Ehud U D I Galili - University of Haifa

Ehud U D I Galili - University of Haifa
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Ehud U D I Galili
University of Haifa
Zinman Institute of Archaeology
Senior researcher
University of Haifa
The Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies
Adjunct
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Prof. Ehud Galili Gained his Ma. and Ph.D. degrees at the University of Haifa and Tel Aviv University, respectively. As a volunteer member in the Underwater Exploration Society of Israel (1965 - 1983), he was introduced to underwater archaeology. Over the years 1983-1988, Galili directed underwater archaeological rescue surveys and excavations along the Israeli coast, on behalf of the University of Haifa. The aims of the surveys were to locate, map, rescue, and study endangered relics exposed on the sea bottom due to human activity and sea storms.  Since 1984 he directed the Atlit-Yam Excavation Project of the submerged Neolithic settlements off the Carmel coast, on behalf of Haifa university (1983-1989) and the Israel Antiquaries Authority (1990-2004). From 2024 onwards, Galili continued research and study of the submerged settlements under the auspices of the University of Haifa.  Galili established the marine unit of the Israel Antiquities Authority and directed it (1989 – 2004). He is currently a Marine Archaeologist and research fellow at the Zinman Institute of Archaeology and the Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies that is currently part of the School of Archaeology and Maritime Cultures at the University of Haifa. As a member in the National Committee for the Protection of the coastal Environment (2004-2024) he produced policy documents and risk assessment surveys, aimed at managing and protecting the underwater and coastal cultural heritage. Research interests include: submerged settlements, sea-level changes, coastal tectonics, ancient shipwrecks, cargoes, fishing instruments and salt production, management of the underwater cultural heritage.
Atlit POB 180 Israel
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Papers by Ehud U D I Galili
Atlit Yam, a Submerged Pre Pottery Neolithic C Site off the Carmel Coast
Atlit Yam, a Submerged Pre Pottery Neolithic C Site off the Carmel Coast, 9000 years under the sea
, 2026
This book focuses on the submerged Pre-Pottery Neolithic C settlement of Atlit-Yam (dated to the ...
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This book focuses on the submerged Pre-Pottery Neolithic C settlement of Atlit-Yam (dated to the end of the tenth millennium to end of the ninth millennium BP).Located off the Carmel coast of Israel, it is the earliest and best preserved of 23submerged prehistoric in situ sites known off the Israeli Mediterranean Sea coast.The site is a unique underwater archaeological locality due to the extensiveinvestigations that have been undertaken and which have exposed a large areacomprising a range of architectural features, as well as the broad spectrum,richness and excellent preservation of the finds. The site offers insights into theprocesses of settlement inundation, which is relevant to sea-level rise nowadays,as well as the circumstances of survival and discovery of submerged sitesworldwide.
The chapters in this volume, the first of two, presents aspects of the Atlit-Yamsite, including the site’s archaeological and physical setting and aspects itsmaterial culture (architecture, burials, groundstone and lithic artefacts). Thesedata sets are used to reconstruct aspects of the technology and lifestyle of thecommunity that inhabited it and highlights similarities to contemporaneous sitesin the hinterland. The second volume, will deal with the economy, diet and healthstatus of the inhabitants, the site’s chronology, and reconstructedpaleoenvironment including the geological and geomorphological setting of thesite assessed in relation to sea-level rise.
This book fills gaps in our knowledge of the coastal Neolithic of the SouthernLevant, by providing an in-depth review of the archaeological remains discoveredat this unique, submerged site.
This book:
Provides a comprehensive review of the best preserved submerged prehistoric site in theworld
Opens new horizons in the field of submerged prehistory
Presents pioneering, interdisciplinary methods of research in this field
Galili and Rosen-Frankel book
Millstone Finds from the Mediterranean Coast of Israel
, 2025
Millstone Finds from the Mediterranean Coast of Israel

Ehud Galili1 and Baruch Rosen2

ABSTRACT
...
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Millstone Finds from the Mediterranean Coast of Israel
Ehud Galili1 and Baruch Rosen2
ABSTRACT
Israel’s shores have been an active shipping route for the past 5,000 years. Intense storms that break out without warning and the absence of shelters for ships have led to many vessels being distressed over the years, swept ashore, and wrecked near the coast. Hundreds of shipwreck assemblages were discovered during surveys and excavations along the Mediterranean coast of Israel since the 1960s, including ones containing millstones. Among these were cargoes of Pompeian-type millstones (donkey mills), water mills, flat rectangular slabs used for grinding, and rectangular hand-operated millstones of the Olynthus type. Many stones were not used, indicating that they were transported on ships as cargo, while others were likely used for grinding by the sailors. Most of the stones are made of basalt. Additionally, concentrations of millstones that were reused as weights for anchoring and stabilizing mobile slipway facilities for launching and hauling ships were surveyed, with others serving as improvised anchor weights when the ship encountered distress. Two quarries discovered along the northern coastline of Acre were surveyed and discussed, where millstones were produced from coarse-grained beachrock, and were likely transported by ships.
Mapping Submerged Stone Age Sites Using Acoustics
Archaeopress Publishing Ltd eBooks
, Sep 3, 2020
The Unseen Record: Ninth–Seventh Millennia Cal. BP Wooden and Basketry Objects from Submerged Settlements off the Carmel Coast, Israel
Forests
, Dec 4, 2023
Wood and basketry artefacts rarely survive in the prehistoric record since they require exception...
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Wood and basketry artefacts rarely survive in the prehistoric record since they require exceptional conditions for preservation; as a result, the current knowledge about when and how prehistoric societies used these basic organic raw materials is limited. Focusing on the southern Levant, we discuss for the first time a collection of 16 late prehistoric organic artefacts found in underwater research conducted in the last forty years off the coast of the Carmel Ridge (Israel). The waterlogged finds, including bowls, shafts, a wedge, a trough, a pitchfork, logs, a mat, and a basket, were found at sites spanning from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic to Middle Chalcolithic periods (ninth–seventh millennia cal. BP), constituting an unprecedented record of prehistoric wood and other perishable materials, providing us with new information about raw material preferences and manufacturing technologies.
Underwater archaeological finds in Yavne Yam
Underwater archaeological finds in Yavne Yam
, 2005
התקנת אנדרטה ,תת-ימית באונייה חיים ארלוזורוב, אוקטובר 2023
Installing an underwater memorial on the Haim Arlosoroff shipwreck in Haifa
, 2023
Installing an underwater memorial on the Haim Arlosoroff shipwreck in Haifa
Mikhmoret - underwater survey
Mikhmoret - underwater survey
, 1996
Mikhmoret - underwater survey Hadashot Archaeologiot 106: 72-73 (Hebrew), 1998, 18: 50 (English)
One armed anchor, Archeologia Maritima Mediterranea 2007, vol 3, p 99-114
ONE ARMED ANCHORS FROM ISRAEL
, 2007
Forty years of underwater research in Israeli waters (the Mediterranean, Sea of Galilee, the Dead...
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Forty years of underwater research in Israeli waters (the Mediterranean, Sea of Galilee, the Dead and the Red seas) revealed numerous anchors from periods starting at the Bronze age, many well preserved. They are of numerous types: stone, wood and metals, or composed of various combinations of these materials (Fig. ).
One of the relatively rare and little studied anchor type is the OAA. Based on anchor parts from Sicily (two holes lead assembly-pieces) Papo (1966) and Kapitan (1971) suggested the existence of antique OAA in the Mediterranean. Kapitan (1971) predicted that more such anchors will be found. Dangreaux (1996) reported on an OAA recovered from a classical wreck at Hyeres which consisted of a broken wooden sank and a whole wooden arm with no lead assembly-piece.
This article describes OAA from several periods recovered off the coasts of Israel (Fig. 2) and discusses their possible evolution and functions. In describing the anchors the terminologies of Haldane (1984) and Nelson-Curryer, (1999) are used.
Acoustic Detection and Mapping of Submerged Stone Age Sites with Knapped Flint
Springer eBooks
, 2022
This chapter presents a non-destructive survey technique under development: acoustic detection an...
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This chapter presents a non-destructive survey technique under development: acoustic detection and mapping of submerged Stone Age sites. While it has been experimentally established that reasonable amounts of man-knapped flint pieces can be excited by and respond to specific acoustic signal through meters of sea floor sediment, it is not yet known how small assemblages of knapped flint pieces one can obtain a response from and how deep in the sea floor this will be possible. It also remains to check experimentally if other knapped materials than flint (obsidian, quartzite, basalt, etc.) respond in a similar way given that some of their basic characteristics potentially differ from those registered for flint. This technique will facilitate a much more effective and cheap detection and mapping of submerged Stone Age sites with knapped lithics compared to the techniques available at present. Especially the deep sites down to the approximately 120 m deep coastlines of the glaciations, which are very difficult to localize today, represent an important research potential. In general, the highly productive coast lines must be assumed to have played an important economic role of human society from the Palaeolithic onwards, which means that we miss an important part of the picture of the human cultural development. In spite of the promising perspective of methodological improvement, one must be aware of the limitations of the acoustic method. It will not be able to map Stone Age sites lacking knapped lithics. This chapter presents and discusses the method’s basic technological principles and the experimental results obtained so far, elucidating its potential.
Crusader Coastal Fortifications: Preventing Longshore Raids in the Shallows, While Keeping the Sea Approach Open and Safe
The art of siege warfare and military architecture from the classical world to the Middle Ages, Oxbow Books
, Jan 31, 2023
Underwater Neolithic combustion features: A micro-geoarchaeological study in the submerged settlements off the Carmel Coast, Israel
The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology
, Jan 23, 2023
Prehistoric Archaeology on the Continental Shelf: A Global Review
The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology
, Sep 13, 2016
A prehistoric seawall to combat Mediterranean Sea-level rise
TheScienceBreaker
, 2020
The Akko Marina Archaeological Project
Microarchaeological approach to underwater stratigraphy of submerged settlements: A case study of Atlit‐Yam Pre‐Pottery Neolithic site, off the Carmel Coast, Israel
Geoarchaeology
Provenance of Bronze Age stone anchors, a case study from the Carmel coast, Israel
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
Beachrock Morphology along the Mediterranean Coast of Israel: Typological Classification of Erosion Features
Journal of Marine Science and Engineering
Beachrock is composed of intertidal-associated sediments, rapidly cemented by calcium carbonate, ...
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Beachrock is composed of intertidal-associated sediments, rapidly cemented by calcium carbonate, and has important implications for understanding coastal morphological processes. This study focuses on the morphodynamic erosion patterns of Late Holocene beachrock outcrops along the Mediterranean coast of Israel that have formed since the sea reached its present level about 4000 years ago. Exposed beachrock is subjected to erosion, affecting its seaward and landward facing fronts and upper surface, and creating distinct morphological features due to wave pounding and coastal currents which remove unconsolidated sediment supporting layers. The current state of beachrock morphology is presented, based on field measurements and field relation interpretations of selected sites, backed by petrographic and sedimentological data. It shows and studies selected beachrock exposures along Israel’s coast, and characterizes their morphological features in various field-relation configurations. A c...
Archaeological and Natural Indicators of Sea-Level and Coastal Changes: The Case Study of the Caesarea Roman Harbor
Geosciences
Archaeological and geomorphological features, as well as traces left by tsunamis, earthquakes, an...
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Archaeological and geomorphological features, as well as traces left by tsunamis, earthquakes, and vertical earth-crust displacements, are used to identify sea-level and coastal changes. Such features may be displaced, submerged or eroded by natural processes and human activities. Thus, identifying ancient sea levels and coastal changes associated with such processes may be controversial and often leads to misinterpretations. We exemplify the use of sediment deposits and sea-level and coastline indicators by discussing the enigmatic demise of the Roman harbor of Caesarea, one of the greatest marine constructions built in antiquity, which is still debated and not fully understood. It was suggested that the harbor destruction was mainly the result of either tectonic subsidence associated with a local, active fault line, or as a result of an earthquake/tsunami that struck the harbor. Here we examine and reassess the deterioration of the harbor in light of historical records, and geolog...
Deep stratigraphy of submerged Neolithic sites: a micro-geoarchaeological approach to the study of coastal settlements in the Eastern Mediterranean
Antiquity
, Oct 10, 2022
The authors discuss new sediment coring at the Early Neolithic submerged site of Atlit-Yam, Israe...
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The authors discuss new sediment coring at the Early Neolithic submerged site of Atlit-Yam, Israel, that reveals stratified archaeological deposits 0.7-0.9m below the seabed. They demonstrate the potential of microgeoarchaeological analysis to generate new chrono-stratigraphic data for the onset of Early Neolithic coastal occupation in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Atlit-Yam: A Unique 9000 Year Old Prehistoric Village Submerged off the Carmel Coast, Israel – The SPLASHCOS Field School (2011)
Under the Sea: Archaeology and Palaeolandscapes of the Continental Shelf
, 2017
The site of Atlit-Yam is one of the best preserved and most thoroughly investigated submerged pre...
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The site of Atlit-Yam is one of the best preserved and most thoroughly investigated submerged prehistoric settlements in the world, with a wealth of finds of material culture and organic remains characteristic of a Pre-Pottery Neolithic village based on a mixed economy of farming and fishing 9000 years ago. Stone-lined water wells were also found, providing a precise measure of sea-level position when the site was in use, as well as a megalithic structure and human burials. Eventually the site was abandoned in the face of progressive sea-level rise, and later Neolithic settlements, were occupied at a higher level, and are now submerged closer to the shore. SPLASHCOS funding to support a Training School, allowed renewed investigations in 2011, providing an unusual opportunity for early stage researchers to gain experience and training on a submerged prehistoric settlement which also resulted in the discovery of some new features. This chapter provides a summary of the finds recovered from Atlit-Yam, the evidence for sea-level change, and a detailed description of the methods used in underwater survey and excavation.
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