Functional Composites and Structures - IOPscience

Functional Composites and Structures - IOPscience
Functional Composites and Structures
Korean Society for Composite Materials (KSCM)
SUPPORTS OPEN ACCESS
Functional Composites and Structures
is a new journal that will serve the international community by rapidly communicating high-quality research results and technological developments. This journal is co-owned by the
Korean Society for Composite Materials (KSCM)
and IOP Publishing.
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Median submission to first decision before peer review
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Impact factor
3.3
Citescore
5.8
Structural battery composites: a review
Leif E Asp
et al
2019
Funct. Compos. Struct.
042001
View article
, Structural battery composites: a review
PDF
, Structural battery composites: a review
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in structural battery composites research. Structural battery composites are a class of structural power composites aimed to provide mass-less energy storage for electrically powered structural systems. Structural battery composites are made from carbon fibres in a structural electrolyte matrix material. Neat carbon fibres are used as a structural negative electrode, exploiting their high mechanical properties, excellent lithium insertion capacity and high electrical conductivity. Lithium iron phosphate coated carbon fibres are used as the structural positive electrode. Here, the lithium iron phosphate is the electrochemically active substance and the fibres carry mechanical loads and conduct electrons. The surrounding structural electrolyte is lithium ion conductive and transfers mechanical loads between fibres. With these constituents, structural battery half-cells and full-cells are realised with a variety in device architecture. The paper also presents an overview of material modelling and characterisation performed to date. Particular reference is given to work performed in national and European research projects under the leadership of the authors, who are able to provide a unique insight into this emerging and exciting field of research.
The following article is
Open access
The effect of geometrical parameters on blast resistance of sandwich panels—a review
Orhan Gülcan
et al
2023
Funct. Compos. Struct.
022001
View article
, The effect of geometrical parameters on blast resistance of sandwich panels—a review
PDF
, The effect of geometrical parameters on blast resistance of sandwich panels—a review
Many engineering structures, especially defense applications, need to be reinforced against blast loads due to a nearby explosion. Today, much more attention needs to be given to this issue because of increased exposure to explosions, and natural disasters. Different solutions have been used in the literature to mitigate blast-loading effects. One of these applications, sandwich panels, are a good candidate for blast-loading applications. In a sandwich panel structure, several parameters have considerable effects on deflections, deformations, and energy absorption capability. The most important of these parameters are: (i) the material and thickness of the front and back face sheets and core; (ii) core density and grading; (iii) core and face sheet types; (iv) filling and stiffening strategies of the core; (v) radius of curvature of the panel; (vi) mass of explosive charge; and (vii) standoff distance. The aim of this paper is to review these critical aspects of blast loading of sandwich panels to provide an overall insight into the state of the art of the application.
The following article is
Open access
Design and fabrication of bioinspired pattern driven magnetic actuators
Anasheh Khecho and Erina Baynojir Joyee 2024
Funct. Compos. Struct.
015010
View article
, Design and fabrication of bioinspired pattern driven magnetic actuators
PDF
, Design and fabrication of bioinspired pattern driven magnetic actuators
Additive manufacturing (AM) has drawn significant attention in the fabrication of soft actuators due to its unique capability of printing geometrically complex parts. This research presents the design and development of an AM process for bioinspired, deformable, and magnetic stimuli-responsive actuator arms. The actuator arms were fabricated via the material extrusion-based AM process with magnetic particle-polymer composite filaments. Inspired by the rhombus cellular structure found in nature, different design parameters, such as the line width of the interior rhombus sides, and 3D printing parameters were studied and optimized to fabricate actuator arms that exhibit enhanced flexibility while being magnetically actuated. The trigger distance and deformation experiments revealed that the width of the rhomboids’ sides played a critical role in magnetic and bending properties. It was found that the sample with a line width of 550
m and printing layer thickness of 0.05 mm had the maximum deflection with a measured bending angle of 34 degrees. The magnetic property measurement exhibited that the sample with a line width of 550
m showed the maximum magnetic flux density of 3.2 mT. The trigger distance results also supported this result. A maximum trigger distance of 8.25 mm was measured for the arm with a line width of 550
m. Additionally, tensile tests showed that the sample exhibited a 17.7 MPa tensile strength, 1.8 GPa elastic modulus, and 1.3% elongation. Based on these results, we successfully fabricated a 3D printed magnetic gripper with two rhombus cellular structured arms which showed grasping and extensive load lifting capability (up to ∼140 times its weight).
The following article is
Open access
Electrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperatures
Jayani Anurangi
et al
2024
Funct. Compos. Struct.
035004
View article
, Electrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperatures
PDF
, Electrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperatures
The structural supercapacitor can store electrical energy and withstand structural loads while saving substantial weight in many structural applications. This study investigated the development of a structural supercapacitor with a fiber-reinforced polymer composite system and explored the operating temperature’s influence on its performance. The electrochemical and mechanical properties of structural supercapacitors beyond the ambient temperature have not yet been studied; hence, evaluating parameters such as specific capacitance, energy density, cycle life, and structural performance at elevated temperatures are highly desired. We have designed and manufactured single and parallelly connected multilayer structural supercapacitor composites in this research. Carbon fibers were used as a bifunctional component, acting both as a current collector while acting as a mechanical reinforcement. In addition, glass fibers were added as the separator which is also acting as an integral reinforcement. The electrochemical and mechanical behavior of structural supercapacitors at elevated temperatures up to 85 °C were experimentally investigated. The test results revealed that at room temperature, the developed double-cell structural supercapacitor, which demonstrated an area-specific capacitance of 1.16 mF cm
−2
and energy density of 0.36 mWh cm
−2
at 0.24 mA cm
−2
, which are comparable to current achievements in structural supercapacitor research. The structural supercapacitor’s tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were measured as 109.5 MPa, 47.0 MPa, and 50.4 MPa, respectively. The specific capacitance and energy density reached 2.58 mF cm
−2
and 0.81 mWh cm
−2
, while tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were reduced to 70.9 MPa, 14.2 MPa, and 8.8 MPa, respectively, at 85 °C. These findings provide new comprehensive knowledge on structural supercapacitor devices suitable for applications operating within a temperature range from ambient conditions to 85 °C.
The following article is
Open access
A thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers with the energy renormalization method
Jiwon Jung
et al
2021
Funct. Compos. Struct.
015006
View article
, A thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers with the energy renormalization method
PDF
, A thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers with the energy renormalization method
Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are a widely accepted methodology in the field of studying the viscoelasticity of elastomers. In this paper, a thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers is presented with the energy renormalization (ER) method by redefining temperature transferable correlation effects between rescaling factors for energy parameter and length-scale parameter. The correlation effects have not been investigated in the literature, to the best knowledge of authors. The coarse-grained potential was demonstrated for the polyisoprene model generated from the anionic polymerization. The ER enables temperature transferability by adopting renormalization parameters as function of the temperature. Considering the correlation effects, a multi objective-optimization algorithm was adopted to find proper solution sets of
and
matching mean square displacement (MSD) and density to the all-atom model simultaneously. Meanwhile, shear stress was matched to find
first, then, density was fitted in the low-temperature regime. To verify the coarse-grained potential in the middle-temperature regime, MSD was compared to those from the all-atom model, and it was successfully matched.
The following article is
Open access
Study of the effect of nano ZrO
and TiO
and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PP
Mohammad Afzali and Vahid Asghari 2022
Funct. Compos. Struct.
015002
View article
, Study of the effect of nano ZrO2 and TiO2 and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PP
PDF
, Study of the effect of nano ZrO2 and TiO2 and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PP
The purpose of this project was to introduce a way to improve the mechanical properties of dissimilar welded material, which provides benefits such as affordability, high speed, and a suitable bond property. This experimental project applies the friction welding method, including combining parameters, such as a numerical control machine, two different speeds, and three different cross sections, including flat, cone, and step surfaces. When the welding process was done, samples were implemented and prepared via a bending test of materials. The results have shown that, besides increasing the machining velocity, the surface friction increased, and so did the temperature. Considering the stated experimental facts, the melting temperature of composite materials increased. This provides the possibility of having a better blend of nanomaterial compared to the base melted plastics. Thus, the result showed that, besides increasing the weight percentage of nanomaterial contents and machining velocity, the mechanical properties increased on the welded area for all three types of samples. This enhancement is due to the better melting process on the welded area with the attendance of various nanoparticle contents. Also, the results showed that the shape of the welding area could play a significant role, and the results also change drastically where the shape changes. Optimum shape in the welding process has been dedicated to the step surface. The temperature causes the melting process, which is a significant factor in the friction welding process.
The following article is
Open access
Evaluation of dispersion of MWCNT/cellulose composites sheet using electrical resistance 3D-mapping for strain sensing
Pyeong-Su Shin
et al
2020
Funct. Compos. Struct.
025004
View article
, Evaluation of dispersion of MWCNT/cellulose composites sheet using electrical resistance 3D-mapping for strain sensing
PDF
, Evaluation of dispersion of MWCNT/cellulose composites sheet using electrical resistance 3D-mapping for strain sensing
Carbon nanomaterials including, but not limited to, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene have attracted considerable attention due to their nanoscale electrical conductivity. Flexible sensors have experienced a growing demand due to several potential applications, such as personalized health monitoring and robots. In this study, CNT/cellulose composite sheets were manufactured using spray methods for flexible sensors. MWCNTs were ultrasonically dispersed in an acetone solvent and flexible plain paper was used as a substrate on which the CNT suspension was sprayed. At the end of the coating process, to remove the acetone solvent, the specimens were dried in an oven. Electrical resistance (ER) three-dimensional-mapping and optical observation were used to confirm and evaluate the dispersion of CNTs on the paper. To access the wettability of CNT/cellulose sheets, the changes of static contact angle of distilled water droplets on the sheets were measured. The critical point of the CNT coating numbers was determined using the ER method as well as the change of wettability using the static contact angle measurements.
The following article is
Open access
Comprehensive numerical characterization of the piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites
Mostafa Elaskalany and Kamran Behdinan 2024
Funct. Compos. Struct.
045012
View article
, Comprehensive numerical characterization of the piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites
PDF
, Comprehensive numerical characterization of the piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites
Polymer nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising materials for applications in flexible sensors and self-sensing structures due to their enhanced mechanical and electrical properties. This study investigates the piezoresistive behavior of CNT/polymer nanocomposites to establish structure-property relationships addressing the limitations in modeling of the piezoresistivity under varying mechanical strains. Monte Carlo simulations were employed to account for uncertainties in the microstructure of the nanocomposite by randomly dispersing CNTs within the representative volume element. The fiber reorientation model was used to simulate the mechanical deformation effects on CNT kinematics, while the Landauer–Büttiker formula was used to calculate the tunneling resistance between CNTs. The developed model was validated against experimental data to ensure its reliability. The study systematically analyzed the impact of key parameters, including CNT aspect ratio, polymer energy barrier height, Poisson’s ratio, CNT volume fraction, intrinsic CNT conductivity, and the number of CNT conduction channels, on the piezoresistive sensitivity under both tension and compression. One key finding is the contrasting effect of parameters like polymer energy barrier height and CNT intrinsic conductivity under tensile versus compression loadings. Piezoresistivity increases with higher values of energy barrier heights and CNT conductivity under tensile strain but decreases under compression. This comprehensive characterization enhances the design and optimization of CNT/polymer nanocomposites guiding future developments in smart materials and sensing technologies.
The following article is
Open access
Impact of nano crack and loading direction on the tensile features of FeCr alloy: a molecular dynamics analysis
S Gowthaman and T Jagadeesha 2024
Funct. Compos. Struct.
015002
View article
, Impact of nano crack and loading direction on the tensile features of FeCr alloy: a molecular dynamics analysis
PDF
, Impact of nano crack and loading direction on the tensile features of FeCr alloy: a molecular dynamics analysis
The existence of cracks and variations in loading direction has invoked greater modifications in the material properties. In this work, the tensile features of cracked and non-cracked FeCr polycrystals have been analyzed under numerous temperatures (300 K, 500 K, 700 K, and 900 K) and loading directions (parallel and normal to the crack cross-sectional directions) through molecular dynamics and it is originated that temperature has raised a higher impact on the tensile features trailed by the existence of crack and loading directions, owing to the formation of larger kinetic energy (KE) amidst the atoms. The existence of crack offers a moderate impression on the tensile behavior followed by the loading direction, due to its dominant impact on the tensile behavior through greater stress concentrations. Additionally, it is stated that the greater temperature along with the existence of crack and loading along normal to the crack cross section offers greater reductions in the tensile features of FeCr polycrystal, owed to the interactive effect of larger KE and discontinuity among atoms. Furthermore, the shear strain and displacement contour map and materials feature also confirm a similar occurrence which leads to altering its material behavior.
The following article is
Open access
Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP composites
Chidume Nwambu
et al
2022
Funct. Compos. Struct.
045001
View article
, Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP composites
PDF
, Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP composites
A dynamic mechanical thermal analyser operating in the single cantilever mode was used to examine the dynamic mechanical properties of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous asymmetric helicoidal (Bouligand) carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites as a function of fibre architecture. The discontinuous Bouligand was manufactured using two major pitch angles as independent variables: 90° and 120° and from each major pitch angle, minor interply pitch angles were used as independent variables ranging 5°–25°. The composites were tested as either dry unaged specimens or following hygrothermal ageing in seawater at the constant temperatures of 40 °C and 60 °C for over 2000 h. We find that the viscoelastic properties
′ and
″ are adversely affected by both hygrothermal aging and the minor pitch angle, but not the major pitch angle. Higher hygrothermal ageing temperatures and increasing minor pitch angles are found to decrease the energy absorption and dissipation capacities of discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP composites. The tan-
curves also indicate that hygrothermal ageing increases the heterogeneity of discontinuous Bouligand structured composites, with separate viscoelastic phases and glass transition temperatures.
Numerical failure load prediction of curved composite beam under four-point bending: effect of stacking sequence and curvature radius
Van-Tho Hoang
et al
2026
Funct. Compos. Struct.
025002
View article
, Numerical failure load prediction of curved composite beam under four-point bending: effect of stacking sequence and curvature radius
PDF
, Numerical failure load prediction of curved composite beam under four-point bending: effect of stacking sequence and curvature radius
This study presents a numerical investigation of the failure load of curved composite beams subjected to four-point flexural loading. Two key parameters were separately considered: (1) the stacking sequence and (2) the curvature radius of the composite beams. Delamination, identified as the predominant damage mode in curved composite laminates, was modeled in Abaqus® using the cohesive zone model (CZM). Additionally, failure loads and load–displacement curves were generated for comparative analysis. Beams with a higher number of unidirectional layers demonstrated greater critical bending loads. Specifically, the [0]
20
sample exhibited the highest predicted failure load of 590.3 N, compared to 484.0 N for the [0/90]
5S
sample and 455.8 N for the [45/0/− 45/90/0]
2S
sample. Furthermore, the failure load increased significantly with larger curvature radii, ranging from 3.0 mm to 12.0 mm with 3.0 mm increments. The predicted failure loads were 394.8 N, 555.8 N, 782.4 N, and 1010.8 N for radii of 3.0 mm, 6.0 mm, 9.0 mm, and 12.0 mm, respectively. The simulation results showed good agreement with previous experimental data. Overall, the findings confirm that the CZM approach is effective for analyzing the out-of-plane strength of curved composite beams.
Dynamic analysis of bio-inspired staggered composites with shear-thickening matrix
Meiqin Yang
et al
2026
Funct. Compos. Struct.
025001
View article
, Dynamic analysis of bio-inspired staggered composites with shear-thickening matrix
PDF
, Dynamic analysis of bio-inspired staggered composites with shear-thickening matrix
Bio-inspired staggered composites, renowned for their exceptional mechanical properties, offer a promising blueprint for advanced material design. While linear viscoelasticity is commonly used to model their energy dissipation, the unique strain-rate-dependent behavior of shear-thickening materials presents an untapped potential for superior damping performance. The fundamental mechanisms governing the interaction between a nonlinear matrix and the classic ‘brick-and-mortar’ architecture remain, however, largely unexplored. This study addresses this gap by developing a dynamic shear-lag model that incorporates a nonlinear, power-law viscous matrix. The model investigates the dynamic response and energy dissipation mechanisms of these composites under cyclic loading. Validated by finite element analysis, our results reveal that the matrix’s shear-thickening nonlinearity significantly enhances energy dissipation, with the loss factor exceeding unity—a performance rather difficult for conventional linear viscoelastic models. A comprehensive parametric study demonstrates that the damping performance is non-monotonically dependent on the reinforcement-to-matrix modulus contrast, thickness ratio and the reinforcement aspect ratio. Optimal energy dissipation is achieved not at the extremes, but within specific ranges of these parameters, highlighting a clear pathway for microstructural design. This work elucidates the role of nonlinear viscosity in bio-inspired composites and provides a theoretical framework for designing damping materials with superior energy absorption capabilities.
A review of structural connectivity in piezoelectric composites for high-performance nanogenerators
Min Gyeong Kang and Seong Yun Kim 2026
Funct. Compos. Struct.
012002
View article
, A review of structural connectivity in piezoelectric composites for high-performance nanogenerators
PDF
, A review of structural connectivity in piezoelectric composites for high-performance nanogenerators
Piezoelectric composite-based nanogenerators are attracting attention as self-powered sources for next-generation wearable and portable electronic devices. The performance of piezoelectric composites is highly dependent on the connectivity structure. Conventional 0–3 type composites, in which piezoelectric fillers are randomly dispersed within a polymer matrix, suffer from reduced piezoelectric performance due to inefficient stress transfer. This review paper systematically investigates research that has enhanced piezoelectric performance by strategically designing the connectivity structure of piezoelectric composites. The correlation between various connectivity patterns, such as 1–3, 2–2, 3–1, and 3–3 types, and the piezoelectric output performance is analyzed. In particular, the three-dimensionally interconnected 3–3 structure has been demonstrated to be effective in improving output performance by facilitating continuous pathways for mechanical stress transfer. Additionally, fabrication strategies for designing these structures using various manufacturing techniques are discussed. In conclusion, this paper suggests the potential applicability of these high-performance composites in fields such as self-powered sensors, biomedical devices, and wearable electronics.
Tailoring MnO
cathode electrolyte interface via multicomponent gel coating: an effective approach to suppress manganese migration and prolong cycle life
Yi Zeng
et al
2026
Funct. Compos. Struct.
015007
View article
, Tailoring MnO2 cathode electrolyte interface via multicomponent gel coating: an effective approach to suppress manganese migration and prolong cycle life
PDF
, Tailoring MnO2 cathode electrolyte interface via multicomponent gel coating: an effective approach to suppress manganese migration and prolong cycle life
Manganese-based cathode materials suffer from irreversible manganese dissolution during cycling, leading to rapid capacity decay and poor long-term stability. To address this issue, a zinc-alginate-polyacrylamide (ZAP) gel film is
in-situ
polymerized on the surface of Ni–Co co-doped
-MnO
cathodes. The ZAP gel forms a tightly bonded three-dimensional network through Zn
2+
-alginate coordination, uniformly encapsulating the cathode surface. Meanwhile, hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups in the gel and MnO
combines with numerous tiny pores that facilitate redox reactions while inhibiting irreversible manganese leaching. Following ZAP gel coating, the cathode demonstrates improved long-term cycling performance, retaining a specific capacity of 165.0 mAh · g
−1
after 4000 cycles with a capacity retention rate of 85.94%. This corresponds to increases of 70.80% in specific capacity and 91.57% in capacity retention compared to pristine
-MnO
. The hydrogel coating approach offers a feasible modification direction for designing materials with enhanced cycling lifetimes.
Synthesis, physicochemical characterization and Cr(VI) adsorption study of functionalized polyaniline-polyamide nanocomposites
Leila Farahani
et al
2026
Funct. Compos. Struct.
015006
View article
, Synthesis, physicochemical characterization and Cr(VI) adsorption study of functionalized polyaniline-polyamide nanocomposites
PDF
, Synthesis, physicochemical characterization and Cr(VI) adsorption study of functionalized polyaniline-polyamide nanocomposites
Polyaniline and polyamide have electron-active sites, which make them one of the most attractive materials for the adsorption of Cr (VI) from aqueous media. Their adsorption capacity for Cr (VI) can be enhanced through modification and blending techniques. In this study, sulfonated polyaniline–nylon 6 (SPAN–Ny6) nanocomposites were synthesized via
in-situ
oxidative polymerization of aniline using ammonium persulfate as an initiator in a formic acid medium. Concentrated sulfuric acid was added dropwise in the presence of 15%, 30%, 50%, and 70% aniline relative to nylon 6. Then, these nanocomposites were identified and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis, and their morphology was studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Conductivity of the prepared nanocomposites was also measured using the four-point method, and the highest measured conductivity was 0.248 S cm
−1
for the SPAN-Ny6-70% nanocomposite. Additionally, the processability of the nanocomposites was studied by the electrospinning technique in formic acid as a solvent. Morphology of the nanofibers was identified by FE-SEM. The hydrophilicity of the nanofibers was investigated by contact angle analysis, which indicated a significant decrease in hydrophilicity of the nanocomposites with increasing percentage of polyaniline sulfonate. Subsequently, the synthesized nanocomposites were used to absorb the Cr (VI) contamination from aqueous solutions after optimizing the adsorption pH, time, temperature, and initial chromium ion concentration. The adsorption isotherm and kinetics were studied in optimized conditions, which revealed that the adsorption process was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model.
A review of structural connectivity in piezoelectric composites for high-performance nanogenerators
Min Gyeong Kang and Seong Yun Kim 2026
Funct. Compos. Struct.
012002
View article
, A review of structural connectivity in piezoelectric composites for high-performance nanogenerators
PDF
, A review of structural connectivity in piezoelectric composites for high-performance nanogenerators
Piezoelectric composite-based nanogenerators are attracting attention as self-powered sources for next-generation wearable and portable electronic devices. The performance of piezoelectric composites is highly dependent on the connectivity structure. Conventional 0–3 type composites, in which piezoelectric fillers are randomly dispersed within a polymer matrix, suffer from reduced piezoelectric performance due to inefficient stress transfer. This review paper systematically investigates research that has enhanced piezoelectric performance by strategically designing the connectivity structure of piezoelectric composites. The correlation between various connectivity patterns, such as 1–3, 2–2, 3–1, and 3–3 types, and the piezoelectric output performance is analyzed. In particular, the three-dimensionally interconnected 3–3 structure has been demonstrated to be effective in improving output performance by facilitating continuous pathways for mechanical stress transfer. Additionally, fabrication strategies for designing these structures using various manufacturing techniques are discussed. In conclusion, this paper suggests the potential applicability of these high-performance composites in fields such as self-powered sensors, biomedical devices, and wearable electronics.
Polymer composite scintillators: focus on fabrication methods, optical and scintillation properties
Algirdas Lazauskas 2026
Funct. Compos. Struct.
012001
View article
, Polymer composite scintillators: focus on fabrication methods, optical and scintillation properties
PDF
, Polymer composite scintillators: focus on fabrication methods, optical and scintillation properties
This review provides analysis of polymer composite scintillators, examining their fabrication techniques, optical and scintillation properties. Polymer composite scintillators represent an important class of radiation detection materials that combine the mechanical flexibility and processability of polymers with the high stopping power and scintillation efficiency of inorganic materials. Recent advances in nanomaterial synthesis, interface engineering, and manufacturing technologies have significantly expanded the performance envelope. This review systematically examines solution processing, melt processing, electrospinning, and additive manufacturing approaches for fabrication; light yield, energy resolution, and radiation hardness as critical performance metrics. Future research directions involving novel materials, advanced manufacturing techniques, and artificial intelligence-driven optimization are explored.
Harnessing shellac for sustainable materials: progress from traditional resin to multifunctional composites
Monika Chaparia
et al
2025
Funct. Compos. Struct.
042003
View article
, Harnessing shellac for sustainable materials: progress from traditional resin to multifunctional composites
PDF
, Harnessing shellac for sustainable materials: progress from traditional resin to multifunctional composites
This review systematically scrutinizes recent progress in the design, modification, and potential applications of shellac-based composites, providing a link between its molecular structure, inherent characteristics, and modern performance requirements. The discourse begins with an analysis of shellac’s molecular architecture, intrinsic properties, and traditional uses of shellac for providing a foundational understanding. Traditional applications in pharmaceuticals, food coatings, and decorative finishes are reviewed alongside modern modification techniques that enable advanced uses in electronics, sensors, stealth technologies, and other high-performance sectors by improving shellac’s mechanical, thermal, electrical, and barrier properties. The environmental and economic advantages of shellac, positioned as a sustainable alternative to synthetic polymers, are assessed, with a techno-economic perspective highlighting its commercial viability and market potential. Current challenges including variability in natural sources, scalability of composite production, and regulatory considerations are critically discussed, with proposed strategies to address them. This work underscores shellac’s potential to transition from a traditional resin to a versatile, competitive, and eco-efficient material for high-impact industrial applications.
ZnO-polymer nanocomposites for high-performance 3D printing: advances in functional properties and structural applications
Pawan Kumar
et al
2025
Funct. Compos. Struct.
042002
View article
, ZnO-polymer nanocomposites for high-performance 3D printing: advances in functional properties and structural applications
PDF
, ZnO-polymer nanocomposites for high-performance 3D printing: advances in functional properties and structural applications
Zinc oxide (ZnO)-reinforced polymer composites have emerged as a promising class of multifunctional materials with significant potential for advanced additive manufacturing, particularly 3D printing. This review systematically explores the synthesis, microstructural tailoring, and performance optimization of ZnO-polymer composites, focusing on structure-property relationships critical for load-bearing and functional applications. The integration of ZnO nanostructures, including nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanosheets, into thermoplastic and thermoset matrices is examined in terms of enhancing mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, piezoelectric response, and thermal stability. Particular attention is given to transition metal-doped ZnO systems, which introduce tuneable optoelectronic and dielectric properties beneficial for next-generation printed devices. Recent advancements in 3D printing techniques, such as fused deposition modeling and selective laser sintering, are reviewed for their role in enabling precise control over composite morphology and interfacial bonding. Critical challenges, including nanoparticle dispersion, matrix-filler compatibility, and defect minimization during the printing process, are discussed alongside emerging trends in 4D printing and smart composite design. This review offers a comprehensive perspective on how ZnO-polymer composites are advancing printed architectures’ functionality and structural integrity, paving the way for innovations in flexible electronics, biomedical scaffolds, and energy devices.
Advances in multi-functional composite materials: applications and opportunities in automotive industry
Gourab Ghosh
et al
2025
Funct. Compos. Struct.
042001
View article
, Advances in multi-functional composite materials: applications and opportunities in automotive industry
PDF
, Advances in multi-functional composite materials: applications and opportunities in automotive industry
Multi-functional composite materials are at the forefront of innovation in the automotive sector, offering a fundamental shift from traditional material substitution to integrated system design. These advanced materials combine exceptional structural properties, such as a high strength-to-weight ratio, with one or more engineered functionalities in a single system. This review provides a comprehensive, application-driven overview and comparative evaluation of five key categories of multi-functional composites: sustainable polymer composites, piezoelectric-based composites, nanocomposites, graphene-based composites, and shape memory alloy (SMA) composites. The paper highlights how these materials address critical modern automotive challenges, including the demand for lighter vehicles to improve fuel efficiency and extend electric vehicle range, enhanced crashworthiness for passenger safety, and greater sustainability. Multi-functional composites offer integrated solutions for emerging trends in electrification and autonomous driving; for example, piezoelectric composites can harvest energy from vibrations to power electronics, while SMA composites can dynamically adjust structural stiffness for optimized safety and aerodynamics. This review synthesizes recent advancements, representative applications, industrial challenges, and the commercial readiness of each material class, providing a clear perspective on their role in advancing the performance and sustainability of next-generation vehicles.
The following article is
Open access
Prediction of Tensile and Flexural Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using Machine Learning Models
Rahman et al
View accepted manuscript
, Prediction of Tensile and Flexural Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using Machine Learning Models
PDF
, Prediction of Tensile and Flexural Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using Machine Learning Models
The reliable design of the fiber reinforced epoxy composites (FRCs) are still challenging because of their complex heterogeneous nature. The limitations that are found for existing predictive models are the joint estimation of tensile and flexural properties for both pure and hybrid constituents. Traditional characterization of these properties is dependent on costly, time-consuming, destructive testing and at the same time, simulated predictive models are prone to suffer from oversimplified assumptions. To fill this gap, machine learning (ML) models have been implemented in this study with experimental data of 54 laminates with different fibre constituents (pure, bi & tri hybrids), stacking sequences and ply count. ML models included baseline, ensemble and neural network which were trained, validated and tested where design and testing parameters was input features for the prediction. Experimentally it was observed that Kevlar Cross 4 Ply showed the highest tensile strength of 326.40 MPa and carbon cross 4 ply showed the highest flexural strength of 513.33 MPa. Out of the hybrids, Kevlar - glass cross 4 ply showed the best tensile performance (373.46 MPa). In the prediction, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) was found as the robust model MSE=634.76, MAE=10.98, R2=0.83 followed by ensemble Random Forest (RF) with balanced performance (R2=0.74) and poor performance of Artificial Neural Network (R2=0.41). This work sets up a comprehensive ML system which shows the viability in material selection, which averts the need for extensive experimentation and speeds up composites design.
Controlling the Microstructure of Hard Carbon Derived from Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Park et al
View accepted manuscript
, Controlling the Microstructure of Hard Carbon Derived from Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) for Lithium-Ion Batteries
PDF
, Controlling the Microstructure of Hard Carbon Derived from Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) for Lithium-Ion Batteries
The increasing demand for high-performance and sustainable lithium-ion batteries has led to the exploration of alternative anode materials beyond traditional graphite. Hard carbon, a disordered form of carbon characterized by expanded interlayer spacing and a high density of defect sites, exhibits promising electrochemical properties, particularly under fast-charging and low-temperature operation conditions. In this study, waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was converted into hard carbon anodes through pyrolysis at two different temperatures: 1000 °C and 1500 °C. The objective was to examine how the thermal treatment affects the structural characteristics and lithium ion storage behavior of the materials. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses indicated that the lower-temperature (1000 °C) heat-treated PET-derived hard carbon (pHC-L) had a more disordered structure with larger interlayer spacing and a higher concentration of defects. In contrast, the higher-temperature (1500 °C) heat-treated sample PET-derived hard carbon (pHC-H) showed increased graphitic ordering and fewer surface-active sites. At 20 mA g-1, the hard carbon produced at the lower heat-treatment temperature delivered 186.94 mAh g-1, compared with 130.15 mAh g-1 for the higher-temperature product; this improvement is attributed to the larger interlayer spacing and higher defect/micropore population, which promote sloping-type lithium-ion adsorption and pore-filling. Meanwhile, pHC-H demonstrated better rate performance with reduced polarization and enhanced reversibility. Both electrodes displayed a gradual increase in capacity during cycling, indicating structural activation attributed to solid-electrolyte interphase stabilization and improved accessibility of the electrolyte. These findings indicate that waste PET-derived hard carbon can be effectively optimized through pyrolysis temperature to achieve a balance between capacity and rate capability. This presents a sustainable and versatile platform for anode materials in next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
Study on Structural Integrity Evaluation of Composite Automated Ropeway System Inspection Manipulator Using Flexible Multibody Dynamics
Song et al
View accepted manuscript
, Study on Structural Integrity Evaluation of Composite Automated Ropeway System Inspection Manipulator Using Flexible Multibody Dynamics
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, Study on Structural Integrity Evaluation of Composite Automated Ropeway System Inspection Manipulator Using Flexible Multibody Dynamics
This study presents the structural design and structural integrity evaluation of carbon fiber reinforced plastic(CFRP) link arms applied on a ropeway structure inspection manipulator. The ropeway structure inspection manipulator is a device that remotely inspects defects and wear of ropeway wheel devices of rope facilities used as transportation, such as cable cars or ski lifts. Conventional inspection of ropeway wheel assemblies has relied on on-site visual checks by personnel at elevated locations, which poses safety risks and limits measurement consistency. In contrast, a ropeway inspection manipulator system is being developed domestically to enhance inspector safety and enable precise measurements using a laser scanner and camera mounted on the end device. To achieve stiffness enhancement of the manipulator links and light the CFRP was adopted. To confirm the applicability of a composite manipulator to ropeway system inspection, the laminate stacking pattern was treated as a design variable and a deflection analysis of the composite link arms was performed. For the motion reflected in the analysis, the maximum deflection of the end device equipped with the camera was confirmed in the motion state where the inspection manipulator, which occurred to have the maximum deflection, was horizontally spread out. Based on the deflection analysis, we selected a stacking pattern which reduced deflection about 72.13% relative to the baseline model. Structural integrity was evaluated using a flexible multibody dynamics model that incorporated the selected layup pattern under the actual ropeway wheel inspection motion. The evaluation of composite materials failure criterion, the Tsai–Wu failure criterion was adopted. As the results, the maximum Tsai-Wu index was 0.08, in the link arms were less than 1, confirming structural integrity.
The following article is
Open access
Prediction of Tensile and Flexural Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using Machine Learning Models
Md. Mominur Rahman
et al
2026
Funct. Compos. Struct.
View article
, Prediction of Tensile and Flexural Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using Machine Learning Models
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, Prediction of Tensile and Flexural Properties of Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using Machine Learning Models
The reliable design of the fiber reinforced epoxy composites (FRCs) are still challenging because of their complex heterogeneous nature. The limitations that are found for existing predictive models are the joint estimation of tensile and flexural properties for both pure and hybrid constituents. Traditional characterization of these properties is dependent on costly, time-consuming, destructive testing and at the same time, simulated predictive models are prone to suffer from oversimplified assumptions. To fill this gap, machine learning (ML) models have been implemented in this study with experimental data of 54 laminates with different fibre constituents (pure, bi & tri hybrids), stacking sequences and ply count. ML models included baseline, ensemble and neural network which were trained, validated and tested where design and testing parameters was input features for the prediction. Experimentally it was observed that Kevlar Cross 4 Ply showed the highest tensile strength of 326.40 MPa and carbon cross 4 ply showed the highest flexural strength of 513.33 MPa. Out of the hybrids, Kevlar - glass cross 4 ply showed the best tensile performance (373.46 MPa). In the prediction, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) was found as the robust model MSE=634.76, MAE=10.98, R2=0.83 followed by ensemble Random Forest (RF) with balanced performance (R2=0.74) and poor performance of Artificial Neural Network (R2=0.41). This work sets up a comprehensive ML system which shows the viability in material selection, which averts the need for extensive experimentation and speeds up composites design.
The following article is
Open access
Comprehensive numerical characterization of the piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites
Mostafa Elaskalany and Kamran Behdinan 2024
Funct. Compos. Struct.
045012
View article
, Comprehensive numerical characterization of the piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites
PDF
, Comprehensive numerical characterization of the piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites
Polymer nanocomposites reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising materials for applications in flexible sensors and self-sensing structures due to their enhanced mechanical and electrical properties. This study investigates the piezoresistive behavior of CNT/polymer nanocomposites to establish structure-property relationships addressing the limitations in modeling of the piezoresistivity under varying mechanical strains. Monte Carlo simulations were employed to account for uncertainties in the microstructure of the nanocomposite by randomly dispersing CNTs within the representative volume element. The fiber reorientation model was used to simulate the mechanical deformation effects on CNT kinematics, while the Landauer–Büttiker formula was used to calculate the tunneling resistance between CNTs. The developed model was validated against experimental data to ensure its reliability. The study systematically analyzed the impact of key parameters, including CNT aspect ratio, polymer energy barrier height, Poisson’s ratio, CNT volume fraction, intrinsic CNT conductivity, and the number of CNT conduction channels, on the piezoresistive sensitivity under both tension and compression. One key finding is the contrasting effect of parameters like polymer energy barrier height and CNT intrinsic conductivity under tensile versus compression loadings. Piezoresistivity increases with higher values of energy barrier heights and CNT conductivity under tensile strain but decreases under compression. This comprehensive characterization enhances the design and optimization of CNT/polymer nanocomposites guiding future developments in smart materials and sensing technologies.
The following article is
Open access
Electrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperatures
Jayani Anurangi
et al
2024
Funct. Compos. Struct.
035004
View article
, Electrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperatures
PDF
, Electrochemical and structural performances of carbon and glass fiber-reinforced structural supercapacitor composite at elevated temperatures
The structural supercapacitor can store electrical energy and withstand structural loads while saving substantial weight in many structural applications. This study investigated the development of a structural supercapacitor with a fiber-reinforced polymer composite system and explored the operating temperature’s influence on its performance. The electrochemical and mechanical properties of structural supercapacitors beyond the ambient temperature have not yet been studied; hence, evaluating parameters such as specific capacitance, energy density, cycle life, and structural performance at elevated temperatures are highly desired. We have designed and manufactured single and parallelly connected multilayer structural supercapacitor composites in this research. Carbon fibers were used as a bifunctional component, acting both as a current collector while acting as a mechanical reinforcement. In addition, glass fibers were added as the separator which is also acting as an integral reinforcement. The electrochemical and mechanical behavior of structural supercapacitors at elevated temperatures up to 85 °C were experimentally investigated. The test results revealed that at room temperature, the developed double-cell structural supercapacitor, which demonstrated an area-specific capacitance of 1.16 mF cm
−2
and energy density of 0.36 mWh cm
−2
at 0.24 mA cm
−2
, which are comparable to current achievements in structural supercapacitor research. The structural supercapacitor’s tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were measured as 109.5 MPa, 47.0 MPa, and 50.4 MPa, respectively. The specific capacitance and energy density reached 2.58 mF cm
−2
and 0.81 mWh cm
−2
, while tensile, flexural, and compression strengths were reduced to 70.9 MPa, 14.2 MPa, and 8.8 MPa, respectively, at 85 °C. These findings provide new comprehensive knowledge on structural supercapacitor devices suitable for applications operating within a temperature range from ambient conditions to 85 °C.
The following article is
Open access
Design and fabrication of bioinspired pattern driven magnetic actuators
Anasheh Khecho and Erina Baynojir Joyee 2024
Funct. Compos. Struct.
015010
View article
, Design and fabrication of bioinspired pattern driven magnetic actuators
PDF
, Design and fabrication of bioinspired pattern driven magnetic actuators
Additive manufacturing (AM) has drawn significant attention in the fabrication of soft actuators due to its unique capability of printing geometrically complex parts. This research presents the design and development of an AM process for bioinspired, deformable, and magnetic stimuli-responsive actuator arms. The actuator arms were fabricated via the material extrusion-based AM process with magnetic particle-polymer composite filaments. Inspired by the rhombus cellular structure found in nature, different design parameters, such as the line width of the interior rhombus sides, and 3D printing parameters were studied and optimized to fabricate actuator arms that exhibit enhanced flexibility while being magnetically actuated. The trigger distance and deformation experiments revealed that the width of the rhomboids’ sides played a critical role in magnetic and bending properties. It was found that the sample with a line width of 550
m and printing layer thickness of 0.05 mm had the maximum deflection with a measured bending angle of 34 degrees. The magnetic property measurement exhibited that the sample with a line width of 550
m showed the maximum magnetic flux density of 3.2 mT. The trigger distance results also supported this result. A maximum trigger distance of 8.25 mm was measured for the arm with a line width of 550
m. Additionally, tensile tests showed that the sample exhibited a 17.7 MPa tensile strength, 1.8 GPa elastic modulus, and 1.3% elongation. Based on these results, we successfully fabricated a 3D printed magnetic gripper with two rhombus cellular structured arms which showed grasping and extensive load lifting capability (up to ∼140 times its weight).
The following article is
Open access
Impact of nano crack and loading direction on the tensile features of FeCr alloy: a molecular dynamics analysis
S Gowthaman and T Jagadeesha 2024
Funct. Compos. Struct.
015002
View article
, Impact of nano crack and loading direction on the tensile features of FeCr alloy: a molecular dynamics analysis
PDF
, Impact of nano crack and loading direction on the tensile features of FeCr alloy: a molecular dynamics analysis
The existence of cracks and variations in loading direction has invoked greater modifications in the material properties. In this work, the tensile features of cracked and non-cracked FeCr polycrystals have been analyzed under numerous temperatures (300 K, 500 K, 700 K, and 900 K) and loading directions (parallel and normal to the crack cross-sectional directions) through molecular dynamics and it is originated that temperature has raised a higher impact on the tensile features trailed by the existence of crack and loading directions, owing to the formation of larger kinetic energy (KE) amidst the atoms. The existence of crack offers a moderate impression on the tensile behavior followed by the loading direction, due to its dominant impact on the tensile behavior through greater stress concentrations. Additionally, it is stated that the greater temperature along with the existence of crack and loading along normal to the crack cross section offers greater reductions in the tensile features of FeCr polycrystal, owed to the interactive effect of larger KE and discontinuity among atoms. Furthermore, the shear strain and displacement contour map and materials feature also confirm a similar occurrence which leads to altering its material behavior.
The following article is
Open access
The effect of geometrical parameters on blast resistance of sandwich panels—a review
Orhan Gülcan
et al
2023
Funct. Compos. Struct.
022001
View article
, The effect of geometrical parameters on blast resistance of sandwich panels—a review
PDF
, The effect of geometrical parameters on blast resistance of sandwich panels—a review
Many engineering structures, especially defense applications, need to be reinforced against blast loads due to a nearby explosion. Today, much more attention needs to be given to this issue because of increased exposure to explosions, and natural disasters. Different solutions have been used in the literature to mitigate blast-loading effects. One of these applications, sandwich panels, are a good candidate for blast-loading applications. In a sandwich panel structure, several parameters have considerable effects on deflections, deformations, and energy absorption capability. The most important of these parameters are: (i) the material and thickness of the front and back face sheets and core; (ii) core density and grading; (iii) core and face sheet types; (iv) filling and stiffening strategies of the core; (v) radius of curvature of the panel; (vi) mass of explosive charge; and (vii) standoff distance. The aim of this paper is to review these critical aspects of blast loading of sandwich panels to provide an overall insight into the state of the art of the application.
The following article is
Open access
Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP composites
Chidume Nwambu
et al
2022
Funct. Compos. Struct.
045001
View article
, Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP composites
PDF
, Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP composites
A dynamic mechanical thermal analyser operating in the single cantilever mode was used to examine the dynamic mechanical properties of unaged and hygrothermally aged discontinuous asymmetric helicoidal (Bouligand) carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites as a function of fibre architecture. The discontinuous Bouligand was manufactured using two major pitch angles as independent variables: 90° and 120° and from each major pitch angle, minor interply pitch angles were used as independent variables ranging 5°–25°. The composites were tested as either dry unaged specimens or following hygrothermal ageing in seawater at the constant temperatures of 40 °C and 60 °C for over 2000 h. We find that the viscoelastic properties
′ and
″ are adversely affected by both hygrothermal aging and the minor pitch angle, but not the major pitch angle. Higher hygrothermal ageing temperatures and increasing minor pitch angles are found to decrease the energy absorption and dissipation capacities of discontinuous Bouligand structured CFRP composites. The tan-
curves also indicate that hygrothermal ageing increases the heterogeneity of discontinuous Bouligand structured composites, with separate viscoelastic phases and glass transition temperatures.
The following article is
Open access
Study of the effect of nano ZrO
and TiO
and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PP
Mohammad Afzali and Vahid Asghari 2022
Funct. Compos. Struct.
015002
View article
, Study of the effect of nano ZrO2 and TiO2 and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PP
PDF
, Study of the effect of nano ZrO2 and TiO2 and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PP
The purpose of this project was to introduce a way to improve the mechanical properties of dissimilar welded material, which provides benefits such as affordability, high speed, and a suitable bond property. This experimental project applies the friction welding method, including combining parameters, such as a numerical control machine, two different speeds, and three different cross sections, including flat, cone, and step surfaces. When the welding process was done, samples were implemented and prepared via a bending test of materials. The results have shown that, besides increasing the machining velocity, the surface friction increased, and so did the temperature. Considering the stated experimental facts, the melting temperature of composite materials increased. This provides the possibility of having a better blend of nanomaterial compared to the base melted plastics. Thus, the result showed that, besides increasing the weight percentage of nanomaterial contents and machining velocity, the mechanical properties increased on the welded area for all three types of samples. This enhancement is due to the better melting process on the welded area with the attendance of various nanoparticle contents. Also, the results showed that the shape of the welding area could play a significant role, and the results also change drastically where the shape changes. Optimum shape in the welding process has been dedicated to the step surface. The temperature causes the melting process, which is a significant factor in the friction welding process.
The following article is
Open access
A thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers with the energy renormalization method
Jiwon Jung
et al
2021
Funct. Compos. Struct.
015006
View article
, A thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers with the energy renormalization method
PDF
, A thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers with the energy renormalization method
Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are a widely accepted methodology in the field of studying the viscoelasticity of elastomers. In this paper, a thermophysically balanced multiscale coarse-grained potential for glass-forming polymers is presented with the energy renormalization (ER) method by redefining temperature transferable correlation effects between rescaling factors for energy parameter and length-scale parameter. The correlation effects have not been investigated in the literature, to the best knowledge of authors. The coarse-grained potential was demonstrated for the polyisoprene model generated from the anionic polymerization. The ER enables temperature transferability by adopting renormalization parameters as function of the temperature. Considering the correlation effects, a multi objective-optimization algorithm was adopted to find proper solution sets of
and
matching mean square displacement (MSD) and density to the all-atom model simultaneously. Meanwhile, shear stress was matched to find
first, then, density was fitted in the low-temperature regime. To verify the coarse-grained potential in the middle-temperature regime, MSD was compared to those from the all-atom model, and it was successfully matched.
The following article is
Open access
Evaluation of dispersion of MWCNT/cellulose composites sheet using electrical resistance 3D-mapping for strain sensing
Pyeong-Su Shin
et al
2020
Funct. Compos. Struct.
025004
View article
, Evaluation of dispersion of MWCNT/cellulose composites sheet using electrical resistance 3D-mapping for strain sensing
PDF
, Evaluation of dispersion of MWCNT/cellulose composites sheet using electrical resistance 3D-mapping for strain sensing
Carbon nanomaterials including, but not limited to, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene have attracted considerable attention due to their nanoscale electrical conductivity. Flexible sensors have experienced a growing demand due to several potential applications, such as personalized health monitoring and robots. In this study, CNT/cellulose composite sheets were manufactured using spray methods for flexible sensors. MWCNTs were ultrasonically dispersed in an acetone solvent and flexible plain paper was used as a substrate on which the CNT suspension was sprayed. At the end of the coating process, to remove the acetone solvent, the specimens were dried in an oven. Electrical resistance (ER) three-dimensional-mapping and optical observation were used to confirm and evaluate the dispersion of CNTs on the paper. To access the wettability of CNT/cellulose sheets, the changes of static contact angle of distilled water droplets on the sheets were measured. The critical point of the CNT coating numbers was determined using the ER method as well as the change of wettability using the static contact angle measurements.
More Open Access articles
Structural battery composites: a review
Leif E Asp
et al
2019
Funct. Compos. Struct.
042001
View article
, Structural battery composites: a review
PDF
, Structural battery composites: a review
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in structural battery composites research. Structural battery composites are a class of structural power composites aimed to provide mass-less energy storage for electrically powered structural systems. Structural battery composites are made from carbon fibres in a structural electrolyte matrix material. Neat carbon fibres are used as a structural negative electrode, exploiting their high mechanical properties, excellent lithium insertion capacity and high electrical conductivity. Lithium iron phosphate coated carbon fibres are used as the structural positive electrode. Here, the lithium iron phosphate is the electrochemically active substance and the fibres carry mechanical loads and conduct electrons. The surrounding structural electrolyte is lithium ion conductive and transfers mechanical loads between fibres. With these constituents, structural battery half-cells and full-cells are realised with a variety in device architecture. The paper also presents an overview of material modelling and characterisation performed to date. Particular reference is given to work performed in national and European research projects under the leadership of the authors, who are able to provide a unique insight into this emerging and exciting field of research.
A review on mechanical and material characterisation through molecular dynamics using large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS)
S Gowthaman 2023
Funct. Compos. Struct.
012005
View article
, A review on mechanical and material characterisation through molecular dynamics using large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS)
PDF
, A review on mechanical and material characterisation through molecular dynamics using large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS)
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation continues to be one of the most advanced tools in a wide range of fields and applications. The motion of atoms or molecules at various temperatures and pressures was analysed and visualised using the MD simulation through large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS). This research focuses on a basic introduction to MD, as well as their determination and MD methods. LAMMPS works with a variety of external packages to determine the position of atoms and molecules over time. As the simulation has various procedures such as algorithm to step processing and results, the developers of MD are constantly pushing for the reduction of pre-steps. This classifies the performance competence that should be approached for increased portability of performance on a programmatic level, a key to implementing the solution for various problems that would come from inventors and possibly new research in programming languages.
Advancement in science and technology of carbon dot-polymer hybrid composites: a review
Sayan Ganguly
et al
2019
Funct. Compos. Struct.
022001
View article
, Advancement in science and technology of carbon dot-polymer hybrid composites: a review
PDF
, Advancement in science and technology of carbon dot-polymer hybrid composites: a review
The serendipitous discovery of carbon dots has been added as a new domain of interest for materials scientists due to their extraordinary photo-physical attributes and long-term colloidal stability. This domain was more nurtured when carbon dots meet macromolecular chains. Carbon dot confined polymer matrices have diversified because of their ease of fabrication and applications in sensing, optoelectronics, semiconductors, molecular delivery, and various commercial aspects. Most promisingly, very small amounts of carbon dots have a over-the-top synergistic outcome in the presence of macromolecular systems. This review encompasses the synthesis of carbons dots, their physical properties, various fabrication strategies of polymer-carbon dots nanocomposites and applications.
PVDF-based ferroelectric polymers and dielectric elastomers for sensor and actuator applications: a review
Ji-Hun Bae and Seung-Hwan Chang 2019
Funct. Compos. Struct.
012003
View article
, PVDF-based ferroelectric polymers and dielectric elastomers for sensor and actuator applications: a review
PDF
, PVDF-based ferroelectric polymers and dielectric elastomers for sensor and actuator applications: a review
Electroactive polymers (EAPs) are materials that respond to electrical stimulation by exhibiting significantly large strains (to a maximum of a few hundred %) and vice versa. Thanks to their unique behaviors, EAPs have been widely and increasingly applied for sensing and actuating applications. EAPs are a promising material with many attractive properties such as fast electro-mechanical response, high mechanical and chemical stability, flexibility, low modulus, high strain capabilities, and shape adaptability. These features make them attractive for innovative applications such as wearable fabric sensors for IoT products and artificial muscles as bio-friendly actuators. In this article, we have presented a brief overview of electronic EAPs, especially PVDF-based materials, dielectric elastomers such as silicone and acrylic materials for sensors and actuators by focusing on their operation mechanisms and applications.
Mechanical performance evaluation of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer composites and its applications: a review
N M Nurazzi
et al
2022
Funct. Compos. Struct.
015009
View article
, Mechanical performance evaluation of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer composites and its applications: a review
PDF
, Mechanical performance evaluation of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer composites and its applications: a review
This paper reviews the mechanical performance of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer composites (BFRPs) for structural applications. Bamboo fibres are very promising reinforcements for polymer composites production due to their high aspect ratio, renewability, environmentally friendly, non-toxicity, cheap cost, non-abrasives, full biodegradability, and strong mechanical performances. Besides, bamboo has its own prospects and good potential to be used in biopolymer composites as an alternative for petroleum-based materials to be used in several advanced applications in the building and construction industry. For bamboo fibre to be reinforced with polymer, they must have good interfacial bond between the polymer, as better fibre and matrix interaction results in good interfacial adhesion between fibre/matrix and fewer voids in the composite. Several important factors to improve matrix-fibre bonding and enhance the mechanical properties of BFRP are by fibre treatment, hybridisation, lamination, and using coupling agent. Moreover, mechanical properties of BFRP are greatly influenced by few factors, such as type of fibre and matrix used, fibre-matrix adhesion, fibre dispersion, fibre orientation, composite manufacturing technique used, void content in composites, and porosity of composite. In order to better understand their reinforcing potential, the mechanical properties of this material is critically discussed in this review paper. In addition, the advantages of bamboo fibres as the reinforcing phase in polymer composites is highlighted in this review paper. Besides that, the bamboo-based products such as laminated bamboo lumber, glued-laminated bamboo, hybrid bamboo polymer composites, parallel bamboo strand lumber, parallel strand bamboo, bamboo-oriented strand board, and bamboo-scrimber have lately been developed and used in structural applications.
Recent advances in thin and broadband layered microwave absorbing and shielding structures for commercial and defense applications
Ravi Panwar and Jung Ryul Lee 2019
Funct. Compos. Struct.
032001
View article
, Recent advances in thin and broadband layered microwave absorbing and shielding structures for commercial and defense applications
PDF
, Recent advances in thin and broadband layered microwave absorbing and shielding structures for commercial and defense applications
The development of cost-effective, lightweight, wideband microwave absorbing and shielding (MA&S) structures with exotic electromagnetic and mechanical properties is a complex task for academia and industry. The microwave absorption and shielding properties of materials can be significantly improved by the application of layered structures. In this article, an attempt is made to critically analyze and understand the current state of layered MA&S structures and their development directions. This article presents a critical and systematic review of the design and implementation of advanced and diversified layered MA&S structures such as nanocomposite, honeycomb, pyramidal, metamaterial and plasma structures. The objective of this article is to assist in the material and geometry selection process for the development of layered MA&S structures. The theory and operating principle of layered MA&S structures is briefly sketched with attention paid to the electromagnetic mixing models and optimization strategies. This article aims to address various issues associated with such a rapidly expanding field. This article also offers a perspective on the experimental efforts towards the development of efficient layered MA&S structures. This article will be helpful for academicians and scientists dealing with the design and development of electromagnetic structures for distinct practical electromagnetic applications.
A review of high-performance carbon nanotube-based carbon fibers
Dongju Lee
et al
2023
Funct. Compos. Struct.
045007
View article
, A review of high-performance carbon nanotube-based carbon fibers
PDF
, A review of high-performance carbon nanotube-based carbon fibers
With the growing importance of high-performance carbon fibers (CFs), researches have been conducted in many applications such as aerospace, automobile and battery. Since conventional CFs which were made from polyacrylonitrile, pitch and cellulose display either high tensile strength or high modulus properties due to structural limitations, it has been a challenge to develop CFs with both tensile strength and modulus with high conductivity. Therefore, various studies have been conducted to obtain high-performance multifunctional CFs. Among them, 1-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been used commonly to make CFs because of high mechanical and conducting properties. In this review, the recent development of CFs was introduced briefly, and CNT-based composite CFs were introduced. Many efforts are being made to create high-performance CFs by combining various carbon nanomaterials and polymers, which can have potential to be utilized in aerospace, defense and other industries. The those fibers may be nextgeneration high-performance fibers due to both high strength and high modulus as well as high conducting properties. The challenges and outlook for commercialization of CNT-based CFs are addressed in terms of aspect ratio of CNTs, solvent recycling, and mass-production.
Eco-friendly innovation: harnessing nature’s blueprint for enhanced photocatalysis and antimicrobial potential in multi-structured PN/ZnO nanoparticles
Jyoti Gaur
et al
2024
Funct. Compos. Struct.
015005
View article
, Eco-friendly innovation: harnessing nature’s blueprint for enhanced photocatalysis and antimicrobial potential in multi-structured PN/ZnO nanoparticles
PDF
, Eco-friendly innovation: harnessing nature’s blueprint for enhanced photocatalysis and antimicrobial potential in multi-structured PN/ZnO nanoparticles
This research unveils an innovative approach to green synthesis, detailed characterization, and multifunctional exploration of bio-functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles (PN/ZnO NPs) adorned with phytochemicals from
Piper nigrum
(PN). Employing an extensive suite of spectroscopic techniques and physicochemical methods, including UV–vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, the study delves into the unique properties of PN/ZnO NPs. XRD confirms the development of the wurtzite phase with a crystallite diameter of 47.77 nm. FTIR reveals ZnO functionalization by PN’s phytochemicals, while FESEM and HRTEM suggest diverse architectural features. Selected area electron diffraction patterns authenticate the crystalline structure. BET analysis showcases a large specific surface area of 80.72 m
−1
and a mesoporous structure. The absorption peak at 372 nm and an energy band gap (
) of 3.44 eV validate ZnO NP formation. The catalytic performance is demonstrated through the degradation of commercial reactive yellow-17 (RY-17) dye, with PN/ZnO (dosage 300 mg l
−1
) achieving 94.72% removal at a dose of 120 mg l
−1
. Pseudo-first-order kinetics govern the photodegradation process. PN-ZnO NPs showcase potent antimicrobial efficacy against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, with varying clearance zones. This study stands as an impactful exploration, integrating green synthesis, detailed characterization, and versatile functionalities of PN/ZnO NPs.
Low-velocity impact behavior of sandwich composite structure with 3D printed hexagonal honeycomb core: varying core materials
F Nur Ainin
et al
2022
Funct. Compos. Struct.
035007
View article
, Low-velocity impact behavior of sandwich composite structure with 3D printed hexagonal honeycomb core: varying core materials
PDF
, Low-velocity impact behavior of sandwich composite structure with 3D printed hexagonal honeycomb core: varying core materials
Additive manufacturing technology is extensively used in aeronautical applications, especially in designing the sandwich composite structures for repair tasks. However, the composite structures are vulnerable to impact loadings because of their exposure to, for instance, loading field carriages, flying debris, and bird strikes. This may lead to crack propagation and ultimately the structural failure. Therefore, it is important to investigate the mechanical behavior of sandwich composite structures under low-velocity impact. In this research, carbon fiber fabric reinforced 3D-printed thermoplastic composite of hexagonal honeycomb cores structures were fabricated with different unit cells (6, 8, and 10 mm) and varying materials (polylactic acid (PLA), PLA-Wood and PLA-Carbon). A drop weight impact test was performed under impact energies (5, 8, and 11 J) to determine the energy absorption performance of the structures whereas the surface morphology was analyzed using a high-intensity optical microscope. Comparing unit cells of materials used, it is observed that the unit cell of 8 mm is the best configuration for lightweight materials with impressive energy absorption capabilities. Under an impact energy of 11 J, the PLA-Wood of unit cell 8 mm shows 9.22 J higher in energy absorption than unit cell 10 mm which is 7.44 J due to intermediate stiffness that resists further deformation. While the filled PLA shows the PLA-Wood material offers better performance in energy absorption capability compared to PLA-Carbon. The PLA-Wood demonstrates 9.22 J more energy absorption for an unit cell 8 mm under an impact energy of 11 J than the PLA-Carbon, which is 8.49 J. This is due to the good compatibility between the hydroxyl groups of the polymer matrix and lignocellulose filler, which translates to better stiffness.
Influences of nano-SiO
on the tensile, flexural, and compressive characteristics of the open-hole carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminated composites: experimental study
Reza Emrahi
et al
2023
Funct. Compos. Struct.
035001
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, Influences of nano-SiO2 on the tensile, flexural, and compressive characteristics of the open-hole carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminated composites: experimental study
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, Influences of nano-SiO2 on the tensile, flexural, and compressive characteristics of the open-hole carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminated composites: experimental study
Carbon fiber are of great importance materials exploited in various industrial applications in the recent years. Because of its strong flexural and compressive properties, these fibers have been commonly utilized as a reinforcement for producing polymer composite laminates. Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates are subjected to extreme forces and damaged. In the component assembly of the structures, one of the conventional damages that still occurs on the CFRP laminates is holes that is created on the specimen by drilling tools, which causes a reduction in the laminates’ mechanical strength. One of the suggested ways to strengthen the mechanical properties of composites is to add nanoparticles. Therefore, the impact of silica nanoparticles (nano-SiO
) on the tensile, flexural, and compressive characteristics of the open-hole CFRP laminated composites is experimentally determined in this research. Nano-SiO
with various weight percentage of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 is added into the CFRP. A scanning electron microscope images are used to observe the microscopic structure of the composites. The results showed that adding 1–3 wt.% of nano-SiO
into the CFRP enhances the tensile, flexural, and compressive strength of the specimens and reduces the fiber pull out and delamination.
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2018-present
Functional Composites and Structures
doi: 10.1088/issn.2631-6331
Online ISSN: 2631-6331