Fašizam - Wikipedia

Fašizam - Wikipedia
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Fašizam
je veoma širok pojam, a po stručnjacima društvenih nauka definiše se kao treći stadij nacionalizma (nakon
nacionalizma
šovinizma
) i smatra se radikalnom totalitarističkom ideologijom. Dobio je ime od italijanske riječi
fascio
što znači
savez
, odakle i vuče korijene. To je sistem vladanja obilježen centralizacijom autoriteta kojeg personalizira
diktator
, strogom socio-ekonomskom kontrolom. Ova vrsta vladavine se služi potiskivanjem, sprječavanjem i gušenjem opozicije
terorom
i cenzorstvom, i tipičnom politikom ratobornog šovinizma i rasizma. Postojao je, ali i postoji u mnogim državama svijeta i dan danas.
Spomenik žrtvama fašističkog terora na Trgu Eugena Kvaternika u
Čakovcu
Benito Musolini
(lijevo) i
Adolf Hitler
(desno), vođe
fašističke Italije
nacističke Njemačke
, obojica su bili fašisti.
Fašizam
je oblik
krajnje desnice
autoritarni
ultranacionalizam
odlikuje diktatorske vlasti, prisilno suzbijanje opozicije, i jak ustrojiti društva i ekonomije, koji je stupio do izražaja u Evropi ranog 20. vijeka. Prvi fašistički pokreti
nastali su u Italiji
tokom
Prvog svjetskog rata
, prije nego što su se
proširili na druge evropske zemlje
Za razliku od
anarhizma
demokratije
liberalizma
marksizma
, fašizam je postavljen na krajnje
desničare
unutar tradicionalnog
lijevo-desnog spektra
Fašisti su Prvi svjetski rat vidjeli kao
revoluciju
koja je donijela velike promjene u prirodi rata, društvu, državi i tehnologiji. Dolazak
totalnog rata
i totalna masovna mobilizacija društva srušili su razliku između civila i boraca. Nastalo je vojno državljanstvo u kojem su svi građani na neki način bili uključeni u vojsku tokom rata.
Rat je doveo do uspona moćne države sposobne da mobiliše milione ljudi da služe na linijama fronta i da obezbijedi ekonomsku proizvodnju i logistiku za njihovu podršku, kao i da ima neviđen autoritet da interveniše u živote građana.
Fašisti smatraju da je
liberalna demokratija
zastarjela i smatraju da je potpuna mobilizacija društva u
totalitarnoj
jednopartijskoj državi
neophodna da bi se nacija pripremila za oružani sukob i efikasno odgovorila na ekonomske poteškoće.
Fašističku državu predvode jak vođa (kao što je
diktator
) i
vlada vanrednog stanja
sastavljena od članova vladajuće fašističke partije kako bi se stvorilo nacionalno jedinstvo i održalo stabilno i uređeno društvo.
Fašizam odbacuje tvrdnje da je nasilje automatski negativne prirode i gleda na
imperijalizam
, političko nasilje i rat kao na sredstva koja mogu postići nacionalno podmlađivanje.
Fašisti zagovaraju
mješovitu ekonomiju
, s glavnim ciljem postizanja
autarhije
(nacionalne ekonomske samodovoljnosti) kroz
protekcionističku
ekonomsku intervencionističku
politiku.
Ekstremni autoritarizam i nacionalizam fašizma često manifestira vjeru u
rasnu čistoću
ili
rasu gospodara
, obično sintetiziranu s nekom varijantom
rasizma
ili
netrpeljivosti
prema demoniziranom „
Drugom
“; ideja rasne čistoće motivisala je fašističke režime da počine
masakre
prisilne sterilizacije
genocide
masovna ubistva
ili prisilne
deportacije
protiv "drugog".
Od kraja
Drugog svjetskog rata
1945., nekoliko stranaka se otvoreno opisalo kao
fašističke
, a umjesto toga, politički protivnici taj izraz sada obično pežorativno koriste. Opisi
neofašističkih
ili
postfašističkih
ponekad se formalnije primjenjuju kako bi se opisali suvremene stranke krajnje desnice s ideologijama sličnim fašističkim pokretima 20. stoljeća ili ukorijenjene u njima.
Benito Musolini
sa tri od četiri kvadrumvira tokom Marša na Rim (s lijeva na desno: nepoznat, de Bono, Musolini, Balbo i de Vecchi)
Ultranacionalizam, u kombinaciji sa mitom o nacionalnom preporodu, ključna je osnova fašizma.
Robert Paxton tvrdi da je "strastveni nacionalizam" osnova fašizma, u kombinaciji sa "konspirativnim i manihejskim pogledom na historiju" koji smatra da je "izabrani narod oslabljen političkim strankama, društvenim klasama, neasimilibilnim manjinama, razmaženim rentijerima i racionalističkim misliocima."
10
Roger Griffin identificira srž fašizma kao
palingenetski
ultranacionalizam.
11
Fašistički pogled na naciju jeste da je to jedan organski entitet koji povezuje ljude svojim porijeklom i predstavlja prirodnu ujedinjujuću snagu ljudi.
12
Fašizam nastoji riješiti ekonomske, političke i socijalne probleme postizanjem
milenarističkog
nacionalnog preporoda, veličanju nacije ili
rase
iznad svega i promociji kultova jedinstva, snage i čistoće.
13
potrebna
stranica
14
potrebna
stranica
15
potrebna
stranica
16
17
Evropski fašistički pokreti tipično zastupaju rasističku koncepciju neevropljana kao inferiornih u odnosu na Evropljane.
18
Osim toga, fašisti u Evropi nisu imali jedinstven skup rasnih stavova.
18
Historijski gledano, većina fašista je promovirala imperijalizam, iako je postojalo nekoliko fašističkih pokreta koji nisu bili zainteresovani za nove imperijalne ambicije.
18
Na primjer, nacizam i talijanski fašizam su bili
ekspanzionistički
iredentistički
. Falangizam u Španiji je predviđao ujedinjenje naroda koji govore španski (
Hispanidad
) širom svijeta.
Britanski fašizam
je bio
neintervencionistički
, iako je prihvatio Britansko carstvo.
Zemlja porijekla fašističke ideologije i pobornici
Italija -
Fašisti
Njemačka - Nacisti
Japan - Imperijalisti
Španija - Falangisti ili Frankovci
Norveška - Kvislinzi
Albanija- Albanska fašistička stranka
Hrvatska -
Ustaše
Srbija -
Četnici
, Ljotićevci, Nedićevci
Bosna i Hercegovina - Četnici, Ustaše
Belgija - Reksisti
Austrija - Austrofašisti
Grčka - Metaksasisti
Brazil - Integralisti
Turska - Sivi vukovi
Članice
Piccole Italiane
, organizacije za djevojčice u okviru Nacionalne fašističke partije u Italiji
Članice Lige njemačkih djevojaka, organizacije za djevojčice u okviru Nacističke partije u Njemačkoj
Nacisti u Minhenu tokom
puča u pivnici
Integralisti marširaju u Brazilu
Mršavi
zatvorenik u italijanskom
koncentracionom logoru Rab
Leševi žrtava njemačkog
koncentracionog logora Buchenwald
Huan Perón
, predsjednik Argentine od 1946. do 1955. i 1973. do 1974., divio se
italijanskom fašizmu
i modelirao je svoju ekonomsku politiku na osnovu onih koje je vodila fašistička Italija.
Demonstracije Zlatne zore u Grčkoj 2012
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Tercijarni izvori
"Fascism"
Encyclopedia Britannica
. 8. 1. 2008.
"Italy: The Fascist Era"
Encyclopedia Britannica
Arhivirano
s originala, 7. 10. 2017
. Pristupljeno 5. 8. 2021
"Volksgemeinschaft"
Encyclopedia Britannica
. 2019.
Arhivirano
s originala, 31. 3. 2019.
"Neofascismo"
Treccani
(jezik: italijanski). Enciclopedia Italiana. 31. 10. 2014.
Arhivirano
s originala, 6. 11. 2014
. Pristupljeno 31. 10. 2014
Dalje čitanje
Albright, Madeleine (2018).
Fascism: A Warning
. New York: HarperCollins.
Alcalde, Ángel. "The Transnational Consensus: Fascism and Nazism in Current Research".
Contemporary European History
29
(2): 1–10.
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Esposito, Fernando (august 2017).
"Fascism – Concepts and Theories, version 1"
Docupedia Zeitgeschichte
31
Illing, Sean (19. 9. 2018).
"How Fascism Works: A Yale philosopher on fascism, truth, and Donald Trump"
Vox
McGaughey, Ewan (2018).
"Fascism-lite in America (or the social ideal of Donald Trump)"
British Journal of American Legal Studies
72
(2): 291–315.
Riley, Dylan (2010).
The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain and Romania 1870–1945
Johns Hopkins University Press
Wiskemann, Elizabeth (decembar 1967).
"The Origins of Fascism"
History Today
. Vol.
17 no.
12. str.
812–818.
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