Creative Commons license - Wikipedia

Creative Commons license - Wikipedia
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Creative Commons licenses
Copyright license for free use of a work
This article is about the Creative Commons licenses. For the organization that produced them, see
Creative Commons
Creative Commons logo
A video explaining how Creative Commons licenses can be used in conjunction with commercial licensing arrangements
Creative Commons
CC
license
is one of several
public copyright licenses
that enable the free distribution of an otherwise
copyrighted
"work".
A CC license is used when an author wants to give other people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that the author has created. CC provides an author flexibility (for example, they might choose to allow only non-commercial uses of a given work) and protects the people who use or redistribute an author's work from concerns of copyright infringement as long as they abide by the conditions that are specified in the license by which the author distributes the work.
There are several types of Creative Commons licenses. Each license differs by several combinations that condition the terms of distribution. They were initially released on December 16, 2002, by
Creative Commons
, a U.S.
non-profit
corporation founded in 2001. There have also been five versions of the suite of licenses, numbered 1.0 through 4.0.
Released in November 2013, the 4.0 license suite is the most current. While the Creative Commons license was originally grounded in the American legal system, there are now several
Creative Commons jurisdiction ports
which accommodate international laws.
In October 2014, the
Open Knowledge Foundation
approved the Creative Commons CC BY, CC BY-SA and CC0 licenses as conformant with the "
Open Definition
" for content and data.
10
11
History
edit
Aaron Swartz
and
Lawrence Lessig
at the 2002 event for the first release of the licenses
Lawrence Lessig
and
Eric Eldred
designed the Creative Commons License (CCL) in 2001 because they saw a need for a license between the existing modes of copyright and
public domain
status. Version 1.0 of the licenses was officially released on December 16, 2002.
12
Origins
edit
The CCL allows inventors to keep the rights to their innovations while also allowing for some external use of the invention.
13
The CCL emerged as a reaction to the decision in
Eldred v. Ashcroft
, in which the
United States Supreme Court
ruled constitutional provisions of the
Copyright Term Extension Act
that extended the copyright term of works to be the last living author's lifespan plus an additional 70 years.
13
License porting
edit
The original non-localized Creative Commons licenses were written with the U.S. legal system in mind; therefore, the wording may be incompatible with local legislation in other
jurisdictions
, rendering the licenses unenforceable there. To address this issue, Creative Commons asked its affiliates to translate the various licenses to reflect local laws in a process called "
porting
".
14
As of July 2011, Creative Commons licenses have been ported to over 50 jurisdictions worldwide.
15
Applicable works
edit
Wanna Work Together?
animation by Creative Commons
The
second version
of the
Mayer and Bettle
promotional animation explaining Creative Commons with
Jamendo
as an example
Work licensed under a Creative Commons license is governed by applicable copyright law.
16
This allows Creative Commons licenses to be applied to all work falling under copyright, including: books, plays, movies, music, articles, photographs, blogs, and websites.
Software
edit
While
software
is also governed by copyright law and CC licenses are applicable, the CC recommends against using it in software specifically due to backward-compatibility limitations with existing commonly used software licenses.
17
18
Instead, developers may resort to use more software-friendly
free and open-source software
(FOSS)
software licenses
. Outside the FOSS licensing use case for software there are
several usage examples
to utilize CC licenses to specify a "
Freeware
" license model; examples are
The White Chamber
Mari0
or
Assault Cube
19
Despite the status of CC0 as the most free copyright license, the
Free Software Foundation
does not recommend releasing
software into the public domain
using the CC0 due to patent concerns.
20
However, application of a Creative Commons license may not modify the rights allowed by
fair use
or fair dealing or exert restrictions which violate copyright exceptions.
21
Furthermore, Creative Commons licenses are non-exclusive and non-revocable.
22
Any work or copies of the work obtained under a Creative Commons license may continue to be used under that license.
23
When works are protected by more than one Creative Commons license, the user may choose any of them.
24
Preconditions
edit
The author, or the licensor in case the author did a contractual transfer of rights, needs to have the exclusive rights on the work. If the work has already been published under a public license, it can be uploaded by any third party, once more on another platform, by using a compatible license, and making reference and attribution to the original license (e.g. by referring to the URL of the original license).
25
Consequences
edit
The license is non-exclusive, royalty-free, and unrestricted in terms of territory and duration, so it is irrevocable, unless a new license is granted by the author after the work has been significantly modified. Any use of the work that is not covered by other copyright rules triggers the public license. Upon activation of the license, the licensee must adhere to all conditions of the license, otherwise the license agreement is illegitimate, and the licensee would commit a copyright infringement. The author, or the licensor as a proxy, has the legal rights to act upon any copyright infringement. The licensee has a limited period to correct any non-compliance.
25
Types of license
edit
Creative Commons license spectrum between
public domain
(top) and
(bottom). Left side indicates the use-cases allowed, right side the license components. The dark green area indicates
Free Cultural Works
compatible licenses, the two green areas compatibility with the
Remix culture
CC license usage in 2014 (top and middle), "Free cultural works" compatible license usage 2010 to 2014 (bottom)
needs update
Four rights
edit
The CC licenses all grant "baseline rights", such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work worldwide for non-commercial purposes and without modification.
26
In addition, different versions of license prescribe different rights, as shown in this table:
27
Icon
Right
Description
Attribution
(BY)
Licensees may copy, distribute, display, perform and make derivative works and remixes based on it only if they give the author or licensor the credits (
attribution
) in the manner specified by these. Since version 2.0, all Creative Commons licenses require attribution to the creator and include the BY element. The letters BY are not an abbreviation, unlike the other rights.
Share-alike (SA)
Licensees may distribute derivative works only under a license identical to ("not more restrictive than") the license that governs the original work. (See also
Copyleft
.) Without share-alike, derivative works might be sublicensed with compatible but more restrictive license clauses, e.g. CC BY to CC BY-NC.
Non-commercial
(NC)
Licensees may copy, distribute, display, perform the work and make derivative works and remixes based on it only for
non-commercial
purposes.
No
derivative works
(ND)
Licensees may copy, distribute, display and perform only verbatim copies of the work, not
derivative works
and
remixes
based on it. Since version 4.0, derivative works are allowed but must not be shared.
The last two clauses are not
free content
licenses, according to definitions such as
DFSG
or the
Free Software Foundation
's standards, and cannot be used in contexts that require these freedoms, such as
Wikipedia
. For
software
, Creative Commons includes three free licenses created by other institutions: the
BSD License
, the GNU
LGPL
, and the GNU
GPL
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Mixing and matching these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not. Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the "ND" and "SA" clauses, which are mutually exclusive; and one includes none of the clauses. Of the eleven valid combinations, the five that lack the "BY" clause have been retired because 98% of licensors requested attribution, though they do remain available for reference on the website.
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This leaves six regularly used licenses plus the CC0
public domain
declaration.
Six regularly used licenses
edit
The six licenses in most frequent use are shown in the following table. Among them, those accepted by the Wikimedia Foundation – the public domain dedication and two attribution (BY and BY-SA) licenses – allow the sharing and remixing (creating
derivative works
), including for commercial use, so long as attribution is given.
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CC license comparison
License name
Abbreviation
Icon
Attribution
required
Allows
remix culture
Allows commercial use
Allows
Free Cultural Works
Meets the
OKF
Open Definition
Attribution
CC
BY
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Attribution-ShareAlike
CC
BY-SA
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Attribution-NonCommercial
CC
BY-NC
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
CC
BY-NC-SA
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Attribution-NoDerivatives
CC
BY-ND
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives
CC
BY-NC-ND
Yes
No
No
No
No
Zero, public domain
edit
See also:
List of public domain projects
"CC0" redirects here; not to be confused with
CCO (disambiguation)
Tool name
Abbreviation
Icon
Attribution
required
Allows
remix culture
Allows commercial use
Allows
Free Cultural Works
Meets the
OKF
Open Definition
"No Rights Reserved"
CC0
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
CC zero public domain dedication tool logo
34
Creative Commons Public Domain Mark. Indicates works which have already fallen into (or were given to) the public domain.
Creative Commons Public Domain Mark (button)
Besides copyright licenses, Creative Commons also offers
CC0
, a tool for relinquishing copyright and releasing material into the
public domain
33
CC0 is a legal tool for
waiving
as many rights as legally possible.
35
Or, when not legally possible, CC0 acts as fallback as
public domain equivalent license
35
Development of CC0 began in 2007
36
and it was released in 2009.
37
38
A major target of the license was the scientific data community.
39
In 2010, Creative Commons announced its
Public Domain Mark
PDM
),
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41
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symbol
used to indicate that a work is free of known
restrictions and therefore in the
public domain
. It is analogous to the
copyright symbol
, which is commonly used to indicate that a work is copyrighted, often as part of a
copyright notice
. The Public Domain Mark itself does not
release
a copyrighted work into the public domain like CC0.
The symbol is encoded in
Unicode
as
U+1F16E
CIRCLED C WITH OVERLAID BACKSLASH
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which was added in Unicode 13.0 in March 2020.
44
As there is no single definition of public domain and copyright laws differ by jurisdiction, a work can be in the public domain in some countries while still being under copyright in others (so called hybrid status). It is also difficult to assess the legal status of many works. The PDM is recommended to be used only for works that are likely free from any copyright restrictions
worldwide
45
Together, CC0 and the Public Domain Mark replace the Public Domain Dedication and Certification,
46
which took a U.S.-centric approach and co-mingled distinct operations.
In 2011, the
Free Software Foundation
added CC0 to its
free software licenses
. However, the Free Software Foundation currently does not recommend using CC0 to release
software into the public domain
because it explicitly does not grant a patent license.
20
In February 2012, CC0 was submitted to
Open Source Initiative
(OSI) for their approval.
47
However, controversy arose over its clause which excluded from the scope of the license any relevant patents held by the copyright holder. This clause was added for scientific data rather than software, but some members of the OSI believed it could weaken users' defenses against
software patents
. As a result, Creative Commons withdrew their submission, and the license is not currently approved by the OSI.
39
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From 2013 to 2017, the
stock photography
website
Unsplash
used the CC0 license,
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50
distributing several million free photos a month.
51
Lawrence Lessig
, the founder of Creative Commons, has contributed to the site.
52
Unsplash moved from using the CC0 license to a custom license in June 2017
53
and to an explicitly
nonfree
license in January 2018.
In October 2014, the
Open Knowledge Foundation
approved the Creative Commons CC0 as conformant with the
Open Definition
and recommend the license to dedicate content to the public domain.
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In July 2022,
Fedora Linux
disallowed software licensed under CC0 due to patent rights explicitly not being waived under the license.
54
Retired licenses
edit
Due to either disuse or criticism, a number of previously offered Creative Commons licenses have since been retired,
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and are no longer recommended for new works. The retired licenses include all licenses lacking the Attribution element other than CC0, as well as the following four licenses:
Developing Nations License
: a license which only applies to
developing countries
deemed to be "non-high-income economies" by the
World Bank
. Full copyright restrictions apply to people in other countries.
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Sampling
: parts of the work can be used for any purpose other than advertising, but the whole work cannot be copied or modified
57
Sampling Plus
: parts of the work can be copied and modified for any purpose other than advertising, and the entire work can be copied for noncommercial purposes
58
NonCommercial Sampling Plus
: the whole work or parts of the work can be copied and modified for non-commercial purposes
59
Version 4.0
edit
Further information:
Creative Commons jurisdiction ports
The latest version 4.0 of the Creative Commons licenses, released on November 25, 2013, are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports.
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No new ports have been implemented in version 4.0 of the license.
63
Version 4.0 discourages using ported versions and instead acts as a single global license.
64
Additionally, there is a thirty-day grace period to correct the breach of the licensing terms by the
licensee
and have their rights reinstated. Prior to 4.0 the licensee would lose their rights after breaking the license's terms. This does not impact the ability for licensors to seek remedies.
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In addition it allows licensors to request to remove attribution form verbatim work which prior to 4.0 only applied to adaptations.
61
Rights and obligations
edit
Attribution
edit
Since 2004, all current licenses other than the CC0 and CC-PD variant require attribution of the original author, as signified by the BY component (as in the preposition "by").
30
The attribution must be given to "the best of [one's] ability using the information available".
66
Creative Commons suggests the mnemonic "TASL":
title
author – source
[web link] – [CC]
licence
Generally this implies the following:
Include any copyright notices (if applicable)
. If the work itself contains any copyright notices placed there by the copyright holder, those notices must be left intact, or reproduced in a way that is reasonable to the medium in which the work is being re-published.
Cite the author's name, screen name, or user ID
, etc. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link that name to the person's profile page, if such a page exists.
Cite the work's title or name (if applicable)
, if such a thing exists. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link the name or title directly to the original work.
Cite the specific CC license the work is under
. If the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice if the license citation links to the license on the CC website.
Mention if the work is a derivative work or adaptation
. In addition to the above, one needs to identify that their work is a derivative work, e.g., "This is a Finnish translation of [original work] by [author]." or "Screenplay based on [original work] by [author]."
Non-commercial licenses
edit
Main article:
Creative Commons NonCommercial license
The NonCommercial license allows image creators to restrict selling and profiting from their works by other parties and thus maintaining free of charge access to images.
The "non-commercial" option included in some Creative Commons licenses is controversial in definition,
67
as it is sometimes unclear what can be considered a non-commercial setting, and application, since its restrictions differ from the principles of
open content
promoted by other
permissive licenses
68
In 2014
Wikimedia Deutschland
published a guide to using Creative Commons licenses as
wiki pages
for translations and as PDF.
25
Adaptability
edit
An example of a permitted combination of two works, one being CC BY-SA and the other being public domain
Rights in an adaptation can be expressed by a CC license that is compatible with the status or licensing of the original work or works on which the adaptation is based.
69
License compatibility
chart for combining or mixing two CC licensed works
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Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Legal aspects
edit
The legal implications of large numbers of works having Creative Commons licensing are difficult to predict, and there is speculation that media creators often lack insight to be able to choose the license which best meets their intent in applying it.
72
Some works licensed using Creative Commons licenses have been involved in several court cases.
73
Creative Commons itself was not a party to any of these cases; they only involved licensors or licensees of Creative Commons licenses. When the cases went as far as decisions by judges (that is, they were not dismissed for lack of jurisdiction or were not settled privately out of court), they have all validated the legal robustness of Creative Commons public licenses.
Further information:
Public information licence
Dutch tabloid
edit
In early 2006, podcaster
Adam Curry
sued a Dutch tabloid who published photos from Curry's Flickr page without Curry's permission. The photos were licensed under the Creative Commons Non-Commercial license. While the verdict was in favor of Curry, the tabloid avoided having to pay restitution to him as long as they did not repeat the offense. Professor Bernt Hugenholtz, main creator of the Dutch CC license and director of the Institute for Information Law of the University of Amsterdam, commented, "The Dutch Court's decision is especially noteworthy because it confirms that the conditions of a Creative Commons license automatically apply to the content licensed under it, and binds users of such content even without expressly agreeing to, or having knowledge of, the conditions of the license."
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Virgin Mobile
edit
In 2007,
Virgin Mobile Australia
launched an advertising campaign promoting their cellphone text messaging service using the work of amateur photographers who uploaded their work to
Flickr
using a Creative Commons-BY (Attribution) license. Users licensing their images this way freed their work for use by any other entity, as long as the original creator was attributed credit, without any other compensation required. Virgin upheld this single restriction by printing a URL leading to the photographer's Flickr page on each of their ads. However, one picture, depicting 15-year-old Alison Chang at a fund-raising carwash for her church,
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caused some controversy when she sued Virgin Mobile. The photo was taken by Alison's church youth counselor, Justin Ho-Wee Wong, who uploaded the image to Flickr under the Creative Commons license.
78
In 2008, the case (concerning
personality rights
rather than copyright as such) was thrown out of a Texas court for lack of jurisdiction.
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SGAE vs Fernández
edit
In the fall of 2006, the
collecting society
Sociedad General de Autores y Editores
SGAE
) in Spain sued Ricardo Andrés Utrera Fernández, owner of a disco bar located in
Badajoz
who played CC-licensed music. SGAE argued that Fernández should pay royalties for public performance of the music between November 2002 and August 2005. The Lower Court rejected the collecting society's claims because the owner of the bar proved that the music he was using was not managed by the society.
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In February 2006, the Cultural Association Ladinamo (based in Madrid, and represented by
Javier de la Cueva
) was granted the use of copyleft music in their public activities. The sentence said:
Admitting the existence of music equipment, a joint evaluation of the evidence practiced, this court is convinced that the defendant prevents communication of works whose management is entrusted to the plaintiff [SGAE], using a repertoire of authors who have not assigned the exploitation of their rights to the SGAE, having at its disposal a database for that purpose and so it is manifested both by the legal representative of the Association and by Manuela Villa Acosta, in charge of the cultural programming of the association, which is compatible with the alternative character of the Association and its integration in the movement called '
copyleft
'.
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GateHouse Media, Inc. v. That's Great News, LLC
edit
On June 30, 2010,
GateHouse Media
filed a lawsuit against
That's Great News, LLC
. GateHouse Media owns a number of local newspapers, including
Rockford Register Star
, which is based in Rockford, Illinois.
That's Great News
makes plaques out of newspaper articles and sells them to the people featured in the articles.
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GateHouse sued
That's Great News
for copyright infringement and breach of contract. GateHouse claimed that
That's Great News
violated the non-commercial and no-derivative works restrictions on GateHouse Creative Commons licensed work when they published the material on their website. The case was settled on August 17, 2010, though the terms of the settlement were not made public.
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Drauglis v. Kappa Map Group, LLC
edit
In 2007, photographer Art Drauglis uploaded several pictures to the photo-sharing website Flickr, giving them the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 Generic License (CC BY-SA). One photo, titled "Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD.", was downloaded by Kappa Map Group, a map-making company, and published in 2012 on the front cover of
Montgomery Co. Maryland Street Atlas
. The text "Photo: Swain's Lock, Montgomery Co., MD Photographer: Carly Lesser & Art Drauglis, Creative Commoms [
sic
], CC-BY-SA-2.0" was placed on the back cover, but nothing on the front indicated authorship.
The validity of CC BY-SA 2.0 as a license was not in dispute. CC BY-SA 2.0 requires that the licensee use nothing less restrictive than the CC BY-SA 2.0 terms. The atlas was sold commercially and not for free reuse by others. The dispute was whether Drauglis' license terms that would apply to "derivative works" applied to the entire atlas. Drauglis sued the defendants in June 2014 for copyright infringement and license breach, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief, damages, fees, and costs. Drauglis asserted, among other things, that Kappa Map Group "exceeded the scope of the License because defendant did not publish the Atlas under a license with the same or similar terms as those under which the Photograph was originally licensed."
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The judge dismissed the case on that count, ruling that the atlas was not a
derivative work
of the photograph in the sense of the license, but rather a
collective work
. Since the atlas was not a derivative work of the photograph, Kappa Map Group did not need to license the entire atlas under the CC BY-SA 2.0 license. The judge also determined that the work had been properly attributed.
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In particular, the judge determined that it was sufficient to credit the author of the photo as prominently as authors of similar authorship (such as the authors of individual maps contained in the book) and that the name "CC-BY-SA-2.0" is sufficiently precise to locate the correct license on the internet and can be considered a valid identifier for the license.
Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet
(VGSE)
edit
In July 2016, German computer magazine
LinuxUser
reported that a German blogger, Christoph Langner, used two
CC BY
-licensed photographs from Berlin photographer Dennis Skley on his private blog Linuxundich. Langner duly mentioned the author and the license and added a link to the original. Langner was later contacted by the
Verband zum Schutz geistigen Eigentums im Internet
(VGSE) (Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property in the Internet) with a demand for €2300 for failing to provide the full name of the work, the full name of the author, the license text, and a source link, as is required by the fine print in the license. Of this sum, €40 was to go to the photographer, with the remainder retained by VGSE.
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The Higher Regional Court of Cologne dismissed the claim in May 2019.
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Works with a Creative Commons license
edit
Main article:
List of major Creative Commons licensed works
See also:
Category:Creative Commons-licensed works
Number of Creative Commons licensed works as of 2017, per
State of the Commons
report
Creative Commons maintains a content directory
wiki
of organizations and projects using Creative Commons licenses.
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On its website CC also provides case studies of projects using CC licenses across the world.
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CC licensed content can also be accessed through a number of
content directories
and search engines.
Unicode symbols
edit
You may need
rendering support
to display the uncommon
Unicode
characters in this section correctly.
After being proposed by Creative Commons in 2017,
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Creative Commons license symbols were added to
Unicode
with version 13.0 in 2020.
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The circle with an equal sign (meaning
no derivatives
) is present in older versions of Unicode, unlike all the other symbols.
Name
Unicode
Decimal
UTF-8
Image
Displayed
Unicode block
Circled equals
meaning
no derivatives
U+229C
⊜
E2 8A 9C
Mathematical Operators
Circled zero with slash
meaning
no rights reserved
U+1F10D
🄍
F0 9F 84 8D
Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
Circled anticlockwise arrow
meaning
share alike
U+1F10E
🄎
F0 9F 84 8E
Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
Circled dollar sign with overlaid backslash
meaning
non-commercial
U+1F10F
🄏
F0 9F 84 8F
Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
Circled CC
meaning
Creative Commons license
U+1F16D
🅭
F0 9F 85 AD
Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
Circled C with overlaid backslash
meaning
public domain
U+1F16E
🅮
F0 9F 85 AE
Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
Circled human figure
meaning
attribution, credit
U+1F16F
🅯
F0 9F 85 AF
Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement
These symbols can be used in succession to indicate a particular Creative Commons license, for example,
CC-BY-SA
(CC-Attribution-ShareAlike) can be expressed with Unicode symbols
CIRCLED CC
CIRCLED HUMAN FIGURE
and
CIRCLED ANTICLOCKWISE ARROW
placed next to each other: 🅭🅯🄎
Case law database
edit
In December
2020, the Creative Commons organization launched an online database covering licensing case law and legal scholarship.
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See also
edit
Free and open-source software portal
Law portal
Closed captioning
– uses a similar CC logo
Free-culture movement
Free music
Free software
Non-commercial educational station
Independent record label
Music industry
Music recording sales certification
Lists of record labels
List of largest music deals
Notes
edit
A "work" is any creative material made by a person. A painting, a graphic, a book, a song and its lyrics, or a photograph of almost anything are all examples of "works".
References
edit
Shergill, Sanjeet (May 6, 2017).
"The teacher's guide to Creative Commons licenses"
Open Education Europa
. Archived from
the original
on June 26, 2018
. Retrieved
March 15,
2018
"What are Creative Commons licenses?"
Wageningen University & Research
. June 16, 2015.
Archived
from the original on March 15, 2018
. Retrieved
March 15,
2018
"Creative Commons licenses"
University of Michigan Library
Archived
from the original on November 21, 2018
. Retrieved
March 15,
2018
"Creative Commons licenses"
(PDF)
University of Glasgow
Archived
(PDF)
from the original on March 15, 2018
. Retrieved
March 15,
2018
"The Creative Commons licenses"
UNESCO
Archived
from the original on March 15, 2018
. Retrieved
March 15,
2018
"License Versions"
Creative Commons Wiki
Archived
from the original on June 30, 2017
. Retrieved
July 4,
2017
"Creative Commons | University of Minnesota Libraries"
www.lib.umn.edu
. Retrieved
October 9,
2024
"What Is a Creative Commons License?"
Copyright Alliance
. September 7, 2016.
Archived
from the original on September 30, 2024
. Retrieved
October 9,
2024
"Open Definition 2.1"
Open Definition
. Archived from
the original
on January 27, 2017
. Retrieved
January 25,
2023
"Conformant Licenses"
Open Definition
Archived
from the original on March 1, 2016
. Retrieved
January 25,
2023
Vollmer, Timothy (December 27, 2013).
"Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition"
Creative Commons
. Archived from
the original
on March 4, 2016
. Retrieved
January 25,
2023
"Creative Commons Unveils Machine-Readable Copyright Licenses"
Creative Commons
. December 16, 2002. Archived from
the original
on December 22, 2002.
"1.1 The Story of Creative Commons"
Creative Commons Certificate for Educators, Academic Librarians and GLAM
Archived
from the original on April 8, 2023
. Retrieved
April 28,
2021
Murray, Laura J. (2014).
Putting intellectual property in its place : rights discourses, creative labor, and the everyday
. S. Tina Piper, Kirsty Robertson. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-933626-5
OCLC
844373100
"Worldwide". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on October 15, 2008.
"Creative Commons Legal Code"
Creative Commons
. January 9, 2008.
Archived
from the original on February 11, 2010
. Retrieved
February 22,
2010
"Creative Commons FAQ: Can I use a Creative Commons license for software?"
. Wiki.creativecommons.org. July 29, 2013.
Archived
from the original on November 27, 2010
. Retrieved
September 20,
2013
"Non-Software Licenses"
Choose a License
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