Forgotten Founders, Inc.

Forgotten Founders, Inc.
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Forgotten First Ladies
Feds Finally Agree: Samuel Huntington 1st USCA President
Article The First
Wednesday
Forgotten Founders Mission
Forgotten Founders Exhibit at RNC's CivicFest 2008
Mission Statement
The Forgotten Founders is an independent, non-partisan, and
non-profit organization dedicated to enhancing public understanding and
appreciation of the three republics that ultimately shaped the foundation of
the current Republic of the United States. The organization’s primary mission
is to establish a Presidential Center with the following objectives:
Objectives
1.
Recognition of Continental Congress
Presidents of the United Colonies (1774–1776)
Advocate for official acknowledgment of the four men who served as Presidents
of the Continental Congress during the United Colonies period:
Peyton Randolph:
Sept. 5, 1774 – October 22, 1774 & May 20, 1775 – May 24, 1775
Henry Middleton:
October 22,
1774 – October 26, 1774
John Hancock:
May 25, 1775 –
July 1, 1776
2.
Recognition of Continental Congress
Presidents of the United States (1776–1781)
Promote U.S. Head of State recognition for the four men who served as
Presidents during the Continental Congress period of the United States:
John Hancock:
July 2, 1776 –
October 29, 1777
Henry Laurens:
November 1,
1777 – December 9, 1778
John Jay:
December 10, 1778
– September 28, 1779
Samuel Huntington:
September
29, 1779 – February 28, 1781
3.
Recognition of Presidents under the Articles
of Confederation (1781–1789)
Secure U.S. Head of State recognition for the ten men who served as Presidents
under the Constitution of 1777 and the Articles of Confederation:
Samuel Huntington
: March 1,
1781 – July 6, 1781
Thomas McKean
: July 10, 1781
– November 4, 1781
John Hanson
: November 5,
1781 – November 3, 1782
Elias Boudinot
: November 4,
1782 – November 2, 1783
Thomas Mifflin
: November 3,
1783 – June 3, 1784
Richard Henry Lee
: November
30, 1784 – November 22, 1785
John Hancock
: November 23,
1785 – June 5, 1786
Nathaniel Gorham
: June 6,
1786 – February 1, 1787
Arthur St. Clair
: February
2, 1787 – January 21, 1788
Cyrus Griffin
: January 22,
1788 – January 21, 1789
4.
Founding Recognition for Key Figures
(1774–1788)
Promote recognition for the delegates, commissioners, judges, ministers,
military officers, and other officials who played pivotal roles in the
governance and establishment of the United Colonies and the United States of
America during the period from 1774 to 1788. Special emphasis is placed on
honoring George Washington, who served as the Commander-in-Chief of the United
Colonies and States of America from June 15, 1775, to December 23, 1783, for
his unparalleled leadership during the Revolutionary War.
5.
First Lady Recognition
Highlight the vital role of First Ladies in American history, particularly in
hospitality, social activism, and advisory roles, even before the ratification
of the 1787 Constitution. For example: In 1776, John Hancock, as President of
the Continental Congress, served as the new nation’s Head of State. His wife,
Dorothy Hancock, alongside Martha Washington (wife of Commander-in-Chief George
Washington), performed significant roles in providing aid and hospitality to
prominent figures of the era.
Educational Initiatives
The Forgotten Founders organization also serves as a
resource for citizens and institutions seeking to establish educational and
research centers dedicated to increasing public understanding of the Presidents
of the 1774–1788 period and the broader U.S. Founding era.
By preserving and promoting this often-overlooked history, the Forgotten Founders strives to foster a more comprehensive understanding of the individuals and institutions that laid the groundwork for the United States
Loyola University New Orleans Faculty 2016 Exhibit Research Collection at DNC's Politicalfest
The Forgotten Founders organization asserts that fostering a deeper public understanding of history and its contemporary significance enhances the ability of
“We The People”
to actively engage in the ongoing evolution of the republic, ensuring the preservation and continued success of the United States' free enterprise system.
Historical Background on the United States
Most U.S. citizens are familiar with the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, and know that George Washington became the first President of the United States. However, Washington did not take the presidential oath of office until April 30, 1789. This raises important questions:
Who signed ratified treaties on behalf of the United States between July 1776 and April 1789?
Who determined the measures to be addressed by the United States government for executive, judicial, and legislative action?
Who presided over the unicameral congresses of the time?
Who resolved judicial matters, such as disputes over state boundaries?
Who officially received and entertained foreign diplomats representing the United States?
Who handled official correspondence addressed to the United States of America?
Who issued federal orders to Commander-in-Chief George Washington during the Revolutionary War?
Finally, who served as the “Head of State” for the United States during this critical period?
According to independent scholar and author Stanley Yavneh Klos, the evolution of the United States of America unfolded in four distinct stages. In the first three stages, fourteen men served as Presidents, acting as leaders of three distinct unicameral republics that collectively waged war against Great Britain. Klos identifies and labels these three founding republics in his book,
America’s Four Republics: The More or Less United States
, writing:
"From the inception of the United Colonies of America in 1774 to the Revolutionary War’s concluding Definitive Treaty of Peace in 1784, the 13 British Colonies and later States formed confederations that fulfilled Montesquieu’s requisite for a republic, ‘degree of power as to be able to provide for the security of the united body.’ According, then, to the philosophe’s definition, a colonial republic began with the formation of an association titled, Continental Congress: United Colonies of America."
Alexander Hamilton, in the same Federalist letter of November 1787 in which he references Montesquieu, expands upon the concept of the United States as a confederacy:
"The definition of a confederate republic seems simply to be ‘an assemblage of societies,’ or an association of two or more states into one state. The extent, modifications, and objects of the federal authority are mere matters of discretion. So long as the separate organization of the members be not abolished; so long as it exists, by a constitutional necessity, for local purposes; though it should be in perfect subordination to the general authority of the union, it would still be, in fact and in theory, an association of states, or a confederacy. The proposed Constitution, so far from implying an abolition of the State governments, makes them constituent parts of the national sovereignty, by allowing them a direct representation in the Senate, and leaves in their possession certain exclusive and very important portions of sovereign power. This fully corresponds, in every rational import of the terms, with the idea of a federal government."
In Hamilton’s view, a “confederacy” is defined not only by the union of states under federal authority but also by the continued sovereignty and governmental independence of those states as subordinate yet essential components of national sovereignty.
In 1788, James Madison, writing in
Federalist No. 39
, further clarified the definition of a republic, emphasizing the derivation of its power from the people:
"… we may define a republic to be, or at least may bestow that name on, a government which derives all its powers directly or indirectly from the great body of the people, and is administered by persons holding their offices during pleasure, for a limited period, or during good behavior. It is essential to such a government that it be derived from the great body of the society, not from an inconsiderable proportion, or a favored class of it; otherwise, a handful of tyrannical nobles, exercising their oppressions by a delegation of their powers, might aspire to the rank of republicans, and claim for their government the honorable title of republic. It is sufficient for such a government that the persons administering it be appointed, either directly or indirectly, by the people; and that they hold their appointments by either of the tenures just specified…"
Reflecting on these definitions by Montesquieu, Hamilton, and Madison, Klos argues that three distinct republics preceded the establishment of the current government of the United States. Each republic marks a unique stage in the nation’s evolution, with its name and identity derived from its founding resolution or constitution, as follows:
Governments of the Four Republics
First United American Republic Government:
The United Colonies of America Continental Congress (U.C. Continental Congress)
Governed under the Articles of Association and other resolutions, with the name “United Colonies of America” which was notably utilized in the
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms,
a Resolution adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 6, 1775. Written by Thomas Jefferson and revised by John Dickinson, the Declaration explains why the Thirteen Colonies had taken up arms in what had become the American Revolutionary War..
Second United American Republic Government:
The United States of America Continental Congress (U.S. Continental Congress)
Established first by the Reolution of Independency and then by the Declaration of Independence, which changed the Republic's name from “United Colonies of North America” to “United States of America”.
Third United American Republic Government:
The United States in Congress Assembled (Confederation Congress)
Formed and governed under the Articles of Confederation, this government laid the groundwork for the modern U.S. presidency.
Fourth United American Republic Government:
The United States Bicameral Congress, President, and Supreme Court
Established by the Constitution of 1787, creating a tripartite system of government that endures today.
Footnotes
Stanley Yavneh Klos,
America’s Four Republics: The More or Less United States
(Forgotten Founders, Inc., 2008).
Alexander Hamilton,
The Federalist Papers
, No. 9, November 1787.
James Madison,
The Federalist Papers
, No. 39, 1788.
With the four founding republics now identified, the following nomenclature—derived from the actions of three unicameral governing bodies and one tripartite government—is proposed for consideration:
The First United American Republic Government:
The United Colonies of America Continental Congress (U.C. Continental Congress)
The name “Continental Congress” was formally adopted in the
Articles of Association
, and the designation “United Colonies of America” was derived from various resolutions enacted by this U.C. Continental Congress. 1
The Second United American Republic Government:
The United States of America Continental Congress (U.S. Continental Congress)
The term “Colonies” was replaced with “States” in the
Declaration of Independence
, marking the transition from the United Colonies to the United States of America. 2
The Third United American Republic Government:
The United States in Congress Assembled (USCA or Confederation Congress)
This government was established under the
Articles of Confederation
, which officially adopted the governing body's name as the “United States in Congress Assembled.” 3
The Fourth United American Republic Government:
The United States House of Representatives and Senate in Congress Assembled (Bicameral Congress), The President of the United States of America, and The United States Supreme Court
These institutions were established under the Constitution of 1787, marking the transition to a tripartite system of government. For clarity in this context, the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate in Congress Assembled is abbreviated as the U.S. Bicameral Congress.⁴
Footnotes
Articles of Association
(1774).
Declaration of Independence
(1776).
Articles of Confederation
(1781).
Constitution of the United States
(1787).
At Forgotten Founders, we recognize that each stage of the nation’s evolution represents a distinct origin date for four uniquely different United American Republics. Beginning with Peyton Randolph in 1774, elected officials served as “Heads of State” for the United Colonies and later for the United States under their respective unicameral governments.
Who were these Presidents of the Continental Congress, and later the Presidents of the United States under the nation’s first constitution, the Articles of Confederation? What responsibilities did they shoulder? How did they navigate the challenges of leading a nascent nation during a time of war, hyperinflation, the collapse of the U.S. Dollar, massive federal debt, religious tolerance, treaty negotiations, imprisonment, court-martials, state disputes, taxation crises, and a flawed governing framework? Ultimately, the framers determined that the Articles of Confederation could not sustain the union, leading to the reformulation of the “Perpetual Union of the United States” under a new constitution.
The preservation and illumination of the historical records surrounding these 14 Presidents, whose roles and duties were markedly different from those of the President established by the Constitution of 1787, form a cornerstone of the Forgotten Founders' mission. These men acted as Heads of State, with ten serving as Presidents of the United States under the Articles of Confederation.
Their stories are filled with compelling and unexpected moments, such as President Henry Middleton’s surrender to the British in 1780 and Scotland-born President Arthur St. Clair’s advocacy for a new constitution that prohibited foreign-born citizens from becoming President. Analyzing the first three United American Republics provides valuable insights into the development of the Constitution of 1787 and the office of the U.S. Presidency as we know it today.
Furthermore, the lessons learned from the tumultuous founding period—when the fragile confederation repeatedly pulled itself back from the brink of economic, political, and military disaster—are highly relevant to addressing the challenges faced by the United States in the present day. The resilience and ingenuity demonstrated by these early leaders remain an enduring source of guidance and inspiration.
Forgotten Presidential Facts
State Delegations to Congress
Each colony or state elected or appointed a delegation to represent it in the Continental Congress or the constitutional government referred to as "The United States, in Congress Assembled."
Regardless of population size or the number of delegates, each state was allotted only one vote in both the Continental Congress and the United States, in Congress Assembled.
Presidential Elections and Voting
Presidents were elected by a simple majority of the states present, provided a quorum was formed.
The confederation Presidents, through their unicameral office, exerted significant influence on public affairs and legislation. For instance, the President, in conjunction with his state’s delegation, held one of thirteen votes. In some cases, his “yes” or “no” vote constituted 1/9th or even 1/7th of all votes required to pass legislation under the Continental Congress. The Articles of Confederation, required at least two delegates from a state to be present so his vote constituted at the very least 1/14th of votes cast..
Presiding Over Government Functions
Presidents functioned as voting "Speakers of the House," presiding over judicial, legislative, and executive matters of the confederation.
Under the Continental Congress, the President had the authority to convene or adjourn the confederation government.  These rules were changed under the Articles of Confederation limiting Presidential powers.
Correspondence and Communications
Continental Congress Presidents received, read, and answered official correspondence from both states and foreign entities. At their discretion, they could withhold or disseminate such communications.  These rules were changed under the Articles of Confederation limiting Presidential powers.
Committee of the States
Presidents were empowered to chair  the Committee of the States, which under the Articles of Confederation, managed confederation governance when Congress was not in session.
Role as Head of State
Presidents welcomed visiting dignitaries to the Capitol and extended the nation’s official hospitality in their role as Head of State.
Judicial Responsibilities
Continental Congress Presidents acted as judicial officers, presiding over various legal cases, including:
Federal court appeals
Death penalty appeals
Military trials
State boundary disputes
These rules were changed under the Articles of Confederation limiting Presidential powers.
Military and Diplomatic Authority
Although not serving as Commander-in-Chief, Presidents issued military orders and signed military commissions.
They also executed diplomatic commissions, treaties, proclamations, resolutions, ordinances, and loan agreements.
Presidential Resources and Compensation
The government of the United States provided for the President’s expenses, including servants, clerks, housing, and transportation.
Presidents were paid a salary by their home state, but only in their capacity as voting delegates.
These often-overlooked aspects of the confederation Presidents’ roles highlight the breadth and complexity of their duties, as well as their critical contributions to the governance of the early United States.
NOTES
James Madison, “Federalist XXXIX: Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles.”
Independent Journal
, New York: January 16, 1788.
The name
United Colonies of America
was first introduced as part of a Continental Congress resolution in Thomas Jefferson’s
Declaration Setting Forth the Causes and Necessity of Their Taking up Arms
. Although passed as the
United Colonies of North America
on July 21, 1775, the word “North” was dropped by 1776.
Georgia sent no delegates to the First Continental Congress.
The name “Continental Congress” was formally adopted by Congress in the
Articles of Association
dated October 20, 1774.
The name
United States of America
was formally adopted by Congress in the
Declaration of Independence
dated July 4, 1776.
The term “Free and Independent States” was formally adopted by Congress in Richard Henry Lee’s
Resolution for Independence
on July 2, 1776.
New York did not approve independence from Great Britain until July 9, 1776.
The term “The Perpetual Union” was formally adopted by Congress in the
Articles of Confederation
on November 15, 1777, and ratified by all 13 states on March 1, 1781.
Although formulated by Congress on November 15, 1777, the
Articles of Confederation
required unanimous ratification by all 13 states before enactment. By February 1, 1779, 12 states had ratified the document. Maryland delayed its ratification until February 2, 1781.
The term “We the People” was formally adopted by the Philadelphia Convention on September 17, 1787, in the preamble to the current U.S. Constitution and ratified by eleven states forming the new republic by the summer of 1788.
The states of North Carolina (November 21, 1789) and Rhode Island (May 29, 1790) did not ratify the Constitution of 1787 until after the federal government was established in New York on March 4, 1789.
The U.S. Continental Congress is also known as the Second Continental Congress.
Articles of Association.
Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789,
ed. Worthington C. Ford et al. (Washington, D.C., 1904–37), 19:137, October 20, 1774. Future references will be to
JCC, 1774–1789.
The U.C. Continental Congress is also known as the First and Second Continental Congress.
Declaration of Independence
, July 4, 1776.
JCC, 1774–1789.
Articles of Confederation,
March 1, 1781.
JCC, 1774–1789.
Constitution of the United States.
Charters of Freedom, National Archives,
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to View the Newly
Proposed
US Founding
Half Dollar Coin Act
Richard Henry Lee's Stratford Hall
On the
Half-Dollar Coin Act
Thomas Jefferson's Monticello
on the
Half Dollar Coin Act
College of William and Mary
on the
Half Dollar Coin Act
U.S. Mint
on the
Half Dollar Coin Act
Forgotten Founders' Presidential Museum
Norwich,
Connecticut
Gubernatorial Proclamation
Declaring Samuel Huntington
the First President of the United States in Congress Assembled
The Congressional Evolution of the United States of America
Continental Congress of the United Colonies Presidents
Sept. 5, 1774 to July 1, 1776
Peyton Randolph
September 5, 1774
October 22, 1774
Henry Middleton
October 22, 1774
October 26, 1774
Peyton Randolph
May 20, 1775
May 24, 1775
John Hancock
May 25, 1775
July 1, 1776
Commander-in-Chief United Colonies & States of America
George Washington: June 15, 1775 - July 1, 1776
Continental Congress of the United States Presidents
July 2, 1776 to February 28, 1781
John Hancock
July 2, 1776
October 29, 1777
Henry Laurens
November 1, 1777
December 9, 1778
John Jay
December 10, 1778
September 28, 1779
Samuel Huntington
September 29, 1779
February 28, 1781
Commander-in-Chief United States of America
George Washington: July 2, 1776 - February 28, 1781
Presidents of the United States in Congress Assembled
March 1, 1781 to March 3, 1789
Samuel Huntington
March 1, 1781
July 6, 1781
Samuel Johnston
July 10, 1781
Declined Office
Thomas McKean
July 10, 1781
November 4, 1781
John Hanson
November 5, 1781
November 3, 1782
Elias Boudinot
November 4, 1782
November 2, 1783
Thomas Mifflin
November 3, 1783
June 3, 1784
Richard Henry Lee
November 30, 1784
November 22, 1785
John Hancock
November 23, 1785
June 5, 1786
Nathaniel Gorham
June 6, 1786
February 1, 1787
Arthur St. Clair
February 2, 1787
January 21, 1788
Cyrus Griffin
January 22, 1788
January 21, 1789
Commander-in-Chief United States of America
George Washington: March 2, 1781 - December 23, 1783
Articles of Confederation Congress
United States in Congress Assembled (USCA) Sessions
USCA
Session Dates
USCA Convene Date
President(s)
First
03-01-1781 to 11-04-1781*
03-02-1781
Samuel Huntington
Thomas McKean
Second
11-05-1781 to 11-03-1782
11-05-1781
John Hanson
Third
11-04-1782 to 11-02-1783
11-04-1782
Elias Boudinot
Fourth
11-03-1783 to 10-31-1784
11-03-1783
Thomas Mifflin
Fifth
11-01-1784 to 11-06-1785
11-29-1784
Richard Henry Lee
Sixth
11-07-1785 to 11-05-1786
11-23-1785
John Hancock
Nathaniel Gorham
Seventh
11-06-1786 to 11-04-1787
02-02-1787
Arthur St. Clair
Eighth
11-05-1787 to 11-02-1788
01-21-1788
Cyrus Griffin
Ninth
11-03-1788 to 03-03-1789**
None
None
* The
Articles of Confederation
was ratified by the mandated 13th State on February 2, 1781, and the dated adopted by the Continental Congress to commence the new  United States in Congress Assembled government was March 1, 1781.  The USCA convened under the
Articles of Confederation
Constitution on March 2, 1781.
** On September 14, 1788, the Eighth United States in Congress Assembled resolved that March 4th, 1789, would be commencement date of the
Constitution of 1787's
federal government thus dissolving the USCA on March 3rd, 1789.
Presidents of the United States of America
1789 - Present
POTUS
CLICK HERE
United Colonies and States First Ladies
1774 - Present
FLOTUS
CLICK HERE
Capitals of the United Colonies and States of America
Philadelphia
Sept. 5, 1774 to Oct. 24, 1774
City Tavern
Carpenter’s Hall
Philadelphia
May 10, 1775 to Dec. 12, 1776
Pennsylvania State House
Baltimore
Dec. 20, 1776 to Feb. 27, 1777
Henry Fite’s House
Philadelphia
March 4, 1777 to Sept. 18, 1777
Pennsylvania State House
Lancaster
September 27, 1777
Lancaster  Court House
York
Sept. 30, 1777 to June 27, 1778
York-town Court House
Philadelphia
July 2, 1778 to June 21, 1783
College Hall
PA State House
Princeton
June 30, 1783 to Nov. 4, 1783
Prospect House
Nassau Hall
Annapolis
Nov. 26, 1783 to Aug. 19, 1784
Maryland, State House
Trenton
Nov. 1, 1784 to Dec. 24, 1784
French Arms Tavern
New York City
Jan. 11, 1785 to Nov. 13, 1788
New York City Hall
New York City
October 6, 1788 to March 3,1789
Walter Livingston House
New York City
March 3,1789 to August 12, 1790
Federal Hall
Philadelphia
Dec. 6,1790 to May 14, 1800
Congress Hall
Washington DC
November 17,1800 to Present
Two US Capitol Buildings
Chart Comparing Presidential Powers
Click Here
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DOI
Declaration of Independence
Commander in Chief
George Washington
President
John
Hancock
Secretary
Charles Thomson
New Hampshire
Josiah
Bartlett
Matthew
Thornton
William Whipple
Massachusetts
John Adams
Samuel Adams
Elbridge Gerry
John Hancock
Robert Treat Paine
Connecticut
Samuel Huntington
Roger Sherman
William Williams
Oliver Wolcott
Rhode Island
William Ellery
Stephen Hopkins
New York
William Floyd
Francis Lewis
Philip Livingston
Lewis Morris
New Jersey
Abraham Clark
John Hart
Francis Hopkinson
Richard Stockton
John Witherspoon
Pennsylvania
George Clymer
Benjamin Franklin
Robert Morris
John Morton
George Ross
Benjamin Rush
James Smith
George Taylor
James Wilson
Delaware
Thomas McKean
George Read
Caesar Rodney
Maryland
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
Samuel Chase
William Paca
Thomas Stone
Virginia
Carter Braxton
Benjamin Harrison
Thomas Jefferson
Francis Lightfoot Lee
Richard Henry Lee
Thomas
Nelson, Jr.
George Wythe
North Carolina
Joseph Hewes
William Hooper
John Penn
South Carolina
Thomas Heyward Jr.
Thomas Lynch Jr.
Arthur Middleton
Edward Rutledge
Georgia
Button Gwinnett
Lyman Hall
George Walton
Printed - July 4, 1776
John Dunlap
Engrossed
Aug. 2, 1776
Timothy Matlack
Printed - January 1777
Mary Katherine Goddard
Wet Ink Transfer -1820
William J. Stone
Translate
Presidents
America’s Four Republics
The More or Less United States
Continental
Congress
U.C. Presidents
Peyton Randolph
Henry Middleton
Peyton Randolph
John Hancock
Continental
Congress
U.S. Presidents
John Hancock
Henry Laurens
John Jay
Samuel Huntington
Constitution of 1777
U.S. Presidents
Samuel Huntington
Samuel Johnston
Elected but declined the office
Thomas McKean
John Hanson
Elias Boudinot
Thomas Mifflin
Richard Henry Lee
John Hancock
Chairman David Ramsay
Nathaniel Gorham
Arthur St. Clair
Cyrus Griffin
Constitution of 1787
U.S. Presidents
George Washington
John Adams
Federalist Party
Thomas Jefferson
Republican* Party
James Madison
Republican* Party
James Monroe
Republican* Party
John Quincy Adams
Republican* Party
Whig Party
Andrew Jackson
Republican* Party
Democratic Party
Martin Van Buren
Democratic Party
William H. Harrison
Whig Party
John Tyler
Whig Party
James K. Polk
Democratic Party
David Atchison**
Democratic Party
Zachary Taylor
Whig Party
Millard Fillmore
Whig Party
Franklin Pierce
Democratic Party
James Buchanan
Democratic Party
Abraham Lincoln
Republican Party
Jefferson Davis***
Democratic Party
Andrew Johnson
Republican Party
Ulysses S. Grant
Republican Party
Rutherford B. Hayes
Republican Party
James A. Garfield
Republican Party
Chester Arthur
Republican Party
Grover Cleveland
Democratic Party
Benjamin Harrison
Republican Party
Grover Cleveland
Democratic Party
William McKinley
Republican Party
Theodore Roosevelt
Republican Party
William H. Taft
Republican Party
Woodrow Wilson
Democratic Party
Warren G. Harding
Republican Party
Calvin Coolidge
Republican Party
Herbert C. Hoover
Republican Party
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Democratic Party
Harry S. Truman
Democratic Party
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Republican Party
John F. Kennedy
Democratic Party
Lyndon B. Johnson
Democratic Party
Richard M. Nixon
Republican Party
Gerald R. Ford
Republican Party
James Earl Carter, Jr.
Democratic Party
Ronald Wilson Reagan
Republican Party
George H. W. Bush
Republican Party
William Jefferson Clinton
Democratic Party
George W. Bush
Republican Party
Barack H. Obama
Democratic Party
Donald J. Trump
Republican Party
Joseph R. Biden
Republican Party
Please Visit
U.S. Presidency
& Hospitality
Stanley Y. Klos
*Republican Party - - the political Party organized by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1791 that went out of existence over the schism between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. Today, for the sake of expediency, political scientists incorrectly refer to it as the Democratic-Republican Party. Party Members at the time never utilized the name Democratic-Republican because it was the Republican Party.
**
Acting US President - David Atchison never claimed that he was the President of the United States for one day on March 4, 1849. Political Scientists who make the assertion claim that because Zachary Taylor refused to be sworn in on a Sunday, March 4, 1849, and both the President and Vice President's term ended on that date the President pro-tempore of the U.S. Senate, David Atchison, therefore became the President under 1849 Presidential succession law.
*** President of the Confederate States of America