Charles I of England - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Charles I of England - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to content
From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Charles I
Portrait from the studio of
Anthony van Dyck
, 1636
King of England
and
Ireland
more...
Reign
27 March 1625
– 30 January 1649
Coronation
2 February 1626
Predecessor
James I
Successor
Charles II
de jure
Council of State
de facto
King of Scotland
more...
Reign
27 March 1625
– 30 January 1649
Coronation
18 June 1633
Predecessor
James VI
Successor
Charles II
Born
1600-11-19
19 November 1600
Dunfermline Palace
Dunfermline
, Scotland
Died
30 January 1649
(1649-01-30)
(aged
48)
Whitehall
, London, England
Burial
9 February 1649
St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
, England
Spouse
Henrietta Maria of France
m.
1625
Issue
Detail
Charles James, Duke of Cornwall
Charles II
Mary, Princess of Orange
James II & VII
Elizabeth
Anne
Catherine
Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans
House
Stuart
Father
James VI of Scotland and I of England
Mother
Anne of Denmark
Religion
Anglican
Charles I
(19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649),
was the king of
England
Scotland
, and
Ireland
from 27 March 1625 until his
execution
He was a son of
James VI and I
. He was married to
Henrietta Maria of France
. He was executed in 1649, during the
English Civil War
Early life
change
change source
Painting of Charles I
Charles was
born
at
Dunfermline Palace
in
Fife
Scotland
, before his father
James VI and I
came to the
throne
of
England
Charles came to England in 1604. He had an elder brother,
Henry Frederick
, who was clever, handsome, popular, and rich, was next in line for the throne. Henry Frederick died suddenly in 1612, and his brother Charles was made
rince of Wales
and the
heir apparent
to his father's
kingdoms
.Charles was less suited to be king than Henry had been, because he was small and weak and not as clever.
Charles became closer to
George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham
, than anyone else. The Duke of Buckingham was his father's best friend and was very powerful and rich, but he was not popular with most common people. He took Charles to
Spain
in the hope of finding him a Spanish princess as a bride, but they had many problems on the journey and could not persuade the Spanish king to give them his daughter as a wife for Charles.
Charles sat in the
Parliament of England
's
House of Lords
in 1621. King James wanted Charles to marry
Maria Anna of Spain
because she was the sister of
Philip IV of Spain
. Charles travelled to Spain to meet Maria in 1623, but the journey was a disaster, the two did not marry, and Charles became an enemy of Spain.
On the way home, Charles went through
France
again, where he met the French royal family.
Charles married
Henrietta Maria of France
because she was the sister of the
French king
Louis XIII
, and planned to fight Spain. The Parliament of England
convened
in 1624 because of Charles's plans. James I did not want a war but died in 1625.
Religion
change
change source
His religious policies and his marriage to a
Roman Catholic
made him mistrusted by Reformed groups such as the English
Puritans
and Scottish
Covenanters
, who thought his views were too Catholic. He supported High Church Anglican ecclesiastics and gave little help to Protestant forces enough during the
Thirty Years' War
. His attempts to force the
Church of Scotland
to adopt High Anglican practices strengthened the position of the English and Scottish
Parliaments
and were a cause for his downfall.
King
change
change source
Charles, now the king,
convened
the
English Parliament
again in 1625. The Parliament did not give the king what he wanted, and its men did not like Charles's friend theDuke of Buckingham , who had gone with Charles to Spain and later helped him to marry Henrietta Maria. When Buckingham led the
Royal Navy
to attack
Cadiz
in Spain, the
campaign
was a failure, and Parliament
impeached
him. That made Charles
dissolve
(stop) the parliament. Charles also wanted to send soldiers to help Protestants in the France and demanded more money to pay for the army. That campaign was also a failure, and the king had to agree to the
Petition of Right
in 1628. An army officer assassinated Buckingham that summer.
Parliament
convened
again in 1629. There were many disagreements about
religion
and the organization of the
Church of England
. Charles gave support to the High Church, but the parliament gave their support to the Low Church. Charles supported
Arminianism
, but Parliament's
House of Commons
tried to make Arminianism
illegal
. To stop the House of Commons, the king again dissolved the parliament. Some
Members of Parliament
in the House of Commons tried to continue their
session
, but the king put them in
prison
. Charles continued to support Arminians in the Church of England by making
William Laud
the
Archbishop of Canterbury
, the highest bishop of England The population disliked Laud, the Arminians and Charles's
taxes
. Between 1629 and 1640, the king controlled the government alone. There was no parliament. This time has the name "Personal Rule" or the "Eleven Years'
Tyranny
".
That made Charles very unpopular with the people, who did not like the different
taxes
that they had to pay directly to him since Parliament could not vote to give him any
budget
. Many also did not like the King's closest adviser, Laud, who was trying to force the Church of England to use the same
Anglican
prayer book
and end the many other
Protestant
denominations that were becoming popular at that time.
When the king and Laud tried to force a prayer book on
Scotland
, which was even more Protestant since it was
Calvinist
, armed rebellion broke out there. The
Wars of the Three Kingdoms
started in 1639 with the
Bishops' Wars
The Members of Parliament, angry at the things that had been going on for 11 years, did not want to give him money to fight his war. Instead, they spent the session complaining about what had been going on in the country for the last 11 years. After only three weeks, Charles dissolved Parliament again. For that reason, it was known as the
Short Parliament
. Without enough money, Charles lost the war badly and had to pay the Scots even more money that he did not have.
The wars were a failure for the king, and his position forced Charles to
convene
the Parliament of England in 1640.
Parliament
voted
that the King had to call Parliament and could not shut it down again. Charles had no choice but to agree. The Parliament is known as the
Long Parliament
because it ended up lasting for 20 years.
Charles was in a weak position, and he had to agree to
acts of parliament
that took away many of his royal powers.
Laud and
Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
, were
impeached
and later
executed
. Parliament also tried to take control of the army away from the king. Many political
conservatives
were not pleased with this plan. Acting on the advice of his wife, Queen Maria Henrietta, the king went with soldiers to the House of Commons in 1642 and tried to arrest his political enemies, but they had gone. After that failure, the king left
London
and went to travel the country to look for help. With a collection of his political friends, Charles began the
English Civil War
with an army at
Nottingham
and then moved to
Oxford
Parliament's got the upper hand in the war, and Charles, after a crushing defeat in 1646, went to the Scots for protection. They decided to hand him over to the Parliament of England in 1647.
The war was a failure for the king, and he was made a
prisoner
The king got out of
Hampton Court Palace
in 1647 and ran away to
Carisbrooke Castle
, on the
Isle of Wight
The governor of the Isle of Wight supported Parliament and made the king a prisoner again. While he was being held at Carisbrooke Castle, Charles made an agreement with the Scots who joined his side, and the fighting started again in 1648.
Charles's many enemies then fought among themselves in spring 1648.
Because he was still making trouble for them even after his capture, Parliament voted to put the king on
trial
The army then removed the conservatives from Parliament in a political
purge
in December to prevent more fighting. The men left in Parliament then formed a
court
in order to hold a
trial
of the king. The court gave the king the
death penalty
That had never been done to a king of England..
Children
change
change source
Name
Birth
Death
Notes
Charles James, Duke of Cornwall
13 March 1627
13 March 1627
Stillborn; unknown burial site.
Charles II
29 May 1630
6 February 1685
Married
Catherine of Braganza
(1638–1705) in 1663. No legitimate children.
Mary, Princess Royal
4 November 1631
24 December 1660
Married
William II, Prince of Orange
(1626–1650) in 1641. Had children.
James II, King of England
14 October 1633
16 September 1701
Married (1)
Anne Hyde
(1637–1671) in 1659; had children
(2)
Mary of Modena
(1658–1718) in 1673; had children
Elizabeth, Princess of England
29 December 1635
8 September 1650
Died young; no children. Buried
Newport, Isle of Wight
Anne, Princess of England
17 March 1637
8 December 1640
Died young; no children. Buried
Westminster Abbey
Catherine, Princess of England
29 January 1639
29 January 1639
Stillborn; buried
Westminster Abbey
Henry, Duke of Gloucester
8 July 1640
18 September 1660
Died unmarried; no children. Buried
Westminster Abbey
Henrietta, Princess of England
16 June 1644
30 June 1670
Married
Philippe de France
Duke of Orléans
(1640–1701) in 1662; had children
Death
change
change source
They found him guilty. He was
decapitated
in a public execution outside the
Banqueting House
of the
Palace
of
Whitehall
Some of the Members of Parliament who opposed killing Charles were
purged
, and from then on, what was left of the Long Parliament became known as the
Rump Parliament
. It took complete power in England, and there was not a new king at all until 1660, when Parliament called his son
Charles II
, which started the
Restoration
On 19 May 1660, King Charles I was made a Saint by the
Church of England
. Anglicans considered him as a martyr for the church system known as the
Episcopacy
References
change
change source
"Charles I of England"
. BBC
. Retrieved
2011-04-20
information Britain
, 2008
, retrieved
2010-03-19
10
11
12
13
14
Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert (2015). "Charles I".
A Dictionary of British History
(3rd
ed.). Oxford University Press.
doi
10.1093/acref/9780191758027.001.0001
ISBN
978-0-19-175802-7
English monarchs
House of Wessex
Kýntlinga
and
House of Godwin
(927–1066)
Athelstan
Edmund
Edred
Edwy
Edgar
Edward the Martyr
Æthelred II
Sweyn Forkbeard
Æthelred II
Edmund II
Cnut
Harold I
Harthacnut (Cnut II)
Edward the Confessor
Harold
II
Edgar II
House of Normandy
(1066–1135;
1141
William
William
II
Henry
Matilda
House of Blois
(1135–1154)
Stephen
House of Plantagenet
(1154–1399)
Henry
II
Richard
John
Henry
III
Edward
Edward
II
Edward
III
Richard
II
House of Capet
1216–1217
Louis I
House of Lancaster
(cadet branch of Plantagenet)
(1399–1461; 1470–1471)
Henry
IV
Henry
Henry
VI
House of York
(cadet branch of Plantagenet)
(1461–1470; 1471–1485)
Edward
IV
Edward
Richard
III
House of Tudor
(1485–1603)
Henry
VII
Henry
VIII
Edward
VI
Mary
Elizabeth I
House of Grey
1553
Jane
House of Stuart
and
Orange
(1603–1649; 1660–1707)
James
Charles
Interregnum
Charles
II
James
II
Mary II
William III
Anne
Debatable or disputed rulers are in
italics
Scottish monarchs
Kenneth I
Donald I
Constantine I
Áed
Giric
Donald II
Constantine II
Malcolm I
Indulf
Dub
Cuilén
Amlaíb
Kenneth II
Constantine III
Kenneth III
Malcolm II
Duncan I
Macbeth
Lulach
Malcolm III
Donald III
Duncan II
Edgar
Alexander I
David I
Malcolm IV
William I
the Lion
Alexander II
Alexander III
Margaret, Maid of Norway
First Interregnum
John Balliol
Second Interregnum
Robert I
the Bruce
David II
Robert II
Robert III
James I
James II
James III
James IV
James V
Mary, Queen of Scots
James VI
Charles I
Charles II
James VII
Mary II
William III
Anne
Princes of Wales
Edward
(1301–1307)
Edward
(1343–1376)
Richard
(1376–1377)
Henry
(1399–1413)
Edward
(1454–1471)
Richard
(1460; disputed)
Edward
(1471–1483)
Edward
(1483–1484)
Arthur
(1489–1502)
Henry
(1504–1509)
Edward
(1537–1547)
Henry
(1610–1612)
Charles
(1616–1625)
Charles
(1641–1649)
James
(1688)
George
(1714–1727)
Frederick
(1729–1751)
George
(1751–1760)
George
(1762–1820)
Albert Edward
(1841–1901)
George
(1901–1910)
Edward
(1910–1936)
Charles
(1958–2022)
William
(2022-)
See also
: Principality of Wales
Retrieved from "
Categories
Kings and Queens of England
1600 births
1649 deaths
House of Stuart
Kings and Queens of Scotland
17th century in Scotland
17th century in England
Charles I of England
Add topic