Journal of Instrumentation - IOPscience

Journal of Instrumentation - IOPscience
Journal of Instrumentation
The International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA)
was founded in 1978 and was the first institution in Italy to promote post-graduate courses leading to a Doctor Philosophiae (or PhD) degree. A centre of excellence among Italian and international universities, the school has around 65 teachers, 100 post docs and 245 PhD students, and is located in Trieste, in a campus of more than 10 hectares with wonderful views over the Gulf of Trieste.
SISSA hosts a very high-ranking, large and multidisciplinary scientific research output. The scientific papers produced by its researchers are published in high impact factor, well-known international journals, and in many cases in the world's most prestigious scientific journals such as Nature and Science. Over 900 students have so far started their careers in the field of mathematics, physics and neuroscience research at SISSA.
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Journal of Instrumentation
(JINST) is a multidisciplinary, peer-reviewed and online-only journal designed to support the needs of this expanding community. JINST was created jointly by the
International School of Advanced Studies
(SISSA) and
IOP Publishing
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Impact factor
1.3
Citescore
2.3
The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
The ATLAS Collaboration
et al
2008
JINST
S08003
View article
, The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
PDF
, The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
The ATLAS detector as installed in its experimental cavern
at point 1 at CERN is described in this paper. A brief overview of
the expected performance of the detector when the Large Hadron
Collider begins operation is also presented.
The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC
The CMS Collaboration
et al
2008
JINST
S08004
View article
, The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC
PDF
, The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is described. The
detector operates at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It was
conceived to study proton-proton (and lead-lead) collisions at a
centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV (5.5 TeV nucleon-nucleon) and at
luminosities up to 10
34
cm
−2
−1
(10
27
cm
−2
−1
). At the core of the CMS detector sits a
high-magnetic-field and large-bore superconducting solenoid
surrounding an all-silicon pixel and strip tracker, a lead-tungstate
scintillating-crystals electromagnetic calorimeter, and a
brass-scintillator sampling hadron calorimeter. The iron yoke of the
flux-return is instrumented with four stations of muon detectors
covering most of the 4π solid angle. Forward sampling
calorimeters extend the pseudorapidity coverage to high values
(|η| ⩽ 5) assuring very good hermeticity. The overall
dimensions of the CMS detector are a length of 21.6 m, a diameter of
14.6 m and a total weight of 12500 t.
The LHCb Detector at the LHC
The LHCb Collaboration
et al
2008
JINST
S08005
View article
, The LHCb Detector at the LHC
PDF
, The LHCb Detector at the LHC
The LHCb experiment is dedicated to precision measurements
of CP violation and rare decays of B hadrons at the Large Hadron
Collider (LHC) at CERN (Geneva). The initial configuration and
expected performance of the detector and associated systems, as
established by test beam measurements and simulation studies, is
described.
LHC Machine
Lyndon Evans and Philip Bryant 2008
JINST
S08001
View article
, LHC Machine
PDF
, LHC Machine
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN near Geneva is the
world's newest and most powerful tool for Particle Physics
research. It is designed to collide proton beams with a centre-of-mass
energy of 14 TeV and an unprecedented luminosity of 10
34
cm
−2
−1
. It
can also collide heavy (Pb) ions with an energy of 2.8 TeV per nucleon
and a peak luminosity of 10
27
cm
−2
−1
. In this paper, the machine
design is described.
The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
The ALICE Collaboration
et al
2008
JINST
S08002
View article
, The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
PDF
, The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a general-purpose, heavy-ion
detector at the CERN LHC which focuses on QCD, the strong-interaction
sector of the Standard Model. It is designed to address the physics of
strongly interacting matter and the quark-gluon plasma at extreme values
of energy density and temperature in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Besides
running with Pb ions, the physics programme includes collisions with
lighter ions, lower energy running and dedicated proton-nucleus runs.
ALICE will also take data with proton beams at the top LHC energy to
collect reference data for the heavy-ion programme and to address several
QCD topics for which ALICE is complementary to the other LHC detectors.
The ALICE detector has been built by a collaboration including currently
over 1000 physicists and engineers from 105 Institutes in 30 countries.
Its overall dimensions are 16 × 16 × 26 m
with a total weight
of approximately
10 000 t. The experiment consists of 18 different detector systems each
with its own specific technology choice and design constraints, driven
both by the physics requirements and the experimental conditions expected
at LHC. The most stringent design constraint is to cope with the extreme
particle multiplicity anticipated in central Pb-Pb collisions. The
different subsystems were optimized to provide high-momentum
resolution as well as excellent Particle Identification (PID) over a broad
range in momentum, up to the highest multiplicities predicted for LHC.
This will allow for comprehensive studies of hadrons, electrons, muons,
and photons produced in the collision of heavy nuclei.
Most detector systems are scheduled to be installed and ready for data
taking by mid-2008 when the LHC is scheduled to start operation,
with the exception of
parts of the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), Transition Radiation Detector
(TRD) and Electro Magnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). These detectors will be
completed for the high-luminosity ion run expected in 2010.

This paper describes in detail the detector components as
installed for the first data taking in the summer of 2008.
The following article is
Open access
The ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider: a description of the detector configuration for Run 3
G. Aad
et al
2024
JINST
19
P05063
View article
, The ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider: a description of the detector configuration for Run 3
PDF
, The ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider: a description of the detector configuration for Run 3
The ATLAS detector is installed in its experimental cavern
at Point 1 of the CERN Large Hadron Collider. During Run 2 of the
LHC, a luminosity of
ℒ = 2 × 10
34
cm
-2
-1
was
routinely achieved at the start of fills, twice the design
luminosity. For Run 3, accelerator improvements, notably luminosity
levelling, allow sustained running at an instantaneous luminosity of
ℒ = 2 × 10
34
cm
-2
-1
with an average of up to 60 interactions per bunch crossing. The
ATLAS detector has been upgraded to recover Run 1 single-lepton
trigger thresholds while operating comfortably under Run 3 sustained
pileup conditions. A fourth pixel layer 3.3 cm from the beam axis
was added before Run 2 to improve vertex reconstruction and
b-tagging performance. New Liquid Argon Calorimeter digital
trigger electronics, with corresponding upgrades to the Trigger and
Data Acquisition system, take advantage of a factor of 10 finer
granularity to improve triggering on electrons, photons, taus, and
hadronic signatures through increased pileup rejection. The inner
muon endcap wheels were replaced by New Small Wheels with Micromegas
and small-strip Thin Gap Chamber detectors, providing both precision
tracking and Level-1 Muon trigger functionality. Trigger coverage of
the inner barrel muon layer near one endcap region was augmented
with modules integrating new thin-gap resistive plate chambers and
smaller-diameter drift-tube chambers. Tile Calorimeter scintillation
counters were added to improve electron energy resolution and
background rejection. Upgrades to Minimum Bias Trigger Scintillators
and Forward Detectors improve luminosity monitoring and enable total
proton-proton cross section, diffractive physics, and heavy ion
measurements. These upgrades are all compatible with operation in
the much harsher environment anticipated after the High-Luminosity
upgrade of the LHC and are the first steps towards preparing ATLAS
for the High-Luminosity upgrade of the LHC. This paper describes
the Run 3 configuration of the ATLAS detector.
The following article is
Open access
Timepix4, a large area pixel detector readout chip which can be tiled on 4 sides providing sub-200 ps timestamp binning
X. Llopart
et al
2022
JINST
17
C01044
View article
, Timepix4, a large area pixel detector readout chip which can be tiled on 4 sides providing sub-200 ps timestamp binning
PDF
, Timepix4, a large area pixel detector readout chip which can be tiled on 4 sides providing sub-200 ps timestamp binning
Timepix4 is a 24.7 × 30.0 mm
hybrid pixel detector readout ASIC which has been designed to permit detector tiling on 4 sides. It consists of 448 × 512 pixels which can be bump bonded to a sensor with square pixels at a pitch of 55 µm. Like its predecessor, Timepix3, it can operate in data driven mode sending out information (Time of Arrival, ToA and Time over Threshold, ToT) only when a pixel has a hit above a pre-defined and programmable threshold. In this mode hits can be tagged to a time bin of <200 ps and Timepix4 can record hits correctly at incoming rates of ∼3.6 MHz/mm
/s. In photon counting (or frame-based) mode it can count incoming hits at rates of up to 5 GHz/mm
/s. In both modes data is output via between 2 and 16 serializers each running at a programmable data bandwidth of between 40 Mbps and 10 Gbps. The specifications, architecture and circuit implementation are described along with first electrical measurements and measurements with radioactive sources. In photon counting mode X-ray images have been taken at a threshold of 650 e
(with <10 masked pixels). In data driven mode images were taken of ToA/ToT data using a
90
Sr source at a threshold of 800 e
(with ∼120 masked pixels).
The following article is
Open access
Particle-flow reconstruction and global event description with the CMS detector
A.M. Sirunyan
et al
2017
JINST
12
P10003
View article
, Particle-flow reconstruction and global event description with the CMS detector
PDF
, Particle-flow reconstruction and global event description with the CMS detector
The CMS apparatus was identified, a few years before the start of the LHC operation at CERN, to feature properties well suited to particle-flow (PF) reconstruction: a highly-segmented tracker, a fine-grained electromagnetic calorimeter, a hermetic hadron calorimeter, a strong magnetic field, and an excellent muon spectrometer. A fully-fledged PF reconstruction algorithm tuned to the CMS detector was therefore developed and has been consistently used in physics analyses for the first time at a hadron collider. For each collision, the comprehensive list of final-state particles identified and reconstructed by the algorithm provides a global event description that leads to unprecedented CMS performance for jet and hadronic τ decay reconstruction, missing transverse momentum determination, and electron and muon identification. This approach also allows particles from pileup interactions to be identified and enables efficient pileup mitigation methods. The data collected by CMS at a centre-of-mass energy of 8\TeV show excellent agreement with the simulation and confirm the superior PF performance at least up to an average of 20 pileup interactions.
The following article is
Open access
Development and implementation of a non-zero suppression system for HGCAL back-end electronics
B. Akgül
et al
2026
JINST
21
C04003
View article
, Development and implementation of a non-zero suppression system for HGCAL back-end electronics
PDF
, Development and implementation of a non-zero suppression system for HGCAL back-end electronics
In preparation for operations at the HL-LHC, the CMS Collaboration is upgrading its endcap calorimeters with a high granularity calorimeter (HGCAL). The HGCAL back-end electronics includes two Non-Zero Suppression (NZS) boards, which dynamically disable zero-suppression in designated regions of interest. This paper presents a detailed discussion of the principal components of the implemented NZS firmware and a comprehensive account of the hardware testing performed on the Serenity platform, including validation against a Python-based emulator. Each of the 48 DAQ (Data Acquisition) boards of a single endcap receives 432-bit NZS flags, which are generated non-zero-suppression control flags to disable zero suppression for designated regions of interest on the front-end sections and sent via high-speed output channels operating at 25 Gbps. The NZS firmware processes data from six EMTF input links operating at 25 Gbps, and produces the necessary non-zero suppression control flags for real-time selection and spatial mapping of up to 27 muon candidates per bunch crossing under a 360 MHz system clock constraint. To meet the stringent timing requirements, the design adopts a fully pipelined FPGA architecture, enabling deterministic latency while sustaining continuous high-throughput operation.
The following article is
Open access
Volume I. Introduction to DUNE
B. Abi
et al
2020
JINST
15
T08008
View article
, Volume I. Introduction to DUNE
PDF
, Volume I. Introduction to DUNE
The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. This TDR is intended to justify the technical choices for the far detector that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. Volume I contains an executive summary that introduces the DUNE science program, the far detector and the strategy for its modular designs, and the organization and management of the Project. The remainder of Volume I provides more detail on the science program that drives the choice of detector technologies and on the technologies themselves. It also introduces the designs for the DUNE near detector and the DUNE computing model, for which DUNE is planning design reports. Volume II of this TDR describes DUNE's physics program in detail. Volume III describes the technical coordination required for the far detector design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. Volume IV describes the single-phase far detector technology. A planned Volume V will describe the dual-phase technology.
The following article is
Open access
VUV reflectance measurements for materials relevant to argon and xenon experiments
J. Soto-Oton
et al
2026
JINST
21
C04065
View article
, VUV reflectance measurements for materials relevant to argon and xenon experiments
PDF
, VUV reflectance measurements for materials relevant to argon and xenon experiments
Accurate knowledge of material reflectance in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) range is crucial for optimizing photon detection in noble gas detectors such as DUNE. Despite its importance, reflectance values for detector materials in the VUV region remain poorly characterized, with literature values showing significant variation depending on surface termination and finish. An angular-resolved reflectance measurement system developed at the Instituto de Física Corpuscular at Valencia (IFIC) that operates in a gaseous argon atmosphere is presented, enabling realistic measurements of detector materials under controlled conditions. The setup couples a deuterium lamp to a monochromator and employs a motorized PMT rotating around the sample to measure reflected light distributions across a wide angular range. We have characterized two key DUNE materials — aluminum field cage profiles and stainless steel cryostat membranes — in both the UV-VIS (300–500 nm) and VUV (128–200 nm) ranges. In the UV-VIS region, we confirm literature values of approximately 60% reflectance for aluminum and 40% for stainless steel. Preliminary VUV measurements at 45° angle of incidence yield reflectance values of 10–15% for both materials, significantly lower than their UV-VIS counterparts. The reflected light distributions exhibit a mixed character between specular and diffuse reflection. These results have direct implications for detector simulations and light yield predictions in next-generation experiments.
The following article is
Open access
PRISME: a radiation tolerant low power Phase-Locked Loop in a 65 nm technology for precision clocking at EIC
F. Bouyjou
et al
2026
JINST
21
C04066
View article
, PRISME: a radiation tolerant low power Phase-Locked Loop in a 65 nm technology for precision clocking at EIC
PDF
, PRISME: a radiation tolerant low power Phase-Locked Loop in a 65 nm technology for precision clocking at EIC
The proposed PRISME chip contains a new Phase-Locked Loop IP block for clock signal
generation with a jitter lower than 10 ps and a radiation tolerance up to 300 Mrad. To be
compatible with a large range of applications at the Electron-Ion Collider and at the Large Hadron
Collider, it needs to accept a large input frequency range (80 MHz and 100 MHz), with output
frequencies within 1.6–2 GHz. It is designed in TSMC 65 nm technology to allow its
integration in future readout ASICs, such as the SALSA chip for readout of micro pattern gaseous
detectors. Test results in agreement with simulations are well within the application requirements
of the SALSA ASIC. The Phase-Locked Loop occupies an area of 0.07 mm
and consumes 6.2 mA
from a 1.2 V supply. The output jitter integrated from 5 kHz to 80 MHz is 1.26 ps rms for a
frequency division ratio of 20.
The following article is
Open access
Measuring ion dynamics in the core of European DEMO: a design space exploration for collective Thomson scattering
J.L. Flocken
et al
2026
JINST
21
C04067
View article
, Measuring ion dynamics in the core of European DEMO: a design space exploration for collective Thomson scattering
PDF
, Measuring ion dynamics in the core of European DEMO: a design space exploration for collective Thomson scattering
Among the feasible options for diagnostics on burning plasma devices, collective Thomson scattering (CTS) is a promising technique for monitoring core ion dynamics. This work aims to identify an optimised CTS configuration for the European DEMOnstration power plant (DEMO) using an accuracy-driven approach. The optimisation procedure combines ray tracing, forward modelling of CTS spectra, and Bayesian inversion to evaluate predicted measurement uncertainties for key plasma parameters.
We apply the optimisation methodology to the 2024 low-aspect-ratio DEMO design point. By scanning over the choices of probe frequency, receiver launch angle, and mirror positions, we optimise the CTS system for simultaneous measurements of the ion temperature
, the bulk ion rotation velocity
, and the alpha particle density
in the centre of the plasma. To inform the optimisation, we estimate the intrinsic toroidal rotation profile, obtaining a core rotation velocity of about 70 km/s. The resulting CTS configuration achieves predicted measurement uncertainties of approximately 4% for
, 19% for
, and 5% for
at a time resolution of 0.5 s.
These results confirm the potential of CTS as a core diagnostic for DEMO and provide a foundation for future work, including sensitivity studies and optimisation for additional parameters such as the fuel-ion ratio.
The following article is
Open access
Advancements in a test stand for Inner System electrical links for the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) upgrade Pixel detector
A.C. Mullins
et al
2026
JINST
21
C04068
View article
, Advancements in a test stand for Inner System electrical links for the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) upgrade Pixel detector
PDF
, Advancements in a test stand for Inner System electrical links for the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) upgrade Pixel detector
This contribution presents progress made in the development of a dedicated test stand designed to evaluate the signal transmission integrity of approximately 9,000 electrical links used in the Inner System (IS) of the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) upgrade Pixel detector. The quality control (QC) method of choice is a pre-existing multi-channel FPGA data acquisition architecture that has the capability of producing Bit Error Rate (BER) tests and virtual eye diagrams at a data rate of 1.28 Gb/s. This paper includes developments in the calibration of the QC infrastructure as well as results from the first IS prototype bundle.
The following article is
Open access
Towards large databases analysis for reactors-relevant studies on high electron temperature measurement discrepancy
Luca Senni
et al
2026
JINST
21
C04069
View article
, Towards large databases analysis for reactors-relevant studies on high electron temperature measurement discrepancy
PDF
, Towards large databases analysis for reactors-relevant studies on high electron temperature measurement discrepancy
Accurate electron temperature (Te) measurements are critical for future reactors such as ITER, CFETR, and DEMO, where core T
is expected to exceed 25 keV [1-3]. However, in current tokamaks, core electron temperature measurements become increasingly challenging at high values (typically above 6–7 keV), where discrepancies frequently arise between diagnostics such as Thomson Scattering (TS) and Electron cyclotron emission (ECE). These discrepancies highlight both a diagnostic challenge and an opportunity to deepen the understanding of core plasma physics. Recent studies have provided further insights into these phenomena, clarifying key physical aspects, and yielding more substantial results [4-8]. Nevertheless, a broader experimental database remains essential to validate and support the physical hypotheses developed in recent years.

This contribution reports on
preliminary results obtained from the analysis of the entire JET-DTE3 dataset, providing a status update on our ongoing research. Specifically, we focus on the methodological advancements and the analytical tools recently developed to manage the unprecedented volume of data within the DTE3 database. This framework enables a deep investigation into the T
discrepancy, marking the first time this phenomenon has been systematically studied across such an extensive and statistically significant dataset. This work is conducted within the framework of the International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) JEX#17 on `High Electron Temperature Measurements', which aims to compare data collected across multiple fusion devices to systematically identify the origin of the observed Te discrepancy.
Using machine learning for particle identification in ALICE
Łukasz Kamil Graczykowski
et al
2022
JINST
17
C07016
View article
, Using machine learning for particle identification in ALICE
PDF
, Using machine learning for particle identification in ALICE
Particle identification (PID) is one of the main strengths of the ALICE experiment at the LHC. It is a crucial ingredient for detailed studies of the strongly interacting matter formed in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions. ALICE provides PID information via various experimental techniques, allowing for the identification of particles over a broad momentum range (from around 100 MeV/
to around 50 GeV/
). The main challenge is how to combine the information from various detectors effectively. Therefore, PID represents a model classification problem, which can be addressed using Machine Learning (ML) solutions. Moreover, the complexity of the detector and richness of the detection techniques make PID an interesting area of research also for the computer science community. In this work, we show the current status of the ML approach to PID in ALICE. We discuss the preliminary work with the Random Forest approach for the LHC Run 2 and a more advanced solution based on Domain Adaptation Neural Networks, including a proposal for its future implementation within the ALICE computing software for the upcoming LHC Run 3.
Fast wave interferometer for ion density measurement on DIII-D
T. Akiyama
et al
2022
JINST
17
C01052
View article
, Fast wave interferometer for ion density measurement on DIII-D
PDF
, Fast wave interferometer for ion density measurement on DIII-D
A fast wave interferometer (FWI), which can measure ion mass density, has been developed on DIII-D for its use on future fusion reactors, as well as for the study of ion behavior in current plasma devices. The frequency of the fast waves used for the FWI is around 60 MHz, and require antennas and coaxial cables or waveguides, which, unlike traditional mirror-based optical interferometers, are less susceptible to neutron/gamma-ray radiation and are relatively immune to impurity deposition and erosion as well as alignment issues. The bulk ion density evaluated using FWI show good agreement with that derived from CO
interferometry within about 15%. When the ion mass density measurement by FWI is combined with an electron density measurement from CO
interferometry,
eff
measurements are also enabled and are in agreement with those from visible Bremsstrahlung measurements. Additionally, large-bandwidth FWI measurements clearly resolve 10–100 kHz coherent modes and demonstrate its potential as a core fluctuation diagnostic, sensitive to both magnetic and ion density perturbations.
Passive acoustic monitoring of cetaceans with KM3NeT acoustic receivers
C. Guidi
et al
2021
JINST
16
C10004
View article
, Passive acoustic monitoring of cetaceans with KM3NeT acoustic receivers
PDF
, Passive acoustic monitoring of cetaceans with KM3NeT acoustic receivers
KM3NeT (Cubic Kilometer Neutrino Telescope) is a research infrastructure that comprises two underwater neutrino detectors located at different sites in the Mediterranean Sea: KM3NeT-Fr (ORCA) (offshore the coast of Toulon, France, at a depth of around 2500 m) and KM3NeT-It (ARCA) (off Capo Passero, Sicily, Italy, at a depth of around 3500 m). The experiment consists of vertical structures, called strings, along which the optical modules are positioned. A hydrophone, located on the base of each string, is used for the reconstruction of the position of the KM3NeT elements with an accuracy of 10 cm. The presence of acoustic sensors in an underwater environment gives the opportunity to detect and study the sound emissions of marine mammals present in the area. The presented work describes the identification programs of the signals emitted by dolphins (clicks and whistles) and sperm whales (clicks) and the results of the analysis of real data collected between spring 2020 and spring 2021.
The following article is
Open access
Kinematics reconstruction of the EAS-like events registered by the TUS detector
S. Sharakin and O.I. Ruiz Hernandez 2021
JINST
16
T07013
View article
, Kinematics reconstruction of the EAS-like events registered by the TUS detector
PDF
, Kinematics reconstruction of the EAS-like events registered by the TUS detector
The Tracking Ultraviolet Set-up (TUS) is the world’s first orbital imaging detector of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) and it operated in 2016–2017 as part of the scientific equipment of the Lomonosov satellite. The TUS was developed and manufactured as a prototype of the larger project K-EUSO with the main purpose of testing the efficiency of the method for measuring the ultraviolet signal of extensive air shower (EAS) in the Earth’s night atmosphere. Despite the low spatial resolution (∼5 × 5 km
at sea level), several events were recorded which are very similar to EAS as for the signal profile and kinematics. Reconstruction of the parameters of such events is complicated by a short track length, an asymmetry of the image, and an uncertainty in the sensitivity distribution of the TUS channels. An advanced method was developed for the determination of event kinematic parameters including its arrival direction. In the present article, this method is applied for the analysis of 6 EAS-like events recorded by the TUS detector. All events have an out of space arrival direction with zenith angles less than 40°. Remarkably they were found to be over the land rather close to United States airports, which indicates a possible anthropogenic nature of the phenomenon. Detailed analysis revealed a correlation of the reconstructed tracks with direction to airport runways and Very High Frequency (VHF) omnidirectional range stations. The method developed here for reliable reconstruction of kinematic parameters of the track-like events, registered in low spatial resolution, will be useful in future space missions, such as K-EUSO.
Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics
V Chepel and H Araújo 2013
JINST
R04001
View article
, Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics
PDF
, Liquid noble gas detectors for low energy particle physics
We review the current status of liquid noble gas radiation
detectors with energy threshold in the keV range, which are of interest
for direct dark matter searches, measurement of coherent neutrino
scattering and other low energy particle physics experiments.
Emphasis is given to the operation principles and the most important
instrumentation aspects of these detectors, principally of those
operated in the double-phase mode. Recent technological advances and
relevant developments in photon detection and charge readout are
discussed in the context of their applicability to those experiments.
The following article is
Open access
VUV reflectance measurements for materials relevant to argon and xenon experiments
J. Soto-Oton
et al
2026
JINST
21
C04065
View article
, VUV reflectance measurements for materials relevant to argon and xenon experiments
PDF
, VUV reflectance measurements for materials relevant to argon and xenon experiments
Accurate knowledge of material reflectance in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) range is crucial for optimizing photon detection in noble gas detectors such as DUNE. Despite its importance, reflectance values for detector materials in the VUV region remain poorly characterized, with literature values showing significant variation depending on surface termination and finish. An angular-resolved reflectance measurement system developed at the Instituto de Física Corpuscular at Valencia (IFIC) that operates in a gaseous argon atmosphere is presented, enabling realistic measurements of detector materials under controlled conditions. The setup couples a deuterium lamp to a monochromator and employs a motorized PMT rotating around the sample to measure reflected light distributions across a wide angular range. We have characterized two key DUNE materials — aluminum field cage profiles and stainless steel cryostat membranes — in both the UV-VIS (300–500 nm) and VUV (128–200 nm) ranges. In the UV-VIS region, we confirm literature values of approximately 60% reflectance for aluminum and 40% for stainless steel. Preliminary VUV measurements at 45° angle of incidence yield reflectance values of 10–15% for both materials, significantly lower than their UV-VIS counterparts. The reflected light distributions exhibit a mixed character between specular and diffuse reflection. These results have direct implications for detector simulations and light yield predictions in next-generation experiments.
The following article is
Open access
PRISME: a radiation tolerant low power Phase-Locked Loop in a 65 nm technology for precision clocking at EIC
F. Bouyjou
et al
2026
JINST
21
C04066
View article
, PRISME: a radiation tolerant low power Phase-Locked Loop in a 65 nm technology for precision clocking at EIC
PDF
, PRISME: a radiation tolerant low power Phase-Locked Loop in a 65 nm technology for precision clocking at EIC
The proposed PRISME chip contains a new Phase-Locked Loop IP block for clock signal
generation with a jitter lower than 10 ps and a radiation tolerance up to 300 Mrad. To be
compatible with a large range of applications at the Electron-Ion Collider and at the Large Hadron
Collider, it needs to accept a large input frequency range (80 MHz and 100 MHz), with output
frequencies within 1.6–2 GHz. It is designed in TSMC 65 nm technology to allow its
integration in future readout ASICs, such as the SALSA chip for readout of micro pattern gaseous
detectors. Test results in agreement with simulations are well within the application requirements
of the SALSA ASIC. The Phase-Locked Loop occupies an area of 0.07 mm
and consumes 6.2 mA
from a 1.2 V supply. The output jitter integrated from 5 kHz to 80 MHz is 1.26 ps rms for a
frequency division ratio of 20.
The following article is
Open access
Measuring ion dynamics in the core of European DEMO: a design space exploration for collective Thomson scattering
J.L. Flocken
et al
2026
JINST
21
C04067
View article
, Measuring ion dynamics in the core of European DEMO: a design space exploration for collective Thomson scattering
PDF
, Measuring ion dynamics in the core of European DEMO: a design space exploration for collective Thomson scattering
Among the feasible options for diagnostics on burning plasma devices, collective Thomson scattering (CTS) is a promising technique for monitoring core ion dynamics. This work aims to identify an optimised CTS configuration for the European DEMOnstration power plant (DEMO) using an accuracy-driven approach. The optimisation procedure combines ray tracing, forward modelling of CTS spectra, and Bayesian inversion to evaluate predicted measurement uncertainties for key plasma parameters.
We apply the optimisation methodology to the 2024 low-aspect-ratio DEMO design point. By scanning over the choices of probe frequency, receiver launch angle, and mirror positions, we optimise the CTS system for simultaneous measurements of the ion temperature
, the bulk ion rotation velocity
, and the alpha particle density
in the centre of the plasma. To inform the optimisation, we estimate the intrinsic toroidal rotation profile, obtaining a core rotation velocity of about 70 km/s. The resulting CTS configuration achieves predicted measurement uncertainties of approximately 4% for
, 19% for
, and 5% for
at a time resolution of 0.5 s.
These results confirm the potential of CTS as a core diagnostic for DEMO and provide a foundation for future work, including sensitivity studies and optimisation for additional parameters such as the fuel-ion ratio.
The following article is
Open access
Advancements in a test stand for Inner System electrical links for the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) upgrade Pixel detector
A.C. Mullins
et al
2026
JINST
21
C04068
View article
, Advancements in a test stand for Inner System electrical links for the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) upgrade Pixel detector
PDF
, Advancements in a test stand for Inner System electrical links for the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) upgrade Pixel detector
This contribution presents progress made in the development of a dedicated test stand designed to evaluate the signal transmission integrity of approximately 9,000 electrical links used in the Inner System (IS) of the ATLAS Inner Tracker (ITk) upgrade Pixel detector. The quality control (QC) method of choice is a pre-existing multi-channel FPGA data acquisition architecture that has the capability of producing Bit Error Rate (BER) tests and virtual eye diagrams at a data rate of 1.28 Gb/s. This paper includes developments in the calibration of the QC infrastructure as well as results from the first IS prototype bundle.
The following article is
Open access
Towards large databases analysis for reactors-relevant studies on high electron temperature measurement discrepancy
Luca Senni
et al
2026
JINST
21
C04069
View article
, Towards large databases analysis for reactors-relevant studies on high electron temperature measurement discrepancy
PDF
, Towards large databases analysis for reactors-relevant studies on high electron temperature measurement discrepancy
Accurate electron temperature (Te) measurements are critical for future reactors such as ITER, CFETR, and DEMO, where core T
is expected to exceed 25 keV [1-3]. However, in current tokamaks, core electron temperature measurements become increasingly challenging at high values (typically above 6–7 keV), where discrepancies frequently arise between diagnostics such as Thomson Scattering (TS) and Electron cyclotron emission (ECE). These discrepancies highlight both a diagnostic challenge and an opportunity to deepen the understanding of core plasma physics. Recent studies have provided further insights into these phenomena, clarifying key physical aspects, and yielding more substantial results [4-8]. Nevertheless, a broader experimental database remains essential to validate and support the physical hypotheses developed in recent years.

In particular, the FD Photon Detection System (PDS) is critical for the DUNE physics program. The topology of a neutrino interaction in the LArTPC is reconstructed from the tracks of secondary charged particles, which produce scintillation light and ionization charge carriers during their propagation in LAr. The reference time of the event is provided by the scintillation light, detected by X-ARAPUCA modules, i.e. photon traps consisting of a box with highly reflective internal walls instrumented with an array of Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SiPMs).

In this paper, the designs of the DUNE PDS of the first two modules are presented, along with first
results from ProtoDUNE-HD and ProtoDUNE-VD PDS operations. The preliminary results demonstrate the
successful operation of the PDS, marking a crucial step toward validating the horizontal and
vertical drift designs for the first FD modules.
The following article is
Open access
Ultra-fast Small Angle Calorimeter for photon detection at KOTO II
P. Fedeli
et al
2026
JINST
21
C04071
View article
, Ultra-fast Small Angle Calorimeter for photon detection at KOTO II
PDF
, Ultra-fast Small Angle Calorimeter for photon detection at KOTO II
KOTO-II at J-PARC is proposed to extend the search for the ultra-rare decay
by operating at substantially higher beam intensity than KOTO.
In this regime, the Beam Hole Photon Veto (BHPV) must provide excellent timing performance and excellent
/hadron discrimination to identify background photons and beam-induced activity. Given the time resolution of the lead-aerogel Cherenkov BHPV used in KOTO, a ∼19% nominal beam loss is expected under KOTO-II conditions.

As an alternative, we propose a compact and highly granular Small Angle Calorimeter (SAC) based on ultra-fast
lead-tungstate crystals read out with fast photomultiplier tubes, aiming to improve timing and reduce accidental veto losses.
A SAC prototype consisting of two 3 × 3 PWO-UF crystal layers was tested at the CERN PS T9 beamline with Hamamatsu R9880 and R14755 metal-channel photomultipliers.
In parallel, the crystals were characterized with high-resolution X-ray diffraction to quantify
their orientation and enable measurements with aligned crystals.
We present an overview of the detector R&D and the first beam test results on energy response and time resolution.
The following article is
Open access
Multi-photomultiplier detectors in the Water Cherenkov Test Experiment
B. Piotrowski and the the Hyper-Kamiokande and the Water Cherenkov Test Experiment collaborations 2026
JINST
21
C04072
View article
, Multi-photomultiplier detectors in the Water Cherenkov Test Experiment
PDF
, Multi-photomultiplier detectors in the Water Cherenkov Test Experiment
The Water Cherenkov Test Experiment (WCTE) at CERN was a prototype facility designed to evaluate technologies for water Cherenkov detectors, which will be used in the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment. WCTE was instrumented with 97 multi-photomultiplier (multi-PMT) modules, each containing 19 three-inch photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and associated front-end electronics. In this work, we present the design and production of multi-PMT modules, the methods used for gain and timing calibration, and studies of PMT internal properties, including afterpulses and residual gas identification. Calibration procedures achieve sub-nanosecond timing resolution and uniform gain across modules. The data collected allow evaluation of particle identification capabilities and detector response to various charged particles, providing essential input for the design and operation of future large-scale water Cherenkov detectors.
The following article is
Open access
The normalisation workflow and post-processing pipeline for Neutron Resonance Transmission Imaging at the INES beamline
G. Marcucci 2026
JINST
21
C04074
View article
, The normalisation workflow and post-processing pipeline for Neutron Resonance Transmission Imaging at the INES beamline
PDF
, The normalisation workflow and post-processing pipeline for Neutron Resonance Transmission Imaging at the INES beamline
Neutron Resonance Transmission Imaging (NRTI) is an energy-dependent method based on event-mode acquisition of time-of-flight radiographs over a white neutron beam. NRTI enables the identification and mapping of elements and isotopes within the bulk of a sample with enhanced contrast, providing complementary capabilities of conventional imaging methods. Its growing adoption within the user community of the ISIS Neutron and Muon Source underscores the need for a standardised and reproducible data reduction framework to ensure consistent results. A dedicated effort towards its end-user optimisation is underway at the INES beamline of the ISIS facility. This work focuses on NRTI data treatment, detailing the normalisation pipeline and post-processing steps for qualitative isotopes and elements mapping. The methodology is demonstrated through a practical example, highlighting the steps required to achieve transmission data suitable for post-processing analysis.
The following article is
Open access
Optimal operating parameters for next-generation xenon gas time projection chambers
K. Mistry
et al
2026
JINST
21
P04035
View article
, Optimal operating parameters for next-generation xenon gas time projection chambers
PDF
, Optimal operating parameters for next-generation xenon gas time projection chambers
The next-generation of neutrinoless double beta decay
(0
νββ
) searches are targeting half-life sensitivities
towards 10
27
–10
28
years. Gaseous xenon time projection
chamber (GXeTPC) detectors may be able to meet this challenge due to
their excellent energy resolution and background rejection power
through event visualization. This paper explores how the design
choices of a next-generation GXeTPC time projection chamber can
impact the overall performance of the experiment. We study the
performance of systems using xenon enriched in the isotope
136
Xe or natural xenon, focusing on scenarios that incorporate
one tonne of
136
Xe isotope. The detector size, copper shielding
mass, energy resolution, density (using pressure at 293 K for
convenience), and corresponding levels of diffusion are surveyed to
evaluate the overall performance dependencies on these parameters. A
detector optimized for using enriched xenon is preferred over
natural, due primarily to a factor of 10 lower background rate
driven by the large intrinsic backgrounds introduced by the copper
shielding used in the detector. The performance of three types of
gas TPC technologies was also explored based on different gas
additives used to reduce diffusion to different levels. For all TPC
technologies, we find background rates of a fraction of a count per
tonne year in the region of interest are achievable. These
performance levels are contingent on suitable energy resolution and
event position placement in the drift direction being achieved for
the specific detector technology. Performance for enriched xenon
TPCs varies mildly with pressure in the range 5 to 25 bars, reaching
background levels below 0.2 events/tonne-year. Performance at one
bar is worse by approximately a factor of four. When considerations
for the construction of the detector in addition to the selection
performance are included, there may be no clearly optimum
pressure.
More Open Access articles
The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC
The CMS Collaboration
et al
2008
JINST
S08004
View article
, The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC
PDF
, The CMS experiment at the CERN LHC
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is described. The
detector operates at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. It was
conceived to study proton-proton (and lead-lead) collisions at a
centre-of-mass energy of 14 TeV (5.5 TeV nucleon-nucleon) and at
luminosities up to 10
34
cm
−2
−1
(10
27
cm
−2
−1
). At the core of the CMS detector sits a
high-magnetic-field and large-bore superconducting solenoid
surrounding an all-silicon pixel and strip tracker, a lead-tungstate
scintillating-crystals electromagnetic calorimeter, and a
brass-scintillator sampling hadron calorimeter. The iron yoke of the
flux-return is instrumented with four stations of muon detectors
covering most of the 4π solid angle. Forward sampling
calorimeters extend the pseudorapidity coverage to high values
(|η| ⩽ 5) assuring very good hermeticity. The overall
dimensions of the CMS detector are a length of 21.6 m, a diameter of
14.6 m and a total weight of 12500 t.
LHC Machine
Lyndon Evans and Philip Bryant 2008
JINST
S08001
View article
, LHC Machine
PDF
, LHC Machine
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN near Geneva is the
world's newest and most powerful tool for Particle Physics
research. It is designed to collide proton beams with a centre-of-mass
energy of 14 TeV and an unprecedented luminosity of 10
34
cm
−2
−1
. It
can also collide heavy (Pb) ions with an energy of 2.8 TeV per nucleon
and a peak luminosity of 10
27
cm
−2
−1
. In this paper, the machine
design is described.
The LHCb Detector at the LHC
The LHCb Collaboration
et al
2008
JINST
S08005
View article
, The LHCb Detector at the LHC
PDF
, The LHCb Detector at the LHC
The LHCb experiment is dedicated to precision measurements
of CP violation and rare decays of B hadrons at the Large Hadron
Collider (LHC) at CERN (Geneva). The initial configuration and
expected performance of the detector and associated systems, as
established by test beam measurements and simulation studies, is
described.
The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
The ALICE Collaboration
et al
2008
JINST
S08002
View article
, The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
PDF
, The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a general-purpose, heavy-ion
detector at the CERN LHC which focuses on QCD, the strong-interaction
sector of the Standard Model. It is designed to address the physics of
strongly interacting matter and the quark-gluon plasma at extreme values
of energy density and temperature in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Besides
running with Pb ions, the physics programme includes collisions with
lighter ions, lower energy running and dedicated proton-nucleus runs.
ALICE will also take data with proton beams at the top LHC energy to
collect reference data for the heavy-ion programme and to address several
QCD topics for which ALICE is complementary to the other LHC detectors.
The ALICE detector has been built by a collaboration including currently
over 1000 physicists and engineers from 105 Institutes in 30 countries.
Its overall dimensions are 16 × 16 × 26 m
with a total weight
of approximately
10 000 t. The experiment consists of 18 different detector systems each
with its own specific technology choice and design constraints, driven
both by the physics requirements and the experimental conditions expected
at LHC. The most stringent design constraint is to cope with the extreme
particle multiplicity anticipated in central Pb-Pb collisions. The
different subsystems were optimized to provide high-momentum
resolution as well as excellent Particle Identification (PID) over a broad
range in momentum, up to the highest multiplicities predicted for LHC.
This will allow for comprehensive studies of hadrons, electrons, muons,
and photons produced in the collision of heavy nuclei.
Most detector systems are scheduled to be installed and ready for data
taking by mid-2008 when the LHC is scheduled to start operation,
with the exception of
parts of the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), Transition Radiation Detector
(TRD) and Electro Magnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). These detectors will be
completed for the high-luminosity ion run expected in 2010.

This paper describes in detail the detector components as
installed for the first data taking in the summer of 2008.
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: instrumentation and online systems
M.G. Aartsen
et al
2017
JINST
12
P03012
View article
, The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: instrumentation and online systems
PDF
, The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: instrumentation and online systems
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic-kilometer-scale high-energy neutrino detector built into the ice at the South Pole. Construction of IceCube, the largest neutrino detector built to date, was completed in 2011 and enabled the discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. We describe here the design, production, and calibration of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM), the cable systems, computing hardware, and our methodology for drilling and deployment. We also describe the online triggering and data filtering systems that select candidate neutrino and cosmic ray events for analysis. Due to a rigorous pre-deployment protocol, 98.4% of the DOMs in the deep ice are operating and collecting data. IceCube routinely achieves a detector uptime of 99% by emphasizing software stability and monitoring. Detector operations have been stable since construction was completed, and the detector is expected to operate at least until the end of the next decade.
The following article is
Open access
The CMS trigger system
V. Khachatryan
et al
2017
JINST
12
P01020
View article
, The CMS trigger system
PDF
, The CMS trigger system
This paper describes the CMS trigger system and its performance during Run 1 of the LHC. The trigger system consists of two levels designed to select events of potential physics interest from a GHz (MHz) interaction rate of proton-proton (heavy ion) collisions. The first level of the trigger is implemented in hardware, and selects events containing detector signals consistent with an electron, photon, muon, τ lepton, jet, or missing transverse energy. A programmable menu of up to 128 object-based algorithms is used to select events for subsequent processing. The trigger thresholds are adjusted to the LHC instantaneous luminosity during data taking in order to restrict the output rate to 100 kHz, the upper limit imposed by the CMS readout electronics. The second level, implemented in software, further refines the purity of the output stream, selecting an average rate of 400 Hz for offline event storage. The objectives, strategy and performance of the trigger system during the LHC Run 1 are described.
The following article is
Open access
The new LUCID-2 detector for luminosity measurement and monitoring in ATLAS
G. Avoni
et al
2018
JINST
13
P07017
View article
, The new LUCID-2 detector for luminosity measurement and monitoring in ATLAS
PDF
, The new LUCID-2 detector for luminosity measurement and monitoring in ATLAS
The ATLAS luminosity monitor, LUCID (
LU
minosity
herenkov
ntegrating
etector), had to be upgraded for the second run of the LHC accelerator that started in spring 2015. The increased energy of the proton beams and the higher luminosity required a redesign of LUCID to cope with the more demanding conditions. The novelty of the LUCID-2 detector is that it uses the thin quartz windows of photomultipliers as Cherenkov medium and a small amounts of radioactive
207
Bi sources deposited on to these windows to monitor the gain stability of the photomultipliers. The result is a fast and accurate luminosity determination that can be kept stable during many months of data taking. LUCID-2 can also measure the luminosity accurately online for each of the up to 2808 colliding bunch pairs in the LHC . These bunch pairs are separated by only 25 ns and new electronics has been built that can count not only the number of pulses above threshold but also integrate the pulses.
Timepix3: a 65K channel hybrid pixel readout chip with simultaneous ToA/ToT and sparse readout
T Poikela
et al
2014
JINST
C05013
View article
, Timepix3: a 65K channel hybrid pixel readout chip with simultaneous ToA/ToT and sparse readout
PDF
, Timepix3: a 65K channel hybrid pixel readout chip with simultaneous ToA/ToT and sparse readout
The Timepix3, hybrid pixel detector (HPD) readout chip, a successor to the Timepix \cite{timepix2007} chip, can record time-of-arrival (ToA) and time-over-threshold (ToT)
simultaneously in each pixel.
ToA information is recorded in a 14-bit register at 40 MHz and can be refined by a further 4 bits
with a nominal resolution of 1.5625 ns (640 MHz). ToT is recorded in a 10-bit overflow controlled
counter at 40 MHz. Pixels can be programmed to record 14 bits of integral ToT and 10 bits of event
counting, both at 40 MHz. The chip is designed in 130 nm CMOS and contains
256 × 256 pixel channels (55 × 55 μm
).
The chip, which has more than 170 M transistors, has been conceived as a general-purpose
readout chip for HPDs used in a wide range of applications. Common requirements of these
applications are operation without a trigger signal, and sparse readout where only pixels containing
event information are read out.
A new architecture has been designed for sparse readout and can achieve a throughput of up to 40 Mhits/s/cm
The flexible architecture offers readout schemes ranging from serial (one link) readout (40 Mbps) to
faster parallel (up to 8 links) readout of 5.12 Gbps. In the ToA/ToT operation mode, readout is simultaneous with
data acquisition thus keeping pixels sensitive at all times. The pixel matrix is formed by super pixel (SP)
structures of 2 × 4 pixels. This optimizes resources by sharing the pixel
readout logic which transports data from SPs to End-of-Column (EoC) using a 2-phase handshake
protocol.
To reduce power consumption in applications with a low duty cycle,
an on-chip power pulsing scheme has been implemented. The logic switches bias currents
of the analog front-ends in a sequential manner, and all front-ends can be switched in 800 ns.
The digital design uses a mixture of commercial and custom standard cell libraries and was verified
using Open Verification Methodology (OVM) and commercial timing analysis tools. The analog
front-end and a voltage-controlled oscillator for 1.5625 ns timing resolution have been designed using full
custom techniques.
The following article is
Open access
Performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger in proton-proton collisions at √
= 13 TeV
A.M. Sirunyan
et al
2020
JINST
15
P10017
View article
, Performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV
PDF
, Performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger in proton-proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV
At the start of Run 2 in 2015, the LHC delivered proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13\TeV. During Run 2 (years 2015–2018) the LHC eventually reached a luminosity of 2.1× 10
34
cm
-2
-1
, almost three times that reached during Run 1 (2009–2013) and a factor of two larger than the LHC design value, leading to events with up to a mean of about 50 simultaneous inelastic proton-proton collisions per bunch crossing (pileup). The CMS Level-1 trigger was upgraded prior to 2016 to improve the selection of physics events in the challenging conditions posed by the second run of the LHC. This paper describes the performance of the CMS Level-1 trigger upgrade during the data taking period of 2016–2018. The upgraded trigger implements pattern recognition and boosted decision tree regression techniques for muon reconstruction, includes pileup subtraction for jets and energy sums, and incorporates pileup-dependent isolation requirements for electrons and tau leptons. In addition, the new trigger calculates high-level quantities such as the invariant mass of pairs of reconstructed particles. The upgrade reduces the trigger rate from background processes and improves the trigger efficiency for a wide variety of physics signals.
The following article is
Open access
Performance of the ATLAS muon triggers in Run 2
G. Aad
et al
2020
JINST
15
P09015
View article
, Performance of the ATLAS muon triggers in Run 2
PDF
, Performance of the ATLAS muon triggers in Run 2
The performance of the ATLAS muon trigger system is evaluated with proton-proton (
pp
) and heavy-ion (HI) collision data collected in Run 2 during 2015–2018 at the Large Hadron Collider. It is primarily evaluated using events containing a pair of muons from the decay of
bosons to cover the intermediate momentum range between 26 GeV and 100 GeV. Overall, the efficiency of the single-muon triggers is about 68% in the barrel region and 85% in the endcap region. The
range for efficiency determination is extended by using muons from decays of
ψ mesons,
bosons, and top quarks. The performance in HI collision data is measured and shows good agreement with the results obtained in
pp
collisions. The muon trigger shows uniform and stable performance in good agreement with the prediction of a detailed simulation. Dedicated multi-muon triggers with kinematic selections provide the backbone to beauty, quarkonia, and low-mass physics studies. The design, evolution and performance of these triggers are discussed in detail.
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2006-present
Journal of Instrumentation
doi: 10.1088/issn.1748-0221
Online ISSN: 1748-0221