Exploring cashless technology continuance among SME entrepreneurs: an integrated approach with sustainability mediation and demo

Exploring cashless technology continuance among SME entrepreneurs: an integrated approach with sustainability mediation and demographic moderation | Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship | Springer Nature Link
Advertisement
SpringerOpen journals have moved to Springer Nature Link.
Learn more about website changes.
Exploring cashless technology continuance among SME entrepreneurs: an integrated approach with sustainability mediation and demographic moderation
Research
Open access
Published:
20 June 2025
Volume 14
, article number
70
, (
2025
Cite this article
You have full access to this
open access
article
Download PDF
Save article
View saved research
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Aims and scope
Submit manuscript
Exploring cashless technology continuance among SME entrepreneurs: an integrated approach with sustainability mediation and demographic moderation
Download PDF
Abstract
The rapid advancement of cashless technologies has transformed financial transactions worldwide. In Bangladesh, entrepreneurs affiliated with Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly adopting these innovations to enhance business efficiency and sustainability. This study delves into the factors influencing the continued use of cashless technologies among SME entrepreneurs by developing an integrated and extended model. It combines the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) with the Information Systems (IS) Continuance Model, incorporating attitude toward sustainability as a mediator and gender and education as moderating variables. Following an empirical investigation of 219 SME entrepreneurs in Bangladesh, this study employs a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach. The findings indicate that performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, and hedonic motivation directly impact entrepreneurs' satisfaction, which, in turn, influences their intention to continue using cashless technologies. Additionally, attitude toward sustainability partially mediates the relationship between satisfaction and continuance intention. Furthermore, gender negatively moderates the relationship between social influence and satisfaction, whereas education also inversely moderates the link between effort expectancy and satisfaction. By integrating UTAUT2 with the IS Continuance Model and incorporating sustainability and demographic moderators, this research provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for examining both cashless technology usage's pre-adoption and post-adoption phases in entrepreneurial contexts. The findings suggest that policymakers and fintech developers refine their strategies, ensuring sustained user engagement and long-term adoption.
Similar content being viewed by others
Triangulating the moderate impact of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence in social media marketing: A study of business performance in Sri Lanka's cashew industry
Article
03 April 2024
Impact of Social Media Marketing on Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise
Chapter
Digital transformation: acceptance and use of technology among microfinance institutions in developing country: an application of UTAUT2 mode
Article
06 October 2023
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurial Finance
Five Factor Model
Microfinance
Mixed Methods
Third Sector Research
Digital Payment Systems and Information Acceptance
Introduction
The widespread adoption of smartphones and mobile applications has significantly increased the preference for cashless banking and payment systems (Al-Okaily et al.,
2022
; Choi,
2020
). A cashless society is built on various digital payment methods, including SMS payments, debit and credit cards, ATM cards, electronic transfers, internet banking, digital wallets, QR code transactions, and other mobile payment services (Akinola,
2012
). Their ease of use, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness make electronic services beneficial for consumers and financial institutions (Albastaki,
2022
; Rosli et al.,
2023
; Yang et al.,
2021
). As a result, cashless technologies represent a pivotal advancement in contemporary banking practices. Bangladesh, a rapidly growing emerging market, has made significant progress in financial inclusion (Sultana et al.,
2023
). The country has strong reasons to be optimistic about leveraging cashless technologies as technological advancements have positively influenced GDP growth (Huda et al.,
2024
). As the ninth-largest country globally and the fifth-largest smartphone market in the Asia Pacific region (GSMA,
2022
), Bangladesh has witnessed a steady rise in cashless transactions over the last three years. Between December 2022 and December 2024 (Fig.
), Bangladesh saw a significant shift toward cashless payments, led by a surge in mobile financial services. Internet banking, POS transactions, and plastic card use grew while ATM use declined. QR-based mobile payments are rising, with Bangla QR launched in January 2023 (Islam et al.,
2024
), aiming to boost digital transactions and potentially contribute 1.7% to GDP (Talukder,
2023
).
Fig. 1
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Full size image
Number of transactions conducted through cashless technologies between December 2022 and 2024 (Bangladesh Bank,
2025
Huda et al. (
2024
) examined the concept of a cashless society and highlighted how innovations in financial services contribute to broader sustainability goals, such as reducing carbon emissions. Cashless technologies also lessen reliance on paper receipts and physical currency, thereby reducing paper consumption and its associated environmental consequences (Abushamleh et al.,
2021
). By showcasing the eco-friendly advantages of digital payment systems, individuals with a strong sense of ecological responsibility are more inclined to adopt them as a sustainable alternative to cash transactions (Zaidan et al.,
2025
). Those who prioritize sustainability or maintain a positive outlook on environmental responsibility prefer electronic payment methods, recognizing their role in minimizing paper consumption (Ramli & Hamzah,
2021
). Sustainability attitudes and the adoption of cashless technologies are closely intertwined in the business sector. Businesses benefit significantly from the cashless economy, as it enhances sales by removing cash limitations—customers are no longer restricted by the physical cash in their wallets but rather by the available funds in their accounts (Nwankwo et al.,
2022
). Furthermore, Nwankwo et al. (
2022
) found that internet banking, automated teller machine (ATM) services, and crowdfunding positively impact entrepreneurship development. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are vital to the economic structure of most nations, especially in developing countries. According to the World Bank (
2025
), SMEs comprise around 90% of businesses and over half of global employment, with formal SMEs contributing up to 40% of GDP in emerging economies. In Bangladesh, about 10 million SMEs drive 23% of GDP, 80% of industrial jobs, and 25% of the workforce. The first comprehensive SME Policy in the country was introduced in December 2019, emphasizing regulation, expert guidance, and better support for women entrepreneurs (World Bank,
2025
). These statistics highlight that sustainability cannot be achieved without acknowledging the significant contribution of SMEs (Meramveliotakis & Manioudis,
2021a
2021b
).
In an emerging country, the structural capital of SMEs is found to have a positive and significant impact on innovation capacity (Beltramino et al.,
2020
). With the growing prominence of Asian countries in the global economy (de Sousa Jabbour et al.,
2020
), small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have emerged as key contributors to enhancing the economic performance of these nations (Budhwar et al.,
2016
; Harvie & Lee,
2002
). Ahad et al. (
2012
) analyzed the factors influencing SME’s intention to adopt mobile banking in rural Bangladesh. A study by Islam et al. (
2011
) found that while entrepreneur characteristics notably affect business success, firm characteristics, such as capital structure and sector, also shape outcomes for SMEs in Bangladesh. Additionally, women-owned SMEs in Bangladesh actively engage in open innovation practices driven by market-related intentions and customer demand (Meng et al.,
2021
). These findings underscore the importance of considering the unique attributes of SMEs when developing policies and support mechanisms to enhance technology adoption and entrepreneurial satisfaction. Furthermore, segmenting the SME population by sector or digital maturity could provide deeper insights into how structural characteristics influence technology adoption behaviors. For example, women SME entrepreneurs in Bangladesh encounter barriers, such as low financial and digital literacy, social norms affecting mobile phone ownership, and limited family support, all of which impact their digital transformation journey (UNCDF,
2023
). A study by Anwar et al. (
2023
) highlighted challenges small businesses face in the service industry, including low-use frequency, lack of skilled employees for managing mobile transactions, fear of large transactions, attempts to evade taxes through avoiding MFS payments and slow internet connectivity. Another study by Rahman and Islam (
2021
) identified that factors, such as effort expectancy, performance expectancy, social influence, cost, and voluntariness, significantly influence the adoption of mobile payment systems among SMEs in Bangladesh. Previous studies have explored various factors influencing consumer adoption of e-wallets (Akter et al.,
2023
), plastic money (Al-Amin et al.,
2019
), internet banking (Akhter et al.,
2022
), QR code payments (Islam et al.,
2024
), and mobile banking (Al Amin et al.,
2021
; Haque et al.,
2024
; Kwateng et al.,
2018
) in Bangladesh. However, research remains limited in identifying the factors that drive SME entrepreneurs to adopt cashless technologies holistically, including digital wallets, POS terminals, plastic money, internet banking, and mobile banking, particularly concerning their sustainability attitudes. This study aims to bridge this gap by investigating the continuance intention of SME entrepreneurs in adopting cashless technologies through the lens of their sustainability attitude and demographic variables (gender and education). Hence, it seeks to address the following research questions:
RQ1:
What key antecedents influence SME entrepreneurs’ satisfaction and continuance intention to use cashless technologies?
RQ2:
Does the attitude toward sustainability mediate the relationship between entrepreneurs’ satisfaction and their continuance intention to use cashless technologies?
RQ3:
Do gender and education intervene between the antecedents (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, and facilitating conditions) and entrepreneurs’ satisfaction?
This study offers both theoretical and practical contributions. Theoretically, it integrates the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) with the IS Continuance Model. It extends the framework by incorporating attitude toward sustainability as a mediator and gender and education as moderators. In terms of practice, it provides insights for policymakers and businesses to enhance entrepreneurs'adoption of cashless technologies in Bangladesh. The findings support sustainability-driven financial inclusion, promoting a cashless economy.
The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Sect. “
Literature Review
” reviews prior research, outlines the theoretical framework and develops the hypotheses. Sect. “
Methodology
” details the data and methodology, while Sect. “
Analyses and findings
” presents the results and discussion. Sect. “
Discussion
” discusses the findings, and Sect. “
Conclusion and implications of the study
” presents the concluding remarks.
Literature review
Electronic money, mobile money, and plastic money as cashless technologies
The rise of digitalization via the internet has significantly boosted globalization and transformed payment systems from manual methods to online transactions. This shift has fostered a growing reliance on electronic money (e-money) or digital money for transactions. Today, digital wallets, plastic cards, and online payment systems have effectively resolved challenges associated with cash handling and remote transactions (Yang et al.,
2021
). Cashless transactions are now enabled with innovative payment alternatives, such as mobile money, e-wallets, plastic cards, and online payment systems. The widespread adoption of mobile phones and internet use has driven the growth of various mobile applications, including e-money platforms. Currently, e-commerce payments are predominantly cashless, with the three most common methods being bank transfers, electronic money or wallets, and credit cards (Sasongko et al.,
2022
).
Mobile payments, often called mobile money or wallets, have evolved to be connected to credit cards, debit cards, or other funding sources (Leng et al.,
2018
). On the other hand, a mobile wallet is an application that enables users to organize, access, and utilize different payment instruments provided by different payment system providers (Sasongko et al.,
2022
). Adopting electronic money, such as mobile money, helps close the financial infrastructure gap, allowing service providers to onboard new clients previously excluded from the economic system (Diniz et al.,
2012
). The National Financial Inclusion Strategy (
2021
) states that using mobile money, Bangladesh aims to achieve full financial inclusion by 2026. However, despite ongoing efforts, the financial inclusion rate remained at 53% by the end of 2021, showing only a slight increase from 50% in 2017. Considering the benefits of cashless transactions, payment cards such as plastic money are now preferable worldwide (Arora & Dhanda,
2017
). According to a Forbes report published in 2023, the use of credit or debit cards in the USA in shopping has become a common phenomenon. Only 9% of people use cash for shopping, while 85% of people in America have a credit card in 2021 (Pokora,
2021
). The number of plastic money users is also swelling progressively in Bangladesh. The total monetary value of various card transactions was BDT 27,072.5 crore in 2022 (Liaquat,
2022
). The surge in the use of plastic money in various nations drew the attention of scholars who sought to assess the satisfaction of plastic money. Khandelwal and Gulati (
2021
) studied the customers'satisfaction with plastic money. Consumers are pleased to use plastic money with an increased prospect of its use shortly (Dave & Patel,
2021
; DS,
2022
; Khandelwal & Gulati,
2021
).
While mobile money as a sustainable alternative for SMEs in less-developed countries is studied by Tengeh and Gahapa Talom (
2020
), sustainable E-money use in a developing country is analyzed by Jimenez et al. (
2024
). Other studies investigated the factors affecting continuance intention to use electronic money (Beura et al.,
2023
; Hoque et al.,
2024
; Sasongko et al.,
2022
). Makanyeza and Mutambayashata (
2018
) studied elements influencing the adoption of plastic money in Zimbabwe. They revealed that effort expectancy, performance expectancy, habit, and hedonic motivation positively influenced the adoption of plastic money, while social influence, facilitating conditions, and perceived cost do not significantly impact its use intention. Al-Amin et al. (
2019
) studied Bangladeshi people's opinions regarding plastic money to implement suitable banking. They (2019) proposed that flexibility, monetary advantages, and consumers'psychological factors mainly affect the adoption of plastic money. Sultana and Hasan (
2016
) analyzed confirmatory factors to gage users'perception of using plastic money in Bangladesh, and they concluded value addition to lifestyle is the major influential factor in users'intention to use it.
Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) entrepreneurs in Bangladesh
This study examines the attitudes of small and medium enterprise (SME) entrepreneurs in Bangladesh toward adopting cashless technologies. SMEs are crucial to the country's economic development, contributing over 25% to the gross domestic product (GDP) (Hoque,
2023
). Using panel regression analysis, Hu (
2010
) highlighted a strong positive relationship between SMEs and economic growth. The study further noted that while SMEs in developed economies drive growth through entrepreneurial innovation, in developing economies, they primarily serve as a key source of employment generation. The adoption of mobile money and online banking has been found to have a statistically significant impact on SME growth (Hoque,
2023
). Chowdhury (
2019
) explored the challenges female entrepreneurs face in Bangladesh's cottage, micro-, small, and medium enterprises (CMSME) sector, emphasizing that legislative and regulatory reforms could alleviate many of these barriers. This study also examined the gender gap in access to formal loans, which has hindered the sector's expansion. According to data from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), the SME sector contributed 21.36% to GDP in FY17, rising to 21.98% in FY18 and 22.86% in FY19. However, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, its contribution declined to 22.40% in FY20 (Begum et al.,
2022
). The consistent growth of GDP, coupled with the increasing contribution of SMEs, underscores the importance of studying this sector in depth. The internal structural characteristics of SMEs—such as sector, ownership type, capital investment, and level of digital maturity—play a crucial role in shaping entrepreneurs'satisfaction and their behavioral intentions toward adopting technology (Anwar et al.,
2023
; Meng et al.,
2021
). This study focused on SME entrepreneurs listed by the SME Foundation in Bangladesh, which includes formally registered businesses operating in the manufacturing, services, and trade/retail sectors. The sample also represents both male- and female-owned enterprises and primarily consists of SMEs that are in the transitional phase of digital adoption (SME Policy,
2019
).
Thus, this research investigates the factors influencing SME entrepreneurs'satisfaction with cashless technologies, their intention to continue using them, and their attitudes toward sustainability. Additionally, it explores the moderating effects of gender and educational background on these relationships.
Theoretical framework
The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model is a comprehensive framework that integrates eight theoretical models for adopting information systems and information technology (Venkatesh et al.,
2003
). It consolidates the key constructs from these earlier models. Furthermore, the UTAUT model facilitates an in-depth examination of the intricate process of user adoption, explaining up to 70% of the variance in adoption rates (Venkatesh et al.,
2003
). Finally, UTAUT2 model emerged in 2012 by Venkatesh and included new variables with the original ones (Venkatesh et al.,
2012
) and the new variables are hedonic motivation and perceived cost (Chang,
2012
; Venkatesh et al.,
2003
). UTAUT2 model is widely applied to investigate e-money or plastic money adoption in various nations (Fithriya et al.,
2019
; Gupta & Arora,
2020
; Makanyeza & Mutambayashata,
2018
). Compared to other models, UTAUT2 is the most recent and more applicable to assessing users'intention to use any technology or new concept (Oechslein et al.,
2014
; Venkatesh; Slade et al.,
2013
). However, this study of continuance use behavior differs significantly from an adoption study (Hartzler et al.,
2018
).
Numerous studies have examined post-adoption behavior or the intention to continue using various information systems as the success of such systems relies more on their sustained use rather than just initial adoption (Bhattacherjee,
2001
; Limayem et al.,
2007
). Initially, researchers viewed continuance use as an extension of initial adoption behavior, applying the same theories and models to study pre- and post-adoption behaviors (Karahanna et al.,
1999
; Venkatesh & Davis,
2000
). However, these theories and models overlooked the factors influencing post-adoption or continuance use. They failed to explain why users continue or discontinue using information systems after initial acceptance (Bhattacherjee,
2001
). To address this gap, Bhattacherjee (
2001
) introduced the post-acceptance model of IS continuance, commonly referred to as the IS continuance model, which is grounded in the expectation–confirmation theory (ECT) from marketing (Oliver,
1980
). This distinctive model surpasses earlier IS adoption models by incorporating psychological factors relevant to post-adoption, such as satisfaction (SAT) and confirmation. Technology continuance theory is applied to established technology to determine the users'satisfaction and intention to use the new technology (Bhattacherjee et al.,
2008
). This theory is grounded on but usually applicable to old technology that is in use (Foroughi et al.,
2019
). The IS continuance model has often been integrated with other frameworks, such as UTAUT, to comprehensively understand post-adoption behavior (Faaeq et al.,
2017
; Marinkovic et al.,
2020
; Tam et al.,
2020
). In line with the recent recommendations from IS researchers, this study adopted a combined model that merges the IS continuance model with UTAUT2.
Previous research has highlighted the significance of integrating various theoretical frameworks to examine post-adoption behavior (Veeramootoo et al.,
2018
). Notably, many researchers have combined the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) with other models to investigate continuance use behavior (Alghamdi et al.,
2018
; Lu et al.,
2017
; Marinkovic et al.,
2020
; Sun et al.,
2011
2014
; Tam et al.,
2020
). Perceived usefulness (performance expectancy) integrates the IS continuance model with UTAUT2 (Ozecan & Arikan,
2022
; Tam et al.,
2020
). Rahman and Islam (
2021
) examined factors influencing SME adoption of mobile banking using the extended UTAUT model, while Anwar et al. (
2023
) focused on the challenges small businesses face in the service sector face. Other relevant studies in Bangladesh include Thakur (
2023
), who analyzed digital tool adoption in SME supply chain management; Hai et al. (
2024
), who provided an in-depth overview of digital technology adoption among SMEs; and Shahadat et al. (
2023
), who investigated technological, environmental, and organizational factors shaping adoption in the SME sector. However, no studies have explored the pre- and post-adoption factors influencing SME entrepreneurs'engagement with digital technologies. Given the increasing volume of digital transactions in recent years (as depicted in Fig.
), digital or cashless technologies are now considered well-established in Bangladesh. Therefore, combining the UTAUT and IS Continuance models is appropriate for examining such technologies'adoption and ongoing use (pre- and post-adoption). This integrated approach uniquely contributes to a deeper understanding of the factors that affect SME entrepreneurs'satisfaction and continuance behavior using digital technologies. The present study aims to investigate these factors within the SME context in Bangladesh.
Hypotheses development
This study introduces an integrated model to investigate the continuance use behavior of cashless technology. The proposed model incorporates UTAUT2 constructs, such as Performance Expectancy (PE, aligned with perceived usefulness in the IS continuance model), Effort Expectancy (EE), Social Influence (SI), Facilitating Conditions (FC), and Hedonic Motivation (HM), which are anticipated to significantly influence users'satisfaction (SAT) with cashless technologies (electronic money, mobile money, and plastic money). Furthermore, we hypothesize that the SAT construct is a key determinant directly influencing continuance intention (CON) to use cashless technologies. Additionally, this model proposes that a mediator variable, attitude toward sustainability (ATS), mediates the relationship between SAT and CON. Additionally, the moderating effects of gender and education between the identified constructs are hypothesized. Hypotheses for each construct are presented and elaborated in the subsequent sub-sections. Figure
demonstrates the conceptual framework of the study.
Fig. 2
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Full size image
Conceptual framework of the research
Performance expectancy (PE)
Performance Expectancy (PE), defined as the degree to which using a system enhances an individual's job performance (Venkatesh et al.,
2003
), has consistently emerged as a key predictor of user satisfaction (SAT) and continued system use. With the perceived usefulness construct from the Technology Acceptance Model (Davis,
1989
), PE encapsulates users'expectations regarding efficiency and productivity improvements resulting from technology adoption. Prior studies have validated the direct influence of PE on satisfaction across various information system (IS) contexts (Bhattacherjee,
2001
; Liao et al.,
2009
; Yang & Lin,
2015
), including mobile and digital payment systems (Nasri,
2021
; Wang,
2021
). In the context of SMEs in Bangladesh, where operational efficiency and resource optimization are critical for competitiveness, the perceived performance benefits of digital systems play a pivotal role. This relationship becomes even more crucial in the post-adoption phase, especially within the cashless ecosystems of SMEs. SME entrepreneurs who perceive tangible benefits in performance are more inclined to continue using cashless systems due to the satisfaction derived from these perceived benefits (Yohanes et al.,
2020
). Given this theoretical and empirical foundation, we posit the following hypothesis:
H1
PE posits a positive influence on SAT toward continuance use of cashless technologies among SME entrepreneurs.
Effort expectancy (EE)
Effort Expectancy (EE) refers to the extent to which a system is perceived as easy to use and user-friendly (Venkatesh et al.,
2003
). It reflects how intuitively users can interact with technology, including its features'clarity, comprehensibility, and convenience. Previous research has focused mainly on the pre-adoption stage where EE has been positively linked to the intention to adopt mobile and electronic payment systems (Chaouali et al.,
2016
; Martins et al.,
2014
; Rahi & Abd Ghani,
2018
; Riffai et al.,
2012
), post-adoption studies similarly confirm that ease of use remains a key determinant of satisfaction with digital platforms (Bhattacherjee,
2001
; Marinkovic et al.,
2020
; Zhou,
2011
). SME entrepreneurs shifting from traditional cash-based methods to digital payment systems often deal with time and resource constraints. As a result, easy-to-use and low-effort technologies can boost their satisfaction and encourage continuance use. Given the importance of ease of use in post-adoption satisfaction, particularly for SMEs in Bangladesh moving toward digital operations, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H2
EE posits a positive influence on SAT toward continuance use of cashless technologies among SME entrepreneurs
Social influence (SI)
Social Influence (SI) is the impact of others'actions and opinions on an individual's decision to adopt a particular system (Venkatesh et al.,
2012
). According to Social Influence (SI) theory, individuals are inclined to align their choices with the opinions of significant referents in their social environment (Bagozzi & Lee,
2002
). Empirical studies support the notion that SI is not only a driver of adoption intention (Hua & Haughton,
2009
; Sathye et al.,
2018
) but also positively correlates with user satisfaction in post-adoption phases (Hsiao et al.,
2016
; Marinkovic et al.,
2020
). In Bangladesh, SME entrepreneurs often rely on community and peer networks when making business decisions. Support or recommendations from trusted individuals can strongly influence how satisfied they feel with digital financial tools. Seeing others successfully use cashless systems within their social or professional circles can boost their confidence and increase the chances of continued use. Building on this, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H3
SI posits a positive influence on SAT toward continuance use of cashless technologies among SME entrepreneurs.
Facilitating conditions (FC)
FC represents the availability of organizational and infrastructural support required for users to adopt a specific system (Venkatesh et al.,
2003
). Past studies have consistently shown that FC positively influences users’ behavioral intentions to adopt mobile and electronic money systems (Merhi et al.,
2021
; Parayil Iqbal et al.,
2023
; Saprikis et al.,
2022
). Additionally, research in the IS domain highlights that FC can enhance user satisfaction directly or indirectly by improving usability and lowering perceived effort (Alghamdi et al.,
2018
; Kaium et al.,
2020
). Such enabling conditions can play a decisive role in the technology experience for SME entrepreneurs with limited infrastructure and digital capacity. Considering these findings and the operational realities of Bangladeshi SMEs, this study proposes the following hypothesis:
H4
FC posits a positive influence on SAT toward continuance use of cashless technologies among SME entrepreneurs
Hedonic motivation (HM)
Hedonic motivation (HM) was introduced as an independent variable in the UTAUT2 model, representing users'pleasure or enjoyment from using a particular system (Venkatesh et al.,
2012
). Previous research has often identified HM as a significant factor influencing technology acceptance (Brown & Venkatesh,
2005
; Childers et al.,
2001
; Thong et al.,
2006
; van der Heijden,
2004
). In the post-adoption phase, while Chai and Xu (
2006
) have questioned the influence of HM on satisfaction, others provide compelling evidence to the contrary, showing that positive emotional experiences can significantly enhance satisfaction with technology systems (Anand et al.,
2019
; Saprikis et al.,
2010
; Wu et al.,
2011
). For SME entrepreneurs, enjoyable user interfaces and emotional gratification should not be overlooked besides rational and utility-driven business decisions. Experiencing enjoyment while using cashless technologies can cultivate a more favorable attitude, ultimately leading to higher satisfaction. Therefore, this study presents a compelling case to test the following hypothesis:
H5
HM posits a positive influence on SAT toward continuance use of cashless technologies among SME entrepreneurs.
Satisfaction (SAT) to continuance intention (CON)
SAT implies the users'positive cognitive assessment of a service following their initial experience (Doll & Torkzadeh,
1988
). Bhattacherjee (
2001
) highlighted a strong and direct correlation between users’ SAT and their continuance use behavior (CON). Additionally, prior research in information systems has consistently identified SAT as a critical factor influencing CON (Deng et al.,
2010
; Jiang,
2011
; Qiong et al.,
2017
; Tiwana & Bush,
2005
; Zhou,
2011
). Continuance use behavior reflects a psychological state influenced by the extent to which pre-use expectations are met. Eventually, the users'frequency of visits and the duration of their engagement with online platforms are shaped by their prior SAT with the platform (Langerak,
2003
). SME entrepreneurs in Bangladesh often adopt cashless technologies based on practical benefits and how easily the technology fits into their daily business operations. When the experience is satisfying, it builds trust and encourages them to use the system. Their positive experiences make them more willing to continue using cashless technologies over time. This study, therefore, posits that satisfaction derived from early interactions with cashless systems plays a pivotal role in sustaining their use. Based on this reasoning, the following hypothesis is proposed:
H6
SAT posits a positive influence on continuance use intention (CON) of cashless technologies among SME entrepreneurs.
Sustainability attitude (ATS) as a mediator
Sustainability, a key concern in the twenty-first century, has been defined in various ways (Zhang et al.,
2021
). Sustainability encompasses the three fundamental dimensions of economics, society, and the environment, commonly called the'Triple Bottom Line'(Hacking & Guthrie,
2008
). Today, sustainability represents actions that can persist indefinitely without harming the environment, respecting oneself and others, and addressing the needs of the present generation without compromising those of the future (Fletcher,
2008
; Partridge,
2011
). While attitudes toward sustainability (ATS) provide valuable insights into behavioral intentions, a comprehensive understanding of sustainability in the SME context requires examining how digital innovations like cashless technologies intersect with structural development challenges. In the Global South, issues, such as digital inequality, limited access to financial infrastructure, energy inefficiency, and waste management, are inseparable from the broader sustainability agenda (Ozturk et al.,
2024
; Smith et al.,
2022
). Hence, this study not only considers ATS as a psychological mediator but situates it within the broader sustainable development discourse, recognizing that technological adoption by SMEs must be evaluated through its contributions to environmental stewardship, economic resilience, and social equity (Meramveliotakis & Manioudis,
2021a
2021b
2022
).
Recent studies have increasingly emphasized the critical role of SMEs and digital transformation in advancing sustainable development. Ozturk et al. (
2024
) argue that digitization is essential for SMEs to achieve sustainability goals. Supporting this view, de Sousa Jabbour et al. (
2020
) highlight the significant contribution of Asian SMEs to both economic growth and the realization of the region's sustainable development goals (SDGs). Similarly, Smith et al. (
2022
) demonstrate that SMEs are well-positioned to promote localized approaches to the SDGs through community partnerships. However, power imbalances often hinder their ability to comprehend and implement sustainability guidelines fully. In parallel, innovation and interplay between the technology and the economy have been recognized as a driver of sustainable economic progress. Meramveliotakis and Manioudis (
2024
) emphasize that a balanced integration of financial and technological forces is key to achieving growth and sustainability. Building on this, Manioudis and Meramveliotakis (
2022
) advocate revisiting classical political economy to contextualize sustainable development better, while their earlier work (2021) proposes a grand theory that places the dialectical relationship between knowledge, nature, and culture at the heart of sustainable economic transformation.
Additionally, the role of individual and organizational attitudes toward sustainability has been explored across various contexts. In this pursuit, earlier research has extensively examined attitudes toward sustainability across diverse contexts (Krystallis et al.,
2012
; Tang,
2018
; Zhang et al.,
2021
). Although attitudes toward sustainability have often been treated as independent predictors of sustainable behavior (Khan et al.,
2020
; Krystallis et al.,
2012
), recent research suggests a more complex role. For instance, Kimuli et al. (
2020
) identified sustainability intention as a mediator between behavioral control and sustainable entrepreneurship. Zheng et al. (
2020
) demonstrated that attitude can mediate the relationship between perceived response efficacy and green purchasing behavior. These findings highlight the mediating potential of sustainability-related constructs in various behavioral contexts. Despite these insights, the specific role of attitude toward sustainability (ATS) as a mediator remains underexplored, particularly in the domain of digital financial behavior of SMEs. Aligning with the Triple Bottom Line framework (Hacking & Guthrie,
2008
), we position attitude toward sustainability as a psychological lens through which entrepreneurs evaluate the environmental, economic, and social impacts of cashless technologies. This study proposes that SME entrepreneurs'ATS mediates the relationship between their satisfaction with cashless technologies (SAT) and their continuance use behavior (CON). By incorporating this mediating perspective, we aim to understand better how satisfaction translates into long-term digital adoption through the lens of sustainability and propose the following hypothesis:
H7
Attitude toward sustainability (ATS) mediates the relationship between SAT and continuance use intention (CON) of cashless technologies among SME entrepreneurs.
Gender and education as moderator:
Research in the field of Information Systems (IS) has explored gender-related issues from multiple perspectives, as highlighted by Ahuja and Thatcher (
2005
) and Trauth et al. (
2009
). More recent studies, such as Yang et al. (
2021
), have specifically examined gender as a moderating factor in the intention to use digital wallets, influencing both perceived ease of use (PE) and effort expectancy (EE) among Indonesian consumers. Other studies emphasize the role of gender perceptions in technology adoption, with prior research indicating gender-based differences in the effective use of mobile technologies (Faqih & Jaradat,
2015
; Glavee-Geo et al.,
2017
). However, to our knowledge, no study has investigated gender's moderating effect within an integrated framework combining UTAUT2 and the IS continuance model. Based on these insights, this study proposes examining gender's moderation effect on the direct relationships between PE, EE, SI, FC, and SAT, leading to the formulation of specific hypotheses.
H8a
Gender moderates the relationship between PE and SAT
H8b
Gender moderates the relationship between EE and SAT
H8c
Gender moderates the relationship between SI and SAT
H8d
Gender moderates the relationship between FC and SAT
Several previous studies have examined how education level affects the relationships within the UTAUT and UTAUT2 models. Idrees and Ullah (
2024
) explored the moderating role of education on the impact of Performance Expectancy (PE), Effort Expectancy (EE), Social Influence (SI), and Facilitating Conditions (FC) on Behavioral Intention (BI) in the context of Fintech adoption. Similarly, Abu-Shanab (
2011
) found that education level moderates the relationship between PE and BI in technology adoption. However, no prior studies have investigated its moderating effect on integrated models, such as the UTAUT2 and the IS continuance models. Building on these findings, this study proposes the moderation effect of education on the direct relationship between PE, EE, SI, FC, and SAT, hence testing the following hypotheses.
H9a
Education moderates the relationship between PE and SAT
H9b
Education moderates the relationship between EE and SAT
H9c
Education moderates the relationship between SI and SAT
H9 d
Education moderates the relationship between FC and SAT
Methodology
Population and sampling
This study examines the continuance intention of SME entrepreneurs in Bangladesh concerning the use of cashless technologies. The target population for this research comprises entrepreneurs listed under the SME foundation, which serves as a significant business organization in the country. The entrepreneurs were selected from the list of entrepreneurs who participated in the SME Product Fair, 2024, organized by the SME foundation. A simple random sampling technique was employed to make the sample representative of the target population. By selecting participants from this list, this study aims to gather insights from a pool of entrepreneurs involved in active SME businesses. They will likely have a deeper understanding of the practical implications and challenges of adopting cashless technologies in their business operations.
Instrument development and data collection
After thoroughly reviewing relevant literature, a series of questions was developed to collect primary data from the entrepreneurs. The research items were derived from previous studies, considering the context of technology adoption intentions and the definitions of key constructs. Fifteen items from the UTAUT 2 constructs (performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, and hedonic motivation) were sourced from, Venkatesh et al. (
2012
) and Venkatesh et al. (
2003
). Three items assessing satisfaction were adapted from Bhattacherjee (
2001
), while three items evaluating continuance intention were taken from Venkatesh et al. (
2011
) and Talukder et al. (
2021
). Additionally, three items related to attitude toward sustainability were derived from Quoquab et al. (
2019
) and Dickinger et al. (
2008
). All measurement instruments utilized a five-point Likert scale, ranging from"strongly agree"(5) to"strongly disagree"(1). A structured questionnaire was created, incorporating these instruments, consisting of 24 items representing each construct, demographic questions, and some general questions about the research context.
The questionnaire was circulated in person to 332 entrepreneurs. Among them, 260 agreed to participate in the study, resulting in a 78.3% response rate. After cleaning the data to remove invalid and incomplete responses, 219 valid responses were retained for further analysis. Data collection occurred over three months, from November 2024 to January 2025.
Analysis method and sample size
Data analysis used the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach with SmartPLS version 4.0. To investigate the relationships between latent constructs, this study employed Partial Least Squares SEM (PLS-SEM), also known as path modeling, to explain the variance in the model’s dependent variables (Chin et al.,
2020
). Additionally, PLS-SEM is instrumental in validating the measurement model (Hair et al.,
2021
). This method is particularly advantageous for analyzing complex models and small sample sizes (Cassel et al.,
1999
; Hair et al.,
2019a
2019b
). Moreover, PLS-SEM offers high efficiency in parameter estimation, providing greater statistical power compared to Covariance-Based SEM (CB-SEM) (Hair et al.,
2021
).
Several guidelines exist for determining the appropriate sample size for conducting PLS-SEM analysis. According to Hair et al. (
2021
), the minimum required sample size for any PLS path model should be at least ten times the highest number of indicators directed toward any latent construct. While this"10-times rule"provides a general benchmark, researchers must also account for the model’s complexity and data characteristics (Hair et al.,
2021
). In this study, the construct ‘satisfaction’ has the highest number of incoming paths, with five arrowheads pointing toward it. Based on the 10-times rule, the minimum required sample size is 5 × 10 = 50. Another approach considers the expected minimum significant path coefficient, which, if assumed to be between 0.11 and 0.20, would require approximately 155 observations to achieve statistical significance at a 5% level (Hair et al.,
2022
).
Additionally, based on the sample-to-variable ratio method, a minimum observation-to-variable ratio of 5:1 is recommended, while higher ratios of 15:1 or 20:1 are preferable (Hair et al.,
2018
). Given that this study includes five independent variables, applying the preferred 20:1 ratio results in a minimum sample size of 20 × 5 = 100. Considering all available insights, the sample size 219 used in this study is sufficient to proceed with PLS-SEM analysis.
Analyses and findings
Descriptive analysis
The dataset in Fig.
provides demographic insights into a group of respondents categorized by gender, age, and education. Most respondents are male (65.3%), while females constitute a smaller proportion (34.7%). In terms of age distribution, the largest group falls within the 26–30 age range (29.7%), followed by those aged 20–25 (28.3%), 36–40 (26.5%), and 31–35 (15.5%). Regarding educational qualifications, most respondents hold a bachelor's degree (45.7%), followed by those with a master's degree (34.3%). A smaller number have completed higher secondary education (HSC—11%) or secondary school certification (SSC—5.9%), while only a few (3.2%) possess professional degrees. This demographic breakdown suggests that the sample consists mainly of young to middle-aged individuals with a strong academic background, particularly at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
Fig. 3
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Full size image
Demographic information of the entrepreneurs
Table
provides an overview of the adoption of cashless technologies among respondents. The data regarding the types of digital tools used reveal that mobile commerce (M-Commerce), including platforms like Bkash and Nagad, is the most widely used, with 49% of respondents engaging in it. Debit cards are the second most used digital tool, adopted by 30% of the respondents. Credit card use is relatively lower, with 15% of individuals utilizing this service. Meanwhile, both ATM cards and internet banking services are used by 13% of respondents. These figures suggest that mobile-based services or apps and debit cards as digital payment tools dominate the adoption of cashless technology. In contrast, traditional banking tools like credit and ATM cards have relatively lower penetration.
Table 1 Type and frequency of cashless technologies used by entrepreneurs
Full size table
The dataset about the frequency of cashless technology use among respondents shows that a significant portion (44%) use the technologies daily or multiple times daily, indicating a high reliance on digital financial transactions. Additionally, 39% of respondents use such financial tools weekly or multiple times per week, suggesting regular but less frequent engagement. Meanwhile, only 2% of individuals use it yearly or occasionally, highlighting a minimal dependency on digital financial tools. These insights suggest that most users actively engage in digital transactions, with daily and weekly use being the most common patterns.
Figure
illustrates the duration of business engagement and the use of cashless technologies among entrepreneurs. The most significant proportion of respondents (37%) have been in business for 3–5 years, followed by 29% with 6–10 years of experience. Additionally, 20% have been operating for over a decade, 8% have 1–2 years of experience, and 7% have been in business for less than a year. This indicates a diverse mix of both emerging and well-established businesses. Regarding cashless technology adoption, the majority (55%) have used these technologies for 3–5 years, while 19% have adopted them within the last 1–2 years. Furthermore, 14% have been utilizing cashless methods for 6–10 years, 9% for more than a decade, 2% for just over a year, and only 1% for less than a year. These findings highlight a progressively evolving business landscape where cashless technologies are increasingly becoming a fundamental part of daily operations.
Fig. 4
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Full size image
Years of engagement in business operations and using cashless technologies
Measurement model analysis
The objective of assessing the reflective measurement model is to confirm the reliability and validity of the construct measures, thereby justifying their inclusion in the path model (Hair et al.,
2021
). This section in Table
outlines the essential criteria for evaluating the reflective measurement model, including indicator reliability, internal consistency reliability (measured by Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability), convergent validity (measured by AVE), and discriminant validity (Measured by HTMT).
Table 2 Summary of construct reliability and convergent validity
Full size table
Indicator reliability and internal consistency
To assess reliability, outer loadings (indicator reliability), Cronbach’s alpha (CA), and composite reliability (CR) must surpass the threshold of 0.70 (Chin et al.,
1998
; Hair et al.,
2006
). One item under Hedonic Motivation (HM) did not meet this criterion (the item had a loading of 0.62 below the 0.70 threshold) and was removed from the dataset. After this adjustment, all 24 remaining items, as shown in Table
, exceed the 0.70 threshold, confirming their reliability and allowing for further analysis.
Convergent validity
Convergent validity was evaluated using the Average Variance Extracted (AVE), with a benchmark of 0.50 (Fornell & Larcker,
1981
). AVE refers to the extent to which a latent construct accounts for the variance in its indicators, also known as communality (Hair et al.,
2021
). The data in Table
indicate that all constructs meet this criterion, establishing their convergent validity.
Discriminant validity
Additionally, to assess discriminant validity, this study uses the Heterotrait–Monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations, a contemporary and reliable SEM method. While some SEM scholars (Gold et al.,
2001
; Hair et al.,
2019a
2019b
) advocate for a more flexible threshold of 0.90, others adopt stricter criteria, setting the limit at 0.85 (Hair et al.,
2019a
2019b
; Kline,
2015
). The values presented in Table
fall within these acceptable thresholds, confirming the discriminant validity of the constructs.
Table 3 HTMT ratios
Full size table
Structural model analysis
In PLS-SEM, structural model assessment involves analyzing the significance and relevance of path coefficients and evaluating the model's explanatory and predictive capabilities (Hair et al.,
2021
). The section presents the path model diagram, direct and indirect relationships assessment, and simple slop analysis for moderating factors.
Path model
A path model visualizes variable relationships and hypotheses examined using structural equation modeling (SEM) (Hair et al.,
2021
). Figure
illustrates these relationships, including path coefficients, p-values, outer loadings, and R2 values. The R2 value, or the coefficient of determination, measures the proportion of variance in an endogenous construct explained by its predictor constructs, reflecting the model's explanatory power (Hair et al.,
2021
).
Fig. 5
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Full size image
Path model of the study
In this model, the R2 value for the Satisfaction (SAT) construct is 0.450, indicating that Performance Expectancy (PE), Effort Expectancy (EE), Social Influence (SI), Facilitating Conditions (FC), and Hedonic Motivation (HM), and moderators (gender and education level) collectively explain 48.3% of the variance in SAT. Similarly, the R2 value for the Continuance Intention (CON) construct is 0.400, suggesting that SAT and Attitude Toward System (ATS) together account for 40% of the variance in CON. Hair et al. (
2017
) recommended that an R2 value of 0.20 is considered to demonstrate strong predictive power in consumer behavior research. Therefore, this model is a robust framework for predicting entrepreneurs'continuance intention to adopt cashless technologies.
Assessment of direct relationships
The structural model assessment for direct relationships is summarized in Table
, which presents the path coefficients, standard errors,
values,
values, ƒ2 effect sizes, variance inflation factor (VIF) values, and the outcomes for each hypothesized relationship. The results indicate that performance expectancy (PE) (
= 0.350,
= 4.696,
< 0.05), facilitating conditions (FC) (
= 0.177,
= 2.333,
< 0.05), and hedonic motivation (HM) (
= 0.282,
= 4.169,
< 0.05) significantly influence SME entrepreneurs'satisfaction (SAT) with the use of cashless technologies. Among these factors, PE strongly influences entrepreneurs'satisfaction, followed by HM and FC. Additionally, SAT has a significant positive impact on entrepreneurs'continuance intention (CON) to adopt cashless technologies (
= 0.537,
= 9.063,
< 0.05). As a result, hypotheses H1, H4, H5, and H6 are supported. However, effort expectancy (EE) and social influence (SI) do not exhibit a significant effect on satisfaction (
= 0.097,
= 1.403,
> 0.05 and
= − 0.021,
= 0.317,
> 0.05, respectively). Therefore, hypotheses H2 and H3 are not supported.
Table 4 Structural model assessment for direct relationships
Full size table
The ƒ
effect size is a metric used to evaluate the relative influence of an exogenous construct on an endogenous construct by assessing its explanatory power (Hair et al.,
2021
). According to Cohen (
1988
), an ƒ
value greater than 0.35 indicates a significant effect, a value above 0.15 signifies a medium effect, and a value exceeding 0.02 suggests a small effect. In this study, SAT demonstrates a large effect size of 0.374 on CON, while PE and HM exhibit medium effect sizes of 0.155 and 0.124, respectively, on SAT. Additionally, FC has a small effect size of 0.035 on SAT.
The standard metric known as the variance inflation factor (VIF) is calculated to assess common method bias and evaluate potential collinearity issues. VIF measures the degree of collinearity among predictor constructs within the structural model (Hair et al.,
2021
). As per Hair et al. (
2021
), collinearity concerns are likely when VIF ≥ 5, moderate but usually uncritical when VIF ranges between 3 and 5, and negligible when VIF is below 3. The VIF values in Table
are below 3, confirming that the structural model does not suffer from collinearity issues and common method bias is not a significant concern.
Mediation and moderation analyses
As shown in Table
, the direct and specific indirect effects were analyzed to evaluate the mediation relationship. The findings indicate that the direct impact of satisfaction (SAT) on continuance intention (CON) is significant (
= 0.537,
< 0.005). Additionally, the indirect effect of SAT on CON, mediated by attitude toward sustainability (ATS), is also significant (
= 0.078,
< 0.005). This confirms that ATS is a partial mediator in the relationship between SAT and CON, as both the direct and indirect effects are statistically significant. Consequently, hypothesis H7 is supported.
Table 5 Summary of mediation and moderation analyses
Full size table
Moreover, this study examined the moderating role of gender and education in the relationships among UTAUT constructs. The findings reveal that gender significantly moderates only the relationship between social influence (SI) and satisfaction (SAT) (
= − 0.162,
= 2.137,
< 0.005). Similarly, education significantly moderates only the relationship between effort expectancy (EE) and satisfaction (SAT) (
= − 0.171,
= 1.999,
< 0.005). Consequently, hypotheses H8c and H9b are supported.
Simple slope analysis for moderator role
In Fig.
, the simple slope analysis for the moderators, gender and education, indicates an inverse relationship between the examined constructs. The slope analysis demonstrates that when gender is considered a moderator, the relationship between social influence (SI) and satisfaction (SAT) is reversed. For females (represented by the red line, Gender at −1 SD), an increase in social influence (SI) leads to higher satisfaction (SAT), indicating a positive impact of social influence on satisfaction. For males (represented by the green line, Gender at + 1 SD), an increase in social influence (SI) results in lower satisfaction (SAT), suggesting that more significant social influence negatively affects men's satisfaction. However, the blue line (mean level) reveals a nearly flat relationship between social influence and satisfaction, signifying no significant direct effect exists when gender is not considered.
Fig. 6
The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.
Full size image
Simple slope analysis for gender and education as moderators
Findings reveal an inverse relationship between effort expectancy (EE) and satisfaction (SAT) when education is considered a moderating factor. This is evident from the green line being less steep than the red line, indicating that the effect of EE on SAT becomes weaker at higher education levels. However, as outlined in Sect. “
Assessment of direct relationships
”, the direct relationship analysis shows no significant association between EE and SAT. Instead, EE’s influence on SAT becomes apparent only when education acts as a moderator, and this effect is negative.
Discussion
This study investigates the factors influencing SME entrepreneurs'satisfaction and their continuance intention to adopt cashless technologies. It employs an integrated model combining UTAUT2 and the IS continuance model, incorporating sustainability attitude as a mediator and gender and education as moderators. The proposed theoretical framework accounts for 48.3% of the variance in satisfaction and 40% in continuance intention of using cashless technology.
With a t value of 4.696 and a β of 0.350, H1 is supported, indicating that performance expectancy significantly impacts SME entrepreneurs'satisfaction with cashless technologies. This aligns with findings by Islam et al. (
2023
), Kaium et al. (
2020
), and others, suggesting that perceived usefulness remains a core determinant of technology acceptance. In Bangladesh, where many SMEs operate under resource-constrained and highly competitive conditions, entrepreneurs increasingly recognize cashless systems as tools for operational efficiency and as enablers of long-term growth and market access. This reinforces the idea that digital transformation in the SME sector is not just a technological shift but also a strategic adaptation to evolving consumer behavior, supply chain demands, and sustainability imperatives. Similarly, H4 is supported (
= 2.333,
= 0.177), confirming that facilitating conditions significantly influence entrepreneurs’ satisfaction. This finding highlights the essential role of infrastructure, digital literacy, and institutional support in shaping the adoption experience. While prior studies (Islam et al.,
2023
; Kaium et al.,
2020
) have noted the importance of such conditions, our study emphasizes their role within a national development context. To realize its Smart Bangladesh 2041 vision, targeted interventions are needed to ensure equitable access to the digital ecosystem—especially for rural and underserved SMEs. Government programs, public–private partnerships, and localized digital training initiatives could enhance SMEs’ capacity to adopt and sustain digital tools, thereby contributing to a more inclusive digital economy. Furthermore, with a t value of 4.169 and a β of 0.282, this study confirms that hedonic motivation significantly influences entrepreneurs'satisfaction with cashless technologies (H5 supported). This suggests that enjoyment, ease, and intrinsic satisfaction derived from engaging with cashless tools play a vital role in shaping user experiences beyond practical utility. Such findings support earlier work by Wu et al. (
2011
), Saprikis et al. (
2010
), and Anand et al. (
2019
) while diverging from Chai and Xu (
2006
), who found limited influence of hedonic factors. This insight is particularly relevant in the context of Bangladesh's rapidly digitalizing economy. When digital tools are perceived not just as functional but also intuitive and enjoyable, entrepreneurs are more inclined to continue using them.
Comparing the standardized coefficients across key predictors of satisfaction, performance expectancy emerges as the most decisive influence (
= 0.350), followed by hedonic motivation (
= 0.282), and then facilitating conditions (
= 0.177). This hierarchy of influence suggests that the business value of digital technologies primarily drives SME entrepreneurs, but emotional engagement and ease of use are also critical for sustained satisfaction. These findings reinforce the notion that digital transformation is not solely a technical process but also a human-centered experience, where user motivation and digital literacy matter. Furthermore, this study confirms a significant relationship between satisfaction and continuance intention, with a t value of 9.063 and a β value of 0.537, leading to the support of H6. This indicates that entrepreneurs who are satisfied with cashless systems are more likely to continue using them in their businesses. These findings are consistent with the research of Islam et al. (
2023
), Qiong et al. (
2017
), Jiang (
2011
), Zhou (
2011
), Deng et al. (
2010
), and Tiwana and Bush (
2005
). This relationship is significant in Bangladesh, where cashless systems are crucial for modernizing the economy. Entrepreneurs of SMEs who experience satisfaction with digital payment tools are more likely to invest time and resources in integrating these technologies into their business operations.
Interestingly, this study finds that Effort Expectancy (EE) and Social Influence (SI) do not have a significant impact on entrepreneurs'satisfaction with using cashless technologies, as reflected in the non-significant
values (EE = 1.403; SI = 0.097) and the respective
values (EE = 0.467; SI = − 0.032). Consequently, H2 and H3 are rejected. This suggests that the perceived ease of use is not a decisive factor for satisfaction among SME entrepreneurs, possibly because many have already developed digital fluency through routine exposure to mobile banking and fintech apps. This interpretation aligns with Kaium et al. (
2020
) but contrasts with earlier findings by Islam et al. (
2023
) and Zhou (
2011
), where effort expectancy played a stronger role in influencing user satisfaction. Similarly, the lack of significance for social influence suggests that entrepreneurs'decisions to adopt or remain satisfied with cashless technologies are driven more by individual assessment of value and usability rather than external pressures from peers, customers, or societal norms. This finding supports Hossain et al. (
2021
) but contrasts with studies that highlight the role of normative influence in technology adoption (Islam et al.,
2023
; Kaium et al.,
2020
). From a broader perspective, these results may reflect a sustainable digital ecosystem in Bangladesh. SME entrepreneurs prioritize functionality, utility, and intrinsic motivation over external validation or ease of use, particularly as digital tools become more integrated into daily business operations.
The integrated model (UTAUT2—IS continuance model) examines attitude toward sustainability (ATS) as a mediator. The analysis reveals a significant mediation effect of ATS in the relationship between satisfaction (SAT) and continuance intention (CON). Since the direct relationship between SAT and CON remains substantial, this suggests partial mediation, with a
-value of 2.777 and
of 0.078, supporting hypothesis H7. This novel finding highlights that entrepreneurs who are satisfied with cashless technologies may develop a positive attitude toward sustainability, recognizing the environmental benefits of digital payments, such as reducing paper use, lowering carbon footprints, and promoting eco-friendly business practices. This enhanced sustainability mindset further strengthens their intention to continue using cashless systems. This finding reflects a significant behavioral shift: satisfaction alone is a strong motivator, but when coupled with a sense of environmental responsibility, it transforms digital adoption into a form of value-driven, future-oriented business behavior. In this way, sustainability functions as a benefit and a motivational amplifier that deepens entrepreneurial engagement with digital tools. Overall, the mediation effect of ATS demonstrates that digital satisfaction and sustainability are not isolated drivers but co-evolving forces shaping the future of entrepreneurial behavior in developing digital economies. In line with the Smart Bangladesh 2041 vision and the country's focus on inclusive digital transformation, this insight emphasizes embedding sustainability values within digital tools. Aligning the sustainability attitude of SME entrepreneurs within the digital technology context can support long-term broader national goals related to green growth, innovation, and sustainable entrepreneurship.
The moderation analyses in the study reveal some surprising insights. The moderation effect of gender indicates that while social influence (SI) does not directly impact satisfaction (SAT), gender plays a crucial role in shaping this relationship. Specifically, when gender is considered, the relationship between social influence and satisfaction reverses. This suggests that male entrepreneurs may prioritize autonomy in decision-making and experience lower satisfaction when influenced by external social pressure, whereas female entrepreneurs remain unaffected. Although women may be more socially driven, other factors likely influence their satisfaction since social influence does not directly affect the SAT. Additionally, the moderation effect of education shows that while effort expectancy (EE) does not directly impact satisfaction (SAT), education moderates this relationship in an inverse direction. As education levels increase, the relationship between EE and SAT weakens or becomes negative. For highly educated entrepreneurs, the perceived ease of use (EE) of cashless technologies may have little or even a negative impact on satisfaction. This could be because more educated individuals have higher expectations and may seek advanced features beyond ease of use to feel truly satisfied with cashless technologies.
Conclusion and implications of the study
This study delves into exploring the adoption of cashless technologies among SME entrepreneurs. The data are analyzed across several segments, including descriptive analysis, measurement model assessment, and structural model evaluation. Descriptive analysis and demographic insights reveal that entrepreneurs predominantly utilize mobile commerce tools, followed by debit and credit cards. Additionally, the frequency of cashless technology use indicates that most entrepreneurs actively engage in digital transactions, with daily and weekly use patterns being the most common. Findings on business tenure and digital tool adoption show that most entrepreneurs have been operating their businesses and utilizing cashless systems for approximately 3 to 5 years. This trend highlights a gradually evolving business environment where digital transactions are integral to daily operations. The measurement model assessment establishes the reliability and validity of the model constructs, allowing further exploration through the structural model. The structural model analysis includes an evaluation of direct relationships and mediation and moderation effects. The assessment of direct relationships demonstrates that performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, and hedonic motivation significantly influence entrepreneurs'satisfaction, affecting their intention to continue using cashless technologies. Furthermore, mediation analysis reveals that satisfaction indirectly influences continuance intention through the mediating role of attitude toward sustainability. Moderation analyses indicate that gender negatively moderates the relationship between social influence and satisfaction, suggesting that male entrepreneurs are less satisfied when influenced by social pressure. Likewise, education inversely moderates the relationship between effort expectancy and satisfaction, implying that entrepreneurs with higher educational attainment are less likely to be satisfied by cashless systems'perceived ease of use.
Theoretical implications
This research makes significant theoretical contributions by integrating the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 (UTAUT2) with the Information Systems (IS) Continuance Model to explore entrepreneurs'adoption and sustained use of cashless technologies. By merging these frameworks, this study provides a more comprehensive perspective on the factors influencing initial acceptance and continued engagement with digital payment systems in entrepreneurial environments. There is a notable lack of research that integrates constructs from both models to predict cashless technology adoption. This study's findings emphasize that for the sustained use of any innovative technology, it is essential to incorporate both pre-adoption and post-adoption factors (Bhattacherjee,
2001
; Rogers,
2003
). By developing a model that includes elements from UTAUT2 and the IS Continuance Model, this research makes a meaningful contribution to the existing body of knowledge (Islam et al.,
2020
; Talukder et al.,
2019a
2019b
). Furthermore, this study enhances the IS Continuance Model by introducing the attitude toward sustainability as a mediating factor between satisfaction and continuance intention. This novel addition underscores the role of sustainability considerations in digital finance adoption, suggesting that entrepreneurs who perceive cashless technologies as supporting sustainability objectives are more inclined to maintain their use. Incorporating sustainability as a key determinant of long-term adoption behavior advances the understanding of post-adoption behavior in digital technology use by integrating environmental attitudes into the continuance framework—an area underexplored in existing UTAUT2-based studies. In line with the Triple Bottom Line framework (Hacking & Guthrie,
2008
), this study conceptualizes sustainability attitude as a cognitive filter through which entrepreneurs assess the ecological, financial, and social implications of adopting cashless technologies.
Additionally, this study enhances theoretical understanding by showing that gender and education significantly moderate key relationships in the UTAUT2–IS Continuance model. The negative moderation of gender on social influence challenges the assumption that social expectations universally drive satisfaction, particularly among male entrepreneurs. Similarly, the inverse effect of education on effort expectancy suggests that highly educated users value advanced features over ease of use. These findings extend existing models by highlighting the importance of demographic context, indicating a need for more flexible, user-sensitive approaches to technology adoption theory. By integrating UTAUT2 with the IS Continuance Model while incorporating sustainability and demographic moderators, this study establishes a more holistic theoretical framework for analyzing the adoption and continued use of cashless technologies in entrepreneurial settings. These insights contribute to the broader discourse on national development priorities, digital financial transformation, and sustainable financial inclusion, offering a foundation for future research in this domain.
Practical implications
The practical implications of this study offer valuable insights and recommendations for policymakers, fintech developers, and business associations like SMEs to foster cashless technology adoption among entrepreneurs.
Fostering Satisfaction for Sustainable Use
: Performance expectancy, facilitating conditions, and hedonic motivation influence entrepreneurs'satisfaction significantly. This indicates that fintech providers should emphasize efficiency, seamless integration with existing business operations, and user-friendly interfaces to enhance satisfaction. Moreover, integrating enjoyable and rewarding features, such as gamification or loyalty programs, can improve the user experience. These strategies align with SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) by promoting technology adoption that is functional but also inclusive, engaging, and sustainable for Bangladesh's SME sector.
Sustainability-Driven Adoption Strategies:
Since attitude toward sustainability mediates the relationship between satisfaction and continuance intention, fintech providers and policymakers should highlight cashless transactions'environmental and economic benefits. It underscores the opportunity for SME policymakers and fintech developers to emphasize the operational advantages of digital tools and their contribution to environmental and social goals. Framing cashless technologies as enablers of green entrepreneurship can appeal to value-driven SMEs and align with national priorities like Smart Bangladesh 2041 and global commitments to SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production).
Gender-Sensitive Adoption Strategies:
The negative moderation effect of gender on the relationship between social influence and satisfaction suggests that female SME entrepreneurs are more likely to be influenced by social expectations than males when adopting cashless technologies. Promoting gender-sensitive digital literacy and crafting targeted value propositions can help ensure that both male and female entrepreneurs are equitably engaged in the shift toward cashless systems. Such inclusive design not only supports SDG 5 (Gender Equality) but also strengthens the resilience and competitiveness of Bangladesh’s SME sector, a key pillar in the country’s socioeconomic development.
Customizing Digital Tools for Different Education Levels:
The inverse moderation effect of education on the relationship between effort expectancy and satisfaction indicates that more highly educated entrepreneurs are less satisfied by the perceived ease of use of cashless technologies. In the context of Bangladesh's Smart Bangladesh 2041 vision and broader national efforts toward building an inclusive digital economy, this insight guides SME policymakers and fintech developers to emphasize value-added features, such as analytics, scalability, and system integration, for more educated entrepreneurs. Such tailored approaches support SDG 4 (Quality Education) and SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure) by ensuring advanced innovative features of digital tools for highly educated SME entrepreneurs.
By addressing these practical implications, stakeholders can create an environment encouraging cashless technology adoption and ensuring a more inclusive and sustainable digital economy for SMEs considering national development priorities.
Limitations and future directions
While offering valuable insights, this study has limitations that present future research opportunities. First, the research primarily focuses on SME entrepreneurs, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other entrepreneurial ecosystems or industries. Future studies could expand the scope by examining diverse business sectors or comparing regions. Additionally, further research could examine evolving fintech trends, such as blockchain-based payments or AI-driven financial services, to assess their impact on digital financial inclusion and sustainability.
Availability of data and materials
The data supporting this study's findings are not publicly accessible due to sensitivity concerns but can be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.
References
Abu-Shanab, E. A. (2011). Education level as a technology adoption moderator. In
2011 3rd International conference on computer research and development
(Vol. 1, pp. 324–328). IEEE.
Abushamleh, H., Al-Hiyari, N., & Qusef, A. (2021). The intention to use e-wallet during Covid-19 Pandemic in developing country. In
2021 12th International Conference on Information and Communication Systems (ICICS)
(pp. 310–316). IEEE.
Ahad, M. T., Dyson, L. E., & Gay, V. (2012). An empirical study of factors influencing the SME’s intention to adopt m-banking in rural Bangladesh.
Journal of Mobile Technologies, Knowledge and Society,
2012
, 1.
Google Scholar
Ahuja, M. K., & Thatcher, J. B. (2005). Moving beyond Intentions and toward the Theory of Trying: Effects of work environment and gender on post-adoption information technology use.
MIS Quarterly,
29
(3), 427–459.
Article
Google Scholar
Akhter, A., Karim, M. M., Jannat, S., & Islam, K. A. (2022). Determining factors of intention to adopt internet banking services: A study on commercial bank users in Bangladesh.
Banks and Bank Systems,
17
(1), 125.
Article
Google Scholar
Akinola, O. S. (2012). Cashless society, problems and prospects, data mining research potentials.
International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications,
(8), 49–55.
Google Scholar
Akter, M. S., Bhuiyan, M. R. I., Tabassum, S., Alam, S. A., Milon, M. N. U., & Hoque, M. R. (2023). Factors affecting continuance intention to use E-wallet among university students in Bangladesh.
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology,
71
(6), 274–288.
Article
Google Scholar
Al Amin, M., Sultana, N., Saha, T., Islam, S. M., & Kashem, M. A. (2021). Customer’s attitude toward mobile banking usage: A case study in Bangladesh.
The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business,
(2), 419–426.
Google Scholar
Al-Amin, M., Sultana, N., Nafi, S. M., & Islam, S. M. (2019). Customers’ perceptions about plastic money towards sustainable banking in Bangladesh: A technological adoption.
International Business Research,
12
(6), 82.
Article
Google Scholar
Albastaki, T., Hamdan, A., Albastaki, Y., & Bakir, A. (2022). Factors affecting e-payment acceptance by customers: An empirical study in the Kingdom of Bahrain.
Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal,
34
(1), 107–124.
Article
Google Scholar
Alghamdi, A., Elbeltagi, I., Elsetouhi, A., & Haddoud, M. Y. (2018). Antecedents of continuance intention of using internet banking in Saudi Arabia: A new integrated model.
Strategic Change,
27
(3), 231–243.
Article
Google Scholar
Al-Okaily, M., Alqudah, H., Al-Qudah, A. A., Al-Qadi, N. S., Elrehail, H., & Al-Okaily, A. (2022). Does financial awareness increase the acceptance rate for financial inclusion? An empirical examination in the era of digital transformation.
Kybernetes,
52
(11), 4876–4896.
Article
Google Scholar
Anand, T., Ramachandran, J., Sambasivan, M., & Batra, G. S. (2019). Impact of hedonic motivation on consumer satisfaction towards online shopping: Evidence from Malaysia.
E-Service Journal,
11
(1), 56–88.
Article
Google Scholar
Anwar, M. N., Fyaj, A. M., & Prince, A. A. (2023). Challenges and recommendation for the adaptation of mobile financial service: A study on small businesses of service industry.
Journal of Innovation in Business Studies
(1).
Arora, U., & Dhanda, K. A (2017). Review on problems and prospects of plastic money.
Management Insight
(p. 633).
Bagozzi, R. P., & Lee, K. H. (2002). Multiple routes for social influence: The role of compliance, internalization, and social identity.
Social Psychology Quarterly,
65
(3), 226–247.
Article
Google Scholar
Bangladesh Bank. (2025). Bangladesh bank open data initiative: Financial inclusion and digital financial statistics. Retrieved from:
, Accessed 02 Feb 2025.
Begum, L. A., Talukder. M. S., Rahman, M. M. Das, R. C., Bhattacharjee, P., & Miah, M. N. (2022). Estimating the contribution of SMEs output on GDP growth in Bangladesh-A VECM Approach.
Bangladesh Bank,
Special Research Work-SP 2022-02.
Beltramino, N. S., García-Perez-de-Lema, D., & Valdez-Juárez, L. E. (2020). The structural capital, the innovation and the performance of the industrial SMES.
Journal of Intellectual Capital,
21
(6), 913–945.
Article
Google Scholar
Beura, D., Naveen, L., Prusty, S. K., Nanda, A. P., & Rout, C. K. (2023). Digital payment continuance intention using Mecm: The role of perceived experience.
International Journal of Professional Business Review,
(6), 16.
Article
Google Scholar
Bhattacherjee, A. (2001). Understanding information systems continuance: An expectation confirmation model.
MIS Quarterly,
25
(3), 351–370.
Article
Google Scholar
Bhattacherjee, A., Perols, J., & Sanford, C. (2008). Information technology continuance: A theoretic extension and empirical test.
Journal of Computer Information Systems,
49
(1), 17–26.
Article
Google Scholar
Brown, S. A., & Venkatesh, V. (2005). Model of adoption of technology in households: A baseline model test and extension incorporating household life cycle.
MIS Quarterly,
29
, 399–426.
Article
Google Scholar
Budhwar, P. S., Varma, A., & Patel, C. (2016). Convergence-divergence of HRM in the Asia-Pacific: Context-specific analysis and future research agenda.
Human Resource Management Review,
26
(4), 311–326.
Article
Google Scholar
Cai, S., & Xu, Y. (2006). Effects of outcome, process and shopping enjoyment on online consumer behaviour.
Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,
(4), 272–281.
Article
Google Scholar
Cassel, C., Hackl, P., & Westlund, A. H. (1999). Robustness of partial least squares method for estimating latent variable quality structures.
Journal of Applied Statistics,
26
(4), 435–446.
Article
Google Scholar
Chang, A. (2012). UTAUT and UTAUT 2: A review and agenda for future research.
The Winners,
13
(2), 10–114.
Article
Google Scholar
Chaouali, W., Yahia, I. B., & Souiden, N. (2016). The interplay of counter-conformity motivation, social influence, and trust in customers’ intention to adopt internet banking services: The case of an emerging country.
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,
28
, 209–218.
Article
Google Scholar
Childers, T. L., Carr, C. L., Peck, J., & Carson, S. (2001). Hedonic and utilitarian motivations for online retail shopping behavior.
Journal of Retailing,
77
(4), 511–535.
Article
Google Scholar
Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling.
Modern Methods for Business Research/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
Chin, W., Cheah, J. H., Liu, Y., Ting, H., Lim, X. J., & Cham, T. H. (2020). Demystifying the role of causal-predictive modeling using partial least squares structural equation modeling in information systems research.
Industrial Management & Data Systems,
120
(12), 2161–2209.
Article
Google Scholar
Choi, T. M. (2020). Mobile-app-online-website dual channel strategies: Privacy concerns, e-payment convenience, channel relationship, and coordination.
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems,
51
(11), 7008–7016.
Article
Google Scholar
Chowdhury, D. S. (2019). Financing female entrepreneurs in cottage, micro, small, and medium enterprises: Evidence from the financial sector in Bangladesh 2010–2018.
Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies
Article
Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1988). The analysis of variance and covariance.
Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences
Dave, I. P., & Patel, R. (2021). A study on customer preference towards usage of debit card in Ahmedabad city.
IUP Journal of Management Research,
20
(1), 20–34.
Google Scholar
Davis, F. A. (1989). Perceived usefulness perceived ease of use and user acceptance of information technology.
MIS Quarterly,
, 318–339.
Google Scholar
de Sousa Jabbour, A. B. L., Ndubisi, N. O., & Seles, B. M. R. P. (2020). Sustainable development in Asian manufacturing SMEs: Progress and directions.
International Journal of Production Economics,
225
, Article 107567.
Article
Google Scholar
Deng, L., Turner, D. E., Gehling, R., & Prince, B. (2010). User experience, satisfaction, and continual usage intention of it.
European Journal of Information Systems,
19
(1), 60–75.
Article
Google Scholar
Dickinger, A., Arami, M., & Meyer, D. (2008). The role of perceived enjoyment and social norm in the adoption of technology with network externalities.
European Journal of Information Systems,
17
(1), 4–11.
Article
Google Scholar
Diniz, E., Birochi, R., & Pozzebon, M. (2012). Triggers and barriers to financial inclusion: The use of ICT-based branchless banking in an Amazon county.
Electronic Commerce Research and Applications,
11
(5), 484–494.
Article
Google Scholar
Doll, W. J., & Torkzadeh, G. (1988). The measurement of end-user computing satisfaction.
MIS Quarterly,
12
(2), 259–274.
Article
Google Scholar
DS, M. K. (2022). A study on the people preferences towards plastic money with special reference to Puttur Taluk of Dakshina Kannada.
EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR),
(8), 282–285.
Google Scholar
Faaeq, M., Abdullah, S. S., Faieq, A. K., & Al-Salami, Q. H. (2017). The antecedent of continuance usage intention of electronic government service by integrating UTAUT and perspectives of expectation confirmation models in the conflict environment.
International Journal of Economic Research,
14
(19), 311–323.
Google Scholar
Faqih, K. M., & Jaradat, M. I. R. M. (2015). Assessing the moderating effect of gender differences and individualism-collectivism at individual-level on the adoption of mobile commerce technology: TAM3 perspective.
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,
22
, 37–52.
Article
Google Scholar
Fithriya, Z., Benny, A. M., Margo, P., Ria, A., Anang, M., Tety, H., Danang, N., & Budiana, R. (2019). User behaviour Intention using Utaut2 model: A systematic literature review.
Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences,
92
(8), 265–273.
Google Scholar
Fletcher, K. (2008).
Sustainable fashion and textiles: Design journeys
. Earthscan.
Google Scholar
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error.
Journal of Marketing Research,
18
(1), 39–50.
Article
Google Scholar
Foroughi, B., Iranmanesh, M., & Hyun, S. S. (2019). Understanding the determinants of mobile banking continuance usage intention.
Journal of Enterprise Information Management
Article
Google Scholar
Glavee-Geo, R., Shaikh, A. A., & Karjaluoto, H. (2017). Mobile banking services adoption in Pakistan: Are there gender differences?
International Journal of Bank Marketing,
35
(7), 1090–1114.
Article
Google Scholar
Gold, A. H., Malhotra, A., & Segars, A. H. (2001). Knowledge management: An organizational capabilities perspective.
Journal of Management Information Systems,
18
(1), 185–214.
Article
Google Scholar
GSMA–Global System for Mobile Communications Association. (2022). The mobile economy 2022.
Gupta, K., & Arora, N. (2020). Investigating consumer intention to accept mobile payment systems through unified theory of acceptance model: An Indian perspective.
South Asian Journal of Business Studies
Article
Google Scholar
Hacking, T., & Guthrie, P. (2008). A framework for clarifying the meaning of triple bottom-line, integrated, and sustainability assessment.
Environmental Impact Assessment Review,
28
(2–3), 73–89.
Article
Google Scholar
Hai, S. B., Uddin, M. J., Rahim, A. R., Haq, N., & Israq, F. (2024). Adoption of Digital Tools in Supply Chain Management Among SMEs in Bangladesh.
Supply Chain Insider
12
(1).
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., Danks, N. P., Ray, S., & Ray, S. (2021). An introduction to structural equation modeling.
Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using R: a workbook
(pp. 1–29).
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2018).
Multivariate data analysis
(8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
Google Scholar
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006).
Multivariate data analysis
(6th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
Google Scholar
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017).
A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM)
. Sage Publications.
Google Scholar
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022).
A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM)
(3rd ed.). Sage.
Google Scholar
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019a). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM.
European Business Review,
31
(1), 2–24.
Article
Google Scholar
Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019b). Rethinking some of the rethinking of partial least squares.
European Journal of Marketing,
53
(4), 566–584.
Article
Google Scholar
Haque, A., Sultana, N., Kim, Y. S., & Al Amin, M. (2024). Integration of the UTAUT model in mobile banking context: The mediating role of personal innovativeness and perceived value.
Asia Pacific Journal of Information Systems,
34
(3), 929–956.
Article
Google Scholar
Hartzler, A., Osterhage, K., Demiris, G., Phelan, E., Thielke, S., & Turner, A. (2018). Understanding views on everyday use of personal health information: Insights from community-dwelling older adults.
Informatics for Health and Social Care,
43
(3), 320–333.
Article
Google Scholar
Harvie, C., & Lee, B. C. (2002). East Asian SMEs: Contemporary issues and developments-an overview. In C. Harvie & B.-C. Lee (Eds.),
The role of SMEs in national economies in East Asia
(pp. 1–20). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Chapter
Google Scholar
Hoque, M. A. (2023). Fintech’s game-changing opportunities for SMEs: A study on selected SMEs in Bangladesh.
Asian Economic and Financial Review,
13
(5), 308.
Article
Google Scholar
Hoque, M. E., Susanto, P., Shah, N. U., Khatimah, H., & Mamun, A. A. (2024). Does perceived behavioral control mediate customers’ innovativeness and continuance intention of e-money? The moderating role of perceived risk and e-security.
International Journal of Emerging Markets,
19
(12), 4481–4502.
Article
Google Scholar
Hossain, M. A., Yesmin, M. N., Jahan, N., & Kim, M. (2021). Effects of service justice, quality, social influence and corporate image on service satisfaction and customer loyalty: Moderating effect of bank ownership.
Sustainability,
13
(13), 7404.
Article
Google Scholar
Hsiao, C. H., Chang, J. J., & Tang, K. Y. (2016). Exploring the influential factors in continuance usage of mobile social apps: Satisfaction, habit, and customer value perspectives.
Telematics and Informatics,
33
(2), 342–355.
Article
Google Scholar
Hu, M.-W. (2010). SME’s and economic growth: Entrepreneurship or employment.
ICIC Express Letters,
(6), 2275–2280.
Google Scholar
Hua, G., & Haughton, D. (2009). Virtual worlds adoption: A research framework and empirical study.
Online Information Review,
33
(5), 889–900.
Article
Google Scholar
Huda, S. S., Rimthi, R. R., Islam, T., & Mowla, S. M. (2024). Adoption of cashless economy in Bangladesh.
Journal of Information Technology Teaching Cases
Article
Google Scholar
Idrees, M. A., & Ullah, S. (2024). Comparative analysis of FinTech adoption among Islamic and conventional banking users with moderating effect of education level: A UTAUT2 perspective.
Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity,
10
(3), Article 100343.
Article
Google Scholar
Islam, A. K. M. N., Laato, S., Talukder, S., & Sutinen, E. (2020). Misinformation sharing and social media fatigue during covid-19: An affordance and cognitive load perspective.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change,
159
(159), 120201.
Article
Google Scholar
Islam, M. A., Khan, M. A., Obaidullah, A. Z. M., & Alam, M. S. (2011). Effect of entrepreneur and firm characteristics on the business success of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh.
International Journal of Business and Management,
(3), 289.
Google Scholar
Islam, M. T., Talukder, M. S., Khayer, A., & Islam, A. N. (2023). Exploring continuance usage intention toward open government data technologies: An integrated approach.
VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems,
53
(4), 785–807.
Article
Google Scholar
Islam, M., Tamanna, A. K., & Islam, S. (2024). The path to cashless transaction: A study of user intention and attitudes towards quick response mobile payments.
Heliyon,
10
(15), Article e35302.
Article
Google Scholar
Jiang, X. (2011). Enhancing users’ continuance intention to e-government portals: an empirical study. In
2011 International Conference on Management and Service Science
(pp. 1–4). IEEE.
Jimenez, L. W. A., Ong, A. K. S., Gumasing, M. J. J., & Cahigas, M. M. L. (2024). Analysis of sustainable E-money usage in a developing country: Perspective from the development of the Philippines.
Acta Psychologica,
251
, Article 104588.
Article
Google Scholar
Kaium, M. A., Bao, Y., Alam, M. Z., & Hoque, M. R. (2020). Understanding continuance usage intention of mHealth in a developing country: An empirical investigation.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing,
14
(2), 251–272.
Article
Google Scholar
Karahanna, E., Straub, D. W., & Chervany, N. L. (1999). Information technology adoption across time: A cross-sectional comparison of pre-adoption and post-adoption beliefs.
MIS Quarterly,
23
(2), 183–213.
Article
Google Scholar
Khan, M. S., Saengon, P., Alganad, A. M. N., Chongcharoen, D., & Farrukh, M. (2020). Consumer green behaviour: An approach towards environmental sustainability.
Sustainable Development,
28
(5), 1168–1180.
Article
Google Scholar
Khandelwal, A., & Gulati, D. (2021). Customer Satisfaction While Using Plastic Money.
Recent Advances in Fields of Accounting, Finance and Management, Weser Books, Germany
Kimuli, S. N. L., Orobia, L., Sabi, H. M., & Tsuma, C. K. (2020). Sustainability intention: Mediator of sustainability behavioral control and sustainable entrepreneurship.
World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development,
16
(2), 81–95.
Article
Google Scholar
Kline, R. (2015).
Principles and practice of structural equation modeling
. Guilford Publications.
Google Scholar
Krystallis, A., Grunert, K. G., de Barcellos, M. D., Perrea, T., & Verbeke, W. (2012). Consumer attitudes towards sustainability aspects of food production: Insights from three continents.
Journal of Marketing Management,
28
(3–4), 334–372.
Article
Google Scholar
Kwateng, K. O., Atiemo, K. A. O., & Appiah, C. (2018). Acceptance and use of mobile banking: An application of UTAUT2.
Journal of Enterprise Information Management,
32
(1), 118–151.
Article
Google Scholar
Langerak, F. (2003), The Effect of Members’ Satisfaction with a Virtual Community on Member Participation, Erasmus Research Institute of Management, Rotterdam.
Leng, S. Y., Talib, A., & Gunardi, A. (2018). Financial technologies: A note on mobile payment.
Jurnal Keuangan Dan Perbankan,
22
(1), 51–62.
Article
Google Scholar
Liao, C., Palvia, P., & Chen, J. L. (2009). Information technology adoption behavior life cycle: Toward a technology continuance theory (TCT).
International Journal of Information Management,
29
(4), 309–320.
Article
Google Scholar
Liaquat, Z. B. (2022). Bangladesh sees unprecedented level of credit card transactions in March as economy reopens. Retrieved from:
. Accessed 03 Feb 2025.
Limayem, M., Hirt, S. G., & Cheung, C. M. K. (2007). How habit limits the predictive power of intention: The case of information systems continuance.
MIS Quarterly,
31
(4), 705–737.
Article
Google Scholar
Lu, J., Yu, C.-S., Liu, C., & Wei, J. (2017). Comparison of mobile shopping continuance intention between China and USA from an espoused cultural perspective.
Computers in Human Behavior,
75
(75), 130–146.
Article
Google Scholar
Makanyeza, C., & Mutambayashata, S. (2018). Consumers’ acceptance and use of plastic money in Harare, Zimbabwe: Application of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2.
International Journal of Bank Marketing,
36
(2), 379–392.
Article
Google Scholar
Manioudis, M., & Meramveliotakis, G. (2022). Broad strokes towards a grand theory in the analysis of sustainable development: A return to the classical political economy.
New Political Economy,
27
(5), 866–878.
Article
Google Scholar
Marinkovic, V., Đorđevic, A., & Kalinic, Z. (2020). The moderating effects of gender on customer satisfaction and continuance intention in mobile commerce: A UTAUT-based perspective.
Technology Analysis and Strategic Management,
32
(3), 306–318.
Article
Google Scholar
Martins, C., Oliveira, T., & Popovic, A. (2014). Understanding the internet banking adoption: A unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application.
International Journal of Information Management,
34
(1), 1–13.
Article
Google Scholar
Meng, L., Qamruzzaman, M., & Adow, A. H. E. (2021). Technological adaption and open innovation in SMEs: An strategic assessment for women-owned SMEs sustainability in Bangladesh.
Sustainability,
13
(5), 2942.
Article
Google Scholar
Meramveliotakis, G., & Manioudis, M. (2021a). History, knowledge, and sustainable economic development: The contribution of John Stuart Mill’s grand stage theory.
Sustainability,
13
(3), 1468.
Article
Google Scholar
Meramveliotakis, G., & Manioudis, M. (2021b). Sustainable development, COVID-19 and small business in Greece: Small is not beautiful.
Administrative Sciences,
11
(3), 90.
Article
Google Scholar
Meramveliotakis, G., & Manioudis, M. (Eds.). (2024).
Sustainable economic development: Perspectives from political economy and economics pluralism
. Taylor & Francis.
Google Scholar
Merhi, M., Hone, K., Tarhini, A., & Ameen, N. (2021). An empirical examination of the moderating role of age and gender in consumer mobile banking use: A cross-national, quantitative study.
Journal of Enterprise Information Management,
34
(4), 1144–1168.
Article
Google Scholar
Nasri, W. (2021). Acceptance of internet banking in Tunisian banks: Evidence from Modified UTAUT Model.
International Journal of E-Business Research,
17
(3), 22–41.
Article
Google Scholar
National Financial Inclusion Strategy. (2021). Financial institutions division: National Financial Inclusion Strategy‑Bangladesh (NFIS‑B). Ministry of Finance. Retrieved from:
. Accessed 03 Feb 2025.
Nwankwo, C. A., Eze, U. S., & Kanyangale, M. I. (2022). Effect of channels for cashless economy on entrepreneurship development in Anambra state, Nigeria.
Academy of Strategic Management Journal,
21
, 1–16.
Google Scholar
Oechslein, O., Fleischmann, M., & Hess, T. (2014). An application of UTAUT2 on social recommender systems: Incorporating social information for performance expectancy. In
2014 47th Hawaii international conference on system sciences
(pp. 3297–3306). IEEE.
Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions.
Journal of Marketing Research,
17
(4), 460–469.
Article
Google Scholar
Ozecan, M., & Arikan, E. (2022). An integrative model on user satisfaction and continuance intention for using M-banking.
Business & Economics Research Journal
Article
Google Scholar
Ozturk, I., Alqassimi, O., & Ullah, S. (2024). Digitalization and SMEs development in the context of sustainable development: A China perspective.
Heliyon,
10
(6), Article e27936.
Article
Google Scholar
Parayil Iqbal, U., Jose, S. M., & Tahir, M. (2023). Integrating trust with extended UTAUT model: A study on Islamic banking customers’ m-banking adoption in the Maldives.
Journal of Islamic Marketing,
14
(7), 1836–1858.
Article
Google Scholar
Partridge, D. J. (2011). Activist capitalism and supply-chain citizenship: Producing ethical regimes and ready-to-wear clothes.
Current Anthropology,
52
(S3), S97–S111.
Article
Google Scholar
Pokora, B. (2021). Credit card statistics and trends 2023. Retrieved from:
, Accessed 02 Feb 2025.
Qiong, J., Yue, G., & Stuart, J. B. (2017). Enterprise 2.0 post-adoption: Extending the information system continuance model based on the technology-organization-environment framework.
Computers in Human Behavior,
67
, 95–105.
Article
Google Scholar
Quoquab, F., Mohammad, J., & Sukari, N. N. (2019). A multiple-item scale for measuring “sustainable consumption behaviour” construct: Development and psychometric evaluation.
Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics
Article
Google Scholar
Rahi, S., & Abd Ghani, M. (2018). Does gamified elements influence user’s intention to adopt and intention to recommend internet banking?
International Journal of Information and Learning Technology
Article
Google Scholar
Rahman, M. A., & Islam, M. A. (2021). Identifying the factors affecting adoption of mobile payment system by small and medium sized enterprises in Bangladesh.
Dhaka University Journal of Business Studies,
42
, 47–73.
Google Scholar
Ramli, F. A. A. (2021). Mobile payment and e-wallet adoption in emerging economies: A systematic literature review.
Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research,
(2), 1–39.
Google Scholar
Riffai, M., Grant, K., & Edgar, D. (2012). Big TAM in Oman: Exploring the promise of on-line banking, its adoption by customers and the challenges of banking in Oman.
International Journal of Information Management,
32
(3), 239–250.
Article
Google Scholar
Rogers, E. (2003).
Diffusion of Innovations
(5th ed.). Free Press.
Google Scholar
Rosli, M. S., Saleh, N. S., Ali, A. M., & Abu Bakar, S. (2023). Factors determining the acceptance of E-wallet among gen Z from the lens of the extended technology acceptance model.
Sustainability,
15
(7), 5752.
Article
Google Scholar
Saprikis, V., Avlogiaris, G., & Katarachia, A. (2022). A comparative study of users versus non-users’ behavioral intention towards M-banking apps’ adoption.
Information,
13
(1), 30.
Article
Google Scholar
Saprikis, V., Chouliara, A., & Vlachopoulou, M. (2010). Perceptions towards online shopping: Analysing the Greek University Students’ Attitude.
IBIMA Publishing Communications
Article
Google Scholar
Sasongko, D. T., Handayani, P. W., & Satria, R. (2022). Analysis of factors affecting continuance use intention of the electronic money application in Indonesia.
Procedia Computer Science,
197
, 42–50.
Article
Google Scholar
Sathye, S., Prasad, B., Sharma, D., Sharma, P., & Sathye, M. (2018). Factors influencing the Intention to use of mobile value-added services by women-owned microenterprises in Fiji.
Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries,
84
(2), 1–10.
Article
Google Scholar
Shahadat, M. H., Nekmahmud, M., Ebrahimi, P., & Fekete-Farkas, M. (2023). Digital technology adoption in SMEs: What technological, environmental and organizational factors influence in emerging countries?
Global Business Review
Article
Google Scholar
Slade, E., Williams, M., & Dwivdei, Y. (2013). Extending UTAUT2 to explore consumer adoption of mobile payments.
SME Policy. (2019). Retrieved from:
. Accessed 02 Feb 2025.
Smith, H., Discetti, R., Bellucci, M., & Acuti, D. (2022). SMEs engagement with the Sustainable Development Goals: A power perspective.
Journal of Business Research,
149
, 112–122.
Article
Google Scholar
Sultana, N., Chowdhury, R. S., & Haque, A. (2023). Gravitating towards Fintech: A study on Undergraduates using extended UTAUT model.
Heliyon,
(10), Article e20731.
Article
Google Scholar
Sultana, N., & Hasan, M. M. (2016). Investigating the consumers’ perception towards usage of plastic money in Bangladesh: An application of confirmatory factor analysis.
South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law,
(2), 16–24.
Google Scholar
Sun, Y., Liu, L., Peng, X., Dong, Y., & Barnes, S. J. (2014). Understanding Chinese users’ continuance intention toward online social networks: An integrative theoretical model.
Electronic Markets,
24
(1), 57–66.
Article
Google Scholar
Sun, Y., Zhang, X., & Zhang, J. (2011), “Critical influence factors for e-learning education system continuance intention”, In
2011 International Conference on Mechatronic Science, Electric Engineering and Computer, Jilin, China
(pp. 1884–1887).
Talukder, A. F. (2023). QR-based Transaction: A Big Move towards Smart Bangladesh. Retrieved from:
, Accessed 05 Feb 2025.
Talukder, M. S., Chiong, R., Bao, Y. H., & Malik, B. (2019a). Acceptance and use predictors of fitness wearable technology and intention to recommend: An empirical study.
Industrial Management and Data Systems,
119
(1), 170–188.
Article
Google Scholar
Talukder, M. S., Laato, S., Islam, A. K. M. N., & Bao, Y. (2021). Continued use intention of wearable health technologies among the elderly: An enablers and inhibitors perspective.
Internet Research
Article
Google Scholar
Talukder, M. S., Shen, L., Hossain Talukder, M. F., & Bao, Y. (2019b). Determinants of user acceptance and use of open government data (ogd): An empirical investigation in Bangladesh.
Technology in Society,
56
(56), 147–156.
Article
Google Scholar
Tam, C., Santos, D., & Oliveira, T. (2020). Exploring the influential factors of continuance intention to use mobile Apps: Extending the expectation confirmation model.
Information Systems Frontiers,
22
, 243–257.
Article
Google Scholar
Tang, K. H. D. (2018). Correlation between sustainability education and engineering students’ attitudes towards sustainability.
International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education,
19
(3), 459–472.
Article
Google Scholar
Tengeh, R. K., & Gahapa Talom, F. S. (2020). Mobile money as a sustainable alternative for SMEs in less developed financial markets.
Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity,
(4), 163.
Article
Google Scholar
Thakur, O. A. (2023). Application of Digital Technologies by Small and Medium Enterprises in Bangladesh.
International Center for Research and Resource Development (ICRRD) Quality Index Research Journal,
(4), 116.
Google Scholar
Thong, J. Y., Hong, S. J., & Tam, K. Y. (2006). The effects of post-adoption beliefs on the expectation-confirmation model for information technology continuance.
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,
64
(9), 799–810.
Article
Google Scholar
Tiwana, A., & Bush, A. A. (2005). Continuance in expertise sharing networks: A social perspective.
IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management,
52
(1), 85–101.
Article
Google Scholar
Trauth, E. M., Quesenberry, J. L., & Huang, H. (2009). Retaining women in the U.S. IT workforce: Theorizing the influence of organizational factors.
European Journal of Information Systems,
18
(5), 476–497.
Article
Google Scholar
United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF). (2023).
Digital transformation of small and micro businesses in Bangladesh
. Retrieved from
. Accessed 15 Apr 2025.
Van der Heijden, H. (2004). User acceptance of hedonic information systems.
MIS Quarterly,
28
, 695–704.
Article
Google Scholar
Veeramootoo, N., Nunkoo, R., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2018). What determines success of an e-government service? Validation of an integrative model of E-Filing continuance usage.
Government Information Quarterly,
35
(2), 161–174.
Article
Google Scholar
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies.
Management Science,
46
(2), 186–204.
Article
Google Scholar
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view.
MIS Quarterly,
27
(3), 425–478.
Article
Google Scholar
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., Chan, F. K. Y., Hu, P. J. H., & Brown, S. A. (2011). Extending the two-stage information systems continuance model: Incorporating utaut predictors and the role of context.
Information Systems Journal,
21
(6), 527–555.
Article
Google Scholar
Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y., & Xu, X. (2012). Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology.
MIS Quarterly,
36
, 157–178.
Article
Google Scholar
Wang, S. (2021). A study of Chinese mobile banking users’ behavioural intention to try new functions with the integrated model of UTAUT, TTF and customer service.
International Journal of Transitions and Innovation Systems,
(4), 311–340.
Article
Google Scholar
World Bank. (2025). Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Finance. Retrieved from:
. Accessed 07 Apr 025.
Wu, L., Cai, Y., & Liu, D. (2011). Online shopping among Chinese consumers: An exploratory investigation of demographics and value orientation.
International Journal of Consumer Studies,
35
(4), 458–469.
Article
Google Scholar
Yang, H. L., & Lin, S. L. (2015). User continuance intention to use cloud storage service.
Computers in Human Behavior,
52
(52), 219–232.
Article
Google Scholar
Yang, M., Mamun, A. A., Mohiuddin, M., Nawi, N. C., & Zainol, N. R. (2021). Cashless transactions: A study on intention and adoption of e-wallets.
Sustainability,
13
(2), 831.
Article
Google Scholar
Yohanes, K., Junius, K., Saputra, Y., Sari, R., Lisanti, Y., & Luhukay, D. (2020). Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model perspective to enhance user acceptance of Fintech application.
International Conference on Information Management and Technology (ICIMTech),
2020
, 643–648.
Article
Google Scholar
Zaidan, H., Shishan, F., Al-Hasan, M., Al-Mawali, H., Mowafi, O., & Dahiyat, S. E. (2025). Cash or cash-less? Exploring the determinants of continuous intention to use e-wallets: The moderating role of environmental knowledge.
Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal,
35
(2), 319–346.
Article
Google Scholar
Zhang, B., Zhang, Y., & Zhou, P. (2021). Consumer attitude towards sustainability of fast fashion products in the UK.
Sustainability,
13
(4), 1646.
Article
Google Scholar
Zheng, G. W., Siddik, A. B., Masukujjaman, M., Alam, S. S., & Akter, A. (2020). Perceived environmental responsibilities and green buying behavior: The mediating effect of attitude.
Sustainability,
13
(1), 35.
Article
Google Scholar
Zhou, T. (2011). Understanding mobile internet continuance usage from the perspectives of utaut and f low.
Information Development,
27
(3), 207–218.
Article
Google Scholar
Download references
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the material support from experts during the questionnaire design, and funding support attained from the
AUST Internal Research Grant (AIRG)
, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST).
Funding
This research was approved by the Committee for Advanced Studies and Research (CASR) and fully funded by the AUST Internal Research Grant (AIRG) of Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST) under Project ID: ARP/2023/BBA/04/01.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Department of Management Information Systems (MIS), Faculty of Business Studies, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Nahida Sultana
School of Business, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
S. M. Shafiul Alam & Rifat Parveen Bokhari
Authors
Nahida Sultana
View author publications
Search author on:
PubMed
Google Scholar
S. M. Shafiul Alam
View author publications
Search author on:
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rifat Parveen Bokhari
View author publications
Search author on:
PubMed
Google Scholar
Contributions
Nahida Sultana: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, writing—manuscript, review and editing. S.M. Shafiul Alam: conceptualization, investigation, data curation, validation, writing—review and editing. Rifat Parveen Bokhari: investigation, data curation, resource management, writing—review.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to
Nahida Sultana
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit
Reprints and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sultana, N., Alam, S.M.S. & Bokhari, R.P. Exploring cashless technology continuance among SME entrepreneurs: an integrated approach with sustainability mediation and demographic moderation.
J Innov Entrep
14
, 70 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-025-00522-8
Download citation
Received
11 April 2025
Accepted
25 April 2025
Published
20 June 2025
Version of record
20 June 2025
DOI
Share this article
Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.
Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative
Keywords
Sustainability
Entrepreneurs
UTAUT2
IS continuance model
Digital/cashless technology
Profiles
Nahida Sultana
View author profile
Advertisement