Flowcharts Syntax | Mermaid

Flowcharts Syntax | Mermaid
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Flowcharts - Basic Syntax
Flowcharts are composed of
nodes
(geometric shapes) and
edges
(arrows or lines). The Mermaid code defines how nodes and edges are made and accommodates different arrow types, multi-directional arrows, and any linking to and from subgraphs.
WARNING
If you are using the word "end" in a Flowchart node, capitalize the entire word or any of the letters (e.g., "End" or "END"), or apply this
workaround
. Typing "end" in all lowercase letters will break the Flowchart.
WARNING
If you are using the letter "o" or "x" as the first letter in a connecting Flowchart node, add a space before the letter or capitalize the letter (e.g., "dev--- ops", "dev---Ops").
Typing "A---oB" will create a
circle edge
Typing "A---xB" will create a
cross edge
A node (default)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
INFO
The id is what is displayed in the box.
TIP
Instead of
flowchart
one can also use
graph
A node with text
It is also possible to set text in the box that differs from the id. If this is done several times, it is the last text found for the node that will be used. Also if you define edges for the node later on, you can omit text definitions. The one previously defined will be used when rendering the box.
Code:
mermaid
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Unicode text
Use
to enclose the unicode text.
Code:
mermaid
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Markdown formatting
Use double quotes and backticks "` text `" to enclose the markdown text.
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Direction
This statement declares the direction of the Flowchart.
This declares the flowchart is oriented from top to bottom (
TD
or
TB
).
Code:
mermaid
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This declares the flowchart is oriented from left to right (
LR
).
Code:
mermaid
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Possible FlowChart orientations are:
TB - Top to bottom
TD - Top-down/ same as top to bottom
BT - Bottom to top
RL - Right to left
LR - Left to right
Node shapes
A node with round edges
Code:
mermaid
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A stadium-shaped node
Code:
mermaid
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A node in a subroutine shape
Code:
mermaid
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A node in a cylindrical shape
Code:
mermaid
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A node in the form of a circle
Code:
mermaid
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A node in an asymmetric shape
Code:
mermaid
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Currently only the shape above is possible and not its mirror.
This might change with future releases.
A node (rhombus)
Code:
mermaid
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A hexagon node
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Parallelogram
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Parallelogram alt
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Trapezoid
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Trapezoid alt
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Double circle
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Expanded Node Shapes in Mermaid Flowcharts (v11.3.0+)
Mermaid introduces 30 new shapes to enhance the flexibility and precision of flowchart creation. These new shapes provide more options to represent processes, decisions, events, data storage visually, and other elements within your flowcharts, improving clarity and semantic meaning.
New Syntax for Shape Definition
Mermaid now supports a general syntax for defining shape types to accommodate the growing number of shapes. This syntax allows you to assign specific shapes to nodes using a clear and flexible format:
A@{ shape: rect }
This syntax creates a node A as a rectangle. It renders in the same way as
A["A"]
, or
Complete List of New Shapes
Below is a comprehensive list of the newly introduced shapes and their corresponding semantic meanings, short names, and aliases:
Semantic Name
Shape Name
Short Name
Description
Alias Supported
Bang
Bang
bang
Bang
bang
Card
Notched Rectangle
notch-rect
Represents a card
card
notched-rectangle
Cloud
Cloud
cloud
cloud
cloud
Collate
Hourglass
hourglass
Represents a collate operation
collate
hourglass
Com Link
Lightning Bolt
bolt
Communication link
com-link
lightning-bolt
Comment
Curly Brace
brace
Adds a comment
brace-l
comment
Comment Right
Curly Brace
brace-r
Adds a comment
Comment with braces on both sides
Curly Braces
braces
Adds a comment
Data Input/Output
Lean Right
lean-r
Represents input or output
in-out
lean-right
Data Input/Output
Lean Left
lean-l
Represents output or input
lean-left
out-in
Database
Cylinder
cyl
Database storage
cylinder
database
db
Decision
Diamond
diam
Decision-making step
decision
diamond
question
Delay
Half-Rounded Rectangle
delay
Represents a delay
half-rounded-rectangle
Direct Access Storage
Horizontal Cylinder
h-cyl
Direct access storage
das
horizontal-cylinder
Disk Storage
Lined Cylinder
lin-cyl
Disk storage
disk
lined-cylinder
Display
Curved Trapezoid
curv-trap
Represents a display
curved-trapezoid
display
Divided Process
Divided Rectangle
div-rect
Divided process shape
div-proc
divided-process
divided-rectangle
Document
Document
doc
Represents a document
doc
document
Event
Rounded Rectangle
rounded
Represents an event
event
Extract
Triangle
tri
Extraction process
extract
triangle
Fork/Join
Filled Rectangle
fork
Fork or join in process flow
join
Internal Storage
Window Pane
win-pane
Internal storage
internal-storage
window-pane
Junction
Filled Circle
f-circ
Junction point
filled-circle
junction
Lined Document
Lined Document
lin-doc
Lined document
lined-document
Lined/Shaded Process
Lined Rectangle
lin-rect
Lined process shape
lin-proc
lined-process
lined-rectangle
shaded-process
Loop Limit
Trapezoidal Pentagon
notch-pent
Loop limit step
loop-limit
notched-pentagon
Manual File
Flipped Triangle
flip-tri
Manual file operation
flipped-triangle
manual-file
Manual Input
Sloped Rectangle
sl-rect
Manual input step
manual-input
sloped-rectangle
Manual Operation
Trapezoid Base Top
trap-t
Represents a manual task
inv-trapezoid
manual
trapezoid-top
Multi-Document
Stacked Document
docs
Multiple documents
documents
st-doc
stacked-document
Multi-Process
Stacked Rectangle
st-rect
Multiple processes
processes
procs
stacked-rectangle
Odd
Odd
odd
Odd shape
Paper Tape
Flag
flag
Paper tape
paper-tape
Prepare Conditional
Hexagon
hex
Preparation or condition step
hexagon
prepare
Priority Action
Trapezoid Base Bottom
trap-b
Priority action
priority
trapezoid
trapezoid-bottom
Process
Rectangle
rect
Standard process shape
proc
process
rectangle
Start
Circle
circle
Starting point
circ
Start
Small Circle
sm-circ
Small starting point
small-circle
start
Stop
Double Circle
dbl-circ
Represents a stop point
double-circle
Stop
Framed Circle
fr-circ
Stop point
framed-circle
stop
Stored Data
Bow Tie Rectangle
bow-rect
Stored data
bow-tie-rectangle
stored-data
Subprocess
Framed Rectangle
fr-rect
Subprocess
framed-rectangle
subproc
subprocess
subroutine
Summary
Crossed Circle
cross-circ
Summary
crossed-circle
summary
Tagged Document
Tagged Document
tag-doc
Tagged document
tag-doc
tagged-document
Tagged Process
Tagged Rectangle
tag-rect
Tagged process
tag-proc
tagged-process
tagged-rectangle
Terminal Point
Stadium
stadium
Terminal point
pill
terminal
Text Block
Text Block
text
Text block
Example Flowchart with New Shapes
Here’s an example flowchart that utilizes some of the newly introduced shapes:
Code:
mermaid
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Process
Code:
mermaid
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Event
Code:
mermaid
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Terminal Point (Stadium)
Code:
mermaid
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Subprocess
Code:
mermaid
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Database (Cylinder)
Code:
mermaid
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Start (Circle)
Code:
mermaid
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Odd
Code:
mermaid
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Decision (Diamond)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Prepare Conditional (Hexagon)
Code:
mermaid
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Data Input/Output (Lean Right)
Code:
mermaid
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Data Input/Output (Lean Left)
Code:
mermaid
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Priority Action (Trapezoid Base Bottom)
Code:
mermaid
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Manual Operation (Trapezoid Base Top)
Code:
mermaid
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Stop (Double Circle)
Code:
mermaid
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Text Block
Code:
mermaid
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Card (Notched Rectangle)
Code:
mermaid
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Lined/Shaded Process
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Start (Small Circle)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Stop (Framed Circle)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Fork/Join (Long Rectangle)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Collate (Hourglass)
Code:
mermaid
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Comment (Curly Brace)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Comment Right (Curly Brace Right)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Comment with braces on both sides
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Com Link (Lightning Bolt)
Code:
mermaid
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Document
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Delay (Half-Rounded Rectangle)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Direct Access Storage (Horizontal Cylinder)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Disk Storage (Lined Cylinder)
Code:
mermaid
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Display (Curved Trapezoid)
Code:
mermaid
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Divided Process (Divided Rectangle)
Code:
mermaid
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Extract (Small Triangle)
Code:
mermaid
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Internal Storage (Window Pane)
Code:
mermaid
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Junction (Filled Circle)
Code:
mermaid
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Lined Document
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Loop Limit (Notched Pentagon)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Manual File (Flipped Triangle)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Manual Input (Sloped Rectangle)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Multi-Document (Stacked Document)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Multi-Process (Stacked Rectangle)
Code:
mermaid
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Paper Tape (Flag)
Code:
mermaid
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Stored Data (Bow Tie Rectangle)
Code:
mermaid
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Summary (Crossed Circle)
Code:
mermaid
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Tagged Document
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Tagged Process (Tagged Rectangle)
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Special shapes in Mermaid Flowcharts (v11.3.0+)
Mermaid also introduces 2 special shapes to enhance your flowcharts:
icon
and
image
. These shapes allow you to include icons and images directly within your flowcharts, providing more visual context and clarity.
Icon Shape
You can use the
icon
shape to include an icon in your flowchart. To use icons, you need to register the icon pack first. Follow the instructions to
add custom icons
. The syntax for defining an icon shape is as follows:
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Parameters
icon
: The name of the icon from the registered icon pack.
form
: Specifies the background shape of the icon. If not defined there will be no background to icon. Options include:
square
circle
rounded
label
: The text label associated with the icon. This can be any string. If not defined, no label will be displayed.
pos
: The position of the label. If not defined label will default to bottom of icon. Possible values are:
: The height of the icon. If not defined this will default to 48 which is minimum.
Image Shape
You can use the
image
shape to include an image in your flowchart. The syntax for defining an image shape is as follows:
flowchart TD
A@{ img: "https://example.com/image.png", label: "Image Label", pos: "t", w: 60, h: 60, constraint: "off" }
Parameters
img
: The URL of the image to be displayed.
label
: The text label associated with the image. This can be any string. If not defined, no label will be displayed.
pos
: The position of the label. If not defined, the label will default to the bottom of the image. Possible values are:
: The width of the image. If not defined, this will default to the natural width of the image.
: The height of the image. If not defined, this will default to the natural height of the image.
constraint
: Determines if the image should constrain the node size. This setting also ensures the image maintains its original aspect ratio, adjusting the width (
) accordingly to the height (
). If not defined, this will default to
off
Possible values are:
on
off
If you want to resize an image, but keep the same aspect ratio, set
, and set
constraint: on
to constrain the aspect ratio. E.g.
Code:
mermaid
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Links between nodes
Nodes can be connected with links/edges. It is possible to have different types of links or attach a text string to a link.
A link with arrow head
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
An open link
Code:
mermaid
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Text on links
Code:
mermaid
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or
Code:
mermaid
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A link with arrow head and text
Code:
mermaid
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or
Code:
mermaid
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Dotted link
Code:
mermaid
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Dotted link with text
Code:
mermaid
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Thick link
Code:
mermaid
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Thick link with text
Code:
mermaid
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An invisible link
This can be a useful tool in some instances where you want to alter the default positioning of a node.
Code:
mermaid
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Chaining of links
It is possible declare many links in the same line as per below:
Code:
mermaid
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It is also possible to declare multiple nodes links in the same line as per below:
Code:
mermaid
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You can then describe dependencies in a very expressive way. Like the one-liner below:
Code:
mermaid
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If you describe the same diagram using the basic syntax, it will take four lines. A word of warning, one could go overboard with this making the flowchart harder to read in markdown form. The Swedish word
lagom
comes to mind. It means, not too much and not too little. This goes for expressive syntaxes as well.
Code:
mermaid
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Attaching an ID to Edges
Mermaid now supports assigning IDs to edges, similar to how IDs and metadata can be attached to nodes. This feature lays the groundwork for more advanced styling, classes, and animation capabilities on edges.
Syntax:
To give an edge an ID, prepend the edge syntax with the ID followed by an
character. For example:
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
In this example,
e1
is the ID of the edge connecting
to
. You can then use this ID in later definitions or style statements, just like with nodes.
Turning an Animation On
Once you have assigned an ID to an edge, you can turn on animations for that edge by defining the edge’s properties:
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
This tells Mermaid that the edge
e1
should be animated.
Selecting Type of Animation
In the initial version, two animation speeds are supported:
fast
and
slow
. Selecting a specific animation type is a shorthand for enabling animation and setting the animation speed in one go.
Examples:
Code:
mermaid
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This is equivalent to
{ animate: true, animation: fast }
Using classDef Statements for Animations
You can also animate edges by assigning a class to them and then defining animation properties in a
classDef
statement. For example:
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
In this snippet:
e1@-->
creates an edge with ID
e1
classDef animate
defines a class named
animate
with styling and animation properties.
class e1 animate
applies the
animate
class to the edge
e1
Note on Escaping Commas:
When setting the
stroke-dasharray
property, remember to escape commas as
\,
since commas are used as delimiters in Mermaid’s style definitions.
New arrow types
There are new types of arrows supported:
circle edge
cross edge
Circle edge example
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Cross edge example
Code:
mermaid
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Multi directional arrows
There is the possibility to use multidirectional arrows.
Code:
mermaid
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Minimum length of a link
Each node in the flowchart is ultimately assigned to a rank in the rendered graph, i.e. to a vertical or horizontal level (depending on the flowchart orientation), based on the nodes to which it is linked. By default, links can span any number of ranks, but you can ask for any link to be longer than the others by adding extra dashes in the link definition.
In the following example, two extra dashes are added in the link from node
to node
, so that it spans two more ranks than regular links:
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Note
Links may still be made longer than the requested number of ranks by the rendering engine to accommodate other requests.
When the link label is written in the middle of the link, the extra dashes must be added on the right side of the link. The following example is equivalent to the previous one:
Code:
mermaid
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For dotted or thick links, the characters to add are equals signs or dots, as summed up in the following table:
Length
Normal
---
----
-----
Normal with arrow
-->
--->
---->
Thick
===
====
=====
Thick with arrow
==>
===>
====>
Dotted
-.-
-..-
-...-
Dotted with arrow
-.->
-..->
-...->
Special characters that break syntax
It is possible to put text within quotes in order to render more troublesome characters. As in the example below:
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Entity codes to escape characters
It is possible to escape characters using the syntax exemplified here.
Code:
mermaid
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Numbers given are base 10, so
can be encoded as
#35;
. It is also supported to use HTML character names.
Subgraphs
subgraph title
graph definition
end
An example below:
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
You can also set an explicit id for the subgraph.
Code:
mermaid
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flowcharts
With the graphtype flowchart it is also possible to set edges to and from subgraphs as in the flowchart below.
Code:
mermaid
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Direction in subgraphs
With the graphtype flowcharts you can use the direction statement to set the direction which the subgraph will render like in this example.
Code:
mermaid
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Limitation
If any of a subgraph's nodes are linked to the outside, subgraph direction will be ignored. Instead the subgraph will inherit the direction of the parent graph:
Code:
mermaid
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Markdown Strings
The "Markdown Strings" feature enhances flowcharts and mind maps by offering a more versatile string type, which supports text formatting options such as bold and italics, and automatically wraps text within labels.
Code:
mermaid
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Formatting:
For bold text, use double asterisks (
**
) before and after the text.
For italics, use single asterisks (
) before and after the text.
With traditional strings, you needed to add


tags for text to wrap in nodes. However, markdown strings automatically wrap text when it becomes too long and allows you to start a new line by simply using a newline character instead of a


tag.
This feature is applicable to node labels, edge labels, and subgraph labels.
The auto wrapping can be disabled by using
---
config:
markdownAutoWrap: false
---
graph LR
Interaction
It is possible to bind a click event to a node, the click can lead to either a javascript callback or to a link which will be opened in a new browser tab.
INFO
This functionality is disabled when using
securityLevel='strict'
and enabled when using
securityLevel='loose'
click nodeId callback
click nodeId call callback()
nodeId is the id of the node
callback is the name of a javascript function defined on the page displaying the graph, the function will be called with the nodeId as parameter.
Examples of tooltip usage below:
html
script
window.
callback
function
() {
alert
'A callback was triggered'
);
};
script
The tooltip text is surrounded in double quotes. The styles of the tooltip are set by the class
.mermaidTooltip
Code:
mermaid
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Success
The tooltip functionality and the ability to link to urls are available from version 0.5.2.
?> Due to limitations with how Docsify handles JavaScript callback functions, an alternate working demo for the above code can be viewed at
this jsfiddle
Links are opened in the same browser tab/window by default. It is possible to change this by adding a link target to the click definition (
_self
_blank
_parent
and
_top
are supported):
Code:
mermaid
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Beginner's tip—a full example using interactive links in a html context:
html
body
pre
class
"mermaid"
flowchart LR
A-->B
B-->C
C-->D
click A callback "Tooltip"
click B "https://www.github.com" "This is a link"
click C call callback() "Tooltip"
click D href "https://www.github.com" "This is a link"
pre
script
window.
callback
function
() {
alert
'A callback was triggered'
);
};
const
config
startOnLoad:
true
htmlLabels:
true
flowchart: { useMaxWidth:
true
, curve:
'cardinal'
},
securityLevel:
'loose'
};
mermaid.
initialize
(config);
script
body
Comments
Comments can be entered within a flow diagram, which will be ignored by the parser. Comments need to be on their own line, and must be prefaced with
%%
(double percent signs). Any text after the start of the comment to the next newline will be treated as a comment, including any flow syntax
Code:
mermaid
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Styling and classes
Styling links
It is possible to style links. For instance, you might want to style a link that is going backwards in the flow. As links have no ids in the same way as nodes, some other way of deciding what style the links should be attached to is required. Instead of ids, the order number of when the link was defined in the graph is used, or use default to apply to all links. In the example below the style defined in the linkStyle statement will belong to the fourth link in the graph:
linkStyle 3 stroke:#ff3,stroke-width:4px,color:red;
It is also possible to add style to multiple links in a single statement, by separating link numbers with commas:
linkStyle 1,2,7 color:blue;
Styling line curves
It is possible to style the type of curve used for lines between items, if the default method does not meet your needs. Available curve styles include
basis
bumpX
bumpY
cardinal
catmullRom
linear
monotoneX
monotoneY
natural
step
stepAfter
, and
stepBefore
For a full list of available curves, including an explanation of custom curves, refer to the
Shapes
documentation in the
d3-shape
project.
Line styling can be achieved in two ways:
Change the curve style of all the lines
Change the curve style of a particular line
Diagram level curve style
In this example, a left-to-right graph uses the
stepBefore
curve style:
---
config:
flowchart:
curve: stepBefore
---
graph LR
Edge level curve style using Edge IDs (v11.10.0+)
You can assign IDs to
edges
. After assigning an ID you can modify the line style by modifying the edge's
curve
property using the following syntax:
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
info
Any edge curve style modified at the edge level overrides the diagram level style.
info
If the same edge is modified multiple times the last modification will be rendered.
Styling a node
It is possible to apply specific styles such as a thicker border or a different background color to a node.
Code:
mermaid
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Classes
More convenient than defining the style every time is to define a class of styles and attach this class to the nodes that should have a different look.
A class definition looks like the example below:
classDef className fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:4px;
Also, it is possible to define style to multiple classes in one statement:
classDef firstClassName,secondClassName font-size:12pt;
Attachment of a class to a node is done as per below:
class nodeId1 className;
It is also possible to attach a class to a list of nodes in one statement:
class nodeId1,nodeId2 className;
A shorter form of adding a class is to attach the classname to the node using the
:::
operator as per below:
Code:
mermaid
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This form can be used when declaring multiple links between nodes:
Code:
mermaid
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CSS classes
It is also possible to predefine classes in CSS styles that can be applied from the graph definition as in the example below:
Example style
html
style
.cssClass
rect
fill
#ff0000
stroke
#ffff00
stroke-width
px
style
Example definition
Code:
mermaid
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Default class
If a class is named default it will be assigned to all classes without specific class definitions.
classDef default fill:#f9f,stroke:#333,stroke-width:4px;
Basic support for fontawesome
It is possible to add icons from fontawesome.
The icons are accessed via the syntax fa:#icon class name#.
Code:
mermaid
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There are two ways to display these FontAwesome icons:
Register FontAwesome icon packs (v11.7.0+)
You can register your own FontAwesome icon pack following the
"Registering icon packs" instructions
Supported prefixes:
fa
fab
fas
far
fal
fad
INFO
Note that it will fall back to FontAwesome CSS if FontAwesome packs are not registered.
Register FontAwesome CSS
Mermaid supports Font Awesome if the CSS is included on the website. Mermaid does not have any restriction on the version of Font Awesome that can be used.
Please refer the
Official Font Awesome Documentation
on how to include it in your website.
Adding this snippet in the

would add support for Font Awesome v6.5.1
html
link
href
"https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.5.1/css/all.min.css"
rel
"stylesheet"
/>
Custom icons
It is possible to use custom icons served from Font Awesome as long as the website imports the corresponding kit.
Note that this is currently a paid feature from Font Awesome.
For custom icons, you need to use the
fak
prefix.
Example
flowchart TD
B[fa:fa-twitter] %% standard icon
B-->E(fak:fa-custom-icon-name) %% custom icon
And trying to render it
Code:
mermaid
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Graph declarations with spaces between vertices and link and without semicolon
In graph declarations, the statements also can now end without a semicolon. After release 0.2.16, ending a graph statement with semicolon is just optional. So the below graph declaration is also valid along with the old declarations of the graph.
A single space is allowed between vertices and the link. However there should not be any space between a vertex and its text and a link and its text. The old syntax of graph declaration will also work and hence this new feature is optional and is introduced to improve readability.
Below is the new declaration of the graph edges which is also valid along with the old declaration of the graph edges.
Code:
mermaid
Ctrl + Enter
Configuration
Renderer
The layout of the diagram is done with the renderer. The default renderer is dagre.
Starting with Mermaid version 9.4, you can use an alternate renderer named elk. The elk renderer is better for larger and/or more complex diagrams.
The
elk
renderer is an experimental feature. You can change the renderer to elk by adding this directive:
config:
flowchart:
defaultRenderer: "elk"
INFO
Note that the site needs to use mermaid version 9.4+ for this to work and have this featured enabled in the lazy-loading configuration.
Width
It is possible to adjust the width of the rendered flowchart.
This is done by defining
mermaid.flowchartConfig
or by the CLI to use a JSON file with the configuration. How to use the CLI is described in the mermaidCLI page. mermaid.flowchartConfig can be set to a JSON string with config parameters or the corresponding object.
javascript
mermaid.flowchartConfig
width:
100
Opens in mermaid.ai