Improved Race, Ethnicity Measures Show U.S. is More Multiracial

Improved Race, Ethnicity Measures Show U.S. is More Multiracial
Improved Race and Ethnicity Measures Reveal U.S. Population Is Much More Multiracial
Improved Race and Ethnicity Measures Reveal U.S. Population Is Much More Multiracial
2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country
August 12, 2021
Written by:
NICHOLAS JONES, RACHEL MARKS, ROBERTO RAMIREZ, MERARYS RÍOS-VARGAS
Background
The 2020 Census used the required two separate questions (one for
Hispanic or Latino origin
and one for
race
) to collect the races and ethnicities of the U.S. population — following the
standards
set by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in 1997.
Building upon our research over the past decade, we improved the two separate
questions
design and updated our data processing and coding procedures for the 2020 Census.
This work began in 2015 with our research and testing centered on findings from our
2015 National Content Test
and the designs were implemented in the
2018 Census Test
The
improvements and changes
enabled a more thorough and accurate depiction of how people self-identify, yielding a more accurate portrait of how people report their Hispanic origin and race within the context of a two-question format.
These changes reveal that the U.S. population is much more multiracial and more
diverse
than what we measured in the past.
We are confident that differences in the overall racial distributions are largely due to improvements in the design of the two separate questions for race data collection and processing as well as some demographic changes over the past 10 years.
We are also confident, as shown in our research over the past decade, that using a single combined question for race and ethnicity in the decennial census would ultimately yield an even more accurate portrait of how the U.S. population self-identifies, especially for people who self-identify as multiracial or multiethnic.
Today’s release of 2020 Census redistricting data provides a new snapshot of the racial and ethnic composition of the country as a result of improvements in the design of the race and ethnicity questions, processing and coding.
Nearly all groups saw population gains this decade and the increase in the Two or More Races population (referred to throughout this story as the Multiracial population) was especially large (up 276%). The White alone population declined by 8.6% since 2010.
The 2020 Census shows (Figures 1, 2 and 3):
The White population remained the largest race or ethnicity group in the United States, with 204.3 million people identifying as White alone. Overall, 235.4 million people reported White alone or in combination with another group. However, the White alone population decreased by 8.6% since 2010.
The Multiracial population has changed considerably since 2010. It was measured at 9 million people in 2010 and is now 33.8 million people in 2020, a 276% increase.
The “in combination” multiracial populations for all race groups accounted for most of the overall changes in each racial category.
All of the race alone or in combination groups experienced increases. The Some Other Race alone or in combination group (49.9 million) increased 129% surpassing the Black or African American population (46.9 million) as the second-largest race alone or in combination group.
The next largest racial populations were the Asian alone or in combination group (24 million), the American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination group (9.7 million), and the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone or in combination group (1.6 million).
The Hispanic or Latino population, which includes people of any race, was 62.1 million in 2020. The Hispanic or Latino population grew 23%, while the population that was not of Hispanic or Latino origin grew 4.3% since 2010.
It is important to note that these data comparisons between the 2020 Census and 2010 Census race data should be made with caution, taking into account the improvements we have made to the Hispanic origin and race questions and the ways we code what people tell us.
Nearly all groups saw population gains this decade and the increase in the Two or More Races population (referred to throughout this story as the Multiracial population) was especially large (up 276%). The White alone population declined by 8.6% since 2010.
Accordingly, data from the 2020 Census show different but reasonable and expected distributions from the 2010 Census for the White alone population, the Some Other Race alone or in combination population and the Multiracial population, especially for people who self-identify as both White and Some Other Race.
These results are not surprising as they align with our
expert research and corresponding findings this past decade
, particularly with the results from the 2015 National Content Test, about the impacts of question format on race and ethnicity reporting.
To present the results, we use the
concepts
of
race alone
race in combination
, and
race alone or in combination
to frame the discussion of racial and ethnic composition, and these three concepts are central to understanding our country’s changing demographics.
In addition, we have a companion data visualization that expands on these statistics, providing a comprehensive overview of racial and ethnic composition at national, state and county levels.
This story highlights national-level data. Data for all 50 states, the District of Columbia and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are available in our interactive data visualization.
Data Visualizations
Race and Ethnicity in the United States: 2010 Census and 2020 Census
U.S. Decennial Census Measurement of Race and Ethnicity Across the Decades: 1790–2020
Hispanic or Latino Population
The Hispanic or Latino population grew from 50.5 million (16.3% of the U.S. population) in 2010 to 62.1 million (18.7%) in 2020.
Between 2010 and 2020, the Hispanic or Latino population grew by 23%.
Slightly more than half (51.1%) of the total U.S. population growth between 2010 and 2020 came from growth in the Hispanic or Latino population.
White Population
Overall, 235.4 million people reported White alone or in combination with another group.
The White alone population accounted for 204.3 million people and 61.6% of all people living in the United States, compared with 223.6 million and 72.4% in 2010.
Together with the 31.1 million people who identified as White in combination with another race group, such as Black or African American or Asian, the White alone or in combination population comprised 235.4 million people and 71% of the total population.
Although the White alone population decreased by 8.6% since 2010, the White in combination population saw a 316% increase during the same period.
The observed changes in the White population could be attributed to a number of factors, including demographic change since 2010. But we expect they were largely due to the improvements to the design of the two separate questions for race and ethnicity, data processing and coding, which enabled a more thorough and accurate depiction of how people prefer to self-identify.
Black or African American Population
The Black or African American in combination population grew by 88.7% since 2010.
In 2020, the Black or African American alone population (41.1 million) accounted for 12.4% of all people living in the United States, compared with 38.9 million and 12.6% in 2010.
Coupled with the 5.8 million respondents who identified as Black or African American in combination with another race group, such as White or American Indian and Alaska Native, the Black or African American alone or in combination population totaled 46.9 million people (14.2% of the total population) in 2020.
While the Black or African American alone population grew 5.6% since 2010, the Black or African American in combination population grew 88.7%.
American Indian and Alaska Native Population
From 2010 to 2020, the American Indian and Alaska Native in combination population increased by 160%.
In 2020, the American Indian and Alaska Native alone population (3.7 million) accounted for 1.1% of all people living in the United States, compared with 0.9% (2.9 million) in 2010.
An additional 5.9 million people identified as American Indian and Alaska Native and another race group in 2020, such as White or Black or African American. Together, the American Indian and Alaska Native alone or in combination population comprised 9.7 million people (2.9% of the total population) in 2020, up from 5.2 million (1.7%) in 2010.
The American Indian and Alaska Native alone population grew by 27.1%, and the American Indian and Alaska Native in combination population grew by 160% since 2010.
Asian Population
Approximately 19.9 million people (6% of all respondents) identified as Asian alone in 2020, up from 14.7 million people (4.8%) in 2010.
Coupled with the 4.1 million respondents who identified as Asian in combination with another race group, such as White or Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, the Asian alone or in combination population comprised 24 million people (7.2% of the total population).
The Asian alone population grew by 35.5% between 2010 and 2020. In comparison, the Asian in combination population grew by 55.5%.
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population
Over half of Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders identified with more than one race.
In the 2020 Census, 689,966 people (0.2%) identified as Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone, up from 540,013 people (0.2%) in 2010.
Coupled with the 896,497 people who identified as Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander in combination with another race group (such as Asian or White), the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone or in combination population totaled about 1.6 million people and 0.5% of the total population.
The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone population grew by 27.8% between 2010 and 2020. In comparison, the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander in combination population grew faster — 30.8% since 2010.
How to Access, Download and Visualize Redistricting Data
Get tips and tricks on how to access, visualize and use Census Bureau data. The Census Academy team of data experts these
Data Gems
Some Other Race Population
The Some Other Race population was the second-largest alone or in combination race group, comprising 15.1% of the total population.
About 27.9 million people (8.4% of all respondents) identified as Some Other Race alone in 2020, up from 19.1 million people (6.2%) in 2010.
Coupled with the 22 million respondents who identified as Some Other Race in combination with another race group (such as White or Black or African American), the Some Other Race alone or in combination population comprised 49.9 million people.
The Some Other Race alone population changed 46.1% and the Some Other Race in combination population changed 733% since 2010.
Approximately 45.3 million people of Hispanic or Latino origin were classified as Some Other Race either alone or in combination, compared with only 4.6 million people who were not of Hispanic or Latino origin. Nearly all of those who were classified as Some Other Race alone were of Hispanic or Latino origin (26.2 million out of 27.9 million, or 93.9%).
The observed changes in the Some Other Race population could be attributed to a number of factors, including demographic change since 2010. But we expect they were largely due to the improvements to the design of the two separate questions for race and ethnicity, data processing and coding, which enabled a more thorough and accurate depiction of how people prefer to self-identify.
Multiracial Population
In 2020, the percentage of people who reported multiple races changed more than all of the race alone groups, increasing from 2.9% of the population (9 million people) in 2010 to 10.2% of the population (33.8 million people) in 2020.
The largest Multiracial combinations in 2020 were White and Some Other Race (19.3 million), White and American Indian and Alaska Native (4 million), White and Black or African American (3.1 million), White and Asian (2.7 million), and Black or African American and Some Other Race (1 million).
Between 2010 and 2020, the White and Some Other Race population added 17.6 million people to the Multiracial population, a change of over 1,000%.
The White and American Indian and Alaska Native population also increased, growing by about 2.5 million people or 177%.
The White and Black or African American population increased by 1.2 million people, a 67.4% change.
The White and Asian population increased by 1.1 million people, a 65.8% change in size.
The Black or African American and Some Other Race population increased by 722,383 people, a 230% change.
The observed changes in the Multiracial population could be attributed to a number of factors, including demographic change since 2010. But we expect they were largely due to the improvements to the design of the two separate questions for race and ethnicity, data processing, and coding, which enabled a more thorough and accurate depiction of how people prefer to self-identify.
Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race
Another way to examine data on race and ethnicity is to cross-tabulate Hispanic or Latino origin by race.
As we saw with the 2010 Census
, many Hispanic or Latino respondents answered the separate question on race by reporting their race as “Mexican,” “Hispanic,” “Latin American,” “Puerto Rican,” etc.
These and other responses to the race question that reflect a Hispanic or Latino origin were classified in the Some Other Race category, as people of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race per the 1997 OMB standards.
Between 2010 and 2020, the number of people of Hispanic or Latino origin reporting more than one race increased 567% from 3 million (6.0%) to 20.3 million (32.7%) (Figure 4).
We are confident these differences in racial distributions were largely due to the improvements to the design of the two separate questions for race and ethnicity, data processing, and coding, which enabled a more thorough and accurate depiction of how people prefer to self-identify.
In 2020, among people of Hispanic or Latino origin, 26.2 million people (42.2%) identified their race as Some Other Race alone, a 41.7% change from 2010.
The number of people of Hispanic or Latino origin who identified as White alone decreased by 52.9%, down from 26.7 million to 12.6 million over the decade.
The number of people who were not of Hispanic or Latino origin who identified as White alone declined at a slower rate, with a -2.6% change.
Race and Hispanic Origin by Age Group
The 2020 Census data also enable us to examine the racial and ethnic composition of the population under age 18 (children) and the population age 18 and over (adults) (Figure 5).
The racial and ethnic composition among children is quite different from adults. This comparison offers insights into the demographics of younger generations in this country and glimpses of what the future may bring.
The White alone adult population (age 18 and over) went from 74.7% in 2010 to 64.1% in 2020. In contrast, the Multiracial adult population increased from 2.1% in 2010 to 8.8% in 2020.
In 2020, the Black or African American alone (12%), American Indian and Alaska Native alone (1.1%), and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone (0.2%) populations comprised similar shares of the total adult population as in 2010.
Among children, the White alone population changed from 65.3% to 53%; the Black or African American alone population changed from 14.6% to 13.9%.
The percentages increased for children in all other groups, especially the Some Other Race alone (8.7% in 2010; 10.9% in 2020) and Multiracial (5.6% in 2010; 15.1% in 2020) populations.
The percentages also increased for Hispanic or Latino children from 2010 to 2020 (23.1% to 25.7%).
The observed changes in the White population, Some Other Race population, and Multiracial population could be attributed to a number of factors, including demographic change since 2010. But we expect they were largely due to the improvements to the design of the two separate questions for race and ethnicity, data processing, and coding, which enabled a more thorough and accurate depiction of how people prefer to self-identify.
Related Information
Supplemental tables related to this story are available.
For more information on how the Census Bureau collects, codes and tabulates statistics on
race
and
Hispanic or Latino origin
, explore our 2020 Census subject definitions pages and the 2020 Census Redistricting
Technical Documentation
Information on the application of differential privacy and data accuracy for the 2020 Census at various levels of geography are available on
2020 Census Data Products: Disclosure Avoidance Modernization
website.
All the authors are in the Census Bureau’s Population Division:
Nicholas Jones is director of Race and Ethnicity Research and Outreach.
Rachel Marks is chief of the Racial Statistics Branch.
Roberto Ramirez is assistant division chief for Special Population Statistics.
Merarys Ríos-Vargas is chief of the Ethnicity & Ancestry Branch.
Supplementary Tables on Race and Hispanic Origin: Redistricting
As a supplement to the America Counts story, Improved Race and Ethnicity Measures Reveal U.S. Population is Much More Multiracial, Tables 1-5 provide race and ethnicity statistics for the Nation (50 states, and the District of Columbia) from the 2020 Census Redistricting Data (P.L. 94-171).
2020 Census Redistricting: Supplementary Tables
August 12, 2021
These tables present aggregated data on race and Hispanic origin from the 2020 Census Redistricting Data (P.L. 94-171)
Redistricting & Voting Rights Data Office (RDO)
Decennial Census P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data Summary Files
November 29, 2023
Includes the official data, documentation, and support materials to assist in accessing P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data.
Visit the Redistricting Data Office
Visualizations
2020 Decennial Census Visualizations and Infographics
Data made visual with charts, tables, maps, and other graphic elements. They are often interactive and contain text for labeling, not narration.
2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer
is a web map application that includes state-, county-, and census tract-level data from the 2020 Census.
Data
Census Data Explorer (data.census.gov)
This is the first 2020 Census data release available on the Census Bureau’s data dissemination platform, data.census.gov. The site allows data users to search geographies down to the block level and access data through tables, maps and downloads.
Visit Data Resources
Fact Sheets
2020 Decennial Census Fact Sheets
Learn more about specific topics at-a-glance with Census Bureau Fact Sheets.
Blog Posts
2020 Census Blog Posts
Experts from around the Census Bureau describe the objectives of their work and explain the 2020 Census process and results.
Newsroom
2020 Decennial Census News
The 2020 Census hopes to provide substantial taxpayer savings while maintaining our commitment to high quality and accuracy.
Census Academy
View training resources for 2020 Census data.
2020 Census Resources
Videos
2020 Decennial Census Videos
Watch videos related to the 2020 Decennial Census.
Maps
2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer
August 12, 2021
The 2020 Census Demographic Data Map Viewer is web map application that includes state, county, and tract-level data from the 2020 Census.
2020 Census P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data Map Suite
March 2020
Here you will find the 2020 Census P.L. 94-171 Redistricting Data Map Suite
TIGER/Line Shapefiles
View all the available mapping files from the Geography program.
Get Geographic Products
2020 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File News Conference
This article was filed under:
Data Services
Ethnicity
Population
Race
Redistricting
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