Papers by Hernani Oliveira
Nature 605, 619 , 2022
None of the 21 targets of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set for 2020 w... more None of the 21 targets of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set for 2020 was achieved. But, by our calculations, the target to protect 10% of the global ocean area (SDG14, target 5) could become a reality this year. This month, the UN Environment Programme's World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) reported that marine protected areas (MPAs) and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) had achieved global coverage of 8.01% (see go.nature.com/3mmnzp5). The remaining 1.99% needed to reach the 10% target amounts to about 7,200,000 square kilometres. That area will be comfortably exceeded by ongoing ocean projects, set to contribute about 14 million square kilometres. Beyond that, designated MPAs in Portugal, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Vanuatu and elsewhere are awaiting inclusion by the UNEP-WCMC. And more MPAs will be designated following commitments made at last year's COP26 climate summit and at ocean conferences earlier this year. All MPAs will need to be strictly safeguarded if the more-ambitious conservation targets for 2030 are to be realized.
Ecology, 2017
Bats are the second most diverse mammal order and they provide vital ecosystem functions (e.g., p... more Bats are the second most diverse mammal order and they provide vital ecosystem functions (e.g., pollination, seed dispersal, and nutrient flux in caves) and services (e.g., crop pest suppression). Bats are also important vectors of infectious diseases, harboring more than 100 different virus types. In the present study, we compiled information on bat communities from the Atlantic Forests of South America, a species-rich biome that is highly threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. The ATLANTIC BATS data set comprises 135 quantitative studies carried out in 205 sites, which cover most vegetation types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest: dense ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous forest, semideciduous forest, deciduous forest, savanna, steppe, and open ombrophilous forest. The data set includes information on more than 90,000 captures of 98 bat species of eight families. Species richness averaged 12.1 per site, with a median value of 10 species (ranging from 1 to 53 species). Six species occurred in more than 50% of the communities: Artibeus lituratus, Carollia perspicillata, Sturnira lilium, Artibeus fimbriatus, Glossophaga soricina, and Platyrrhinus lineatus. The number of captures divided by sampling effort, a proxy for abundance, varied from 0.000001 to 0.77 individu-alsÁh À1 Ám À2 (0.04 AE 0.007 individualsÁh À1 Ám À2). Our data set reveals a hyper-dominance of eight species that together that comprise 80% of all captures: Platyrrhinus lineatus (2.3%), Molossus molossus (2.8%), Artibeus obscurus (3.4%), Artibeus planirostris (5.2%), Artibeus fimbriatus (7%), Sturnira lilium (14.5%), Carollia perspicillata (15.6%), and Artibeus lituratus (29.2%).
Bats are the second most diverse mammal order and they provide vital ecosystem functions (e.g., p... more Bats are the second most diverse mammal order and they provide vital ecosystem functions (e.g., pollination, seed dispersal, and nutrient flux in caves) and services (e.g., crop pest suppression). Bats are also important vectors of infectious diseases, harboring more than 100 different virus types. In the present study, we compiled information on bat communities from the Atlantic Forests of South America, a species-rich biome that are highly threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. ATLANTIC BATS dataset comprises 135 quantitative studies carried out in 205 sites, which cover most vegetation types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest: dense ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous forest, semideciduous forest, deciduous forest, savanna, steppe, and open ombrophilous forest. The dataset includes information on more than 90,000 captures of 98 bat species of 8 families. Species richness averaged 12.1 per site, with a median value of 10 species (ranging from 1 to 53 species). Six species occurred in more than 50% of the communities: Artibeus lituratus, Carollia perspicillata, Sturnira lilium, Artibeus fimbriatus, Glossophaga soricina, and Platyrrhinus lineatus. The number of captures divided by sampling effort, a proxy for abundance, varied from 0.000001 to 0.77 individuals/hour*m2 (0.04+0.007 individuals/hour*m2). Our dataset reveals a hyper-dominance of eight species that together that comprise 80% of all captures: Platyrrhinus lineatus (2.3%), Molossus molossus (2.8%), Artibeus obscurus (3.4%), Artibeus planirostris (5.2%), Artibeus fimbriatus (7%), Sturnira lilium (14.5%), Carollia perspicillata (15.6%), and Artibeus lituratus (29.2%).
The Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) is a biodiversity hotspot with high deforestation rates that lead... more The Brazilian savanna (Cerrado) is a biodiversity hotspot with high deforestation rates that lead to extensive habitat changes, especially around protected areas (PAs). In our study, we analyzed how bats are affected by habitat changes comparing assemblages inside and outside Cerrado PAs. We compared diversity patterns of bats in relation to species composition, number of captured bats, as well as body condition and reproductive condition in cerrado sensu stricto (s.s.) and gallery forests. From September 2007 to June 2008, we captured 495 bats belonging to 25 species, 4 families, and 6 foraging guilds. When comparing captured bats inside and outside PAs, we found different patterns for both habitats, but with no differences in species richness for both habitats in relation to habitat perturbation. In relation to the degree of preservation, bat assemblages tend to be dissimilar between cerrado s.s. and similar between gallery forests. Besides that, in cerrados s.s., bats are less captured, or negatively affected, by habitat disturbance outside PAs; while in gallery forests, they are positively affected. Likewise, some bat species in gallery forests present higher body condition and more reproductive individuals outside PAs. Finally, we suggest that the intense habitat change in cerrado s.s. does cause negative effects on bats, while the positive effects found in degraded gallery forests may be due to the higher resource availability derived mainly from pioneer plants. Therefore, the presence of both nectarivorous bats in cerrado s.s. and frugivorous bats in gallery forests can be considered good indicators for habitat disturbance.
Fire is a common and natural event in Cerrado that can influence the composition of trees and mam... more Fire is a common and natural event in Cerrado that can influence the composition of trees and mammals and change the entire conditions of the environment. This study was developed in a gallery forest of Distrito Federal-Brazil. Bat samplings were conducted for a total of six nights after a fire that happened on the gallery forest. Three samplings were conducted: one day, three months and seven months after fire. A total of nine mist nets (12 m x 3 m) were opened from 7pm to 1am. Captured bats were measured and identified to species. Shannon index measured the species diversity of bats in the gallery forest over time. A rarefaction curve was made to assess the estimated bat richness in each of the samplings and a chi-square test was used to check whether there have been changes on bat abundances over time. A total of 46 bats from 8 different species and one family were captured. The most abundant species was Sturnira lilium. Species diversity and abundance increased over time and there was a gradual accumulation of species and specimens indicating that the succession and recovery of the forest occurs due to a temporal addition of specimens and species in the assemblage and not as punctual occurrences. Probably, this recovery pattern reflects a gradual increase in the availability of resources and recovery of the forest canopy, progressively offering more shelter and food for the bat assemblage. Resumo: O fogo e ´ um evento comum e natural no Cerrado que pode influenciar a composic¸ã o de a ´ rvores e mamíferos e mudar totalmente as condic¸õ es do ambiente. Esse estudo foi desenvolvido na mata de galeria do Distrito Federal – Brazil. As amostragens dos morcegos foram conduzidas por um total de seis noites depois da ocorrência do fogo na mata de galeria. Três amostragens foram conduzidas: um dia, três meses e sete meses depois que o fogo ocorreu. Um total de nove redes de neblina (12 m x 3 m) foram abertas das 7pm a 1am. Os morcegos capturados foram medidos e identificados ao nível de espécie. O ı ´ndice de Shannon mediu a diversidade de espécies de morcegos na mata de galeria ao longo do tempo. Uma curva de rarefac¸ã o foi feita para acessar a riqueza estimada de morcegos em cada amostragem e um teste qui-quadrado foi usado para verificar se houve mudanc¸as na abundâ ncia de morcegos ao longo do tempo. Um total de 46 morcegos de 8 espécies diferentes e uma família foram capturados. A espécie mais abundante foi Sturnira lilium. A diversidade de espécies e abundâ ncia aumentaram com o tempo e houve um acú mulo gradual de espécies e espécimes indicando que a sucessã o e recuperac¸ã o da mata ocorreu com uma adic¸ã o temporal de espécimes e espécies na assembleia e nã o de forma pontual. Provavelmente, o padrã o de recuperac¸ã o reflete o aumento gradual na disponibilidade de recursos alimentares e recuperac¸ã o do dossel da mata, que progressivamente passaram a ofertar mais abrigo e alimento para a assembleia de morcegos.
Abstract
Competition is one of the most cited mechanisms to explain secondary sexual dimorphism i... more Abstract
Competition is one of the most cited mechanisms to explain secondary sexual dimorphism in animals. Nonetheless, it has
been proposed that sexual dimorphism in bat wings is also a result of adaptive pressures to compensate additional weight
caused by fetus or pup carrying during the reproductive period of females. The main objective of this study is to verify the
existence of sexual dimorphism in Sturnira lilium wings. We employed geometric morphometrics techniques using
anatomical landmarks superimposition to obtain size (Centroid Size) and shape variables of wings, which were reduced by
Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). We also employed classical morphometrics using wing length measurements to
compare efficiency between these two morphometric approaches and make comparisons using wing area measurements.
LDA indicated significant differences between wing shapes of males and females, with 91% (stepwise classification) and
80% (leave-one-out cross validation) of correct classification. However, the size variable obtained did not contribute to such
classifications. We have observed larger areas in female wings, but we found no differences in wing length measurements
and no allometric effects in wing length, shape and area measurements. Interestingly, our study has provided evidences of
morphological differences where classical morphometrics have failed. LDA and area measurements analyses revealed that
females have a different area distribution in distinct portions of the wing, with wider dactylopatagia and plagiopatagia, and
wingtips more triangular than males. No differences in body length or relative wing length were observed between the
sexes, but pregnant females have more body weight than non-pregnant females and males. Our findings suggest that
sexual dimorphism in the wing shape of S. lilium is probably related to the increase in flight efficiency of females during
reproductive period. It decreases wing loading in specific portions of the wing and reduces energy cost to maintain a faster
and maneuverable flight.
Abstract
Competition is one of the most cited mechanisms to explain secondary sexual dimorphism i... more Abstract
Competition is one of the most cited mechanisms to explain secondary sexual dimorphism in animals. Nonetheless, it has
been proposed that sexual dimorphism in bat wings is also a result of adaptive pressures to compensate additional weight
caused by fetus or pup carrying during the reproductive period of females. The main objective of this study is to verify the
existence of sexual dimorphism in Sturnira lilium wings. We employed geometric morphometrics techniques using
anatomical landmarks superimposition to obtain size (Centroid Size) and shape variables of wings, which were reduced by
Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). We also employed classical morphometrics using wing length measurements to
compare efficiency between these two morphometric approaches and make comparisons using wing area measurements.
LDA indicated significant differences between wing shapes of males and females, with 91% (stepwise classification) and
80% (leave-one-out cross validation) of correct classification. However, the size variable obtained did not contribute to such
classifications. We have observed larger areas in female wings, but we found no differences in wing length measurements
and no allometric effects in wing length, shape and area measurements. Interestingly, our study has provided evidences of
morphological differences where classical morphometrics have failed. LDA and area measurements analyses revealed that
females have a different area distribution in distinct portions of the wing, with wider dactylopatagia and plagiopatagia, and
wingtips more triangular than males. No differences in body length or relative wing length were observed between the
sexes, but pregnant females have more body weight than non-pregnant females and males. Our findings suggest that
sexual dimorphism in the wing shape of S. lilium is probably related to the increase in flight efficiency of females during
reproductive period. It decreases wing loading in specific portions of the wing and reduces energy cost to maintain a faster
and maneuverable flight.
Talks by Hernani Oliveira
How do bats respond to Cerrado deforestation?
Biogeography and distributional patterns of brazilian cave bats
Thesis Chapters by Hernani Oliveira
Gostaria de agradecer em primeiro lugar a Deus por ter me acompanhado em todos os momentos deste ... more Gostaria de agradecer em primeiro lugar a Deus por ter me acompanhado em todos os momentos deste projeto durante essa longa jornada de dois anos. À Ludmilla por todas as conversas, oportunidades, portas que me abriu e por ter me aceitado como seu primeiro orientando. À Sandra Peters por todos os ensinamentos, conversas, apoio, amizade, enfim, por tudo... Ao pessoal do campo, eternos companheiros das longas jornadas noturnas e que além de ajudarem a pegar os morceguinhos, participaram de verdade na concretização deste projeto: Ao Professor Guarino pelo apoio na parte estatística no início do projeto. Aos Professores Miguel Marini e Tri pelos créditos concedidos para que os estagiários pudessem ir a campo com mais compromisso. Ao Instituto de Biologia, pela concessão do Auditório do IB 19 para que pudéssemos realizar as reuniões do grupo. Ao IBAMA pela concessão da licença para a realização deste estudo. Aos coordenadores e funcionários do Parque Nacional de Brasília, Reserva Ecológica do IBGE e Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas por toda a gentileza e apoio para a realização deste projeto. Aos proprietários das fazendas e chácaras, pela permissão para realizar este estudo em suas propriedades e pela acolhida durante as noites frias de captura. À Embrapa Cerrados pelo apoio logístico e pela permissão para realizar as capturas nas dependências de sua unidade. À CAPES pela concessão da bolsa de estudos por todo este mestrado. À FAP-DF pelo financiamento concedido. E à minha família pelo apoio incondicional, sem o qual este projeto não teria sido possível. Obrigado a todos! iv 4 "Valeu a pena? Tudo vale a pena se a alma não é pequena. Quem quere passar além do Bojador tem que passar além da dor.
Other by Hernani Oliveira
Esse guia foi feito com a intenção de ser usado como um auxilio na identificação de sementes disp... more Esse guia foi feito com a intenção de ser usado como um auxilio na identificação de sementes dispersas por morcegos na America Latina. Ele contem descrições das famílias e fotos das sementes dispersas.
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Papers by Hernani Oliveira
Competition is one of the most cited mechanisms to explain secondary sexual dimorphism in animals. Nonetheless, it has
been proposed that sexual dimorphism in bat wings is also a result of adaptive pressures to compensate additional weight
caused by fetus or pup carrying during the reproductive period of females. The main objective of this study is to verify the
existence of sexual dimorphism in Sturnira lilium wings. We employed geometric morphometrics techniques using
anatomical landmarks superimposition to obtain size (Centroid Size) and shape variables of wings, which were reduced by
Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). We also employed classical morphometrics using wing length measurements to
compare efficiency between these two morphometric approaches and make comparisons using wing area measurements.
LDA indicated significant differences between wing shapes of males and females, with 91% (stepwise classification) and
80% (leave-one-out cross validation) of correct classification. However, the size variable obtained did not contribute to such
classifications. We have observed larger areas in female wings, but we found no differences in wing length measurements
and no allometric effects in wing length, shape and area measurements. Interestingly, our study has provided evidences of
morphological differences where classical morphometrics have failed. LDA and area measurements analyses revealed that
females have a different area distribution in distinct portions of the wing, with wider dactylopatagia and plagiopatagia, and
wingtips more triangular than males. No differences in body length or relative wing length were observed between the
sexes, but pregnant females have more body weight than non-pregnant females and males. Our findings suggest that
sexual dimorphism in the wing shape of S. lilium is probably related to the increase in flight efficiency of females during
reproductive period. It decreases wing loading in specific portions of the wing and reduces energy cost to maintain a faster
and maneuverable flight.
Competition is one of the most cited mechanisms to explain secondary sexual dimorphism in animals. Nonetheless, it has
been proposed that sexual dimorphism in bat wings is also a result of adaptive pressures to compensate additional weight
caused by fetus or pup carrying during the reproductive period of females. The main objective of this study is to verify the
existence of sexual dimorphism in Sturnira lilium wings. We employed geometric morphometrics techniques using
anatomical landmarks superimposition to obtain size (Centroid Size) and shape variables of wings, which were reduced by
Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). We also employed classical morphometrics using wing length measurements to
compare efficiency between these two morphometric approaches and make comparisons using wing area measurements.
LDA indicated significant differences between wing shapes of males and females, with 91% (stepwise classification) and
80% (leave-one-out cross validation) of correct classification. However, the size variable obtained did not contribute to such
classifications. We have observed larger areas in female wings, but we found no differences in wing length measurements
and no allometric effects in wing length, shape and area measurements. Interestingly, our study has provided evidences of
morphological differences where classical morphometrics have failed. LDA and area measurements analyses revealed that
females have a different area distribution in distinct portions of the wing, with wider dactylopatagia and plagiopatagia, and
wingtips more triangular than males. No differences in body length or relative wing length were observed between the
sexes, but pregnant females have more body weight than non-pregnant females and males. Our findings suggest that
sexual dimorphism in the wing shape of S. lilium is probably related to the increase in flight efficiency of females during
reproductive period. It decreases wing loading in specific portions of the wing and reduces energy cost to maintain a faster
and maneuverable flight.
Talks by Hernani Oliveira
Thesis Chapters by Hernani Oliveira
Other by Hernani Oliveira