Papers by مجلة مدارات تاريخية مجلة دورية دولية محكمة
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2020
عملت القوانين الاستثنائية الاستعمارية في الجزائر لفرض قيود على الشعب الجزائري، بتحريم أي نشاط يص... more عملت القوانين الاستثنائية الاستعمارية في الجزائر لفرض قيود على الشعب الجزائري، بتحريم أي نشاط يصل بالجزائريين الى الوعي السياسي الذي يمكنه أن يهدد الوجود الفرنسي في الجزائر، ومن تلك أنشطة انشاء التنظيمات العمالية والنقابات المهنية. لكن الجزائريين استطاعوا استغلال التشريع الفرنسي وقوانينه لصالحهم واستفادة منه للولوج الى الحركة العمالية . ومن أهم تلك القوانين نجد قانون النقابات المهنية 21 مارس 1884 والقانون الجمعيات 01 جويلية 1901 واللذان سيكون لهم تأثير كبير على الحركة العمالية في الجزائر ونشاطاتها سواء بالنسبة الجزائريين حتى الأوربيين. ولفهم تلك القوانين وتأثيرها في الجزائر يجب اطلاع على تاريخ الحركة العمالية في فرنسا أولا ذلك أن الميلاد نظيرتها في الجزائر ما هو الا امتداد لها باعتبار أن الجزائر كانت مستعمرة استيطانية مرتبطة ارتباط وثيقا بالمتروبول وأن قوانين السارية بها مصدرها المشرع الفرنسي في باريس. Abstract: The colonial extraordinary laws in Algeria worked to impose restrictions on the Algerian people, by prohibiting any activity that brings the Algerians to political awareness that could threaten the French presence in Algeria, including the activities of establishing labor organizations and professional unions. But the Algerians were able to use French legislation and laws to their advantage and benefit from it to gain access to the workers' movement. Among the most important of these laws are the Professional Associations Law, March 21, 1884, and the Associations Law by July 01, 1901, which will have a major impact on the labor movement in Algeria and its activities, both for Algerians and even Europeans. To understand these laws and their impact in Algeria, we must be study first the history of the French labor movement, because birth is its counterpart in Algeria, which is not an extension of it, because Algeria was a settlement colony closely related to the metropolis, and the laws in force have their source in the French legislator in Paris.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2020
The Islamic Awakening contributed to generating energy from intellectual renewal and spreading th... more The Islamic Awakening contributed to generating energy from intellectual renewal and spreading the teachings of religion by currents and personalities who established their ideas of an Islamic intellectual renaissance. They tried to eliminate the cloud of eyes and refer to the teachings of religion to build a solid society linked to his religion, from these figures we find Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Mohammed Abdo, who drew a way to build an edifice of ideas adopted by historians and researchers in their research and analytical path while spreading to the Arab-Islamic world when they targeted Arab and Islamic societies to form classes of religious elites on the one hand. On the other hand, it has cultivated a spirit of jihad against the winds of colonial alienation in the Maghreb region.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2020
The description of Africa" book was published in the middle of the sixteen century in Rome; it re... more The description of Africa" book was published in the middle of the sixteen century in Rome; it represented a milestone in the history of European scholarly knowledge since that book contributed in liberating Africa from classic European representations that depicted it as continent full of natural and human contradictions. Africa was considered as a piece of hell because of its extreme heat and its incubation of groups of human beings that had not yet reached the stage of humanism.
In fact this is what explained why no genuine civilizations were as it happened in Asia and Europe.
The European representations had gradually changed since the European writers and geographers were exposed to al Hassan el Wazzan el Fessi’ s book, in which revealed, based on a number of Arab sources and his own knowledge of the continent' s news. The unjustified European representations highlighting the rooted human phenomenon in Africa and studying its different regions, resources, cultural, natural, material and human characteristics. All this urged the Europeans to adjust the image of Africa and restudy it from a new angle.
In fact this is what explained why no genuine civilizations were as it happened in Asia and Europe.
The European representations had gradually changed since the European writers and geographers were exposed to al Hassan el Wazzan el Fessi’ s book, in which revealed, based on a number of Arab sources and his own knowledge of the continent' s news. The unjustified European representations highlighting the rooted human phenomenon in Africa and studying its different regions, resources, cultural, natural, material and human characteristics. All this urged the Europeans to adjust the image of Africa and restudy it from a new angle.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2020
مجلة مدارات تاريخية , 2020
This study sheds light on the Wadi Arabah Treaty, which is considered the Jordanian-Israeli peace... more This study sheds light on the Wadi Arabah Treaty, which is considered the Jordanian-Israeli peace treaty in itself. This study will address the roots of that agreement and the most key motives behind the Jordanian side’s decision to sign that agreement in 1994 with the Israeli side. Also, this study will explore the most significant international political conferences that contributed to advancing the peace process between the two sides, starting with the Madrid Peace Conference in 1991, which was an American initiative, and the Washington Conference in 1993, leading to the declaration of the Wadi Arabah Agreement in 1994. Of note, this said agreement provides for achieving a fair peace between the two sides. The signing of that agreement was because of the difficult circumstances that Jordan was going through in terms of political, economic and military aspects, where the completion of the peace treaty was a strategic option to ensure that Jordan does not lose more of its lands. According to the said agreement, Jordan was able to restore the Jordanian lands occupied by Israel, especially “Baqoura, Ghumar” regions, along with the waters of the Jordan River that Israel had converted into Israeli settlements beyond the Naqab lands.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2020
تقدم المداخلة الدور الفعال التي لعبته الجزائر في دعم حركات التحرر بأفريقيا وتصفية الاستعمار ... more تقدم المداخلة الدور الفعال التي لعبته الجزائر في دعم حركات التحرر بأفريقيا وتصفية الاستعمار ، والدور الذي لعبته الديبلوماسية الجزائرية بعد الاستقلال في إرساء الامن والاستقرار بالقارة السمراء ، من خلال دعم الشعوب المستضعفة في التحرر والاستقلال .
وتناقش المداخلة قضية الصحراء الغربية المدعومة من قبل الجزائر ، والتطرق لأهم المواقف الجزائرية في المحافل الدولية لدعم القضية الصحراوية مع الوقوف عند اهم الحوادث والاحداث المتعلقة بالقضية من الاستقلال الى يومنا هذا واهم النتائج التي تم تحقيقها بناء على المواقف والجزائرية والاطروحات السياسية التي قدمتها الدبلوماسية الجزائرية لحل المشكل .
وتناقش المداخلة قضية الصحراء الغربية المدعومة من قبل الجزائر ، والتطرق لأهم المواقف الجزائرية في المحافل الدولية لدعم القضية الصحراوية مع الوقوف عند اهم الحوادث والاحداث المتعلقة بالقضية من الاستقلال الى يومنا هذا واهم النتائج التي تم تحقيقها بناء على المواقف والجزائرية والاطروحات السياسية التي قدمتها الدبلوماسية الجزائرية لحل المشكل .
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2020
قبيلة معارك بين ما ي الفرنس االحتالل ضد البرانس 1915 و 1925 تلخيص: قبيلة ... more قبيلة معارك بين ما ي الفرنس االحتالل ضد البرانس 1915 و 1925 تلخيص: قبيلة مساهمة على بوضوح يقف الغزيرة، ي الفرنس األرشيف لوثائق املتصفح إن بالد إلى دخولها منذ الغازية للقوات والتصدي ي، الفرنس العسكري االحتالل مقاومة في انس البر سنة الطايفة 1915 حدود إلى سنة يف الر حرب انتهاء قرب 1925. القصبة، معارك وتجسد وبوهارون، الحوط، وعين الجمعة، ووادي الغار، وكاف والقطا، الروح، وعين وبوقالل، "االستعماري والتسلط ي الفرنس للوجود القبيلة ملقاومة بطولية مالحم وغيرها وأمساف " بها. املفتاحية الكلمات االحتالل. انس، البر املقاومة، املعارك، : Abstract: While scrutinizing the copiousness of French archives, one would easily stop at the contribution of the Branès tribe in resisting the French military colonization; as well as combating its invading forces since it infiltrated the land of Taifa in 1915 through the end of the Rif War in 1925. The total of the battles in Kasba, Boukalal, Ain Rouh, Qta, Kef El Ghar, Oued jmaa, Ain Haout, Bouharon, Amssef and others embodies heroic fierce battles for the tribe in resistance to the French presence and the colonial encroachment in it.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2020
Many Algerian personalities have contributed to serving the Algerian society in many fields and a... more Many Algerian personalities have contributed to serving the Algerian society in many fields and aspects, and among these figures are those who have found interest on the part of researchers and historians, including those who have been forgotten and marginalized on their side, perhaps due to historical or social circumstances, or due to the personality in itself that may be working In silence and without drawing attention, including the figure of Haj Yahya bin Hamo Al-Wahej, who was a pivotal figure with distinction in charitable, cultural and social work, and then in revolutionary and militant work for the benefit of the blessed liberation revolution.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2020
Omani-Persian relations were characterized during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by fluc... more Omani-Persian relations were characterized during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by fluctuating relations of cooperation sometimes, and the conflict relationship at other times. Perhaps the history of the two regions struck in the past, especially with the political and economic aspects, is a major reason for this fluctuation in the relationship between the two countries.
This paper aims to shed light on an important political and economic aspect in the relationship of the two neighboring countries, namely the Omani influence, control and presence on the Persian ports located on the western coast of the Gulf. We will proceed into this aspect by analyzing a number of agreements concluded between Oman and Persia. However, it must be emphasized, that there are several factors that formed this relationship and controlled it, especially in the nineteenth century, namely, the colonial powers in the Gulf region. Which has been playing a pivotal role in this conflict in order to preserve its interests.
To achieve these goals, this paper was divided into two main axes. The first axis will address an overview of Omani-Persian relations. It is a topic that has been studied by many researchers due to its importance in the history of the Gulf in all respects. As for the second axis, it will deal with a documentary study of the most important agreements concluded between Oman and Persia in the ports of Bandar Abbas, Qeshm and Gawad, in addition to reviewing the correspondence that clarifies this aspect. And the port of Gwadar was added - although it does not fall within the geographical range of the Gulf - but it was under Persian influence until the year 1783 AD,It is the year that Sultan bin Ahmed visited the region with his brother Saif, and Naseer Khan(1) gave him the province for Mr. Sultan to make a base for his campaigns on the eastern coast of the Gulf, The same also applies to the port of Shahbar, when Mr. Sultan bin Ahmed extended his influence there.
This paper aims to shed light on an important political and economic aspect in the relationship of the two neighboring countries, namely the Omani influence, control and presence on the Persian ports located on the western coast of the Gulf. We will proceed into this aspect by analyzing a number of agreements concluded between Oman and Persia. However, it must be emphasized, that there are several factors that formed this relationship and controlled it, especially in the nineteenth century, namely, the colonial powers in the Gulf region. Which has been playing a pivotal role in this conflict in order to preserve its interests.
To achieve these goals, this paper was divided into two main axes. The first axis will address an overview of Omani-Persian relations. It is a topic that has been studied by many researchers due to its importance in the history of the Gulf in all respects. As for the second axis, it will deal with a documentary study of the most important agreements concluded between Oman and Persia in the ports of Bandar Abbas, Qeshm and Gawad, in addition to reviewing the correspondence that clarifies this aspect. And the port of Gwadar was added - although it does not fall within the geographical range of the Gulf - but it was under Persian influence until the year 1783 AD,It is the year that Sultan bin Ahmed visited the region with his brother Saif, and Naseer Khan(1) gave him the province for Mr. Sultan to make a base for his campaigns on the eastern coast of the Gulf, The same also applies to the port of Shahbar, when Mr. Sultan bin Ahmed extended his influence there.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2019
Recent discovery in the Sahel at multiple locations of olive trees with huge trunk that proves th... more Recent discovery in the Sahel at multiple locations of olive trees with huge trunk that proves their ancient age. My investigations allowed me to put these olive trees with a literary testimony to which little attention has been paid to the olive trees planted by the Punic general Hannibal throughout the Sahel region. This discovery confirms that this textual testimony is not myth.
These plantations would be the tiny part of the very complex Carthaginian system. It has an original military and security aspect related to the system of Phoinikoi Tapoi literally Phoenician Fosses that pass more to the west of the Sahel. These multiple farms also reveal a demographic aspect by fixing farmers on the margins of the territories of a large city such as Hadrumète.
Apart from the very important scientific aspect. All these unusual data on the character of Hannibal famous only for its military facts and on the olive tree, the main ingredient of Punic agriculture, represent a rather interesting potential for launching a very flourishing agricultural tourism activity. Thanks to these plantations one could mediate a new image of the Punic general. It is also possible to restore the entire oil-related agricultural production chain and its marketing. This sector is becoming more and more popular in the world. His hopes for success are assured.
Indeed, the Tunisian agricultural heritage offers rich potential for the development of a tourism activity linked to the agricultural heritage. This recent discovery of Punic archeology in the Tunisian Sahel of olive plantations that would be the work of General Hannibal and his army can easily be at the origin of an original activity of agricultural tourism.
The target audience can be adults who are eager for entertainment only. We can also target young people through these activities. Didactic content will be addressed to middle school students which can encourage future vocations among them.
This discovery is then a chance to ensure the diversification of the Tunisian tourist product and get out of monolithism. It can be the nucleus of a promising cultural tourism project, especially since the Sahel has been linked since antiquity to the olive tree.
Tunisian classical tourism focused mainly on seaside activities is increasingly in crisis. This fundamental sector of activity in the Tunisian economic system is looking for diversification and originality. One of the resources questioned is that of the historical and archaeological heritage of Tunisia. Indeed this heritage is particularly rich. It is increasingly the driving force behind a multi-activity entertainment sector represented by cultural tourism with its various ramifications including agricultural tourism. This relatively new tourist branch is in full swing and its development possibilities are enormous.
These plantations would be the tiny part of the very complex Carthaginian system. It has an original military and security aspect related to the system of Phoinikoi Tapoi literally Phoenician Fosses that pass more to the west of the Sahel. These multiple farms also reveal a demographic aspect by fixing farmers on the margins of the territories of a large city such as Hadrumète.
Apart from the very important scientific aspect. All these unusual data on the character of Hannibal famous only for its military facts and on the olive tree, the main ingredient of Punic agriculture, represent a rather interesting potential for launching a very flourishing agricultural tourism activity. Thanks to these plantations one could mediate a new image of the Punic general. It is also possible to restore the entire oil-related agricultural production chain and its marketing. This sector is becoming more and more popular in the world. His hopes for success are assured.
Indeed, the Tunisian agricultural heritage offers rich potential for the development of a tourism activity linked to the agricultural heritage. This recent discovery of Punic archeology in the Tunisian Sahel of olive plantations that would be the work of General Hannibal and his army can easily be at the origin of an original activity of agricultural tourism.
The target audience can be adults who are eager for entertainment only. We can also target young people through these activities. Didactic content will be addressed to middle school students which can encourage future vocations among them.
This discovery is then a chance to ensure the diversification of the Tunisian tourist product and get out of monolithism. It can be the nucleus of a promising cultural tourism project, especially since the Sahel has been linked since antiquity to the olive tree.
Tunisian classical tourism focused mainly on seaside activities is increasingly in crisis. This fundamental sector of activity in the Tunisian economic system is looking for diversification and originality. One of the resources questioned is that of the historical and archaeological heritage of Tunisia. Indeed this heritage is particularly rich. It is increasingly the driving force behind a multi-activity entertainment sector represented by cultural tourism with its various ramifications including agricultural tourism. This relatively new tourist branch is in full swing and its development possibilities are enormous.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2019
This communication focused on the Nybgenii tribe who nomadized and then settled in the region of ... more This communication focused on the Nybgenii tribe who nomadized and then settled in the region of Nefzaoua extended in southwestern Tunisia. This is the examination of the problematic of its approximate territory. In addition, we try to understand the relationship between the Nybgenii and Rome on two well-defined plans. On the one hand, its early and unique Romanization in the region in question. On the other hand, the typology and functions of the different types of defensive constructions those aim to control tribal mobility in a zone of unavoidable passage. In order to identify the main features of these issues, we have used data from literary sources and archaeological evidence. In parallel, we started with the main results of recent studies on the limes area in the whole of Roman Africa.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2019
This article seeks to monitor the urban and historical characteristics of ancient cities and citi... more This article seeks to monitor the urban and historical characteristics of ancient cities and cities and what they have learned throughout their history and then draw the factors and manifestations of the emergence of local architecture. Before starting to address this subject, we should refer to the position of sociology from the study of urbanization in its spatial manifestations, It can be called localism. It can be said that sociology did not care to study the spatial manifestations of urban development as much as he cared to study its economic, social, political and cultural manifestations. This is surely a shortcoming The architecture is part of the attention of sociology from a number of angles, the most important of which is the artistic and cultural aspect as a product of society and its cultural foundations. It also plays an important role in the formulation of individual and collective identity. Architecture, no doubt including its location, space, location, Important and fundamental in human economic and social life. As for the attitude of sociology from the study of what is Imran local, it is related to what the society has known through its long history of models flourished and declined. If we return to the basic subject, we find that there is a question arises, which is why the combination in one subject between urbanization in the light of a historical vision and the transformations witnessed by this architecture.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2019
Throughout its history, Morocco faced successive famines that resulted in disastrous effects on i... more Throughout its history, Morocco faced successive famines that resulted in disastrous effects on its economic, social, and demographic infrastructures. the aim of this article is to shed light on some of the weird and strange phenomena and behaviours which were witnessed during those frequent famines that struck Morocco between the fifteenth century and the end of the nineteenth century.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2019
The literature of the journey is one of the most important art of authorship, and Hijaz journeys ... more The literature of the journey is one of the most important art of authorship, and Hijaz journeys constitute a pople of this art . The aim of this research was to reveal the features of a Hijazian journey whose hero was the Moroccan jurist Abu Abdullah al-Hodaiki, who longed to visit the holy sites, Allah responded to him and sent him someone to pay the charges of the pilgrimage. He took the opportunity to record his observations and stages of his journey in a book the called " A journey to the two holy Mosques"
So, how did he organize every detail about his journey ? What are the features of his journey ? What are the benefits beyond reading such a work ?
To achieve the purpose of this paper, the researcher a descriptive analytical method that contains the following elements :
- Characterizing the journey's hero
- Introducing the book that antedate to the journey
- Depicting the journey's plan and its pathway
- Highlight the various benefits of the trip
Then the researcher came up to some of the results that he presented in the conclusion, including :
- The journey of Abi Abdullah Al-Hodaiki is worshiping-scientific, wich indicates that worchip is only realized through science, and science must be followed by action.
- The journey of Abu Abdullah Al-hodaiki is an imprtant source of literary texts : poetry and prose.
- The style of Abi Abdullah Al-hodaiki is characterized by clarity, the beauty of expression, the simplicity of sentences, and avoiding affectation.
- His dependence on the communicative function as a technique of narration adopted in the literature of journey's in order to raise the reader's attention.
- The method of historical writing in the Al-hodaiki depends on observation and inseption, criticism, and scrutiny of description, and benefit from the books of Moroccan travellers.
- His interest in the Hadiths, which led him to employ only correct or accepted Hadiths, and to ignore the Hadiths that have been set.
- He was Maliki in Islamic jurisprudence and Acharii in the doctrine.
So, how did he organize every detail about his journey ? What are the features of his journey ? What are the benefits beyond reading such a work ?
To achieve the purpose of this paper, the researcher a descriptive analytical method that contains the following elements :
- Characterizing the journey's hero
- Introducing the book that antedate to the journey
- Depicting the journey's plan and its pathway
- Highlight the various benefits of the trip
Then the researcher came up to some of the results that he presented in the conclusion, including :
- The journey of Abi Abdullah Al-Hodaiki is worshiping-scientific, wich indicates that worchip is only realized through science, and science must be followed by action.
- The journey of Abu Abdullah Al-hodaiki is an imprtant source of literary texts : poetry and prose.
- The style of Abi Abdullah Al-hodaiki is characterized by clarity, the beauty of expression, the simplicity of sentences, and avoiding affectation.
- His dependence on the communicative function as a technique of narration adopted in the literature of journey's in order to raise the reader's attention.
- The method of historical writing in the Al-hodaiki depends on observation and inseption, criticism, and scrutiny of description, and benefit from the books of Moroccan travellers.
- His interest in the Hadiths, which led him to employ only correct or accepted Hadiths, and to ignore the Hadiths that have been set.
- He was Maliki in Islamic jurisprudence and Acharii in the doctrine.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2019
The number of shrines in the Islamic West increased steadily after the tenth century AH, and the ... more The number of shrines in the Islamic West increased steadily after the tenth century AH, and the preceding control of angles and tacitas over the religious establishment and the cultural, social, and political scene, which in turn coincided with the establishment of the Ottoman Empire, and it also derived its power and influence from the factors of Tasfoul and practical education. On the Islamic world, represented by them in the Bactic method, and its Derouche who formed the nucleus of the Janissary army; the force striking in the expansion of the Ottomans influence, and this research focuses on studying the spread of shrines in Algeria in particular, and And I hope that according to a historical and anthropological approach and approach, with a focus on the Ottomans contribution to investing the dominance of the mysticism on society, and encouraging the state to do so and its contribution to it, following the fall of Andalusia and the accompanying fall of the sultanate at the expense of the increasing influence of the Awliya and the Sulayhid, and thus the transfer of the pledge of allegiance from the political ruler to The spiritual ruler, who is the righteous guardian, and also the growing foreign threat and the accompanying erosion of the authority of tribal nervousness at the expense of the growing authority of the mystical methods. Skills and taking the Sales of covenants and charters of them, and the subsequent construction of shrines and domes and shrines and practices of ritual accumulated from successive periods and different religions and cultures; indicate the popular religiosity in the Algerian society.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2019
This study examines the stages of planning and preparation of the inland African sea project, the... more This study examines the stages of planning and preparation of the inland African sea project, the saint simonian’ s project , in which the human dimensions such as the creation of global unity, as envisioned by saint simon, were associated with the strategic and colonial dimensions. The Inland African sea, in the name of the French military and geographic leader was associated with François Elie Roudaire, who was involved in the planning of Suez Canal project in Egypt along with Ferdinand de Lesseps. In Algeria, he issued a series of studies, researches, cartographic and topographical, aiming at revealing the wealth of the region and establishing a network of roads to exploit the country and tighten its control. The African Inland Sea Project remains one of the most important Roudaire’s projects worked on during his stay in Algeria and in the city of Biskra in particular.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2019
the main aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the conflict of the great powers on the p... more the main aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the conflict of the great powers on the political situation in the late Karamanli era.
in order to achieve its objectives the study has used the narrative analytical approach.
The main findings of the study have indicated that the English-French competition related to Tripoli during this stage has taken the form of direct armed conflict. in addition in the one hand. and has used some of the conflicting sons Karamanli to rule Tripoli in the other hand.
in order to achieve its objectives the study has used the narrative analytical approach.
The main findings of the study have indicated that the English-French competition related to Tripoli during this stage has taken the form of direct armed conflict. in addition in the one hand. and has used some of the conflicting sons Karamanli to rule Tripoli in the other hand.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2019
The following historical study tries to highlight the reformist roles of the leaders and scholars... more The following historical study tries to highlight the reformist roles of the leaders and scholars of the Association of Algerian Muslim Scholars in the region of Hodna generally and in M’sila in particular, during the period which preceded the official beginning of the Algerian liberation revolution 1951-1954, by highlighting the reformist roles of Cheikh Naeem al-Nuaimi in this Region.
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2019
This research is related to the Arab Islamic heritageand it tries to follow the features of the l... more This research is related to the Arab Islamic heritageand it tries to follow the features of the literary tasting methodology, which is invented by Mahmoud Mohamed Chaker in his “Dali’l li’jaz’s” annotation. We have led to this by two remarks: The first one is that Chaker replaced the word "annotation" which is used by other annotators, with the word "read" or "explained". The second one is that he is admitting himself that he is applying his mentioned methodology in all of his processors for heritage books. Based on these two remarks we formulated the following hypothesis: Chaker's annotation of heritage is characterized by being out of the general meaning of "annotation" to another meaning, which is "reading"or "rewriting". Trying to explain the importance of this approach in the revival of heritage treasures. So, what are the limits of the heritage’s annotation? To what extent did Mahmoud Shaker commit himself to these limits? What distinguishes his reading of heritage books?
مجلة مدارات تاريخية, 2019
The liberal thought has appeared early in Algeria in comparison with the Northern African countri... more The liberal thought has appeared early in Algeria in comparison with the Northern African countries (Tunisia and Morocco). The national political parties in these two countries were calling for reforms while (the star of North Africa) which was established in 1926 and the Algerian Population Party which succeeded it in March 11th, 1937 called for the liberation of Algeria in particular and the Northern African countries in general. The principals of the liberal thought have been embodied through several means via the political activities which (the star of North Africa) and the Algerian Population Party have done, such as organizing popular demonstrations in Algeria and France that called for the full independence of Algeria and the Northern African countries, founding the national newspapers that expressed the thoughts of the liberal current in Algeria, and forming national alliances to support the national struggle and to confront the colonial policy. Also, one of the most important events in the struggle, which was considered as a turning point in the history of the liberation movement in Algeria, was the essential role played by the leaders of the Algerian Population Party in the mobilization of the Algerian people to participate in the demonstrations of May 1945 which called for independence. After that, the second generation of nationalists who believed in the revolutionary thought has appeared, so that the Victory Movement of the Democratic Liberties has been established in 1946, which embodied that thought in reality on different levels of struggle both politically and militarily. Thus, they organized huge popular demonstrations, presented petitions against the colonial politics, participated in the elections of the municipality and the parliament, founded the special organization in 1947, and established national alliances like the Algerian Front to defend freedom and respect it in 1951.