Germany - Wikipedia

Germany - Wikipedia
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Coordinates
51°N
9°E
 / 
51°N 9°E
 /
51; 9
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Country in Western and Central Europe
This article is about the country. For other uses, see
Germany (disambiguation)
"Deutschland" redirects here. For other uses, see
Deutschland (disambiguation)
Federal Republic of Germany
Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem:
Das Lied der Deutschen
The Song of the Germans
Germany on the globe centred on Europe
Show map of the
European Union
Capital
and largest city
Berlin
52°31′N
13°23′E
 / 
52.517°N 13.383°E
 /
52.517; 13.383
Official languages
German
Demonym
German
Government
Federal
parliamentary republic
President
Frank-Walter Steinmeier
Chancellor
Friedrich Merz
Legislature
Bundestag
Bundesrat
Area
• Total
357,022 km
(137,847 sq mi) (
63rd
• Water (%)
1.27
Population
• Q3 2025 estimate
83,497,147
• 2022 census
82,719,540
19th
• Density
233/km
(603.5/sq mi) (
63rd
GDP
PPP
2026 estimate
• Total
$6.408 trillion
6th
• Per capita
$76,747
23rd
GDP
(nominal)
2026 estimate
• Total
$5.453 trillion
3rd
• Per capita
$65,303
19th
Gini
(2025)
30.1
medium inequality
HDI
(2023)
0.959
very high
5th
Currency
Euro
) (
EUR
Time zone
UTC
+1
CET
• Summer (
DST
UTC
+2
CEST
Date format
Day, month, year
Year, month, day
Calling code
+49
ISO 3166 code
DE
Internet TLD
.de
Germany
officially the
Federal Republic of Germany
is a country in
Western
and
Central Europe
. It lies between the
Baltic Sea
and the
North Sea
to the north with the
Alps
to the south. Its sixteen
constituent states
have
a total population
of over 82 million, making it the most populous
member state of the European Union
(EU). Germany borders
Denmark
to the north;
Poland
and the
Czech Republic
to the east;
Austria
and
Switzerland
to the south; and
France
Luxembourg
Belgium
, and the
Netherlands
to the west. The
nation's capital
and
most populous city
is
Berlin
and its main financial centre is
Frankfurt
; the largest urban area is the
Ruhr
Settlement in the territory of modern Germany began in the
Lower Paleolithic
, with various tribes inhabiting it from the
Neolithic
onward, chiefly the
Celts
, and
Germanic tribes
inhabiting the north.
Romans
named the area
Germania
. In 962, the
Kingdom of Germany
formed the bulk of the
Holy Roman Empire
. During the 16th century,
northern German regions
became the centre of the
Protestant Reformation
. Following the
Napoleonic Wars
and
the dissolution
of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the
German Confederation
was formed in 1815.
Unification of Germany
into the modern
nation-state
led
by
Prussia
established
the
German Empire
in 1871. After
World War I
and
a revolution
, the Empire was replaced by the
Weimar Republic
. The
Nazi rise to power
in 1933 led to the establishment of
a totalitarian dictatorship
World War II
, and
the Holocaust
. In 1949,
after the war
and
Allied occupation
, Germany was organised into
two separate polities
with limited sovereignty: the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), or
West Germany
, and the German Democratic Republic (GDR), or
East Germany
. The FRG was a founding member of the
European Economic Community
, while the GDR was a communist
Eastern Bloc
state and a founding member of the
Warsaw Pact
. After
the fall
of the
communist led-government
in East Germany,
German reunification
saw the
former East German states
join the FRG on
3 October 1990
Germany is a
developed country
with
a strong economy
; it has the
largest economy in Europe by nominal GDP
. As a major force in several industrial,
scientific and technological
sectors, Germany is both the world's
third-largest exporter
and
third-largest importer
. Widely considered a
great power
, Germany is part of
multiple international organisations and forums
. It has the
third-highest number
of UNESCO
World Heritage Sites
55
, of which 52 are cultural.
Etymology
Further information:
Names of Germany
Germani
, and
Germania
The
word
Germany
derives from the
Latin
Germania
, which came into use after
Julius Caesar
adopted it for the peoples east of the
Rhine
11
The
German
term
Deutschland
, originally
diutisciu land
('the German lands'), is derived from
cf.
Dutch
), which descended from
Old High German
diutisc
'of the people' (from
diot
or
diota
'people'), originally used to distinguish the
language of the common people
from Latin and
its Romance descendants
. This in turn descends from
Proto-Germanic
þiudiskaz
'of the people' (see also the Latinised form
Theodiscus
), derived from
þeudō
, descended from
Proto-Indo-European
tewtéh₂-
'people', from which the word
Teutons
also originates.
12
History
Main article:
History of Germany
For a chronological guide, see
Timeline of German history
Prehistory
Main articles:
Linear Pottery culture
Unetice culture
Urnfield culture
, and
Celts
Ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago.
13
The first non-modern human fossil (the
Neanderthal
) was discovered in the
Neander Valley
14
Similarly dated evidence of modern humans has been found in the
Swabian Jura
, including 42,000-year-old
flutes
which are the oldest musical instruments ever found,
15
the 40,000-year-old
Lion Man
16
and the 41,000-year-old
Venus of Hohle Fels
17
18
Germanic tribes, Roman frontier and the Frankish Empire
Main articles:
Jastorf culture
Germanic peoples
Germania
Migration Period
, and
Frankish Realm
Basilica of Constantine
in
Trier
Augusta Treverorum
), built in the 4th century
From southern
Scandinavia
and
northern Germany
, the
Germanic peoples
expanded south, east, and west, coming into contact with the
Celtic
Iranian
Baltic
, and
Slavic
tribes.
19
20
Southern Germany was inhabited by Celtic-speaking peoples, who belonged to the wider
La Tène culture
. They were later assimilated by the Germanic conquerors.
21
Under
Augustus
, the
Roman Empire
began to invade lands inhabited by the Germanic tribes, creating a short-lived Roman province of
Germania
between the Rhine and
Elbe
rivers. In 9 AD, three
Roman legions
were defeated by
Arminius
in the
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
22
23
The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering
Germania
and is thus considered one of the most important events in
European history
24
By 100 AD, when
Tacitus
wrote
Germania
, Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the
Limes Germanicus
), occupying most of modern Germany.
25
However,
Baden-Württemberg
, southern
Bavaria
, southern
Hesse
and the western
Rhineland
had
been incorporated
into
Roman provinces
26
27
28
Around 260, Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands.
29
After the invasion of the
Huns
in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest: the Franks established the
Frankish Kingdom
and pushed east to subjugate
Saxony
and
Bavaria
. Areas of modern eastern Germany were inhabited by
Western Slavic
tribes.
26
East Francia and the Holy Roman Empire
Main articles:
East Francia
and
Holy Roman Empire
East Francia
in 843
Martin Luther
, born in
Eisleben
in 1483, challenged the indulgences of the
Catholic Church
, giving rise to the
Reformation
and
Protestantism
Charlemagne
founded the
Carolingian Empire
in 800; it was
divided in 843
30
The eastern successor kingdom of
East Francia
stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe river in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps.
30
Subsequently, the Holy Roman Empire emerged from it. The
Ottonian
rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major
duchies
31
In 996,
Gregory V
became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousin
Otto III
, whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and
Burgundy
under the
Salian
emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through the
Investiture Controversy
32
Under the
Hohenstaufen
emperors (1138–1254), German princes encouraged German settlement to the south and east (
Ostsiedlung
).
33
Members of the
Hanseatic League
, mostly north German towns, prospered in the expansion of trade.
34
The population declined starting with the
Great Famine
in 1315, followed by the
Black Death
of 1348–1350.
35
The
Golden Bull
issued in 1356 provided the constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven
prince-electors
36
Johannes Gutenberg
introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, laying the basis for the
democratisation of knowledge
37
In 1517,
Martin Luther
incited the Protestant Reformation and
his translation of the Bible
began the standardisation of the language; the 1555
Peace of Augsburg
tolerated the "Evangelical" faith (
Lutheranism
), but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects (
cuius regio, eius religio
).
38
From the
Cologne War
through the
Thirty Years' Wars
(1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands and significantly reduced the population.
39
40
The
Peace of Westphalia
ended religious warfare among the
Imperial Estates
39
The legal system initiated by a series of
Imperial Reforms
(approximately 1495–1555) provided for considerable local autonomy and a stronger
Imperial Diet
41
The
House of Habsburg
held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of
Charles VI
in 1740. Following the
War of the Austrian Succession
and the
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
, Charles VI's daughter
Maria Theresa
ruled as
empress consort
when her husband,
Francis I
, became emperor.
42
43
From 1740,
dualism
between the Austrian
Habsburg monarchy
and the
Kingdom of Prussia
dominated German history. In 1772, 1793, and 1795, Prussia and Austria, along with the
Russian Empire
, agreed to the
Partitions of Poland
44
45
During the period of the
French Revolutionary Wars
, the
Napoleonic era
and the subsequent
final meeting of the Imperial Diet
, most of the
Free Imperial Cities
were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the
Imperium
was dissolved; France, Russia, Prussia, and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the
Napoleonic Wars
46
German Confederation and Empire
Main articles:
German question
German Confederation
Unification of Germany
German Empire
, and
German colonial empire
The German Confederation in 1815
Following the fall of
Napoleon
, the
Congress of Vienna
founded the German Confederation, a loose league of
39 sovereign states
. The appointment of the
emperor of Austria
as the permanent president reflected the Congress' rejection of
Prussia
's rising influence. Disagreement within
restoration
politics partly led to the rise of
liberal
movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman
Klemens von Metternich
47
48
The
Zollverein
, a tariff union, furthered economic unity.
49
In light of
revolutionary movements in Europe
, intellectuals and commoners started the
revolutions of 1848 in the German states
, raising the German question. King
Frederick William IV of Prussia
was offered the title of emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, a temporary setback for the movement.
50
Berlin Palace
, the main residence of the Kings of Prussia and German Emperors
King
William I
appointed
Otto von Bismarck
as the
Minister President of Prussia
in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded the
war with Denmark in 1864
; the subsequent decisive Prussian victory in the
Austro-Prussian War
of 1866 enabled him to create the
North German Confederation
which excluded
Austria
. After the defeat of France in the
Franco-Prussian War
, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the King of Prussia ruled as its
Emperor
Kaiser
), and Berlin became its capital.
51
52
In the
Gründerzeit
period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as
chancellor of Germany
secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances and avoiding war.
52
However, under
Wilhelm II
, Germany took an
imperialistic
course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries.
53
A dual alliance
was created with the
multinational realm
of
Austria-Hungary
; the
Triple Alliance of 1882
included Italy. Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances to protect against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France.
54
At the
Berlin Conference
in 1884, Germany claimed several
colonies
including
German East Africa
German South West Africa
Togoland
, and
Kamerun
55
Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include holdings in the Pacific and
China
56
The colonial government in South West Africa (present-day
Namibia
), from 1904 to 1908, carried out the
annihilation of the local Herero and Nama peoples
as punishment for an uprising;
57
58
59
this was the 20th century's first
genocide
58
The assassination
of
Austria's crown prince
on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for Austria-Hungary to attack Serbia and trigger
World War I
. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed,
60
a general armistice
ended the fighting. In the
German Revolution
(November 1918), Wilhelm II and the ruling princes
abdicated
their positions.
Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany
Main articles:
Weimar Republic
and
Nazi Germany
Adolf Hitler
, dictatorial
Führer
of Nazi Germany from 1933 until
his suicide
in 1945
On 9 November 1918,
Philipp Scheidemann
, a Social Democrat,
proclaimed the German Republic
, marking Germany's transition to a
federal democratic state
. Germany's new leadership signed the
Treaty of Versailles
in 1919, accepting defeat by the
Allies
. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating, which was seen by historians as influential in the rise of
Adolf Hitler
61
Germany lost around 13% of its European territory and ceded all of its colonial possessions.
62
On 11 August 1919, President
Friedrich Ebert
signed the democratic
Weimar Constitution
63
Communists briefly seized power in Bavaria
and a few larger cities, while conservative elements failed to overthrow the central government in the 1920
Kapp Putsch
. The
occupation of the Ruhr
by Belgian and French troops and a period of
hyperinflation
followed. A
plan to restructure Germany's war reparations
and the creation of
a new currency
in 1924 helped stabilise the government and ushered in the
Golden Twenties
, an era of artistic innovation and liberal cultural life.
64
65
66
The worldwide
Great Depression
hit Germany in 1929, and by 1932 the unemployment rate had risen to 24%.
67
The
Nazi Party
led by Adolf Hitler became the largest party in the Reichstag after the
election of July 1932
, and
President Hindenburg
appointed Hitler chancellor on 30 January 1933.
68
After the
Reichstag fire
a decree
abrogated basic
civil rights
, and the first
Nazi concentration camp
opened.
69
70
On 23 March 1933, the
Enabling Act
gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power, overriding the constitution,
71
and marked the beginning of Nazi Germany. His government established a centralised
totalitarian state
withdrew from the League of Nations
, and dramatically increased
Germany's rearmament
72
A government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works, the most famous of which was the
Autobahn
73
In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the
Nuremberg Laws
which targeted
Jews
and other
minorities
74
Germany also reacquired control of the
Saarland
in 1935,
75
remilitarised the Rhineland
in 1936,
annexed Austria
in 1938,
annexed the Sudetenland
in 1938 with the
Munich Agreement
, and, in violation of the agreement,
occupied Czechoslovakia
in March 1939.
76
Kristallnacht
(Night of Broken Glass) saw the burning of synagogues, the destruction of Jewish businesses, and mass arrests of Jewish people.
77
In August 1939,
Hitler's government
negotiated the
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
that divided Eastern Europe into German and
Soviet
spheres of influence.
78
On 1 September 1939, Germany
invaded Poland
, beginning
World War II in Europe
79
Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September.
80
In spring 1940, Germany
conquered Denmark and Norway
the Netherlands
Belgium
Luxembourg
, and
France
. The British repelled German air attacks in the
Battle of Britain
in the same year. In 1941, German troops
invaded Yugoslavia
Greece
and the
Soviet Union
, and Germany declared war on the United States. By 1942, Germany and its allies controlled most of
continental Europe
and
North Africa
, but following the Soviet victory at the
Battle of Stalingrad
, the Allied
reconquest of North Africa
and
invasion of Italy
in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats. In 1944, the Soviets
pushed into Eastern Europe
; the Western allies
landed in France
and entered Germany despite a
final German counteroffensive
. Following
Hitler's suicide
during the
Battle of Berlin
Germany signed the surrender document
on 8 May 1945,
ending World War II in Europe
79
81
and Nazi Germany. After the war, surviving Nazi officials were tried for
war crimes
at the
Nuremberg trials
82
83
Discrimination was institutionalised through legislation and perpetrated at an industrial scale with concentration and
death camps
across Europe. The
crimes against humanity
culminated but were not limited to what later became known as
the Holocaust
, the systematic murdering of around 6 million Jews.
Several other minority groups
were targeted: at least 130,000
Romani
, 275,000
disabled
, thousands of
Jehovah's Witnesses
, thousands of
homosexuals
, and hundreds of thousands of
political and religious opponents
84
Nazi policies in German-occupied countries
resulted in the deaths of an estimated 2.7 million Poles,
85
1.3 million Ukrainians, 1 million Belarusians and 3.5 million
Soviet prisoners of war
86
83
German military casualties
have been estimated at 5.3 million,
87
and around 900,000 German civilians died.
88
During the later stages of and after World War II, around 12 million
ethnic Germans were expelled
from across Eastern Europe, and Germany lost roughly
one-quarter of its pre-war territory
89
East and West Germany
Main articles:
History of Germany (1945–1990)
Allied-occupied Germany
West Germany
, and
East Germany
The
fall of the Berlin Wall
in 1989 was one of the first developments in the end of the
Cold War
, leading ultimately to the dissolution of the
Soviet Union
After the surrender of Nazi Germany, the
Allies
de jure
abolished the German state
and partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into
four occupation zones
. The western sectors, controlled by France, the
United Kingdom
, and the
United States
, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) (
German
Bundesrepublik Deutschland
; BRD); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the
German Democratic Republic
(GDR) (
Deutsche Demokratische Republik
; DDR). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany.
90
East Germany selected
East Berlin
as its capital, while West Germany chose
Bonn
as a provisional capital to emphasize its stance that the two-state solution was temporary.
91
West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a
social market economy
. In 1948, West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the American
Marshall Plan
92
Konrad Adenauer
was elected the first
federal chancellor of Germany
in 1949. The country enjoyed prolonged economic growth (
Wirtschaftswunder
) beginning in the early 1950s.
93
West Germany joined
NATO
in 1955 and was a founding member of the
European Economic Community
94
On 1 January 1957,
the Saarland joined
West Germany.
95
East Germany remained under political and military control by the
Soviet Union
via occupation forces and became an
Eastern Bloc
state, joining the Soviet-led
Warsaw Pact
and
Comecon
. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members (
Politbüro
) of the
Socialist Unity Party of Germany
that was closely aligned with the
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
. An extensive domestic intelligence programme, led by the intelligence agency
Stasi
was launched, that utilized a vast network of informants to crush dissent.
96
While
East German propaganda
was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity.
97
The
Berlin Wall
, built in 1961, prevented East German citizens from
escaping to West Germany
, becoming a symbol of the
Cold War
98
Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the late 1960s by Chancellor
Willy Brandt
's
Ostpolitik
99
In 1989, Hungary dismantled the
Iron Curtain
and
opened its Austrian border
, triggering a mass emigration of East Germans to West Germany. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where
regular mass demonstrations
received increasing support. In an effort to help retain East Germany as a state, the East German authorities eased border restrictions, but this actually led to an acceleration of the
Wende
reform process, culminating in the
Two Plus Four Treaty
under which Germany explicitly renounced claims to the former eastern territories and regained full sovereignty from the Allies. This permitted
German reunification
on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the
five re-established states
of the former GDR.
100
The
fall of the Berlin Wall
in 1989 became a symbol of the
fall of Communism
, the
dissolution of the Soviet Union
, German reunification and
Die Wende
("the turning point").
101
Reunified Germany and the European Union
Main articles:
German reunification
and
History of Germany since 1990
The
Berlin/Bonn Act
made
Berlin
the
capital of Germany
again, with the
Reichstag
becoming the seat of the
German parliament
in 1999.
United Germany was considered the enlarged continuation of
West Germany
, so it retained its memberships in international organisations.
102
Based on the
Berlin/Bonn Act
of 1994,
Berlin
again became the
capital of Germany
, while
Bonn
obtained the unique status of a
Bundesstadt
(federal city), retaining some federal ministries.
103
The relocation of the government was completed in 1999,
104
and modernisation of the East German economy was scheduled to last until 2019.
105
Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the
European Union
, signing the
Maastricht Treaty
in 1992 and the
Lisbon Treaty
in 2007,
106
and co-founding the
eurozone
107
Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the
Balkans
and sent
German troops
to
Afghanistan
as part of a NATO effort to provide
security in that country
after the ousting of the
Taliban
108
109
In the
2005 elections
Angela Merkel
became the first female chancellor. In 2009, the German government approved a €50 billion stimulus plan.
110
Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of
European integration
, the
country's energy transition
Energiewende
) for a
sustainable energy
supply, the
debt brake
for balanced budgets, measures to increase the
fertility rate
pronatalism
), and
high-tech
strategies for the transition of the German economy, summarised as
Industry 4.0
111
During the
2015 European migrant crisis
, the country took in over a million refugees and migrants.
112
Geography
Main article:
Geography of Germany
A physical map of Germany
Germany is the
seventh-largest country in Europe
113
It borders
Denmark
to the north;
Poland
and the
Czech Republic
to the east;
Austria
and
Switzerland
to the south; and
France
Luxembourg
Belgium
, and the
Netherlands
to the west. Germany is also bordered by the
North Sea
and, at the north-northeast, the
Baltic Sea
. German territory covers 357,022 km
(137,847 sq mi).
114
Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (with the highest point being the
Zugspitze
at 2,963 metres or 9,721 feet) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (
Nordsee
) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea (
Ostsee
) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: in the municipality
Neuendorf-Sachsenbande
Wilstermarsch
, at 3.54 metres or 11.6 feet below sea level
115
) are traversed by such major rivers as the
Rhine
Danube
and
Elbe
. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal,
potash
, timber,
lignite
uranium
, copper, natural gas, salt, and nickel.
113
Climate
Most of Germany has a
temperate climate
, ranging from
oceanic
in the north and west to
continental
in the east and southeast. Winters range from cold in the Southern Alps to cool and are generally overcast with limited precipitation, while summers can vary from hot and dry to cool and rainy. The northern regions have prevailing westerly winds that bring in moist air from the North Sea, moderating the temperature and increasing precipitation. Conversely, the southeast regions have more extreme temperatures.
116
Climate change in Germany
is leading to long-term impacts on agriculture, more intense
heat waves
and
cold waves
, flash and
coastal flooding
, and reduced water availability.
117
From February 2019–February 2020, average monthly temperatures in Germany ranged from a low of 3.3 °C (37.9 °F) in January 2020 to a high of 19.8 °C (67.6 °F) in June 2019.
118
Average monthly precipitation ranged from 30 litres per square metre in February and April 2019 to 125 litres per square metre in February 2020.
119
Average monthly hours of sunshine ranged from 45 in November 2019 to 300 in June 2019.
120
Biodiversity
Berchtesgaden National Park
in
Bavaria
The territory of Germany can be divided into five terrestrial
ecoregions
Atlantic mixed forests
Baltic mixed forests
Central European mixed forests
Western European broadleaf forests
, and
Alps conifer and mixed forests
121
As of 2016
[update]
, 51% of Germany's land area is devoted to agriculture, while 30% is forested and 14% is covered by settlements or infrastructure.
122
Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. According to the National Forest Inventory,
beeches
oaks
, and other
deciduous
trees constitute just over 40% of the forests; roughly 60% are
conifers
, particularly
spruce
and
pine
123
There are many species of
ferns
flowers
fungi
, and
mosses
. Wild animals include
roe deer
wild boar
mouflon
(a subspecies of wild sheep),
fox
badger
hare
, and small numbers of the
Eurasian beaver
124
The blue
cornflower
was once a German
national symbol
125
The
16 national parks in Germany
include the
Jasmund National Park
, the
Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park
, the
Müritz National Park
, the
Wadden Sea National Parks
, the
Harz National Park
, the
Hainich National Park
, the
Black Forest National Park
, the
Saxon Switzerland National Park
, the
Bavarian Forest National Park
and the
Berchtesgaden National Park
126
In addition, there are
17 Biosphere Reserves
127
and
105 nature parks
128
More than
400 zoos and animal parks
operate in Germany.
129
The
Berlin Zoo
, which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.
130
Politics
Main article:
Politics of Germany
See also:
Taxation in Germany
and
Federal budget of Germany
Frank-Walter Steinmeier
President
Friedrich Merz
Chancellor
Germany is a
federal
parliamentary
representative democratic
republic.
113
Federal
legislative power
is vested in the parliament consisting of the
Bundestag
(Federal Diet) and
Bundesrat
(Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The
Bundestag
is elected through
direct elections
using the
mixed-member proportional representation
system. The members of the
Bundesrat
represent and are appointed by the governments of the sixteen federated states.
113
The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the
Grundgesetz
(Basic Law). Amendments generally require a
two-thirds majority
of both the
Bundestag
and the
Bundesrat
; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the
rule of law
, are valid in perpetuity.
131
The president
, who has been
Frank-Walter Steinmeier
since 2017, is the
head of state
and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the
Bundesversammlung
(federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the
Bundestag
and an equal number of state delegates.
113
The second-highest official in the
German order of precedence
is the
Bundestagspräsident
president of the Bundestag
), who is elected by the
Bundestag
and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body.
132
The third-highest official and the
head of government
is the chancellor, who is appointed by the
Bundespräsident
after being elected by the party or coalition with the most seats in the
Bundestag
113
The chancellor
, who has been
Friedrich Merz
since 2025, is the head of government and exercises
executive power
through
his Cabinet
113
Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the
Christian Democratic Union
and the
Social Democratic Party of Germany
. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal
Free Democratic Party
and the
Alliance 90/The Greens
have also been
junior partners
in
coalition governments
. Since 2007, the democratic socialist party
The Left
has been a staple in the German
Bundestag
133
as has the right-wing populist
Alternative for Germany
since 2017.
134
Constituent states
Main articles:
States of Germany
Federalism in Germany
, and
List of current heads of government of the German federal states
Germany is a
federation
comprising sixteen constituent states referred to as
Länder
135
thirteen of which are so-called "area-states" (
Flächenländer
). Two states,
Berlin
and
Hamburg
, are
city-states
Stadtstaaten
), in which there is no separation between state government and local administration. The state of
Bremen
, though officially also called a
Stadtstaat
, consists of the cities of
Bremen
, for which the state government also serves as the municipal administration, and the exclave of
Bremerhaven
136
Each state (
Land
) has its own constitution
137
and is largely autonomous in its organisation.
135
As of 2017
[update]
, Germany is divided into 401
districts
Kreise
) at a municipal level; these consist of 294
rural districts
and 107
urban districts
138
Lower Saxony
Bremen
Hamburg
Mecklenburg-
Vorpommern
Saxony-
Anhalt
Saxony
Brandenburg
Berlin
Thuringia
Hesse
North Rhine-
Westphalia
Rhineland-Palatinate
Bavaria
Baden-
Württemberg
Saarland
Schleswig-Holstein
State
Capital
Area
139
Population
(census 2022)
Nominal GDP
140
Nominal GDP per capita
EUR (2023)
141
km
mi
Billions EUR (2023)
Share of
GDP (%)
Baden-Württemberg
Stuttgart
35,751
13,804
11,104,040
615.071
14.92
54,339
Bavaria
Munich
70,550
27,240
13,038,724
768.469
18.65
57,343
Berlin
Berlin
892
344
3,596,999
193.219
4.69
51,209
Brandenburg
Potsdam
29,654
11,449
2,534,075
97.477
2.37
37,814
Bremen
Bremen
420
162
693,204
39.252
0.95
56,981
Hamburg
Hamburg
755
292
1,808,846
150.575
3.65
79,176
Hesse
Wiesbaden
21,115
8,153
6,207,278
351.139
8.52
54,806
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Schwerin
23,214
8,963
1,570,817
59.217
1.44
36,335
Lower Saxony
Hanover
47,593
18,376
7,943,265
363.109
8.81
44,531
North Rhine-Westphalia
Düsseldorf
34,113
13,171
17,890,489
839.084
20.36
46,194
Rhineland-Palatinate
Mainz
19,854
7,666
4,094,169
174.249
4.23
41,797
Saarland
Saarbrücken
2,569
992
1,006,864
41.348
1.00
41,617
Saxony
Dresden
18,416
7,110
4,038,131
155.982
3.78
38,143
Saxony-Anhalt
Magdeburg
20,452
7,897
2,146,443
78.38
1.90
35,911
Schleswig-Holstein
Kiel
15,802
6,101
2,927,542
118.68
2.88
40,090
Thuringia
Erfurt
16,202
6,256
2,110,396
75.909
1.84
35,715
Germany
Berlin
357,386
137,988
82,719,540
4,121.16
100
48,750
Law
Main article:
Law of Germany
Further information:
Judiciary of Germany
and
Law enforcement in Germany
Germany has a
civil law system
based on
Roman law
with some references to
Germanic law
142
The
Bundesverfassungsgericht
(Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of
judicial review
143
Germany's specialised supreme court system includes the
Federal Court of Justice
for civil and criminal cases, along with the
Federal Labour Court
Federal Social Court
Federal Fiscal Court
, and
Federal Administrative Court
for other matters.
144
Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the
Strafgesetzbuch
and the
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
respectively. The German penal system seeks the
rehabilitation of the criminal
and the protection of the public.
145
With the exceptions of petty crimes, tried by a single professional judge, and of serious political crimes, all charges are adjudicated by mixed tribunals where
lay judges
Schöffen
) and professional judges preside together.
146
147
In 2016, Germany's murder rate stood at a low of 1.18 murders per 100,000.
148
In 2018, the overall
crime rate in the country
fell to its lowest since 1992,
149
while in 2024, it was reported that violent crime reached a 15-year high, with overall crime rising as well.
150
Same-sex marriage in Germany
has been legal since 2017, and
LGBT rights in the country
are generally protected.
151
Foreign relations
Main article:
Foreign relations of Germany
Germany hosted the
2022 G7 summit
at
Schloss Elmau
in
Bavaria
Germany has a network of
227 diplomatic missions abroad
152
and maintains relations with more than 190 countries.
153
Germany is a member of the
Council of Europe
NATO
, the
OECD
, the
G7
, the
G20
, the
World Bank
and the
IMF
. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception
154
and has maintained
a strong alliance with France
155
and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a
more unified European
political, economic and security apparatus.
156
Because of its
economic power
and political influence, Germany is widely considered to be a
great power
157
158
The governments of
Germany and the United States
are close political allies.
159
Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in
Atlanticism
160
Germany's development policy functions as a distinct sector within its foreign policy framework. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.
161
Germany was the world's
second-biggest aid donor
in 2019 after the United States.
162
Military
Main article:
Bundeswehr
Leopard 2
battle tanks of the German Army
Germany's military, the
Bundeswehr
(Federal Defence), is organised into the
Heer
(Army and special forces
KSK
),
Marine
(Navy),
Luftwaffe
(Air Force) and
Cyber- und Informationsraum
(Cyber and Information Domain Service) branches.
163
In absolute terms, German military spending in 2024 was the
fourth-highest in the world
164
In response to the 2022
Russian invasion of Ukraine
, Chancellor Olaf Scholz announced that German military expenditure would be increased past the NATO target of 2%, along with a one-time 2022 infusion of 100 billion euros, representing almost double the 53 billion euro military budget for 2021.
165
166
In 2023, military spending according to NATO criteria amounted to $73.1 billion, or 1.64% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%. In 2024, Germany reported $97.7 billion to NATO, exceeding said target at 2.12% of GDP.
167
As of May 2024
[update]
, the
Bundeswehr
has a strength of 180,215 active soldiers and 80,761 civilians.
168
Reservists are available to the armed forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad.
169
Until 2011,
military service was compulsory
for men at age 18, but this has been officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service.
170
171
Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction.
172
According to the
Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
, Germany was the
fifth-largest exporter of major arms in the world
between 2020 and 2024.
173
In peacetime, the
Bundeswehr
is commanded by the
Minister of Defence
. In a
state of defence
, the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the
Bundeswehr
174
The role of the
Bundeswehr
is described in the
Constitution of Germany
as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994, the term "defence" has been defined not only to include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the
security
of Germany anywhere in the world. As of 2017,
[update]
the German military has about 3,600 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 1,200 supporting operations against
Daesh
, 980 in the NATO-led
Resolute Support Mission
in Afghanistan, and 800 in
Kosovo
175
176
Economy
Main article:
Economy of Germany
See also:
Science and technology in Germany
and
List of German inventions and discoveries
Frankfurt
, a leading business and financial centre in Europe and the seat of the
European Central Bank
Germany has a
social market economy
with a highly skilled
labour force
, a low level of
corruption
177
and a high level of
innovation
178
It is the
largest economy in Europe by nominal GDP
, as well as the world's
third-largest by nominal GDP
179
and
sixth-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP
180
Its PPP-adjusted GDP per capita amounted to 115% of the EU average in 2024.
181
The
country's service sector
contributes approximately 72% of the total GDP, the industrial sector 27%—with Germany having the
largest manufacturing output in Europe
—and
its agricultural sector
1%, as of 2023
[update]
113
The unemployment rate
published by
Eurostat
amounts to 3.2% as of January 2020
[update]
, which is the
fourth-lowest in the EU
182
Germany is part of the
European single market
which represents more than 450 million consumers.
183
In 2017, the country accounted for 28% of the
eurozone
economy according to the
International Monetary Fund
184
Germany introduced the common EU currency, the
euro
, in 2002.
185
Its monetary policy is set by the
European Central Bank
186
which is based in
Frankfurt
, the country's largest financial centre.
187
Germany is the world's
third-largest exporter
and
third-largest importer
113
and it has the
second-largest trade surplus
after China.
Its largest trading partners
in 2025 were China, the United States and the Netherlands.
188
Germany's main exports
are vehicles, machinery, and chemical goods.
189
The
German automotive industry
is among the most competitive and innovative in the world.
190
It was the
sixth-largest by production
and largest by export value in 2023.
191
Germany is home to
Volkswagen Group
, the world's
second-largest automotive manufacturer by vehicle production
192
Of the world's 500 largest stock market-listed companies by revenue in 2024, the
Fortune
Global 500
, 29 were based in Germany.
193
The
DAX
, Germany's stock market index operated by the
Frankfurt Stock Exchange
, includes 30 major Germany-based companies.
194
Prominent
German companies
include
Mercedes-Benz
BMW
Volkswagen
Audi
Porsche
Siemens
Adidas
SAP
Bosch
and
BASF
Berlin
is a
hub
for
startup companies
and has become the leading location for venture capital-funded firms in the EU.
195
Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialised
small and medium enterprises
known as the
Mittelstand
196
these companies represent around 48% of the global market leaders in their segments, labelled
hidden champions
197
Research and development
efforts form an integral part of the German economy,
198
with the country
ranking fourth
in research and development expenditure since 2005.
199
In 2018, Germany
ranked fourth
globally in terms of number of science and engineering research papers published
200
and third in the quality-adjusted
Nature Index
in 2023.
201
Well-known research institutions in Germany include the
Max Planck Society
, the
Helmholtz Association
, the
Fraunhofer Society
, and the
Leibniz Association
202
Germany is the largest contributor to the
European Space Agency
203
The country was ranked 11th in the
Global Innovation Index
in 2025.
204
Infrastructure
Main articles:
Transport in Germany
Energy in Germany
Telecommunications in Germany
, and
Water supply and sanitation in Germany
High-speed trains like this
ICE 3
connect the
whole of Germany
With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent.
205
Its road network is among the
densest in Europe
206
The motorway (
Autobahn
) is widely known for having no general federally mandated
speed limit
for some classes of vehicles.
207
The
Intercity Express
or
ICE
train network serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to 300 km/h (190 mph).
208
The largest
German airports
are
Frankfurt Airport
Munich Airport
and
Berlin Brandenburg Airport
209
The
Port of Hamburg
is the
third-busiest port in Europe
and one of the twenty
largest container ports in the world
210
In 2019
[update]
, Germany was the world's
seventh-largest consumer of energy
211
All
German nuclear power plants
were phased out in 2023.
212
Germany meets its power demands using 40%
renewable sources
(2018),
213
and has been called an "early leader" in
solar panels
and
offshore wind
214
The
German energy transition
Energiewende
) is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy,
215
216
with the country being called "the world's first major renewable energy economy".
217
Germany has reduced its
primary energy consumption
by 11% between 1990 and 2015
218
and set itself goals of reducing it by 30% until 2030 and 50% by 2050.
219
The country is committed to the
Paris Agreement
and several other treaties promoting biodiversity,
220
low emission standards,
221
and
water management
222
As of 2017, Germany's household recycling rate is among the
highest in the world
, at around 65%.
223
In 2023, Germany was the 14th highest emitting nation of
greenhouse gases
224
Tourism
Main article:
Tourism in Germany
The
Brandenburg Gate
in Berlin
Domestic and international travel and tourism directly contributed over €105.3 billion to German GDP in 2015.
225
Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry supported nearly 4.2 million jobs in 2015.
225
As of 2024, Germany is the
seventh-most-visited country
226
Its most popular landmarks include
Cologne Cathedral
, the
Brandenburg Gate
, the
Reichstag
, the
Dresden Frauenkirche
Neuschwanstein Castle
Heidelberg Castle
, the
Wartburg
, and
Sanssouci Palace
227
Europa-Park
near
Freiburg
is Europe's second-most popular theme park resort.
228
Demographics
Main article:
Demographics of Germany
See also:
Germans
With a population of 84.7 million according to the 2023 German census,
229
Germany is the most populous
member state of the European Union
, the
second-most populous country in Europe
after
Russia
113
and the
nineteenth-most populous country in the world
. Its
population density
stands at 236 inhabitants per square kilometre (610 inhabitants/mi
). The
fertility rate
of 1.57 children born per woman (2022 estimates) is below the replacement rate of 2.1 and is one of the
lowest in the world
113
Since the 1970s, Germany's
death rate
has exceeded its
birth rate
. However, the country is witnessing increased birth and migration rates since the early 2010s. Germany has the
fourth oldest population in the world
, with an average age of 47.8 years.
113
Hamburg
is Germany's
second-most populous city
, with
its seaport
being the country's largest by volume.
Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as national minorities because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries:
231
There is a
Danish
minority in the northernmost state of
Schleswig-Holstein
231
the
Sorbs
, a
Slavic population
, are in the
Lusatia
region of
Saxony
and
Brandenburg
; the
Roma
and
Sinti
live throughout the country; and the
Frisians
are concentrated in Schleswig-Holstein's western coast and in the north-western part of
Lower Saxony
231
Germany is
a major destination for immigrants
, ranking second in the world after the United States.
232
In 2015, following the
2015 refugee crisis
, the Population Division of the
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
listed Germany as host to the
second-highest number of international migrants worldwide
, about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants.
233
Refugee crises have resulted in substantial population increases;
234
for example, the major influx of Ukrainian immigrants following the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
, whereby over 1.06 million refugees from Ukraine were recorded in Germany as of April 2023.
235
In 2019, Germany ranked seventh among EU countries in terms of the percentage of migrants in the country's population, at 13.1%.
236
In 2022, there were 23.8 million people—28.7 percent of the total population—who had a
migration background
237
Germany has
over 2,000 cities and towns
, and 11 officially recognised
metropolitan regions
. The
country's most populous city
is
Berlin
, and its largest urban area is the
Ruhr
238
Largest cities or towns in Germany
Federal Statistical Office of Germany
- Destatis (census 2022)
239
Rank
Name
State
Pop.
Rank
Name
State
Pop.
Berlin
Berlin
3,685,265
11
Essen
North Rhine-Westphalia
571,039
Hamburg
Hamburg
1,862,565
12
Dresden
Saxony
557,782
Munich
Bavaria
1,478,638
13
Nuremberg
Bavaria
522,554
Cologne
North Rhine-Westphalia
1,017,355
14
Hanover
Lower Saxony
513,291
Frankfurt
Hesse
743,268
15
Duisburg
North Rhine-Westphalia
501,415
Düsseldorf
North Rhine-Westphalia
611,258
16
Wuppertal
North Rhine-Westphalia
356,768
Stuttgart
Baden-Württemberg
610,458
17
Bochum
North Rhine-Westphalia
354,288
Leipzig
Saxony
598,899
18
Bielefeld
North Rhine-Westphalia
330,072
Dortmund
North Rhine-Westphalia
598,246
19
Bonn
North Rhine-Westphalia
321,544
10
Bremen
Bremen
575,071
20
Mannheim
Baden-Württemberg
313,693
Religion
Main article:
Religion in Germany
Further information:
Catholic Church in Germany
Evangelical Church in Germany
History of the Jews in Germany
, and
Islam in Germany
Cologne Cathedral
, a UNESCO
World Heritage Site
According to the 2022 census,
Christianity
is the largest religion in Germany at 49.7% of the population; 23.1% identified as
Protestant
and 25.1% as
Catholic
240
A study in 2023 estimated that 46.2% of the population are not members of any religious organisation or
denomination
and that a majority of the population no longer belongs to a Christian denomination (48.5% Christians).
241
Irreligion in Germany
is strongest in major metropolitan areas and throughout the former
East Germany
, which used to be predominantly Protestant before the imposition of
state atheism
under communism.
242
243
Islam
is the second-largest religion in the country.
244
In the 2011 census, 1.9% of respondents (1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this faith (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question.
245
In 2019, there were an estimated 5.3–5.6 million Muslims with a
migrant background
(6.4–6.7% of the population), in addition to an unknown number of Muslims without a migrant background.
246
Most of the Muslims are
Sunnis
and
Alevis
from Turkey, but there are a small number of
Shi'ites
Ahmadiyyas
and other denominations. Other religions each comprise less than one percent of Germany's population.
244
In 2011, formal members of the
Jewish community
represented no more than 0.2% of the total German population, and 60% of them resided in
Berlin
247
An estimated 80 to 90 percent of these Jews in Germany are Russian-speaking immigrants from the
former Soviet Union
who came to Germany from the 1980s onwards.
248
249
Languages
Main article:
Languages of Germany
See also:
German language
A bilingual street sign in both
German
and
Lower Sorbian
in
Cottbus
Chóśebuz
),
Brandenburg
German is the official and predominantly spoken language in Germany.
250
It is one of 24 official and working
languages of the European Union
, and one of the three
procedural languages
of the
European Commission
, alongside English and French.
251
German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.
252
Recognised native minority languages in Germany are
Danish
Low German
Low Rhenish
Sorbian
Romani
North Frisian
and
Saterland Frisian
; they are officially protected by the
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
. The most used immigrant languages are
Turkish
Arabic
Kurdish
Polish
Italian
Greek
Spanish
Serbo-Croatian
Bulgarian
and other
Balkan languages
, as well as
Russian
. Germans are typically multilingual: 74% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 35% in at least two.
253
Education
Main article:
Education in Germany
Heidelberg University
, Germany's oldest institution of higher learning and generally considered one of its most renowned
Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual
states
. Optional
kindergarten
education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which
school attendance is compulsory
for at least nine years depending on the state. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years.
254
Secondary schooling is divided into tracks based on whether students pursue
academic
or
vocational education
255
A system of apprenticeship called
Duale Ausbildung
leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school.
254
This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.
256
Most of the
German universities
are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment.
257
The general requirement for attending university is the
Abitur
. According to an OECD report from 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for international study.
258
The established universities in Germany include some of the
oldest in the world
, with
Heidelberg University
(established in 1386),
Leipzig University
(established in 1409) and the
University of Rostock
(established in 1419) being the
oldest in the country
259
The
Humboldt University of Berlin
, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer
Wilhelm von Humboldt
, became the academic
model for many Western universities
260
261
Health
Main article:
Health in Germany
Further information:
Healthcare in Germany
The
Hospital of the Holy Spirit
in
Lübeck
, established in 1286, is a precursor to modern hospitals.
262
Germany's system of hospitals, called
Krankenhäuser
, dates from medieval times, and the country has the world's oldest
universal health care
system, dating from
Bismarck's social legislation
of the 1880s.
263
Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced
health care system
. The population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to the
World Health Organization
(WHO), Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded in 2013.
264
In 2024, Germany spent 12.27% of its GDP on health care.
265
Germany
ranked 21st
in the world in 2019 in life expectancy with 78.7 years for men and 84.8 years for women according to the WHO, and it had a very low
infant mortality rate
of 4 deaths per 1,000
live births
. In 2019
[update]
, the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 37%.
266
Obesity in Germany
has been increasingly cited as a major health issue: a 2014 study showed that 52 percent of the adult German population was overweight or obese.
267
Germany has an extensive psychiatric care system, with rising demand for mental health services; roughly 27.8% of adults experience a mental disorder annually.
268
269
While the system offers comprehensive, insurance-covered care, it faces a shortage of psychotherapists and
a pandemic-driven surge
in anxiety and depression.
270
In 2023, 37.7% of adults rated their mental health as excellent or very good.
271
Germany had the third-highest rate of chronic depression among EU countries in 2019.
272
Culture
Main article:
Culture of Germany
The
Striezelmarkt
, a
Christmas market
in
Dresden
Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and
secular
, and
German scientists
, writers and philosophers have played a significant role in the development of Western thought.
273
Global opinion polls from the
BBC
revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013
274
and 2014.
275
Germany is well known for such folk festivals as the
Oktoberfest
276
and
Christmas customs
, which include
Advent wreaths
Christmas pageants
Christmas trees
Stollen
cakes, and other practices.
277
As of 2025
[update]
UNESCO
inscribed
55 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List
278
There are a number of
public holidays in Germany
determined by each state; 3 October has been a
national day
of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the
Tag der Deutschen Einheit
German Unity Day
).
279
Music
Main article:
Music of Germany
See also:
Opera in German
Ludwig van Beethoven
(1770–1827), one of the most famed composers of
classical music
, was born in
Bonn
German
classical music
includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers.
Dieterich Buxtehude
Johann Sebastian Bach
and
Georg Friedrich Händel
were influential composers of the
Baroque period
Ludwig van Beethoven
was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and
Romantic
eras.
Carl Maria von Weber
Felix Mendelssohn
Robert Schumann
and
Johannes Brahms
were significant Romantic composers.
Richard Wagner
was known for his operas.
Richard Strauss
was a leading composer of the late Romantic and early
modern
eras.
Karlheinz Stockhausen
and
Wolfgang Rihm
are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.
280
In 2013, Germany was the second-largest music market in Europe, and
fourth-largest in the world
281
German popular music of the 20th and 21st centuries includes the movements of
Neue Deutsche Welle
pop
Ostrock
heavy metal
rock
punk
pop rock
indie
Volksmusik
(folk music),
schlager pop
and
German hip hop
. German
electronic music
gained global influence, with
Kraftwerk
and
Tangerine Dream
pioneering in this genre.
282
DJs and artists of the
techno
and
house music
scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g.
Paul van Dyk
Felix Jaehn
Paul Kalkbrenner
Robin Schulz
and
Scooter
).
283
Art, design and architecture
Main articles:
German art
Architecture of Germany
, and
German fashion
C.D. Friedrich
Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
(1818)
Franz Marc
Roe Deer in the Forest
(1914)
German painters
have influenced
Western art
Albrecht Dürer
Hans Holbein the Younger
Matthias Grünewald
and
Lucas Cranach the Elder
were important German artists of the
Renaissance
Johann Baptist Zimmermann
of the
Baroque
Caspar David Friedrich
and
Carl Spitzweg
of
Romanticism
Max Liebermann
of
Impressionism
and
Max Ernst
of
Surrealism
. Several German art groups formed in the 20th century;
Die Brücke
(The Bridge) and
Der Blaue Reiter
(The Blue Rider) influenced the development of
expressionism
in Munich and Berlin. The
New Objectivity
arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art include
neo-expressionism
and the
New Leipzig School
284
German designers became early leaders of modern
product design
285
The
Berlin Fashion Week
and the fashion trade fair
Bread & Butter
are held twice a year.
286
Architectural contributions from Germany include the
Carolingian
and
Ottonian
styles, which were precursors of
Romanesque
Brick Gothic
is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also in
Renaissance
and
Baroque
art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g.
Weser Renaissance
).
284
Vernacular architecture
in Germany is often identified by
its timber framing
Fachwerk
) traditions and varies across regions, and among carpentry styles.
287
When industrialisation spread across Europe,
classicism
and a distinctive style of
historicism
developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as
Gründerzeit
style
Expressionist architecture
developed in the 1910s in Germany and influenced
Art Deco
and other modern styles. Germany was particularly important in the early
modernist movement
: it is the home of
Werkbund
initiated by
Hermann Muthesius
New Objectivity
), and of the
Bauhaus
movement founded by
Walter Gropius
284
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century; he conceived of the glass façade
skyscraper
288
Renowned contemporary
German architects
and offices include
Pritzker Prize
winners
Gottfried Böhm
and
Frei Otto
289
Literature and philosophy
Main articles:
German literature
and
German philosophy
Brothers Grimm
, who collected popular German folk tales and published them in
a collection
German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as
Walther von der Vogelweide
and
Wolfram von Eschenbach
. Well-known German authors include
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Friedrich Schiller
Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
and
Theodor Fontane
. The collections of folk tales published by the
Brothers Grimm
popularised
German folklore
on an international level.
290
The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; their
Deutsches Wörterbuch
, or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.
291
Influential authors of the 20th century include
Gerhart Hauptmann
Thomas Mann
Hermann Hesse
Heinrich Böll
, and
Günter Grass
292
The German book market is the third-largest in the world, after the United States and China.
293
The
Frankfurt Book Fair
is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years.
294
The
Leipzig Book Fair
also retains a major position in Europe.
295
German philosophy is historically significant:
Gottfried Leibniz
's contributions to
rationalism
; the
enlightenment
philosophy by
Immanuel Kant
; the establishment of classical
German idealism
by
Johann Gottlieb Fichte
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
and
Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
Arthur Schopenhauer
's composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of
communist theory
by
Karl Marx
and
Friedrich Engels
Friedrich Nietzsche
's development of
perspectivism
Gottlob Frege
's contributions to the dawn of
analytic philosophy
Martin Heidegger
's works on Being;
Oswald Spengler
's historical philosophy; and the development of the
Frankfurt School
have all been very influential.
296
Media
Main article:
Media of Germany
Further information:
Cinema of Germany
Babelsberg Studio
in
Potsdam
, the first large-scale film studio in the world
The largest internationally operating
media
companies in Germany are
Bertelsmann
Axel Springer SE
and
ProSiebenSat.1 Media
Germany's television market
is the largest in Europe, with over 38 million TV households as of 2012.
297
Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of
free-to-view public
and
commercial
channels.
298
There are more than
300 public and private radio stations in Germany
; Germany's national radio network is the
Deutschlandradio
, while the public
Deutsche Welle
is the main radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages.
298
Germany's print media market is the largest in Europe.
298
The
German newspapers
with the highest circulation are
Bild
Süddeutsche Zeitung
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
and
Die Welt
298
The largest
German magazines
include
ADAC Motorwelt
and
Der Spiegel
298
Germany has
a large video gaming market
, with over 34 million players nationwide.
299
The annual
Gamescom
held in
Cologne
is the world's largest
gaming convention
300
German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the
Skladanowsky Brothers
were shown to an audience in 1895. The renowned
Babelsberg Studio
in
Potsdam
was established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the world. Early German cinema was particularly influential with
German expressionists
such as
Robert Wiene
and
Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau
. Director
Fritz Lang
's
Metropolis
(1927) is referred to as the first major science-fiction film. After 1945, many of the films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as
Trümmerfilm
(rubble film). East German film was dominated by the state-owned film studio
DEFA
, while the dominant genre in West Germany was the
Heimatfilm
("homeland film").
301
The
Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
("Oscar") went to the German production
The Tin Drum
Die Blechtrommel
) in 1979, to
Nowhere in Africa
Nirgendwo in Afrika
) in 2002, and to
The Lives of Others
Das Leben der Anderen
) in 2007.
Various Germans
won an Oscar for their performances in films. The annual
European Film Awards
ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the
European Film Academy
. The
Berlin International Film Festival
known as "Berlinale", awarding the "
Golden Bear
" and held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leading
film festivals
. The "Lolas" are annually awarded in Berlin, at the
German Film Awards
302
Cuisine
Main article:
German cuisine
Bavarian
Bratwurst
with mustard, a
pretzel
, and
German beer
Bread
is a significant part of German cuisine, with German bakeries producing about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 types of pastries and
rolls
Brötchen
).
303
German cheeses
account for about 22% of all cheese produced in Europe.
304
Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including
Bratwurst
and
Weißwurst
305
The national alcoholic drink is
beer
306
Germany's beer consumption per capita stood at 110 litres (24 imp gal; 29 US gal) in 2013 and remains among the
highest in the world
307
German beer purity regulations
date back to the 16th century.
308
Wine
has become popular in many parts of the country, especially near the
German wine regions
309
In 2019, Germany was the
ninth-largest wine producer in the world
310
The 2018
Michelin Guide
awarded
eleven restaurants in Germany three stars
, giving the country a cumulative total of
300 stars
311
Sports
Main article:
Sport in Germany
The
German national football team
after winning the
FIFA World Cup
for the fourth time in 2014
Football
is the most popular sport in Germany. With more than 7 million official members, the
German Football Association
Deutscher Fußball-Bund
) is the largest single-sport organisation worldwide,
312
and the German top league, the
Bundesliga
, attracts the second-highest
average attendance
of all professional sports leagues in the world.
313
The
German men's national football team
won the
FIFA World Cup
in
1954
1974
1990
, and
2014
314
the
UEFA European Championship
in
1972
1980
and
1996
315
and the
FIFA Confederations Cup
in
2017
316
Germany is one of the world's leading
motor sports
countries, with constructors such as
BMW
and
Mercedes
playing prominent roles in international competition.
Porsche
has won the
24 Hours of Le Mans
race 19 times, and
Audi
13 times, as of April 2024
[update]
317
The driver
Michael Schumacher
has set many motor sport records, having won seven
Formula One World Drivers' Championships
318
Sebastian Vettel
is also among the most successful
Formula One
drivers of all time.
319
German athletes
historically have been successful contenders in the
Olympic Games
, ranking third in an
all-time Olympic Games medal count
when combining
East
and
West German
medals prior to
German reunification
320
In 1936, Berlin hosted the
Summer Games
and the
Winter Games
in
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
321
Munich
hosted the
Summer Games of 1972
322
See also
Germany portal
European Union portal
Outline of Germany
Notes
From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Das Lied der Deutschen" was the national anthem, but only the third verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem.
Berlin is the sole constitutional capital and
de jure
seat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany,
Bonn
, has the special title of "federal city" (
Bundesstadt
) and is the primary seat of 16 ministries.
Danish
Low German
Sorbian
Romani
, and
Frisian
are recognised by the
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
German
Deutschland
German:
[ˈdɔʏtʃlant]
German
Bundesrepublik Deutschland
German:
[ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk
ˈdɔʏtʃlant]
10
Excluding
Turkey
, which only has around 3% of its territory and 10% of its population in Europe
230
A migrant background is defined as having been born or having at least one parent born in a country from a prespecified list of countries with a significant Muslim population, or as having citizenship or at least one parent with citizenship of one of these countries.
246
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Germany
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Germany
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