International economic integration
(87)
International organization
(6)
International trade
(139)
Monetary unions
(187)
Non-tariff trade barriers
(4)
Protectionism
(42)
Subsidies
(20)
Tariff
(515)
Tax auditing
(19)
Open Section
Communities; Classes; Races
(146)
Urbanization
(4)
Open Section
Economic History and Conditions
(1,454)
Economic development
(5)
Food security
(67)
Poverty
(1,397)
Open Section
Economic Theory; Demography
(10,318)
Business cycles
(351)
Consumption; Economics
(1,134)
Demographic transition
(34)
Econometric models
(296)
Econometrics
(212)
Economic forecasting
(235)
Economic policy
(251)
Economics
(318)
Elasticity; Economics
(52)
Emigration and immigration
(177)
Equilibrium; Economics
(8)
Flow of funds
(7)
Income
(2,291)
Income distribution
(519)
Interdisciplinary research
(2)
Macroeconomics
(390)
Neoclassical school of economics
(16)
Population
(582)
Population aging
(410)
Production; Economic theory
(645)
Rational expectations; Economic theory
(23)
Recessions
(60)
Supply and demand
(88)
Balance of payments
(1,793)
Data transmission systems
(116)
Databases
(22)
Economic indicators
(165)
Economic statistics
(961)
Electronic data processing
(30)
Finance; Statistics
(766)
National income
(806)
Public investments
(568)
Price indexes
(416)
Price regulation
(121)
Open Section
Education
(5,921)
Education
(1,052)
Open Section
Environment Sciences
(1,707)
Climatic changes
(689)
Emissions trading
(108)
Energy conservation
(20)
Environmental policy
(177)
Environmental protection
(8)
Environmental sciences
(198)
Greenhouse gases
(265)
Natural disasters
(424)
Natural resources
(335)
Renewable energy sources
(79)
Sustainable development
(38)
Water-supply
(13)
Open Section
Finance
(22,519)
Asset requirements
(313)
Asset-backed financing
(18)
Asset-liability management
(179)
Banks and banking
(6,843)
Banks and banking, Central
(189)
Banks and banking, Cooperative
(52)
Banks and banking, Foreign
(233)
Banks and banking; Islamic countries
(62)
Banks and banking; State supervision
(528)
Bonds
(652)
Capital investments
(357)
Capital market
(556)
Capital movements
(845)
Clearing of securities
(20)
Clearinghouses; Banking
(213)
Commercial credit
(3)
Commodity exchanges
(104)
Competition
(272)
Consumer credit
(47)
Corporations--Finance
(11)
Correspondent banks
(81)
Credit
(3,260)
Credit ratings
(149)
Credit unions
(3)
Currency crises
(1,310)
Debt
(304)
Debts, External
(4,658)
Derivative securities
(214)
Development banks
(101)
Discount
(47)
Electronic trading of securities
(2)
Emigrant remittances
(23)
Financial crises
(1,167)
Financial instruments
(681)
Financial risk management
(1,389)
Financial services industry
(3,620)
Financial services industry; Law and legislation
(277)
Foreign exchange
(4,509)
Foreign exchange market
(383)
Foreign exchange reserves
(920)
Global Financial Crisis, 2008-2009
(224)
Going public; Securities
(6)
Gold
(205)
Government securities
(213)
Insurance
(374)
Insurance companies
(382)
Interest rates
(1,509)
International finance
(1,071)
Investment banking
(29)
Investments, Foreign
(775)
Liquidity; Economics
(1,141)
Loans
(1,977)
Metals; Prices
(52)
Microfinance
(17)
Migrant remittances
(2)
Monetary policy
(2,891)
Money
(2,191)
Money market
(78)
Money supply
(765)
Mortgages
(365)
Mutual funds
(165)
Nonbank financial institutions; Law and legislation
(92)
Portfolio management
(58)
Prices
(5,084)
Saving and investment
(1,606)
Sovereign wealth funds
(26)
Stock exchanges
(437)
Stockbrokers
(11)
Stocks
(660)
Working capital
(22)
Open Section
Industries; Land Use; Labor
(9,906)
Aerospace industries
(2)
Agricultural industries
(400)
Agricultural prices
(21)
Agriculture and state
(11)
Automobile industry and trade
(6)
Bonuses; Employee fringe benefits
(8)
Capital productivity
(80)
Cost and standard of living
(8)
Economic development
(186)
Electric utilities
(147)
Electronic commerce
(11)
Employee fringe benefits
(19)
Employment; Economic theory
(865)
Energy industries
(90)
Farm produce
(552)
Food prices
(163)
Gas industry
(89)
Government business enterprises
(340)
Housing; Prices
(597)
Human capital
(243)
Industrial capacity
(54)
Industrial productivity
(947)
Industrialization
(3)
Industries
(81)
Informal sector; Economics
(1,109)
International business enterprises
(13)
Job creation
(47)
Labor costs
(92)
Labor economics
(1,478)
Labor market
(1,267)
Labor mobility
(22)
Labor policy
(5)
Labor productivity
(184)
Labor unions
(15)
Manpower policy
(149)
Manufacturing industries
(213)
Migrant labor
(5)
Mineral industries
(168)
Minimum wage
(81)
Occupational training
(12)
Pensions
(682)
Petroleum industry and trade
(859)
Privatization
(207)
Public welfare
(1)
Public-private sector cooperation
(426)
Self-employed
(82)
Service industries
(62)
Unemployment
(555)
Unemployment insurance
(33)
Wages
(1,115)
Corporate governance
(96)
Corporations; Taxation
(320)
Crisis management
(629)
Motor fuels;Taxation
(11)
Small business
(49)
Social security
(123)
Tobacco; Taxation
(2)
Open Section
International relation
(2,536)
Economic assistance
(128)
Economic policy; nternational cooperation
(230)
Globalization
(125)
International agencies
(1,932)
International cooperation
(17)
International relief
(142)
Non-governmental organizations
(7)
Security, International
(1)
Open Section
Law
(1,081)
Finance, Public; Law and legislation
(93)
Foreign trade regulation
(5)
Oil and gas leases
(13)
Taxation; Law and legislation
(48)
Open Section
Mathematics
(216)
Artificial intelligence
(39)
Big data
(20)
Cloud computing
(1)
Computer programming
(1)
Machine learning
(41)
Open Section
Mining engineering. Metallurgy
(211)
Metals
(13)
Open Section
Political Institutions and Public Administration
(149)
Civil service
(149)
Open Section
Political theory
(92)
Civil society
(92)
Open Section
Public Finance
(12,108)
Budget
(1,965)
Budget process
(13)
Capital gains tax
(11)
Congestion pricing
(2)
Customs administration
(89)
Customs appraisal
(17)
Debts, Public
(5,421)
Double taxation
(41)
Environmental impact charges
(145)
Excise tax
(54)
Finance, Public
(2,144)
Finance, Public; Accounting
(982)
Fiscal policy
(4,278)
Forests and forestry; Taxation
(1)
Income tax
(688)
Inheritance and transfer tax
(7)
Pensions; Taxation
(1)
Property tax
(29)
Real property tax
(10)
Revenue
(2,798)
Smuggling
(7)
Spendings tax
(522)
Tax administration and procedure
(580)
Tax assessment
(8)
Tax incentives
(230)
Taxation
(453)
Taxpayer compliance
(7)
Open Section
Public aspects of medicine
(6,249)
Avian influenza
(3)
Communicable diseases
(717)
Ebola virus disease
(14)
HIV; Viruses
(91)
Health
(835)
Health care reform
(6)
Malnutrition
(1)
Medical care
(117)
Debt service
(649)
Educational change
(1)
Expenditures, Public
(4,565)
Open Section
Social pathology; Social and public welfare; Criminology
(963)
Alcohol; taxation
(2)
Corruption
(228)
Crime--Economic aspects
(128)
Drug traffic
(8)
Money laundering
(719)
Tax evasion
(72)
Terrorism
(35)
Open Section
Technology
(625)
Application program interfaces; Computer software
(1)
Automation
(14)
Banks and banking, Mobile
(53)
Blockchains; Databases
(44)
Cooperation
(6)
Data mining
(1)
Financial services industry; Technological innovations
(269)
Information resources management
(7)
Information technology
(56)
Information technology; Security measures
(41)
Internet of things
(2)
Open Data Protocol
(2)
Robotics
(14)
Social networks
(8)
Technological innovations
(29)
Technology
(214)
Technology transfer
(12)
Wireless Internet
(6)
Open Section
The Family; Marriage; Woman
(438)
Retirement
(114)
Sex discrimination
(151)
Sex role
(124)
Women
(277)
Refine By THEMA Taxonomy
Open Section
Business and Management
(3,092)
Budgeting & financial management
(2,218)
Business innovation
(6)
Business studies: general
(1)
Corporate governance; role & responsibilities of boards & directors
(104)
Knowledge management
(21)
Multinationals
(37)
Ownership & organization of enterprises
(249)
Privatization
(230)
Public ownership; nationalization
(394)
Open Section
Computing and Information Technology
(1,112)
Artificial intelligence
(38)
Cloud computing
(1)
Computer applications in industry & technology
(98)
Computer science
(365)
Computer security
(38)
Data capture & analysis
(371)
Data mining
(2)
Distributed ledgers
(209)
Enterprise software
(2)
Internet; general works
(4)
Machine learning
(44)
Social media; social networking
(8)
Web services
(3)
Open Section
Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment
(2,100)
Climate change
(801)
Conservation of the environment
(34)
Environmental management
(462)
Environmental policy & protocols
(195)
Natural disasters
(459)
Population & migration geography
(51)
Open Section
Economics
(24,551)
Agricultural economics
(234)
Development economics & emerging economies
(112)
Digital or internet economics
(14)
Econometrics & economic statistics
(2,888)
Economic & financial crises & disasters
(3,221)
Economic Forecasting
(155)
Economic growth
(634)
Economic theory & philosophy
(249)
Economics of specific sectors
(1,140)
Environmental economics
(346)
Health economics
(844)
International economics
(9,958)
International trade & commerce
(51)
Labour; income economics
(4,554)
Macroeconomics
(14,618)
Microeconomics
(3)
Monetary economics
(8,830)
Political economy
(339)
Open Section
Economics, Finance, Business and Management
(1,081)
Information technology industries
(84)
Open Section
Finance and accounting
(23,438)
Banking
(8,619)
Corporate finance
(28)
Currency; Foreign exchange
(4,876)
Finance
(11,448)
Financial reporting, financial statements
(770)
Insurance & actuarial studies
(398)
Investment & securities
(4,036)
Management accounting & bookkeeping
(345)
Pensions
(725)
Property & real estate
(694)
Public finance & taxation
(12,466)
Public finance accounting
(347)
Open Section
Industry and industrial studies
(2,776)
Agriculture, agribusiness & food production industries
(210)
Apparel, garment & textile industries
(1)
Civil service & public sector
(1,364)
Energy industries & utilities
(228)
Extractive industries
(195)
Forestry industry
(1)
Hospitality, leisure & tourism industries
(176)
Manufacturing industries
(245)
Petroleum, oil & gas industries
(394)
Trade unions
(17)
Transport industries
(10)
Water industries
(1)
Open Section
Law
(5,921)
Agricultural law
(14)
Banking law
(48)
Corporate & business tax
(359)
Excise taxes
(90)
Financial administration & public finance law
(134)
Financial services law & regulation
(1,712)
International taxation law
(8)
Sales tax, tariffs & customs duties
(94)
Taxation & duties law
(54)
Open Section
Mathematics and Science
(414)
Bayesian inference
(11)
Open Section
Medicine and Nursing
(1,279)
HIV/AIDS
(87)
Health systems & services
(126)
Infectious & contagious diseases
(795)
Open Section
Social services and welfare, criminology
(1,023)
Corporate crime; white-collar crime
(999)
Crime & criminology
(130)
Drugs trade; drug trafficking
(8)
Open Section
Society and Social Sciences
(8,218)
Education
(1,078)
Gender studies, gender groups
(123)
Gender studies; women & girls
(275)
International institutions
(2,042)
International relations
(21)
Migration, immigration & emigration
(199)
Population & demography
(922)
Poverty & precarity
(651)
Social discrimination & equal treatment
(152)
Social impact of disasters
(4)
Social welfare & social services
(1,260)
Terrorism, armed struggle
(34)
Warfare & defence
(1)
Welfare & benefit systems
(216)
Open Section
Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes
(625)
Automatic control engineering
(16)
Inventions & inventors
(30)
Robotics
(14)
Technology; general issues
(220)
WAP (wireless) technology
(5)
Email this link
Share Link
Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend
Email this link
or copy the link directly:
The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button.
Link copied successfully
Browse
You are looking at
10
of
27,747
items for
Type: Book
Type: Post
Type: Journal Issue
Clear All
Modify Search
Page:
10
11
...
The Managing Director's Written Statement: The Managing Director's Written Statement
International Monetary Fund. Strategy, Policy, & Review Department
The world faces the spillovers from the war in the Middle East. In addition to the human toll, its economic effects are global and uneven, once again hitting the poorest and most vulnerable countries the hardest. This comes at a time when policy space has been eroded and geopolitical tensions have been increasing. Spillovers to Low-Income Developing Countries (LIDCs) will transmit through supply disruptions, higher commodity prices, second-round effects on inflation and expectations, tighter global financial conditions, exchange rate pressures, and reduced remittances from members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The appropriate policy response depends on how the shock propagates through the domestic economy, calling for pragmatism and agility, supported by credible policy frameworks. In LIDCs, near term policies should be anchored in credible frameworks, while concerted efforts are key to enhance resilience and growth potential. Domestic structural reforms, including building strong institutions, also have an important role in the medium-term to attract stronger FDI inflows and create jobs. Robust support from the international community will be essential—especially for the most vulnerable LIDCs and fragile and conflict-affected states (FCS). The IMF stands ready to deploy all its tools to assist the membership—supporting sound policies, helping ensure this new test does not derail key medium-term priorities, and providing balance of payments financing where needed.
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Policy Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 010
Series:
Policy Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
23 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229043885
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Policy Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 010
Series:
Policy Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
23 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229043885
Download PDF
Monetary and Fiscal Policy Linkages in the Czech Republic
Lukas Boer
and
Allan Dizioli
This paper uses scenario analysis to illustrate the implications of persistently higher fiscal deficits for monetary policy in the Czech Republic. It distinguishes across different types of fiscal spending and monetary policy responses. The paper argues that coordinated action, explicitly accounting for the monetary policy response to a fiscal easing, can improve policy outcomes. The analysis is complemented by a historical perspective of fiscal and monetary policy interactions in the Czech Republic. Specifically, the paper reviews past policy synchronization, estimates the responsiveness of fiscal policy to debt levels, and constructs a measure of monetary-fiscal policy tensions based on fiscal r*. Intensifying tensions over the coming years point to a potential need for policy adjustments.
Keywords:
Monetary Policy
Fiscal Policy
Policy Coordination
Scenario Analysis
Czech Republic
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Selected Issues Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 035
Series:
Selected Issues Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
23 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229045087
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Selected Issues Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 035
Series:
Selected Issues Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
23 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229045087
Download PDF
Scenario Analysis for the Czech Republic: Using the Integrated Policy Framework (IPF)
Thomas P Gade
Jesper L Linde
, and
Lukas Boer
This paper applies the IMF’s Integrated Policy Framework (IPF) to the Czech Republic with the aim of contributing to the use of scenario analysis at the Czech National Bank (CNB). The paper identifies some shallowness of FX markets as the main relevant friction under the IPF. Moreover, while inflation expectations are generally well anchored, they can nevertheless deviate from the inflation target for extended periods. Using an extended version of the QIPF model, the paper broadens the scope of analysis beyond traditional external shock scenarios, to also include domestic fiscal policy shocks and central bank balance sheet normalization. The paper finds that (i) in the event of a global risk-off outflow shock, the CNB can improve macro stabilization through a combined use of reserves and interest rate policy, (ii) refocusing fiscal stimulus towards more productive uses greatly reduces the degree of monetary policy tightening needed to stabilize inflation at target, and (iii) balance sheet normalization is optimally implemented in a preannounced and gradual manner, in which potential currency appreciation in principle can be mitigated through a slightly lower policy rate.
Keywords:
Scenario analysis
Integrated policy framework
Currency markets
Financial markets
Foreign exchange intervention
Capital flows
Inflation
Monetary policy
Fiscal Policy
Czech Republic
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Selected Issues Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 034
Series:
Selected Issues Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
23 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229044455
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Selected Issues Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 034
Series:
Selected Issues Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
23 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229044455
Download PDF
Housing Affordability in the Czech Republic: Drivers, Dynamics, and Policy Option
Esha Chhabra
Worsening housing affordability in the Czech Republic reflects a structural imbalance between supply and demand, where income-driven demand has persistently outpaced construction capacity constrained by slow permitting processes and municipal fragmentation. Using a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) framework, this paper quantifies the contributions of demand, supply, and monetary shocks to movements in Czech house prices. The findings show that while monetary policy can moderate cyclical pressures, achieving sustainable affordability requires structural reforms that address rigidities in the construction sector, scale affordable housing development, and modernize property taxation.
Keywords:
Housing affordability
house prices
housing supply
structural vector autoregression
macroprudential policy
structural reform
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Selected Issues Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 036
Series:
Selected Issues Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
23 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229045278
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Selected Issues Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 036
Series:
Selected Issues Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
23 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229045278
Download PDF
Tax Administration Reform in Greece: Outcomes and Lessons (2010–25)
Andrew Okello
Stoyan E Markov
Era Dabla-Norris
Chenghong Wang
George Pitsilis
, and
Elli-Sivylla Gregou
This Note documents Greece’s comprehensive tax administration reform journey over 2010–2025, showing how sustained reform under crisis conditions translated institutional change and digital innovation into durable revenue, compliance gains. Following an initial phase focused on revenue stabilization, Greece progressively advanced legal and institutional reforms, culminating in the establishment of the Independent Authority for Public Revenue (IAPR), followed by an ambitious digital transformation centered on myDATA, e invoicing, real time reporting, and data driven compliance management. These reforms contributed to a marked increase in the tax to GDP ratio, a sharp reduction in the VAT compliance gap, and significant improvements in operational performance, as reflected in international assessment tools such as TADAT and ISORA. IMF capacity development, supported by other development partners and strong ownership by the Greek tax authority, played a critical role in reform design, implementation, and monitoring. Greece’s experience underscores the importance of credible governance reforms, appropriate sequencing, sustained political commitment, and investment in digital and human capital. While country contexts differ, the lessons from Greece are highly relevant for other countries seeking to modernize tax administration, strengthen compliance, and enhance domestic revenue mobilization over the medium term.
Keywords:
reform
capacity development
sequencing
digital transformation
revenue mobilization
compliance
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
IMF Notes
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 003
Series:
IMF Notes
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
22 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229041812
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
IMF Notes
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 003
Series:
IMF Notes
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
22 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229041812
Download PDF
Ecuador: Fifth Review Under the Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility, Requests for Waivers of Nonobservance of Performance Criteria, Modification of Performance Criteria, and Financing Assurances Review-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Ecuador
International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Ecuador successfully regained access to international capital markets in early 2026, and the authorities remain committed to the implementation of their economic program, supported by the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) arrangement of SDR 3.75 billion (537.5 percent of quota, about US$5 billion) approved by the Executive Board in May 2024 and augmented in July 2025. The authorities are strengthening fiscal sustainability and liquidity buffers, including by implementing revenue and expenditure reforms alongside targeted measures to protect vulnerable groups. They are also making important progress on their structural reform agenda.
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
IMF Staff Country Reports
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 084
Series:
IMF Staff Country Reports
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
22 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229044158
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
IMF Staff Country Reports
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 084
Series:
IMF Staff Country Reports
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
22 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229044158
Download PDF
Long-Term Spending Pressures in Liechtenstein
Rodgers B Chawani
Liechtenstein faces long-term fiscal pressures from population aging, climate transition, and enhanced security requirements. Using a Marginal Abatement Cost Curve framework, cohort-component demographic modeling, and cross-country benchmarking, staff estimates cumulative annual spending pressures of approximately 3½ percent of GDP by 2050—climate mitigation and adaptation (1.7 percent), pensions (1.5 percent), and security (0.3 percent). Liechtenstein's strong fiscal position—consistent surpluses, near-zero public debt, and substantial net assets—provides space to address these pressures. Systematic integration of long-term projections into budgetary frameworks through regular sustainability assessments and independent evaluation would strengthen transparency, intergenerational equity, and fiscal credibility.
Keywords:
Fiscal sustainability
long-term spending pressures
climate finance
pension expenditure
demographic transition
Liechtenstein
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Selected Issues Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 032
Series:
Selected Issues Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
21 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229044301
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Selected Issues Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 032
Series:
Selected Issues Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
21 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229044301
Download PDF
Productivity Dynamics and Long-Run Growth: Principality of Liechtenstein
Tara Iyer
and
Andinet Woldemichael
This Selected Issues Paper analyzes productivity and long-run growth in Liechtenstein. Despite among the highest labor productivity levels in Europe, growth has been weak over an extended period, leading to declining relative performance. Sectoral differences persist between high-productivity manufacturing and lower-productivity services. Long-run growth is constrained by demographic pressures, skills shortages, reliance on cross-border commuters, and infrastructure bottlenecks, despite strong private innovation. The paper concludes that sustaining high living standards will require targeted structural reforms, including upgrading human capital, expanding labor supply, strengthening public-private innovation partnerships, and improving physical and digital infrastructure.
Keywords:
Human Capital
Long-Run Growth
Productivity
Commuter Workers
Multinational Enterprises
Innovation
Macroeconomic Policies
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Selected Issues Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 033
Series:
Selected Issues Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
21 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229045186
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Selected Issues Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 033
Series:
Selected Issues Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
21 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229045186
Download PDF
Unpacking the Effects of Trade Policy Uncertainty on ASEAN Economics
Sandile Hlatshwayo
and
Aishwary Trivedi
Trade policy uncertainty (TPU) has reached record highs in recent years. This paper builds granular TPU measures for several ASEAN economies that distinguish between protectionist and trade agreement-based uncertainty, as well as differences between ‘own’-country TPU shocks and third-party TPU shocks (i.e., spillovers from TPU in trading partner economies). It finds that third-party TPU shocks are most detrimental to output per capita through weaker investment and private consumption, and despite improved trade balances. Own protectionist TPU shocks reduce trade balances and raise inflation. In contrast, own agreement TPU shocks are linked to a modest, temporary boost to output, likely reflecting anticipatory investment.
Keywords:
Trade policy uncertainty
ASEAN
protectionism
trade agreements
spillovers
macroeconomic effects
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Selected Issues Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 031
Series:
Selected Issues Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
20 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229044783
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
Selected Issues Papers
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 031
Series:
Selected Issues Papers
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
20 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229044783
Download PDF
Republic of Tajikistan: Tax Administration Development Program 2026-2030
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Affairs Dept.
The IMF supported the development of a draft Tax Administration Development Program (TADP) 2026-2030 for the Republic of Tajikistan which outlines a comprehensive strategy to modernize and digitalize the national tax administration system. Building on prior reforms and international best practices, the Program aims to enhance voluntary compliance, reduce the shadow economy, and improve taxpayer services through advanced risk management and digital transformation. Key findings highlight significant progress in digital services and institutional reforms and identify the need to strengthen compliance risk management and interagency cooperation. The Program recommends a sequenced and comprehensive approach focusing on four strategic priorities: enhancing compliance, digital transformation, harmonization with international standards, and organizational excellence.
Keywords:
Tajikistan
Tax Administration
Diagnostic
Tax Administration Development Program
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 021
Series:
High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
17 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229043434
Type:
Journal Issue
Source Title:
High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2026: Issue 021
Series:
High-Level Summary Technical Assistance Reports
Publisher:
International Monetary Fund
Publication Date:
17 Apr 2026
Language:
DOI:
ISBN:
9798229043434
Download PDF
Page:
10
11
...
International Monetary Fund Copyright © 2010-2025. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright and Usage
IMF.org Publications
[92.42.109.103]
92.42.109.103