Gino Fornaciari - University of Pisa

Gino Fornaciari - University of Pisa
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Gino Fornaciari
University of Pisa
Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa
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Gino Fornaciari was, until 2015, Professor of History of Medicine at Medical School and Director of the Division of Paleopathology of Pisa University. At present he is Professor of Funerary Archeology and Paleopathology at School of Specialization in Archaeological Heritage of the University of Pisa. His research activities regard mummies, ancient pathogens and tumors. Prof. Fornaciari utilized different modern biomedical techniques (TEM, immunohistochemistry and aDNA) to study Italian, Peruvian and Egyptian mummies. Some discoveries: in 1989, syphilitic treponemes in Italian mummy of the  16th century; in 1992, Trypanosoma cruzi in pre-Columbian mummy; in 1996, KRAS mutation in the cancer of Ferrante I of Aragon, a king of Naples of 15th century; in 2003, a sequence of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) in 16th century Italian mummy; in 2004, digitalis poisoning in the mummy of Cangrande della Scala, lord of Verona (1291-1329); in 2009, Plasmodium falciparum in bone tissue of Medici of Florence, in 2015 the complete microbiome of a pre-Columbian mummy of 1000 years ago; in 2017 resistance to antibiotics in pre-Columbian and Italian mummies and in 2018 the complete sequencing of an ancient Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). In 2015 University of Pisa conferred to him the “Order of Cherub”, the most prestigious academic honor.
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Mdical School, Divission os Paleopathology, University of Pisa, via Roma 57, 566126 Pisa, Italy
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Papers by Gino Fornaciari
Morphological study of a mummified heart dated back to 1829: preliminary results
Italian journal of anatomy and embryology
, 2017
In May 2016, a cylindrical lead container was found in the chapel of the Seminary of Sassari. Bas...
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In May 2016, a cylindrical lead container was found in the chapel of the Seminary of Sassari. Based on the archive documents, the cylinder should have contained the heart of Tommaso Arnosio, Archbishop of Torres and Primate of Sardinia and Corsica from 1822 to 1829, who died in 1829 at 54 years, in Turin, his home city. The Archbishop died in the midst of the most atrocious sorrows caused by a large purulent pocket near the heart. After the autopsy and according to his will, the heart was shipped to Sassari, where the heart was buried in the chapel of the Seminary and forgotten for about 186 years. After the discovery, the container was brought for study to our CSAPS laboratory of the Department of Biomedical Sciences. A multidisciplinary team of experts hypothesized as cause of death a suppurative pleuritis or a para-cardiac lung abscess. To verify this hypothesis the cylinder was opened in a laminar flow hood, avoiding any contamination, and a mummified organ immersed in cotton wa...
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Pregnancy complications are poorly represented in the archeological record, despite their importa...
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Pregnancy complications are poorly represented in the archeological record, despite their importance in contemporary and ancient societies. While excavating a Byzantine cemetery in Troy, we discovered calcified abscesses among a woman's remains. Scanning electron microscopy of the tissue revealed 'ghost cells', resulting from dystrophic calcification, which preserved ancient maternal, fetal and bacterial DNA of a severe infection, likely chorioamnionitis. Gardnerella vaginalis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus dominated the abscesses. Phylogenomic analyses of ancient, historical, and contemporary data showed that G. vaginalis Troy fell within contemporary genetic diversity, whereas S. saprophyticus Troy belongs to a lineage that does not appear to be
Cancer in two Renaissance families
The Lancet. Oncology
, Dec 1, 2017
Scritto nelle Ossa: Vivere, Ammalarsi e Curarsi a Roma in Età Imperiale
Università La Sapienza
, 2013
"Bioarchaeological studies and historical documents result an essential tool for...
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"Bioarchaeological studies and historical documents result an essential tool for lifestyle reconstruction and health assessment of ancient populations. The Anthropology Service of Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma, through its activity of territorial protection, has recorded and preserved a huge amount of useful data over the years, which have been used for the reconstruction of the biological history of Roman society, especially the Imperial Age. Although new excavation methods applied to human skeletal remains have been crucial for the collection of additional valuable information on Roman tombs, the use of extensive laboratory investigations utterly changed the way to describe the complex biological landscape represented by the ancient Rome. Through the analysis of historical sources, conducted by the Section of History of Medicine Molecolar, Department of Experimental Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, it was possible to be focused on the diseases, and related social events, that affected the population of the City that used to be the largest by far of the Ancient World. In addition, data provided by the paleopathological analysis (in collaboration with the Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa and the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology) are integrated with those of the historical and medical sources regarding the course of the diseases and the development of their respective treatments. In this connection, it is extremely interesting to compare the ancient therapies to those applied nowadays, according to the most modern and innovative techniques (which aspect is held to account by the Italian Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology). The use of biomolecular study was also crucial for obtaining new elements (in progress at the Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata). In particular the SIA (Stable Isotopes Analysis), by analyzing the carbon and nitrogen ratio in bone collagen, allowed to determine the dietary extent of the individuals. Through an interdisciplinary analysis of samples coming from six different but full of scientific importance necropoleis of Roman Imperial Age, brought to light during the work of preventive archeology conducted by the Soprintendenza Speciale per i Beni Archeologici di Roma, it was possible to establish a real relationship between living conditions, diseases and specific treatments of the community to which they relate. Data reported about the site named Quarto Cappello del Prete are of considerable interest: this area is located in the eastern Suburb, along the Via Prenestina Polense, not too far from the ancient city of Gabii. Moving towards the city center, it is also possible to find the great necropolis Collatina (extending between the Via della Serenissima and the Via Basiliano, near the ancient Via Collatina) and, about 1.5 km far from Porta Maggiore, another funerary complex in the Casal Bertone neighborhood, between the Via Tiburtina and Via Prenestina, adjacent to a structure related to an ancient tannery, named fullonica. Along the Via Tuscolana, very close to the Villa of Settebassi, is located the necropolis of Osteria del Curato. In the South area lies the burial ground of Via Padre Semeria, just off the Via Cristoforo Colombo, close to the southern section of the Aurelian Walls. Finally, in the South-West, not too far from Ostia Antica, on a hilly area has been brought to light the necropolis of Castel Malnome."
Informazioni Nascoste Nelle Mummie, Nelle Sepolture e Negli Antichi Ambienti Abitativi: L’Archeoentomologia Medica Degli Insetti Vettori
Ancient heart disease and uric acid
Reports of cardiovascular diseases in paleopathology are very rare, since the material mainly con...
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Reports of cardiovascular diseases in paleopathology are very rare, since the material mainly consists of skeletal remains. We have an Etruscan coarctation of the aorta, cardiac Chagas disease in pre-Columbian mummy severe atherosclerosis of carotid in 15th king, and finally a case of cardiomegaly, possibly secondary to gout, in a Renaissance prince. Aortic coarctation is a congenital disorder in which a portion of the aorta is narrowed to various extent. A collateral circulation system is enrolled to allow adequate compensation of the blood flow. Collateral vessels may become enlarged, producing a distinctive notching on the pleural surface of the ribs. Excavation of a 6th to 5th century B.C. Etruscan tomb near Siena (central Italy) revealed three funerary chambers (celle) housing fourteen adult skeletons. The ribs of one of the male skeleton showed typical "nail stroke" indentations. Detailed macroscopic examination enabled us to identify them as notching and led to the diagnosis of post-ductal aortic coarctation. Histological analysis of bone tissue from the notching areas excluded inflammatory and pathological erosive events, supporting the macroscopic diagnosis. Recently viruses and bacteria were identified, by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, in ancient human tissues. These methods have recently been tested on protozoa. A Peruvian natural mummy, a young woman 20±3 years old from Cuzco (Peru), of the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology of Florence, was autopsied. The funeral equipment was typical of the Andean highlands, pre-imperial Inca culture, 14th-15th century A.D. Macroscopically a megavisceral syndrome in the form of very severe cardiomegaly, megaesophagus, gastric ectasia, and megacolon, with enormous amounts of feces, was found. Microscopically hematoxylin-eosin and Van Gieson stains showed large fat substitution and fibrosis of the myocardium, fibrosis of esophagus and colon. Therefore the mummy mega-visceral syndrome, together with the myocardial and the gastrointestinal fibrosis strongly suggested a case of Chagas disease, chronic phase, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Giemsa stain evidenced in myocardium and esophagus rare roundish intratissutal nests, about 15-20 µm large, containing several ovular formations (1-2 µm) with small nuclei. The findings correspond morphologically to possible intratissutal nests of amastigotes of T. cruzi. For the immunohistochemical study we used immunoperoxidase method, avidine-biotine system. Monoclonal antibodies anti-T. cruzi a-Flagellar FCH-F8-1 and FCH-F8-4, produced at the Institute Fatala Chaben of Buenos Aires, were used. The nests of ovular formations and the single formations, if separately examined, showed an intense, selective immunoreactivity at monoclonal antibodies. The ultrastructural study of the hearth tissue showed, on large deposits of collagen fibers, some rare ovular formations with a diameter maximum of 1 µm, characterized by: a double peripheral membrane; microtubules with diameter of about 20 nm; electrondense material, in form of lumps, with a diameter of about 200 nm, identifiable as nucleus; a semilunar elongated body, of about 300x80 nm, identifiable as kinetoplast; a cilinderlike structure, of about 300x30-40 nm, with a more electrondense thickening at one end, identifiable as axoneme with its basal body. The evidenced structures were peculiar to anastigotes of the Trypanosomatídae famíly. Therefore the macroscopic, histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings clearly show that we are in presence of an old case of chronic Chagas disease. We have here the first direct demonstration of a case of severe cardiac Chagas disease and its etiological agent in the south-American continent during the Inca civilization. Atherosclerosis is often considered a modern disease, associated with contemporary lifestyle; however, vascular calcifications and plaques have been identified in ancient human remains, mainly in Egyptian mummies of people belonging to the elite classes. Various factors have been considered in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, including genetic predisposition and environmental factors such as obesity, exposure to smoke and composition of diet that is rich in cholesterol and saturated fats. The mummy of Ferrante I of Aragon (1424-1494), King of Naples and one of the most important personalities of the Italian Renaissance, was exhumed from its sarcophagus in the monumental sacristy of the Basilica of San Domenico Maggiore in Naples (southern Italy). The dry microclimatic conditions of the church, where several mummies of Renaissance Aragonese princes and noblemen are preserved, as well as the substances used for embalming, favored an excellent state of preservation of soft tissues and internal organs. A comprehensive autopsy was performed on the king’s mummy, and different tissues were sampled. Macroscopically, the right common carotid artery appeared distorted and…
« Tu sei quello che mangi »: le economie alimentari nelle analisi isotopiche di campioni medievali e postmedievali della Toscana
I risultati dello studio paleonutrizionale mostrano che i gruppi di popolazione rurale, medievale...
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I risultati dello studio paleonutrizionale mostrano che i gruppi di popolazione rurale, medievale e di età contemporanea, ad eccezione dei contadini della campagna senese della Pieve di Pava, possedevano un’alimentazione assai povera di carne o comunque di proteine di origine animale. Dalle analisi emerge che l'alimentazione della popolazione rurale della Val di Lima doveva basarsi essenzialmente sul consumo di vegetali, rappresentati sia da piante C3 (frumento, orzo, castagne) che da piante C4 (certamente il mais in età contemporanea ma anche, in precedenza, i cosiddetti cereali inferiori, come il miglio e il sorgo). Questa tendenza è confermata dai valori elevati del δ13C, che vanno da -18‰ a -19,5‰, mentre il coefficiente di correlazione δ13C/δ15N, che indica il rapporto fra i due isotopi , si è rivelato sempre statisticamente non significativo, attestando l’assenza di consumo di pesce di mare. In considerazione dell’area geografica di provenienza dei campioni, una fonte di energia disponibile doveva derivare certamente dal consumo di castagne. La fascia collinare e montana che comprende la Val di Lima lucchese è caratterizzata, ancora oggi, dagli ampi castagneti su terrazzamenti, che raggiungono gli 8oo m su entrambi i versanti . Questa area corrisponde alla zona di più antico popolamento, dove si sono sviluppati gli insediamenti di età medievale e dove è situata la maggior parte delle frazioni del comune di Bagni di Lucca, fra cui la Pieve dei Monti di Villa e Benabbio. La castagna, fin dal passato più remoto, ha rappresentato per queste popolazioni l'unica vera risorsa disponibile per il fabbisogno alimentare, tanto da essere definita "pane dei poveri", in quanto veniva trasformata in farina, per poterla conservare tutto l'anno. Contrariamente all’aspettativa, il campione del piccolo cimitero del castello di Monte di Croce, che veniva considerato pertinente ad un gruppo signorile , caratterizzato antropologicamente da individui vigorosi, con intensa attività fisica, la cui componente maschile esercitava estesamente la pratica dell’equitazione ed era anche esposta a lesioni mortali peri-mortem , ha rivelato un’alimentazione assai povera di proteine animali, analoga a quella dei contadini medievali e postmedievali della val di Lima lucchese. La spiegazione potrebbe essere cercata nella carenza di allevamenti, caratteristica da sempre dell’ambiente montano e collinare e, di conseguenza, nella alimentazione ipoproteica che poteva interessare anche classi socialmente elevate; però non si può escludere, proprio alla luce dei risultati delle indagini paleonutrizionali, l’utilizzo del piccolo cimitero del castello da parte di esponenti di classi sociali medio-basse, come gli eventuali castaldi che lo tenevano per conto dei visconti dei conti Guidi, i nobili da Galiga, i quali invece potevano avere sepoltura nell’abbazia di S. Maria di Rosano . Gli inumati intorno alla Pieve di Pava sono, fra i campioni medievali, quelli che presentano i livelli più alti di 15N, dati che depongono, unitamente all’elevata statura del campione , per una quota proteica alimentare più che discreta. La spiegazione è da ricercare probabilmente nella particolare conformazione della campagna senese, caratterizzata da un’ampia pianura, con intercalati dossi collinari e non colline vere e proprie, che doveva permettere la pratica di un allevamento intensivo, anche allo stato brado, come ad esempio quello della cinta senese. Infine, i granduchi di Toscana, così come i nobili Guinigi di Lucca, erano invece in possesso di un’alimentazione largamente basata sulla carne, da considerare, come è noto, un vero e proprio “status symbol” delle classi aristocratiche . In conclusione, questo primo contributo, anche se basato su campioni numericamente modesti, è già sufficiente per dimostrare l’interesse e l’utilità dei moderni studi paleonutrizionali in archeologia e in storia, finalizzati alla ricostruzione non solo della dieta, ma anche, in una visione più ampia, delle “esigenze” alimentari di particolari gruppi umani del passato. Questi studi si andranno sempre più utilmente affiancando alla bioarcheologia e alla paleopatologia nella ricostruzione dello stile di vita delle popolazioni antiche.
Curtain raised on the Medici, Grand Dukes of Florence (16th - 17th centuries): New paleopathological results
Within the framework of the Medici Project, a paleopathological team of experts from the Universi...
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Within the framework of the Medici Project, a paleopathological team of experts from the University of Pisa, the University of Florence and the Superintendence for Florentine Museums, studied 20 tombs of some of the Medici family members (16th-18th centuries) housed in the socalled Medici Chapels of the Basilica of San Lorenzo in Florence. The project involves disciplines such as paleopathology, funerary archaeology, physical anthropology, palaeonutrition, parasitology, histology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, molecular biology, and identification of ancient pathogens. The most recent biomedical technologies have been employed to obtain as much information as possible about the genetic make-up, eating habits, life styles and diseases of these important rulers of Renaissance Florence. Medical accounts and ancient autopsy reports imply that tertian malarial fevers caused the death of several members of the Medici family, such as Eleonora of Toledo (1522-1562), Cardinal Giovanni (1543-1562), don Garzia (1547-1562) and Grand Duke Francesco I (1531-1587). All members of the Medici family were hunted in the endemic malarial areas of Tuscany, such as the marshy areas surrounding their villas and along the swampy Maremma; therefore, they were highly exposed to the risk of being infected by falciparum malaria. To determine if malaria was the cause of death of those personages, we carried out immunological investigations and, then, compared the biological results to the historical sources. Bone samples were examined for the presence of Plasmodium falciparum histidine- rich- protein -2 (PfHRP2) and P. falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) using two different qualitative double–antibody immunoassays. Our findings provide the first modern laboratory evidence of the presence of P. falciparum ancient proteins in the skeletal remains of four members of the Medici family. We confirm the clinical diagnosis of the court physicians, using modern methods. Furthermore, immunological analyses detecting Leishmania infantum- specific peptides were carried out on the bone samples of the same four members of the Medici family. Positive identification by Western blot SDS-PAGE detected an IgG response anti- L. infantum in the human remains of Eleonora of Toledo (1522-1562), the wife of Cosimo I (1519-1574), suggesting that she had suffered from visceral leishmaniasis. This result was additionally supported by molecular ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis, able to identify a specific 120-bp fragment of a conserved region of the minicircle molecule of the parasite´s kinetoplastid mitochondrial DNA, which showed on direct sequencing a Leishmania specific sequence well compatible with L. Infantum. This is the first molecular and serological identification of L. infantum infection in a historic individual from southern Europe. Furthermore, we provide first evidence for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (TB) co-infection in the skeletal remains of Eleonora of Toledo (1522–1562), wife of Cosimo I de’ Medici.
La necropoli della media e recente Età del bronzo di Olmo di Nogara (Verona). Risultati della ricerca osteoarcheologica, paleochimica e paleodemografica
RIASSUNTO - La presente comunicazione intende presentare in maniera analitica i risultati di una ...
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RIASSUNTO - La presente comunicazione intende presentare in maniera analitica i risultati di una ricerca interdisciplinare condotta sulla grande necropoli di Olmo di Nogara, uno dei sepolcreti più importanti per la ricostruzione dell’assetto delle comunità della media e recente Età del bronzo dell’area terramaricola nord-padana, ma, stanti le sue caratteristiche qualitative e quantitative, anche uno dei complessi funerari più significativi dell’intera protostoria italiana ed europea. La rilevanza della necropoli, scavata a partire dalla fine anni ‘80 del ’900 dalla Soprintendenza per i beni archeologici del Veneto e databile tra il BM(1/)2 e BR2, è legata sia alla presenza di codici funerari che manifestano in maniera esplicita le distinzioni di età, sesso e rango/ruolo dei defunti, sia, soprattutto, all’eccellente stato di conservazione e alla completezza anatomica dei resti scheletrici umani, appartenenti a soggetti sia adulti sia infantili. La necropoli, a rito misto, consta di oltre 500 sepolture - 471 inumazioni e 62 incinerazioni - e le già citate ottime condizioni di conservazione hanno consentito una studio osteologico completo e analisi chimiche su oltre l’89% del campione. La ricerca ha previsto: 1) la ricostruzione del profilo biologico (sesso, età alla morte, statura, robustezza) di ciascun individuo esaminato, con indagini mirate riguardanti la ricostruzione dello stato di salute e delle possibili attività occupazionali; 2) l’individuazione e l’analisi di eventuali lesioni di origine traumatica - sia accidentali, sia legate a fenomeni di violenza interpersonale - anche mediante l’uso delle più moderne metodologie informatizzate di rilevamento TC e laser scanner; 3) analisi paleonutrizionali sugli isotopi stabili per la ricostruzione del regime alimentare; 4)rielaborazione complessiva dell’intero comparto dati per la ricostruzione del profilo paleodemografico; 5)integrazione sistematica tra dati antropologici e paleodemografici e evidenze di tipo strettamente archeologico, al fine di giungere alla definizione dell’assetto e dell’organizzazione interna della comunità. SUMMARY - The present paper presents analytically the results of a multi-disciplinary research carried out on the large Olmo di Nogara cemetery, one of the most important cemeteries for the reconstruction of the structure of the Middle and Recent Bronze Age communities of the terramare culture area north of the Po river. Given its qualitative and quantitative characteristics it is also one of the most significant cemetery of the entire Italian and European protohistory. The cemetery was excavated since the ‘80s by the Soprintendenza per i beni archeologici del Veneto and is dated between the MBA(1/)2 and RBA. Its relevance lies with the presence of funerary codes that explicitly show the age, sex and rank differences of the dead and above all with the excellent preservation and anatomical completeness of the skeletons, both of adults and infants. The cemetery – of the mixed ritual kind – consists of more than 500 depositions, 471 inhumations and 62 cremations. Thanks to the cited good preservation, complete osteological analyses and chemical analyses were carried out on more than 89% of the sample. The research consisted in: 1) the reconstruction of the biological profile (sex, age of death, height) of all individuals, with specific analyses aimed at the reconstruction of the health status and possible occupational indicators; 2) the individuation and analysis of possible trauma injuries – both accidental and violence related – with the help of modern methodologies such as TC and laser scanner; 3) paleo nutritional analyses based on stable isotopes for the reconstruction of the diet; 4) global reprocessing of all the data for the reconstruction of the paleodemography; 5) systematic integration between anthropological, paleodemographical and archaeological data in order to define the community structure and internal organization.
New methods for investigating past epidemics: Archeology, Paleopathology, ancient DNA
Ancient Remnants: Biomolecules in Paleopathology
Reply to Prof. Lippi (about the malaria of Francesco I)
The American Journal of Medicine
, 2015
Paleonutrition and Paleopathology: Food and Disease at the Renaissance Courts of Naples and Florence
Modern Beams for Ancient Mummies Computerized Tomography of the Holocene Mummified Remains from Wadi Takarkori (Acacus, South-Western Libya; Middle Pastoral)
Medicina nei secoli
, 2015
The Middle Pastoral human remains from Wadi Takarkori in the Libyan Acacus mountains (Fezzan) are...
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The Middle Pastoral human remains from Wadi Takarkori in the Libyan Acacus mountains (Fezzan) are exceptionally preserved partial mummies ranging between 6100 and 5000 uncal years BP; this small sample represents the most ancient of its kind ever found. In this report, we present a survey of the skeletal anatomy of these mummifed corpses, based on high resolution CT-scan data, including a preliminary phenetic interpretation of their cranial morphology.
Fornaciari et al., 2015 J Archaeol Sci 54: 162-167
SEZIONE V–Etnicità ed archeologia
1. L'Intervento Archeologico Tra Emergenza e Ricerca
Archeologia medievale
, 2006
Immunological identification of Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania infantum in the skeletal remains of the Medici family
XVIII Congresso dell'Associazione Antropologica Italiana
, 2009
Radiological evaluation of ancient Egyptian mummies in Italian museums
Poster: "ECR 2010 / C-2437 / Radiological evaluation of ancient Egyptian mummies in Italian ...
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Poster: "ECR 2010 / C-2437 / Radiological evaluation of ancient Egyptian mummies in Italian museums" by: "D. Caramella, P. Cosmacini, V. Giuffra, D. Lauretti, M. Sabato, G. Fornaciari; Pisa/IT"
Storia della Medicina e della Psicologia
Nato con intenti prevalentemente didattici, "Storia della Medicina e della Psicologia" ...
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Nato con intenti prevalentemente didattici, "Storia della Medicina e della Psicologia" si propone come un testo di consultazione chiara e completa, sia per gli studenti che per gli appassionati della materia, sui tentativi fatti dall'uomo per opporsi ai mali, fisici e psichici, che lo afflissero fin dai tempi più antichi. A partire dai poemi omerici, passando per i padri della medicina, Ippocrate e Galeno, e per la "rivoluzione" alessandrina fino ad arrivare alla riscoperta delle antiche conoscenze con il basso medioevo; da questo momento in poi, un susseguirsi di scoperte e contributi da parte di sperimentatori e innovatori permette di arrivare alla medicina moderna che ha finalmente reso l'uomo in grado di intervenire attivamente sui processi patologici e sul decorso delle malattie. Il testo riserva una trattazione cospicua anche alla storia della Psicologia, presentando per sommi capi l'affrancarsi della disciplina dalla filosofia ed il costituirsi, al pari di altre, come "scienza" tra la fine del XVIII egli inizi del XIX secolo, con una panoramica sulle principali scuole di pensiero nel campo della Psicologia e della Psicoanalisi.
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