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HEALING PRACTICE OF THE PEOPLE OF RURAL ODISHA: A CASE STUDY OF KHUNTAPALI VILLAGE
IJARW
, 2026
One area where we see a close relationship between rural people and the environment is knowledge ...
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One area where we see a close relationship between rural people and the environment is knowledge about healing methods. Khuntapali village residents have their own traditional understanding on how to handle all aspects of health, including mental, physical, and spiritual aspects pertaining to the body, mind, or soul. Folk medicinal practices are rather well-known and significant among the Khuntapali village in the Bolangir District of Odisha, even in the age of popular medicine (Allopathic, Homoeopathy, or Ayurveda). In the study area, it was found that traditional medicine was widely used and more common than contemporary treatment. The study of Khuntapali village residents' healing customs is the subject of this essay. Naturalistic and personalistic aetiology will be the two areas of focus in this context. While the personalistic realm will concentrate on supernatural causes of illness and disease and various conventional methods of treating them, the naturalistic domain will concentrate on therapeutic plants, roots, and herbs.
READING FLUENCY AND COMPREHENSION OF GRADE 2 LEARNERS
IJARW
, 2026
Reading is a fundamental skill that opens doors for young learners, but for many second graders, ...
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Reading is a fundamental skill that opens doors for young learners, but for many second graders, finding that rhythm can be a real struggle. When a child struggles to read smoothly or grasp the meaning of a story, school can feel overwhelming. This is why researchers and teachers are always looking for practical ways to bridge the gap. This study focused on a technique called repeated reading, a straightforward approach where students read the same short story several times to build their confidence, speed, and understanding. To see if this strategy really made a difference, the study followed a group of Grade 2 pupils through a "before and after" process. First, the students took a pretest to assess their reading skills. Then they dove into practice sessions, reading age-appropriate passages repeatedly with supportive guidance. Once the sessions were finished, they took a post-test to measure how much they had grown. The idea was to see if spending more time with the same words would help the lightbulb click on for their fluency and comprehension. The results were encouraging: many students started reading faster, made fewer mistakes, and even began to read with more "feeling" or expression. They also seemed to get a better handle on what the stories were actually about. While the data did not show a massive, statistically "game-changing" leap between the two tests, the steady progress suggests that repeated reading is a valuable tool. It is a gentle, effective way to help struggling readers find their footing and start feeling more at home with the books they read.
A CASE STUDY OF MULTILINGUAL LEARNERS
IJARW
, 2026
A study on the multilingual learners of Valencia National High School is designed to understand t...
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A study on the multilingual learners of Valencia National High School is designed to understand the lived experiences of Muslim students who navigate multiple languages in their academic, social, and religious lives. The study seeks to explore how these learners use different languages in various contexts, how they balance their multilingual identities, and what challenges and opportunities they encounter in using multiple languages. The analysis focuses on their language practices, adaptive strategies, and implications for inclusive education. This study employs a qualitative case study design to gain in-depth insights into the multilingual practices of Muslim learners, particularly those who use Bisaya, Tagalog, Maranao, English, and Arabic. The participants of the study were randomly chosen from Grades 10 to 12 of Valencia National High School, with a total of 4-5 respondents interviewed until data saturation was reached. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and classroom observations to allow participants to freely express their linguistic experiences while ensuring that key aspects of multilingualism were explored.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ENGLISH ORAL PROFICIENCY OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE LEARNERS
IJARW
, 2026
This study examined the English oral proficiency of indigenous learners at Pigpamulahan Integrate...
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This study examined the English oral proficiency of indigenous learners at Pigpamulahan Integrated School during the School Year 2025-2026, focusing on the linguistic, cultural, and environmental factors that contribute to their struggles in speaking English. Oral proficiency is a complex skill that requires mastery of pronunciation, grammar, and fluency. However, indigenous learners often face limitations due to limited exposure to English, interference from their first language, and insufficient opportunities for authentic communication. These challenges are further compounded by low confidence and fear of committing errors, which hinder active participation in oral tasks. A quantitative, descriptive-correlational design was employed to describe existing difficulties and analyze the relationships between the identified factors and learners' oral proficiency. Standardized assessments and researcher-adapted questionnaires were used to collect measurable data, and statistical tools such as the mean, standard deviation, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to interpret the results. Findings revealed that linguistic preparedness, cultural identity, and environmental support significantly influence learners' oral proficiency, with each factor contributing either positively or negatively depending on the conditions present in the school and community. The study concludes that the interaction of these three dimensions determines the success of indigenous learners in acquiring English oral proficiency. Weaknesses in language skills, cultural anxieties, and unsupportive environments hinder oral communication, while repeated exposure, culturally responsive teaching, and supportive classroom climates enhance confidence and fluency. The results underscore the need for targeted interventions in rural schools like Pigpamulahan Integrated School, where little empirical research has been conducted. Recommendations include strengthening oral practice opportunities, integrating indigenous culture into teaching strategies, and fostering supportive learning environments to improve the English-speaking ability of indigenous learners.
Exploring Student Perceptions and Engagement in Collaborative Math Learning
IJARW
, 2026
This study explored the connection between students' perceptions of collaborative learning and th...
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This study explored the connection between students' perceptions of collaborative learning and their engagement in mathematics among 45 Junior High School students at Old Nongnongan National High School during the 2024-2025 school year. Using a descriptive-correlational design and simple random sampling, data were gathered through a checklist for collaborative learning and a 5-point Likert scale to measure engagement across cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and social dimensions. Findings revealed that students perceived the effects of collaborative learning to be moderate and demonstrated a moderate level of engagement in mathematics; however, no statistically significant relationship was found between the two variables. This indicates that students' perceptions of collaborative learning do not necessarily correspond to their level of engagement in mathematics. Based on these results, it is recommended that teachers carefully examine the quality and structure of collaborative learning activities and consider additional factors that may influence student engagement. Future studies may further investigate other variables, such as motivation, self-efficacy, and classroom climate, to better understand what contributes to students' engagement in mathematics.
ANALYSIS OF LIFELONG PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN UNIVERSITY PHYSICAL EDUCATION AT THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY (VIETNAM
IJARW
, 2026
With rising global health awareness and a shift to a "health-first" paradigm, physical education ...
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With rising global health awareness and a shift to a "health-first" paradigm, physical education (PE) is evolving. Its function is shifting from just enhancing physical fitness and motor skills to fostering holistic student development and encouraging lifelong health competencies. Lifelong physical education is now a core principle of modern PE. It focuses on consistent participation in physical activity throughout one's life and its ongoing integration into everyday routines. Thai Nguyen University (Vietnam) is a key regional higher education institution and plays a foundational role in developing human resources. However, the PE system still faces limitations in applying lifelong physical education concepts. This study adopts a lifelong physical education perspective to analyze current issues in PE at Thai Nguyen University and proposes improvement strategies. The goal is to offer references for reforming university PE and promoting students' longterm health.
CLASSROOM SANITATION PRACTICES AMONG ELEMENTARY LEARNERS AND THEIR SOCIAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE
IJARW
, 2026
This study investigated the relationship between classroom sanitation practices and the social he...
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This study investigated the relationship between classroom sanitation practices and the social health perspective of elementary learners in District II, Division of Malaybalay City, during the School Year 2025-2026. Utilizing a descriptive-correlational research design, data were gathered from Grade 4, 5, and 6 learners through a researcher-made questionnaire utilizing a five-point Likert Scale and a visual audit checklist. Statistical analysis was performed using mean, standard deviation, and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. Findings revealed a high level of classroom sanitation practices across five dimensions: WASH facility functionality, classroom maintenance, teacher promotion, peer influence, and personal hygiene knowledge. Furthermore, the learners' social health perspective was rated as high, characterized by frequent positive peer and teacher interactions. Correlation analysis confirmed a significant positive relationship between sanitation practices and social health perspective, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis. It implies that the physical cleanliness of the school environment directly impacts the social and emotional climate of the student body. The study concludes that while physical infrastructure is vital, the primary drivers of social health are learners' attitudes and teacher-led behavioral modeling. Physical cleanliness directly influences social well-being, transforming sanitation from a mere health protocol into a foundational social-emotional tool. Recommendations include shifting teacher roles from passive supervision to active behavioral modeling and integrating hygiene into the social-emotional learning (SEL) curriculum. By framing cleanliness as a communal responsibility, schools can bridge the knowledge-practice gap and foster deeper collective inclusion, ensuring that a hygienic environment serves as a catalyst for enhanced teamwork, belonging, and holistic student development.
THE PREVALENCE AND PATTERNS OF TECHNOLOGY UTILIZATION IN ARABIC LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION AMONG TEACHERS
IJARW
, 2026
This paper investigated the frequency and types of technology used in Arabic language instruction...
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This paper investigated the frequency and types of technology used in Arabic language instruction among teachers in the Province of Bukidnon. It also evaluates the impact on teaching effectiveness, analyzes the relationship between digital literacy and frequency of technology use, assesses educators' levels of digital literacy, and looks at patterns of technology integration, including purposes, modes, and attitudes toward adoption. Purposive sampling was used to choose 39 Arabic language instructors from the Province of Bukidnon for the study, which used a descriptive-correlational research methodology. Adapted questionnaires measuring technology use, digital literacy, attitudes toward technology adoption, and educational efficacy were used to collect data. Data analysis was conducted using statistical tools such as Pearson's r, weighted means, and frequency counts and percentages. The results showed that basic technology tools, including computers, smartphones, and educational apps, are often utilized by Arabic language instructors, with Google Classroom and WhatsApp being the most popular platforms. Teachers' levels of digital literacy were generally moderate; there were notable differences in their technical proficiency. Though obstacles such as inadequate infrastructure, insufficient training, and a lack of institutional support prevented a more thorough integration, positive attitudes toward technology adoption were noted. According to the study's findings, although educators have positive attitudes toward technology, its actual use is still mostly supplemental rather than revolutionary. The frequency of technology use and digital literacy are strongly correlated, suggesting the need for targeted professional development initiatives. For educators, school administrators, curriculum designers, and legislators seeking to improve technology integration in Arabic language instruction, this study offers valuable insights.
TEACHERS' TECHNOLOGICAL COMPETENCE AND EFFECTIVENESS ON ICT-BASED INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS IN TEACHING
IJARW
, 2026
This study aimed to ascertain the level of teachers' technological competence and effectiveness i...
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This study aimed to ascertain the level of teachers' technological competence and effectiveness in using ICT-based instructional materials in teaching among Grades I-VI teachers in District VII, Valencia City Division, for the school year 2025-2026. The research employed a descriptive method, using a researcher-developed questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. A total enumeration sampling technique was used, involving all teachers from seven identified schools in the district to ensure a wide and in-depth assessment. Data were analyzed using descriptive correlational statistics, including frequencies, means, standard deviations, and percentage distributions. The results revealed that teachers demonstrate a high level of technological competence in integrating ICT into curriculum delivery, indicating they frequently and effectively use these materials. Teachers achieved an outstanding level of performance in using ICT-based materials. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between teachers' effectiveness in using ICT-based instructional materials and their technological competence and teaching performance However, some aspects, such as collaborative monitoring via digital platforms, were not significant, suggesting that these specific areas do not strongly correlate with overall effectiveness. The study concludes that teachers are highly proficient in using digital platforms to address diverse learning needs and enhance lesson relevance. However, there is still a need to strengthen collaborative digital monitoring.
FINANCIAL STRUGGLES AND ACADEMIC PERSISTENCE AMONG INDIGENOUS COLLEGE STUDENTS
IJARW
, 2026
This study examined the influence of financial struggles on the academic persistence of Indigenou...
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This study examined the influence of financial struggles on the academic persistence of Indigenous college students by identifying common financial challenges and determining how these challenges affect their ability to remain enrolled, stay engaged, and complete their college education during the academic year 2025-2026. The study employed a descriptive quantitative correlational research design involving 150 Indigenous students from selected higher education institutions in Bukidnon, namely Roman C. Villalon Memorial Colleges Foundation, Incorporated, Don Carlos Polytechnic College, and Torres Capitol College. These institutions were selected to represent the experiences of Indigenous learners in the province. Data were collected using a researcher-made survey questionnaire with a four-point Likert scale. The gathered data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, weighted mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Findings revealed that most respondents were young adults, predominantly female, single, in their early college years, enrolled in Education programs, and residing in rural areas, with family support as their primary source of income. Financial struggles were generally high in areas such as tuition and school fees, learning materials, transportation, living expenses, emergency costs, limited access to financial aid, and challenges related to part-time work, with tuition and school fees identified as the most pressing concern. Despite these difficulties, students demonstrated high academic persistence, driven by strong aspirations to earn a degree and supported by family, peers, and teachers. Financial stability and zonal location significantly influenced academic persistence, while demographic variables showed no significant differences. The findings emphasize the need for strengthened financial assistance and institutional support programs to help Indigenous students sustain their education and complete their college degrees.
TEACHERS' MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND LEARNERS' CLASSROOM MISBEHAVIOR
IJARW
, 2026
This study examined the relationship between teachers' management practices and learners' classro...
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This study examined the relationship between teachers' management practices and learners' classroom misbehavior at Bangcud National High School, District VII, Division of Malaybalay City during the School Year 2025-2026. Specifically, it determined the level of teachers' management practices, the level of classroom misbehavior in terms of bullying, cheating, and cutting classes, and whether a significant relationship exists between the two variables. The study employed a descriptivecorrelational research design. Total enumeration sampling was used, involving one hundred teacherrespondents. Data were gathered through a structured survey questionnaire was adapted. The instrument utilized a five-point Likert scale to measure responses. Mean and standard deviation were used to determine the level of teachers' management practices and classroom misbehavior, while the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient was employed to test the significant relationship between the variables. Findings reveal that teachers' management practices consistently demonstrate very high levels across discipline strategies, communication, and handling disruptive behaviors. Classroom misbehaviors occur at varying frequencies, with bullying manifesting very often while cheating and cutting classes generally occur sometimes though specific instances like unauthorized absences appear very often. Statistical analysis indicates a weak but significant positive correlation between these practices and misbehavior: as teachers strengthen discipline and communication, misbehavior reports tend to increase slightly in a statistically reliable pattern unlikely due to chance. This counterintuitive result suggests effective management enhances detection and reporting of disruptions rather than causing them. The study concludes that effective classroom management remains a vital factor in addressing learner misbehavior in secondary school settings.
AI AND MANAGERIAL DECISION-MAKING: OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND IMPLICATIONS FROM PREVIOUS STUDIES
IJARW
, 2026
In the digital era, artificial intelligence (AI) is developing rapidly and becoming deeply integr...
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In the digital era, artificial intelligence (AI) is developing rapidly and becoming deeply integrated into managerial functions, thereby reshaping the quality of decision-making through its superior dataprocessing capabilities. This study examines the impact of AI on managerial decision-making processes and systematizes the core conceptual foundations, thereby providing a comprehensive view of the current state of AI application in supporting organizational management. Using a qualitative research approach, the study synthesizes and analyzes the opportunities offered by AI, including the optimization of data-processing speed, the enhancement of accuracy, and improved risk prediction. However, the paper also highlights the challenges and potential risks associated with AI adoption, particularly issues related to algorithmic ethics, lack of transparency, and excessive human dependence on technology. The findings indicate that optimal managerial effectiveness can only be achieved through a balanced integration of artificial intelligence, professional judgment, and rigorous managerial oversight. Finally, the study proposes practical managerial implications for individuals and organizations, while also suggesting directions for future research.
SPECIES DIVERSITY OF MOSS FLORA AT THE VICINITY OF MATIN-AW SPRING, BANGCUD, MALAYBALAY CITY, BUKIDNON
IJARW
, 2026
Mosses are small yet significant plants that contribute to the environment in numerous ways. They...
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Mosses are small yet significant plants that contribute to the environment in numerous ways. They prevent erosion by stabilizing soil and retaining moisture, creating habitats for various organisms, and supporting biodiversity. This study aims to explore the species richness of moss at the vicinity of Matin-aw Spring, Bangcud, Malaybalay City, Bukidnon, describe their morphological characteristics, habitat preferences and conservation status including the classification of their family, genera and species. The said study area is situated at latitude (8.051505) and longitude 124.922997 on the map of the Philippines which has an area of 500 sq. km. or approximately 1 hectare wide. The conduct of inventory and assessment of the moss species was done through an alpha taxonomy or transect walk in the site. It was done by collecting and recording the different types of moss flora found in the area. Results of the study revealed a total of thirteen (13) species of moss belonging to nine (9) families and eleven (11) genera were identified. Among the thirteen (13) species of moss, six (6) are locally assessed as abundant while the seven (7) others were classified as rare. Based on their habitat preferences, three (3) distinct habitats were identified growing on rock , tree base and tree barks. It was revealed that most of the moss species collected in the area was found on the surface of rocks while two (2) species were found on the tree barks and only one (1) species was found on the tree base. It is recommended that Matin-aw Spring must be properly conserved and enforce policies and guidelines for the protection and conservation of these important species.
DEVELOPING TEA CULTURE ASSOCIATED WITH EXPERIENTIAL TOURISM IN THAI NGUYEN, VIETNAM
IJARW
, 2026
Thai Nguyen is renowned as a famous tea-producing region in Vietnam, characterized by a longstand...
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Thai Nguyen is renowned as a famous tea-producing region in Vietnam, characterized by a longstanding history and distinctive product quality. In the context of sustainable tourism development and the growing demand for cultural experiences, integrating tea culture with experiential tourism is emerging as a potential direction to enhance economic value and promote the local image. This article focuses on analyzing the potential, current status, and factors influencing the development of tea culture associated with experiential tourism in Thai Nguyen. Based on this foundation, it proposes several solutions to effectively exploit tea cultural resources and develop specialized tourism products, thereby contributing to boosting the local economy and preserving traditional cultural values.
CO-CREATED BRAND EQUITY IN SOCIAL COMMERCE: A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF INFLUENCER-FIRM COLLABORATION, LOYALTY AND CONTINUANCE INTENTION IN VIETNAM
IJARW
, 2026
This paper develops a qualitative, theory-building article on co-created brand equity in social c...
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This paper develops a qualitative, theory-building article on co-created brand equity in social commerce, with a particular focus on Vietnam. Rather than treating brand equity as an outcome generated solely by the firm, the paper argues that in creator-led social commerce environments, brand value is increasingly co-produced by firms, influencers, and consumers through continuous interaction, symbolic alignment, and platform-based engagement. Drawing on a qualitative synthesis of prior studies from influencer marketing, social commerce, customer brand engagement, and brand equity research, the article proposes an integrated conceptual model in which influencer credibility, influencer-brand fit, influencer authenticity, firm brand equity base, and digital brand experience shape co-created consumer brand equity (CCBE). CCBE is then expected to strengthen brand trust, perceived value, and emotional attachment, which subsequently drive brand loyalty and continuance intention. The model also proposes that skepticism toward sponsored content weakens the positive effect of brand trust on continuance intention. The study contributes to the literature in three ways. First, it reconceptualizes brand equity for social commerce by locating value creation at the intersection of firm signals and influencer signals. Second, it shifts the discussion from short-term purchase intention to long-term relational outcomes. Third, it offers a theoretically grounded platform for future empirical studies in Vietnam and other emerging digital markets.
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS, PERCEIVED BENEFITS-COSTS AND GREEN LOGISTICS SERVICE ADOPTION AMONG VIETNAMESE ENTERPRISES
IJARW
, 2026
This paper develops a qualitative, literature-based conceptual framework to explain the adoption ...
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This paper develops a qualitative, literature-based conceptual framework to explain the adoption of green logistics services by Vietnamese enterprises. Although green logistics has received growing scholarly attention, most studies still focus on internal green supply chain practices, sustainability performance, or consumer green purchase intention. The demand-side decision of enterprises that actually buy and use green logistics services remains underexplored, especially in emerging economies. Drawing on a synthesis of recent Scopus/ISI studies published between 2015 and early 2026, together with seminal works on behavioral and organizational theory, this paper integrates the Theory of Planned Behavior, perceived benefit-cost logic, Institutional Theory, and Dynamic Capability/Technology-Organization-Environment reasoning. The proposed model positions environmental awareness, perceived benefits, and perceived costs as the core antecedents of attitude and behavioral intention; institutional pressure and green logistics readiness as organizational drivers; and digital integration capability as a moderator of the intention-adoption relationship. Thirteen hypotheses are proposed, including a sequential mediation mechanism through attitude and behavioral intention. The article contributes by shifting the analytical focus from green orientation or internal green practices to enterprise-level green logistics service use behavior in a business-tobusiness setting. It also offers a context-sensitive framework for future empirical research and for managers, logistics providers, and policymakers seeking to accelerate greener logistics adoption in Vietnam.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF AND AI -ENABLED MULTI-TASKING ROBOT FOR REAL -TIME OBJECT DETECTION AND INTELLIGENT HUMAN-ROBOT INTERACTION
IJARW
, 2026
The integration of AI, automation, and human-machine interaction has facilitated the emergence of...
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The integration of AI, automation, and human-machine interaction has facilitated the emergence of multitasking robotic systems capable of performing various intelligent operations. This paper reviews a multimodal robot called "ChatBot" devised for object detection and speech-based command execution in real time. The proposed system can perform actions such as left, right, forward, and backward directional movements, while responding to users' queries and displaying visual data using its camera module. Designed based on an Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller, L293D motor driver shield, HC-05 Bluetooth module, and dual camera arrangement, ChatBot effectively combines the strengths of mechanical control, speech processing, and computer vision. An object detection feature within the robot enables the recognition of objects from its surroundings, while the voice recognition component accomplishes smooth and interactive communication with users. This review outlines major components, operating methodologies, and performance analysis of ChatBot, focusing on its status as a multitasking robot. Further, it explores the potential applications in education, surveillance, and assistive technologies. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion on challenges and future improvements, indicating that integrating advanced AI algorithms, machine learning, and cloud-based frameworks can ensure significant growth in the robot's intelligence, adaptability, and real-world utility.
CHIP AWAY: REIMAGINING INDIA'S SEMICONDUCTOR LANDSCAPE -A FRESH LOOK AT THE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAYOUT DESIGN ACT
IJARW
, 2026
Integrated circuits are fundamental components of nearly all electrical goods in contemporary tec...
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Integrated circuits are fundamental components of nearly all electrical goods in contemporary technology. Circuit chips are present in commonplace goods like watches, televisions, washing machines, and automobiles, as well as in advanced computers, smartphones, and various digital devices. The creation of innovative integrated circuit layout designs is crucial for developing smaller digital devices with enhanced functionalities. While a fresh layout design may necessitate substantial financial commitment and considerable effort from leading professionals, replicating such a design through facsimile would incur only a minor portion of the initial expense. Consequently, the safeguarding of semiconductor topography (layout designs) has emerged as a paramount and critical concern in today's rapidly evolving technological landscape. This study examines the current legislation on the protection of semiconductor topographies, from intellectual property rights to the Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Layout Design Act. India has indeed met certain criteria by instituting a sui generis system for the preservation of integrated circuit topographies; nevertheless, it has yet to resolve a fundamental and challenging issue concerning the existing lacunae within this system. This study examines the causes of the issue and investigates methods for addressing it within the confines of current legislation.
SYNTHETIC CONTENT, INTERMEDIARY RESPONSIBILITY, AND DATA PROTECTION: A STUDY OF INDIA'S EMERGING REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
IJARW
, 2026
The proliferation of synthetic content, driven by rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, ...
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The proliferation of synthetic content, driven by rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, has introduced complex regulatory challenges for legal systems worldwide. In India, the emergence of deepfakes, AI-generated media, and algorithmically curated information has intensified concerns surrounding intermediary liability, data protection, and accountability in digital ecosystems. This article critically examines India's evolving regulatory framework governing synthetic content, with particular focus on the Information Technology Rules, 2026, and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023. It explores how these frameworks attempt to translate legislative intent into practical compliance obligations for intermediaries, while simultaneously addressing the risks posed by emerging AI technologies. The study highlights the operational challenges faced by intermediaries in implementing due diligence requirements, content moderation standards, and transparency obligations under the IT Rules, 2026. It further interrogates the governance architecture of the DPDP Act, 2023, arguing that while the Act emphasizes data protection and user consent, it may fall short in ensuring robust accountability for the inputs and training datasets that underpin AI systems. This disconnect raises critical concerns regarding regulatory blind spots, particularly in the context of synthetic content generation. By conceptualizing a "governance trilemma" involving innovation, accountability, and user rights, the article identifies key regulatory gaps that hinder effective oversight of AI-driven content ecosystems. A comparative analysis of international AI governance models-including risk-based approaches and rights-centric frameworks-provides valuable insights into alternative regulatory strategies. These global perspectives underscore the need for adaptive, context-specific regulation that can respond to the dynamic nature of artificial intelligence technologies. The article ultimately argues for the development of a bespoke regulatory framework tailored to India's socio-legal realities. Such a framework must integrate principles of transparency, accountability, and ethical AI use, while fostering innovation and safeguarding fundamental rights. By bridging existing regulatory gaps and aligning legal standards with technological advancements, India can establish a more coherent and future-ready approach to governing synthetic content and intermediary responsibility.
FROM PUBLIC INTEREST TO PRIVATE AGENDA: THE MISUSE OF PIL AND ITS THREAT TO JUDICIAL INTEGRITY
IJARW
, 2026
Established on the communist framework, it progressively expedited social and economic revolution...
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Established on the communist framework, it progressively expedited social and economic revolution; yet, by the late 1980s, PIL had redefined the legal landscape of India. Since its establishment, the Supreme Court of India has adopted an activist role, enhancing accessibility but simultaneously complicating the process. Originally established to safeguard the rights of marginalized groups, the law has progressively transformed into an instrument of harassment and exploitation. This paper examines the origins of the significant Hussainara Khatoon case and provides an in-depth analysis of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India, its development, and its influence on the legal framework. This paper critically analyzes the current function of PIL cases as their prevalence increases, emphasizing both benefits and weaknesses. In conclusion, the study elucidates insights and recommendations to guarantee that PIL remains a genuine instrument of justice rather than a tool for manipulation, so reinforcing its role as a protector of public interest and legal integrity.
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