Igor Casu - State University of Moldova

Igor Casu - State University of Moldova
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Igor Casu
State University of Moldova
Center for Study of Totalitarian Regimes & Cold War
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Currently my primary research is focusing on famine in Soviet Moldavia in 1946-1947 in broader Soviet and European framework.
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Books by Igor Casu
Igor Casu, Patterns of succession. Top party elite recruitment in Soviet Moldavia and centre-periphery relations, 1940–1991.
Moscow and the Non-Russian Republics in the Soviet Union Nomenklatura, Intelligentsia, and Centre-Periphery Relations
Succession procedures in Soviet Moldavia were cumbersome. When a departing leader had the right c...
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Succession procedures in Soviet Moldavia were cumbersome. When a departing leader had the right credentials and his activity had been praised, he could have a say on who should succeed him (Brezhnev, Bodiul, Lucin- schi). When the successor was named from the local nomenklatura, it was more likely that the leaving boss sent a good word about him to Moscow or even insisted that he was the best choice for continuing the policies and projects underway. Conversely, if the dismissed Party boss’s legacy did not look very impressive, he was not in a position to participate in the selection of his heir (Salogor, Coval, Gladchi, Grossu).
FULL TEXT in PDF I. Casu, Dușmanul de clasă. Represiuni politice, violență și rezistență în R(A)SSM,1924-1956, Cartier, 2015.
Dușmanul de clasă/The CLASS ENEMY
, 2015
A book on political repressions, violence and resistance to collectivization in both interwar Mol...
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A book on political repressions, violence and resistance to collectivization in both interwar Moldavian Autonomous Republic and postwar all-Union MSSR. Based on newly disclosed archival materials, including KGB and MVD.
Republica Moldova de la Perestroika la independenţă, 1989 1991. Documente inedite, 2011 - Moldova from Perestroika to Independence, 1989-1991. Secret documents, 2011. In original Russian, with contents and introduction in Romanian, English and Russian
DUŞMANUL DE CLASĂ. Represiuni politice, violenţă şi rezistenţă în R(A)SS Moldovenească, 1924-1956/THE CLASS ENEMY. Political Repressions, Violence and Resistance in the M(A)SSR, Chişinău, Cartier, 2014, 396 p., introd. Vladimir Tismăneanu (see a summary in English)
Soviet State Security and the Cold War. Repression and Agent Infiltration of the Jehovah's Witnesses in the Moldavian SSR, 1944 to late 1950s
The Secret Police and the Religious Underground in Communist and Post-Communist Eastern Europe, edited by James Kapalo and Kinga Povedak
, 2022
The chapter is based on newly disclosed KGB archives in Chisinau and represents the first attempt...
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The chapter is based on newly disclosed KGB archives in Chisinau and represents the first attempt to deal with Soviet agent infiltration into JWs in the Romanian-Soviet borderlands during the early Cold War period.
Chisinau-Art, Research in the Public Sphere
by
Stefan Rusu
Augustin Ioan
Catalin Gheorghe
, and
Igor Casu
ISBN 978-9975-80-534-6

Published by [KSA:K] - Center for Contemporary Art, Chisinau.

The public...
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ISBN 978-9975-80-534-6
Published by [KSA:K] - Center for Contemporary Art, Chisinau.
The publication is an invitation to a virtual tour through a number of historical periods and political regimes that have shaped the city and the society and includes the contributions of theorists and the artists’ projects. While the theoretical contributions present the results of historical research and case studies concerning the various stages in the evolution of the city of Chisinau, the artists’ projects have followed to a great extent the logic of subverting and challenging the order established in the urban space by the state institutions in cooperation with the private sector. Finally, the project aim was not only to identify the decisive factors that have shaped the public and urban space in Chisinau throughout history, but also to see these spaces in confrontation with the political and cultural processes and factors identified today.
Contributions:
Rael Artel(EST), Pavel Braila(MD), Valeria Barbas (MD), Igor Casu(MD), Vasile Ernu(RO), [STEALTH.unlimited] – Ana Dzokic & Marc Neelen (NL), Octavian Esanu (US/MD), Tatiana Fiodorova(MD), Societe Realiste – (Ferenc Grof & Jean-Baptiste Naudy (FR/HU)), Catalin Gheorghe(RO), Angela Harutunean(EG/AM), Augustin Ioan(RO), Indre Klimaite(NL), Flo Kasearu(EST), Max Kusmenko(MD), Sava Lucia(MD), Ana Marian(MD), Davor Miscovici(HR), Tamara Nesterova(MD), Dumitru Oboroc(RO), Kaja Pawelek(PL), The Bureau of Melodramatic Research (Alina Popa & Irina Gheorghe (RO)), Virgil Paslariuc(MD), Danilo Prnjat(SP), Ghenadie Popescu(RM), Joanna Rajkowska(PO), Rena Raedle & Vladan Jeremic(SP), Angela Serino(NL), Klaus Schafler(AU), Stefan Rusu(MD), Tilmann Meyer(NL), Ovidiu Tichindeleanu(RO/MD), Stefan Tiron(RO), Vadim Tiganas(MD), Octavian Tacu(MD), Nomeda&Gediminas Urbonas(LT), Vladimir Us(MD), Raluca Voinea(RO), Mark Verlan(MD)
Stefan Rusu (ed), Centrul pentru Artă Contemporană-[KSA:K]; trad.: Sorana Lupu, Jele Dominis, Marchin Wawryzncyak [et al.]. – [Ch. : S. n., 2011] (Tipogr. “Bons Offices” SRL). – 484, [2] p. : il., fot., fot. color. 1000 ex. ISBN 978-9975-80-534-6
A project organised by Center for Conbtemporary Art-[KSA:K]
Igor Cașu, The Benefits of Comparison: Famine in Kazakhstan in the Early 1930s in Soviet Context
Journal of Genocide Research
, 2020
The hungry steppe: famine, mass violence and the making of soviet Kazakhstan, by Sarah Cameron, I...
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The hungry steppe: famine, mass violence and the making of soviet Kazakhstan, by Sarah Cameron, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2018, 294 pp., US$49.95 (hardcover), ISBN: 9781501730450 Copyright Line: © 2020 Igor Cașu Famines have multiple causes, among them being environment disasters. In the twentieth century, more than previously, the famines were rather man-made, i.e. connected to politics. Sometimes, the governments were not directly responsible for the food crises, but they tried to use them in order to promote their interests, which was reflected in the way the relief was distributed, when and to whom. In other instances, famines were due to ambitious modernization projects that did not pay too much attention to the life of large swaths of rural, but also urban population. These issues are valid for a wide range of regimes, including the Soviet one. As a matter of fact, the food crises in particular and the famines as a whole in the Soviet Union are one of the most controversial topics in the post-Soviet historiography. Out of the three famines during peacetime, the one of the early 1930s is the most researched, while the postwar famine of 1946-1947 received less attention. Among the books dealing with the early 1930s famine in the Soviet Union, the work written by Robert W. Davies and Stephen Wheatcroft stands out as the most important study on the subject, which is cited both by those who support the genocide approach and by those who reject it. Hungry Years mapped the main issues relating to the Soviet famines as a whole. The debates that followed Davies and Wheatcroft' s book raised, in my view, two main questions that historians should be focused on. First, assuming that Stalin did not intend to starve to death millions of peasants, the key issue is what he did when he acknowledged the human catastrophe he allegedly did not anticipate. Second, did Stalin view saving human life as a high priority or did he think there were higher priorities than that. Among the works dedicated to the Ukrainian Holodomor however there is no book yet to match the Years of Hunger. The recent book by Anne Applebaum is an important contribution to the Holodomor studies, but it failed to address specifically the above-mentioned issues. In addition, it neglected the fact the Ukrainian Holodomor was a part of a broader Soviet famine.
Igor Cașu, Discurs și putere în timpul foametei în masă din Moldova sovietică, 1946-47
Romanian Studies Today
, 2019
Pentru a cita acest articol: Cașu, I., 2019-2020, "Discurs și putere în timpul foametei în masă d...
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Pentru a cita acest articol: Cașu, I., 2019-2020, "Discurs și putere în timpul foametei în masă din Moldova sovietică, 1946-47". Romanian Studies Today. III-IV, p. 15-22. Discurs și putere în timpul foametei în masă din Moldova sovietică, 1946-47 (Abstract) The article analyses the Communist discourse strategies in Soviet Moldavia during the mass famine in the immediate postwar years. Based on recent archival findings from several post-Soviet archives as well as Western historiography, the article focuses on why it was so important for the Soviet regime to control language during mass famines. Controlling language was an intrisic part of controlling reality, designing scapegoats , and protecting the power from popular blame and wrath.
Complete Guide to Archive of Central Committee of Communist Party of Soviet Moldavia
Valentina Ivanicova, Veaceslav Lupan, ed., Îndrumătorul Arhivei Organizațiilor Social-Politice din Republica Moldova, Chișinău, 2008.
The Archive of the Social-Political Organizations of the Republic of Moldova (AOSPRM) is based on...
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The Archive of the Social-Political Organizations of the Republic of Moldova (AOSPRM) is based on the fonds of the former Archive of the History of (Communist) Party within the Central Committee of Communist Party of Moldavia. After 1991, it was supposed that all political parties would send their archive to be preserved in AOSPRM. However, only a few political parties in post-Soviet Moldova did so, especially in the 1990s. So even nowadays after about three decades after the fall of the USSR, AOSPRM contains basically documents related to the Soviet period. The largest fonds are 49 and 51. The former (Fond 49) contains documents related to the activity of Moldavian Regional Committee of the Communist (Bolshevik) party of Ukraine representing the
highest local party authority in the former Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR) created in 1924 on the left bank of Dniester River, a part of Ukraine till 1940 when Romanian Bessarabia was occupied by the Red Army and a Union/federal republic of Moldavia was formed (MSSR). It documents the Sovietization of the Left bank since 1917, the creation of MASSR, NEP, collectivization, Great Terror, Cultural Revolution of the 1930s, resistance to Stalin’s Great Turn (including so called “bab’y bunty” (women’s rebellions)), Latinization and
Romanianization policy in 1932-1938 etc. The second important fond is 51 and it represents the documents issued by the Central Committee of Communist Party of Moldavia since 1940 to 1991. Among the topics covered by this fond are the repressive policy in the first year of Soviet occupation of Bessarabia (1940-41) and late Stalinism (1944-1953), collectivization of the late 1940s, mass deportations of 1941, 1949 and 1951, mass famine of 1946-47, destalinization of mid 1950s and its limits, campaigns against nationalism in late 1960s-early 1970s and Moldavian/Romanian national revival of late 1980s. As the Central Committee was conceived to
guide, supervise and control the government, it issued numerous documents pertaining to education, agriculture, industry, transport system, leisure, culture. The main activity of CC of CPM was in turn guided, supervised and controlled by CC of CPSU in Moscow, so this is why AOSPRM includes correspondence between the prime secretary of CC of CPM or other responsible cadres with General Secretary of CC of CPSU or other responsible cadres in the central apparatus of the party. AOSPRM contains as well numerous correspondence with its district party organizations
that were responsible with implementation of republican and federal decisions at the local level. A valuable source of documents on the way the local cadres at the village level and enterprise level tried to implement the decisions of the higher party authorities is contained in the fond dealing with primary party organizations. Even though the destruction of documents is prohibited by the Law of 1992 On the Rehabilitation of the victims of the political repressions, sometimes political
interference allows the destruction of very valuable files, as happened in 1994 (a minute of CC from 1989 involving M. Snegur, the first President of Moldova, 1990-1994). In the recent years, AOSPRM is the among the most opened archives in the former Soviet Union as it gives unrestricted access the personal files of the nomenklatura including of the top dignitaries of Central committee of the Communist Party of Moldavia and to the top secret documents contained in the Osobaia Papka focusing on the most sensible political issues. The later contains also documents related to the Cold War issues, the measures to be taken in case of the
breaking up of a nuclear war between United States and Soviet Union (including the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962). The archive also gives unrestricted access to two important fonds, the one on the revolutionary movement in Moldavia staring 1898 to 1940; and the fond on partisan movement in the Second World War, or the Great Patriotic War (1941-1944) in Bessarabia and Transnistria (more than 1000 files/delo) which in reality deals mainly with the activity of Soviet secret services
in 1941-44 in the Romanian controlled Bessarabia and Transnistria, subversive activities against the Romanian and German Armies etc. The relatively low score of openness (56.61 %) is mainly due to the fact the archive do not have web versions of inventories and do not offer services modern archive should do.
AOSPRM is a place to be visited by every researcher interested in the history of Soviet
Moldavia in particular and Soviet Union in general. The archive works only 3 days a week, Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday, from 8.30 to 16.30, but one can order 15 files/delo per day, so in one week one can consult and photocopy if need be 45 files no matter how many pages one file/delo contains. The personnel of the archive is very keen to help find needed information and the foreign scholars are served the same day on arrival according the Rules of the Reading Room as well as in practice. The fee for photocopying with ones own camera is 10 MDL, i.e. 50 euro cents per file/delo. Last but not least, another reasons to visit AOSPRM is that from 2013 this archive
opened the access to all personal data related to nomenklatura of all levels for research purposes.
This was the result of my letter (I.C.) to the government in which I explained the need to give access to personal files of nomenklatura and Osobaia Papka.
Report on Access to KGB archives in countries of Eastern Partnership, Kiev, 2017.
by
Igor Casu
Andriy Kohut
Samvel Martirosyan
Anna Oliinyk
, and
Eldar Zeynalov
Открытый доступ к архивам КГБ: Украинский опыт для стран Восточного партнерства. Аналитический до...
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Открытый доступ к архивам КГБ: Украинский опыт для стран Восточного партнерства. Аналитический доклад / Когут А., Зейналов Э., Мартиросян С., Дрозд Д., Хвадагиани И., Кашу И., Олейник А. (ред.) — Київ. — 2017. — 60 с.
Переломный момент в сфере доступа к архивам КГБ в Украине произошел 9 апреля 2015 года. В этот день Парламент Украины принял закон «О доступе к архивам репрессивных органов коммунистического тоталитарного режима 1917-1991 годов». Законопроект, который рассматривал Верховный Совет, был подан Кабинетом Министров вместе с тремя другими «декоммунизационными» законами. Специальный закон, который регламентирует вопросы доступа к документам бывших спецслужб репрессивных органов тоталитарных и авторитарных режимов, - это не новая практика. Почти во всех центральнои восточноевропейских странах бывшего социалистического лагеря и некоторых бывших республиках СССР действуют такие акты. До этого доступ ко всем архивным документам в Украине регламентировал общий закон «О Национальном архивном фонде и архивных учреждениях», который был принят в конце 1993 года. Основа закона «О доступе к архивам репрессивных органов» - это понимание, что демократический транзит невозможен без уважения прав и свобод человека. Для того чтобы тоталитарный режим с его политическими репрессиями и другими преследованиями больше не повторялся, его нужно анализировать и изучать. В частности, по архивным документам, которые часто служат единственным источником информации о трагических событиях прошлого. Демократизация спецслужб и полиции не может произойти должным образом, если они будут продолжать стеречь архивы, содержащие информацию о массовых нарушениях прав человека, и продолжать использовать методы из архивов своих предшественников. Построить новые силовые институты можно, в том числе, разорвав цепочку преемственности, которая де-факто существовала до весны 2014-го. Открытый доступ к архивам коммунистических спецслужб не только дает возможность восстановить нарушенные права, но также показывает, что информация обо всех преступлениях рано или поздно станет известна общественности. Для того чтобы не повторять тоталитарные практики прошлого, важно информировать общество о том, как формируются репрессивные режимы и какие методы они используют. Когда в начале 2014 года украинская власть попыталась возобновить тоталитарные методы управления («диктаторские законы 16 января»), чтобы сохранить свое положение, это привело к человеческим жертвам и оккупации части страны российскими войсками. Это яркий пример того, что иногда право на информацию имеет преимущество над правом на приватность. Право на информацию в конечном итоге способствует обеспечению права на жизнь. До архивного закона 2015-го Архивисты учитывали много документов, решая, предоставлять доступ к архивам КГБ или нет. Кроме рамочного архивного закона «О Национальном архивном фонде и архивных учреждениях» во внимание принимался еще ряд законов и других нормативных актов. Их можно интерпретировать неоднозначно, поэтому их использовали как для того, чтобы предоставить доступ, так и для того, чтобы его ограничить. Все зависело от политической ситуации и желаний руководства того или иного архива, главы Укргосархива и соответствующего органа в случае, если речь шла об отраслевых государствен-ных архивах (например, голоса Службы безопасности или министра внутренних дел).
ЭХО БОЛЬШОГО ТЕРРОРА. Сборник документов в трех томах, Марк Юнге, Линн Виола, Джеффри Россман
ЭХО БОЛЬШОГО ТЕРРОРА Сборник документов в трех томах. Том 3: Том 3: Чекисты Сталина в тисках «соц...
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ЭХО БОЛЬШОГО ТЕРРОРА Сборник документов в трех томах. Том 3: Том 3: Чекисты Сталина в тисках «социалистической законности». Эго-документы 1938–1941 гг. Третий том сборника документов «Эхо Большого террора» включает в себя «письма во власть» сотрудников государственной безопасности НКВД СССР – организаторов и исполнителей массовых карательных операций 1937–1938 гг., оказавшихся в 1939–1941 гг. под следствием, арестом и судом в ходе широкомасштабной кампании по восстановлению социалистической законности, организатором и дирижером которой выступал союзный центр. Кроме того, в сборник вошли различные комплексы документов, которые задают контекст кампании по дисциплинированию НКВД, раскрывают ее цели и обозначают границы. Речь идет о «письмах во власть» жертв Большого террора и их родственников, чекистских рапортах, приказах НКВД СССР за 1938–1939 гг., материалах проверки сотрудников госбезопасности, осуществлявшейся организациями ВКП(б), газетных репортажах об открытых судебных процессах над чекистами и т. п. Ряд документов, таких как разнообразные материалы личных дел сотрудников госбезопасности, дает возможность проследить жизненные траектории чекистов и охарактеризовать генезис формирования этой специфической группы советского общества.
Igor Cașu, The archives of Soviet political police in Moldova
Open access to the KGB archives in Eastern Partnership
, 2017
Open access to the KGB archives in Eastern Partnership. Analytical report, edited by Anna Oliiny...
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Open access to the KGB archives in Eastern Partnership. Analytical report,  edited by Anna Oliinyk, foreword by Andriy Kohut, Kiev, 2017.
Igor Cașu, Operațiunea de deportare din 5-7 iulie 1949. Capitol din Dușmanul de clasă.pdf
Textul reprezintă o parte a unui capitol din Dușmanul de clasă, Cartier, 2014.
Conflictul transnistrean în manualul Istoria românilor și universală, Chișinău, Cartier, 2013.
Manual Istoria românilor și universală, Chișinău, Cartier, 2013, p. 103-104.
Игорь Кашу (Кишинев), "Чистка" сотрудников НКВД Молдавской АССР после "Большого террора" 1937–1938 гг.: дело Ивана Тарасовича Широкого-Майского
ЧЕКИСТЫ НА СКАМЬЕ ПОДСУДИМЫХ. СБОРНИК СТАТЕЙ/ Составители Марк Юнге, Линн Виола, Джеффри Россман, Москва: Пробел-2000, 2017, 680 с.
, 2017
Исследуется специфика «чистки» сотрудников НКВД МАССР на завершающем
этапе «Большого террора» и...
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Исследуется специфика «чистки» сотрудников НКВД МАССР на завершающем
этапе «Большого террора» и после официального прекращения массовых
репрессий (сентябрь–декабрь 1938 г.) на примере деятельности И. Т. Широкого-Майского и его коллег. Ключевые слова: политические репрессии, МАССР, НКВД,
«Большой террор».
Опубликовано в Чекисты на скамье подсудимых. Сборник статей. Составители Сборник статьей. Составители Марк Юнге, Линн Виола, Джеффри Россман, Москва: Пробел-2000, 2017, 680 с. (595-630).
Чекисты на скамье подсудимых. Сборник статьей. Составители Марк Юнге, Линн Виола, Джеффри Россман, Москва: Пробел-2000, 2017, 680 с.
Чекисты на скамье подсудимых
, 2017
The books contains 11 case-studies by Western and post-Soviet historians and an introduction by L...
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The books contains 11 case-studies by Western and post-Soviet historians and an introduction by Lynne Viola. It is focused on the purge of the purgers in Soviet Union following the Great Terror of 1937-38.
Sample chapter: Игорь Кашу. «Чистка» сотрудников НКВД
Молдавской АССР после Большого террора.
Дело Ивана Тарасовича Широкого-Майского, 595-630.
Mark Sandle, Igor Cașu Brezhnev in Soviet Moldavia, 1950 1952. Making of a Gensek.pdf
This is the first article dealing specifically with Brezhnev in Soviet Moldavia. The article draw...
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This is the first article dealing specifically with Brezhnev in Soviet Moldavia. The article draws mainly on recently disclosed files from the Archive of the Social-Political Organizations of the Republic of Moldova, the former archive of the Central Committee of Communist Party of Moldavia. The authors are trying to understand the importance of the period when Brezhnev served as First Secretary of Central Committee of Moldavia from 1950 to 1952 for his subsequent career. In order to understand better the results of Brezhnev’s rule in Moldavian SSR and the impact on his leadership style, the authors discuss the previous career of Brezhnev as well as the activity of the previous First
Secretaries in Soviet Moldavia. One of the main results of Brezhnev period in Moldavia was the consolidation of kolkhozes. In a broader sense, since this period at least, Brezhnev favoured quantity over quality.
Igor Cașu, Moldova under the Soviet Communist Regime. History and Memory
Remembrance, History, and Justice: Coming to Terms with Traumatic Pasts in Democratic Societies
, 2015
The Soviet Union as Empire: Theoretical considerations; Moldova under the Soviet Regime: What was...
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The Soviet Union as Empire: Theoretical considerations; Moldova under the Soviet Regime: What was Specific? The Rehabilitation of the Victoms of Communist Terror; Politics of Memory and the Victims after 1989; The Creation of the Commission for the Study and Evaluation of Totalitarian Regime in the Republic of Moldova; Conclusions.
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Soviet Moldavia received continuous investments, yet disparities revealed modest per capita allocations, contrasting with other Soviet republics.
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FULL TEXT Dystopia. Journal of Totalitarian Ideologies and Regimes, vol. I, no. 1-2, 2012.
Published by the Center for the Study of Totalitarianism, State University of Moldova
FULL TEXT Moldova: A Borderland's Fluid History (special issue of Euxeinos, St. Gallen University, Switzerland)
by
Igor Casu
Andrei Cusco
, and
apl.Prof.Dr. Svetlana Suveica
Table of Contents

Moldova: A Borderland‘s Fluid History
Editorial by Diana Dumitru and Petru Neg...
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Table of Contents
Moldova: A Borderland‘s Fluid History
Editorial by Diana Dumitru and Petru Negura
1812 and the Emergence of the Bessarabian Region: Province-Building under Russian Imperial Rule
by Victor Taki, King’s University College, Edmonton
1878, Before and After: Romanian Nation-Building, Russian Imperial Policies, and Visions of Otherness in Southern Bessarabia
by Andrei Cuşco, Moldova State University, Chișinău
Between the Empire and the Nation-State: Metamorphoses of the Bessarabian Elite (1918)
by Svetlana Suveică, Moldova State University, Chișinău
From a ‘Liberation’ to Another. The Bessarabian Writers During the First Year of Soviet Power (1940-1941): Integration Strategies and Forms of Exclusion
by Petru Negură, “Ion Creangă” State Pedagogical University, Chișinău
How the Bessarabians Were Perceived by the Romanian Civilian-Military Administration in 1941
by Diana Dumitru, “Ion Creangă” State Pedagogical University, Chișinău
”The Quiet Revolution”: Revisiting the National Identity Issue in Soviet Moldavia at the height of Khrushchev’s Thaw (1956)
by Igor Cașu, State University of Moldova, Chișinău
1991: A Chronology of Moldova’s Independence
by Sergiu Musteaţă, ”Ion Creangă” State Pedagogical University, Chișinău
Justifying Separatism: The Year 1924, the Establishment of the Moldovan ASSR and History Politics in the Transnistrian Moldovan Republic
by Alexandr Voronovichi, “Ion Creangă” State Pedagogical University, Chișinău
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