Criminal justice trends vary by state—now more than ever. Decision-makers need up-to-date, state-specific data to navigate today’s challenges. These snapshots pull together the most recent data for each state on crime, arrests, behavioral health, workforce, recidivism, and more in one place.
To help put your state’s trends in context, request a briefing from our justice data experts by contacting Madeleine Dardeau at [email protected].
Despite concerns about increasing violent crime, far more people die due to suicide, alcohol, and drugs than homicide in the United States.
Nationally, nearly four times more people died of drug overdoses and more than twice as many people died from suicide compared to homicide in 2024.
In the United States in 2024, 75,264 people died from drug overdoses, 48,877 people died by suicide, 46,769 deaths were alcohol induced, and 20,255 people were victims of homicide.
Cause of death
Rate per 100k residents, United States
CDC National Center for Health Statistics
Behavioral health service providers
People involved in the criminal justice system are also often utilizers of behavioral health services. However, this means that the justice system can become a provider of last resort when these services are not available or are insufficient to meet a person’s needs. These people can often be served more effectively and at lower cost through robust community-based behavioral health services.
Number of behavioral health providers
United States
BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics
By 2038, the projected number of addiction counselors, mental health counselors, and psychologists in the United States is estimated to be less than the projected need.
Projected supply and demand of behavioral health providers
United States
HRSA National Center for Health Workforce Analysis
Substance use challenges and needs
State and local leaders face significant mental health, substance use, and housing challenges in their communities. Cross-system collaboration between public safety, health, and housing organizations and agencies is critical to improving outcomes for people in the justice system.
Share of adults reporting alcohol or drug misuse in the past year
United States, 2024
SAMHSA National Survey on Drug Use and Health
Based on admissions data from substance abuse treatment facilities, in 2023, 269,018 people in the United States were admitted for alcohol use, 202,502 for methamphetamine use, and 179,515 for other opioid use.
SAMHSA Treatment Episode Data Set
In 2024, 43 percent of drug overdose deaths in the United States were due to fentanyl or tramadol. There were 5.1 times more fentanyl deaths in 2024 than in 2015.
Deaths due to overdose by drug type
United States
CDC National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System
Mental health needs and services
The need for behavioral health services in the country is substantial.
60,080,000
adults in the United States experienced mental illness in 2024.
14,599,000
adults in the United States experienced serious mental illness in 2024.
60,071,000
adults in the United States received mental health treatment of any kind in 2024.
40,731,000
adults in the United States needed, but did not receive, treatment at a specialized facility for substance use in 2024.
SAMHSA National Survey on Drug Use and Health
Since 2014, the share of people in the United States without health insurance has decreased from 11.7 percent to 8.2 percent of the total community population.
Share of community population by health insurance coverage type
United States
U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey
Homelessness and poverty
771,480 people in the United States were experiencing homelessness in January 2024. The national rate of homelessness is 227 per 100,000 residents
People experiencing homelessness
Rate per 100k residents, CSG Regions, 2024
HUD Annual Homelessness Assessment Report
7,453,527
people in the United States were unemployed in December 2025.
The national unemployment rate is 4.4 percent.
BLS Local Area Unemployment Statistics
40,354,267
people in the United States had incomes below the federal poverty level in 2024.
The national poverty rate is 12.1 percent.
U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey
Share of renters with high rent burden
United States
U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey
In the United States in 2024, 11,200,981 people (26 percent of all renters) had rent that was more than half their incomes.
Between 2021 and 2024, violent crime fell in 44 states and rose in 7 states (plus D.C.).
Percent change in violent crime, 2021 to 2024
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS
The FBI stopped Uniform Crime Reporting Program Summary Reporting System (SRS) data collection after data year 2020 and required law enforcement agencies to use the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) to report crime statistics to the FBI. This change decreased the number of agencies that submitted their crime data and thus reduced the reliability of state estimates in 2021. In 2022 and 2023, the FBI allowed agencies who were unable to submit NIBRS data to submit SRS data again. Ninety-four percent of the U.S. population was covered in the 2023 crime data submissions to the FBI, with most states providing close to complete data. However, the population upon which the estimates were derived decreased by over 10 percent in three states: Florida, Mississippi, and Wyoming, so conclusions about crime changes in those states should be interpreted with additional caution.
Murder is down 19 percent in 2025 compared to 2024.
Yearly murders
592 agencies, January–December
Figure was recreated from AH Datalytics Real-Time Crime Index (RTCI), February 17, 2026
In 592 agencies that reported murder data in 2025, 294 agencies had fewer murders in 2025 than in 2024. In data reported by agencies during January–December, there have been 1,645 fewer murders in 2025 compared to 2024.
Reported property and violent crime rates
There were 5,986,400 property index crime incidents reported to police in the United States in 2024.
Nationally, the property crime rate was 1,760 per 100,000 residents.
Property index crime reported to police
Rate per 100k residents, CSG Regions, 2024
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS
There were 1,221,345 violent index crime incidents reported to police in the United States in 2024.
Nationally, the violent crime rate was 359 per 100,000 residents.
Violent index crime reported to police
Rate per 100k residents, CSG Regions, 2024
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS
Property crime trends
In 2024, the property crime rate in the United States was 1,760 per 100,000 residents. Between 2014 and 2024, property crime decreased by 32 percent in the United States.
Property index crime reported to police
Rate per 100k residents
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS
Burglary decreased by 57 percent, the largest change of any property crime. The next largest change was larceny, which decreased by 30 percent.
Property index crime reported to police by offense
Rate per 100k residents
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS
Violent crime trends
In 2024, the violent crime rate in the United States was 359 per 100,000 residents. Between 2014 and 2024, violent crime decreased by 4 percent in the United States.
Violent index crime reported to police
Rate per 100k residents
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS
Robbery decreased by 40 percent, the largest change of any violent crime. The next largest change was homicide, which increased by 12 percent.
Violent index crime reported to police by offense
Rate per 100k residents
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS
Homicide in rural and urban areas
Focusing just on crime in urban areas ignores a growing challenge in rural America where nationally, homicides increased 47 percent between 2014 and 2024, from 3.1 per 100k to 4.6 per 100k.
Homicides by jurisdiction type
Rate per 100k residents, 3-year moving average, United States
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS
United States law enforcement agencies with the highest homicide rates, 2024
| Agency | Jurisdiction Type | Number of homicides | Homicide rate per 100k |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pembroke Police Department | Small city, North Carolina | 9 | 317.3 |
| East Lansdowne Borough Police Department | Small city, Pennsylvania | 7 | 261.3 |
| Brighton Police Department | Small city, Alabama | 5 | 226.6 |
| Riverview Police Department | Small city, Missouri | 5 | 216.8 |
| Madison Parish Sheriff's Office | Rural, Louisiana | 6 | 172.0 |
Jurisdiction Types
Large city
Population greater than 250k
Medium city
Population between 50k and 250k
Small city
Population less than 50k
Suburban
Non-city within a metropolitan area
Rural
Not in a metropolitan area
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS Includes agencies with 5 or more reported homicides.
The rate of property victimizations in 2024 was 72 percent lower than in 1993.
Property victimizations
Rate per 100k households, United States
State-reported data compiled by BJS: National Crime Victimization Survey
The rate of violent victimizations in 2024 was 71 percent lower than in 1993.
Violent victimizations
Rate per 100k residents, United States
State-reported data compiled by BJS: National Crime Victimization Survey
In 2023, state, local, and district governments in the United States spent $151,606,015,000 on law enforcement services. This was 3.2 percent of the overall state, local, and district expenditures and $453 per resident.
Law enforcement expenditures
Total per resident, CSG Regions, 2023
U.S. Census Bureau Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances
Police officers and detectives employed
Rate per 100k residents
BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics
Police officers and detectives per violent crime
Rate per reported violent crime incidents
BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: UCR Program SRS
Law enforcement staffing can impact how agencies allocate resources to solve violent crime. For example, severe staff shortages can reduce investigative personnel or increase the number of cases that individual officers are managing. It is critical that agencies have the personnel to implement effective evidence-based policing strategies in collaboration with their communities.
Unsolved violent crime
Between 2014 and 2024, the number of violent crimes reported to law enforcement that were not cleared by an arrest or other means increased. Nationally, 56 percent of violent crimes known to law enforcement went unsolved in 2024.
Unsolved rate of violent crime reported to police
United States
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS
In the United States, 56 percent of violent crimes were not solved in 2024. Rape was the violent crime least frequently solved in 2024, with 73 percent of incidents reported to police not solved.
Agencies with the lowest rate of unsolved violent crimes in the United States:
- Cumberland County Sheriff's Office, TN (1%)
- Spring Hill Police Department, TN (2%)
- Monroe County Sheriff's Office, FL (3%)
- Carver County Sheriff's Office, MN (3%)
- Paducah Police Department, KY (4%)
Includes agencies with 50 or more reported violent crimes.
Rates of unsolved crime vary across agencies for many different reasons including jurisdiction size, staffing, and access to investigative resources. Better understanding of the drivers of agency clearance rates can help policymakers target resources and identify opportunities for technical assistance where it might be needed most.
Number of law enforcement agencies by rate of unsolved violent crime
United States, 2024
FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program SRS
Nationally, the rate of total correctional control across prisons, jails, and community supervision has fallen since 2007. In 2020, all correctional populations dipped sharply. From 2020 to 2023, prison and probation populations remained steady, while jail populations increased and parole populations decreased.
However, despite this downward trend, the current rate of correctional control is still more than twice as high as it was in 1980. The majority of people under correctional control are on community supervision with more than half on probation in 2023. About 12 percent of people under correctional control are in jail, the smallest population group.
Population under correctional control
Rate per 100k residents, United States
Figure was recreated from the Council on Criminal Justice
Long-term jail population trends
Nationally, the rate of jail incarceration in 2023 was down 24 percent from its peak in 2007. Jail populations rebounded in 2021 through 2023 after dropping sharply in 2020, but still remain below the pre-pandemic rate.
Jail population
Rate per 100k residents, United States
Figure was recreated from the Council on Criminal Justice
In 2024, 68 percent of people (450,600 people) confined in jail in the United States were not convicted of a crime and awaiting court action on a current charge or being held for other reasons. In 1982, 57 percent of people in jail were being held without conviction.
Share of jail population by conviction status
United States
State-reported data compiled by BJS: Annual Survey of Jails
Prison staffing and expenditures
In 2023, state, local, and district governments in the United States spent $98,428,306,000 on corrections. This was 2.1 percent of the overall state, local, and district expenditures and $294 per resident.
State and local corrections expenditures
Total per resident, CSG Regions, 2023
U.S. Census Bureau Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances
Nationally, states are struggling to hire and retain corrections officers. Staffing shortages impact correctional system operations, the availability of programming and reentry services, as well as the overall safety of staff and people who are incarcerated.
Corrections officers employed
Rate per 100k residents
BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics
Number of incarcerated persons per corrections officer
Rate per corrections officer
BLS Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics State-reported data compiled by BJS: Prisoners in the United States
Long-term prison population trends
Nationally, the prison incarceration rate in 2023 was down 30 percent from its peak in 2007.
State prison population
Rate per 100k residents, United States
Figure was recreated from the Council on Criminal Justice
In 2022, 62 percent of people in state prison were convicted of a violent crime, compared to 46 percent in 1990. Compared to 1990, the rate of prison incarceration for violent offenses was 53 percent higher, and the rate of incarceration for drug offenses was 34 percent lower in 2022.
Share of state prison population by most serious offense
United States
Figure was recreated from the Council on Criminal Justice
Prison populations and length of stay
Declines in the national prison population have primarily been driven by a decrease in people held for nonviolent offenses.
Between 2012 and 2022 in the United States, the prison population serving sentences for nonviolent offenses decreased by 33 percent, while the prison population serving sentences for violent offenses decreased by 13 percent.
Prison population by most serious offense type
United States
State-reported data compiled by BJS: Prisoners in the United States and National Corrections Reporting Program
In 2021, the average length of stay of people released from prison who were serving time for a violent offense in the United States was 5.4 years.
Average length of stay (years) of people exiting prison
United States, Prison terms for violent offenses, New commitments only
State-reported data compiled by BJS: National Corrections Reporting Program
Nationally, the probation population rate in 2023 was down 35 percent from its peak in 2007.
Probation population
Rate per 100k residents, United States
Figure was recreated from the Council on Criminal Justice
In 2023, roughly equal numbers of people were on probation for violent, property, and drug offenses. Compared to 2002, a larger share of people on probation in 2023 had been convicted of a violent offense, and a smaller share had been convicted of a public order offense.
Share of probation population by most serious offense
United States
State-reported data compiled by BJS: Probation and Parole in the United States
Probation successes and failures
The United States had a probation supervision rate of 921 per 100,000 residents in 2023.
States across the country have taken steps to safely reduce supervision populations, improve supervision success, and focus resources on those most likely to reoffend. The focus of these policy changes includes implementing evidence-based interventions to encourage behavior change, limiting returns to prison for technical violations, and providing earned compliance credits to reduce supervision terms, among others.
Since 2013, the number of people on probation in the United States has decreased by 21 percent.
Probation population
United States
State-reported data compiled by BJS: Probation and Parole in the U.S.
Share of successful exits from probation
United States
State-reported data compiled by BJS: Probation and Parole in the U.S.
Admissions to prison for probation violations
United States
CSG Justice Center Supervision Violations and Their Impact on Incarceration
In 2023, 53 percent of probation violation admissions were for technical violations.
Parole eligibility
Reentry is a significant aspect of our criminal justice system. More than 90 percent of incarcerated individuals are released back into the community.
Effectively preparing someone for release and providing the support they need in the community affects whether they succeed or return to the corrections system.
Parole release policies and practices have a significant impact on prison populations. In the United States in 2021 (data available from 20 states), there were at least 75,579 people in prison with sentences between 1 and 25 years who were eligible for parole. This group made up 32 percent of the total prison population.
Parole eligibility of prison population
United States (20 states), 2021, New commitments only
State-reported data compiled by BJS: National Corrections Reporting Program
In 2021, 73 percent of people leaving prison in the United States (data available from 43 states) were granted conditional release. 6 percent of people released from prison were released 3 years or more after their parole eligibility date (data available from 15 states).
Releases from prison by post-release status
United States (43 states), 2021
State-reported data compiled by BJS: National Corrections Reporting Program
Releases from prison by time to parole eligibility
United States (15 states), 2021, New commitments only
State-reported data compiled by BJS: National Corrections Reporting Program
Long-term probation parole trends
Nationally, the parole population rate in 2023 was down 26 percent from its peak in 2011.
Parole population
Rate per 100k residents, United States
Figure was recreated from the Council on Criminal Justice
In 2023, 38 percent of people on parole had been in prison for a violent offense, and 28 percent of people had been in prison for a drug offense. Compared to 2002, a larger share of people on parole in 2023 had been convicted of a violent offense, and a smaller share had been convicted of a drug offense.
Share of parole population by most serious offense
United States
State-reported data compiled by BJS: Probation and Parole in the United States
Parole successes and failures
The United States had a parole supervision rate of 202 per 100,000 residents in 2023.
Since 2013, the number of people on parole in the United States has decreased by 20 percent. The share of people successfully completing parole was 56 percent in 2023 and 50 percent in 2013.
Parole population
United States
State-reported data compiled by BJS: Probation and Parole in the U.S.
Share of successful exits from parole
United States
State-reported data compiled by BJS: Probation and Parole in the U.S.
In 2023, 18 percent of the United States prison admissions were for parole violations.
Admissions to prison for parole violations
United States
CSG Justice Center Supervision Violations and Their Impact on Incarceration
In 2023, 59 percent of parole violation admissions were for technical violations.
Collateral consequences impact employment opportunities either by restricting access to occupational licenses needed to work in certain fields, restricting access to business licenses needed to pursue self-employment, or directly limiting the ability of employers to hire or retain workers with certain conviction histories.
In the United States, 75 percent of collateral consequences for convictions are employment related.
Number of employment-related collateral consequences by type
United States
National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction
46 percent of consequences in the United States are mandatory and prohibit, without exception, the employment, retention, or licensing of a person with a conviction for a specified offense.
63 percent of consequences in the United States may be indefinite in duration.
Number of employment-related collateral consequences by field
United States
National Inventory of Collateral Consequences of Conviction
Arrests, convictions, and returns to prison
Of people released from prison in 2012, 71 percent were arrested within 5 years of release, 54 percent were convicted of a new offense, and 46 percent returned to prison.
Cumulative percentage of people released from prison who had a recidivism event within 5 years of release
34 states, 2012 releases
BJS Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012
Nationally, the recidivism rate has been decreasing.
In 2005, 77 percent of people released from state prison were arrested within 5 years of release. Of people released in 2012, 71 percent were arrested within 5 years.
Percentage of people released from prison who were arrested following release
United States
BJS Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012
State-specific recidivism
Many states saw reductions in 3-year prison reincarceration rates.
Change in 3-year prison reincarceration rate
Reincarceration rates between the earliest to latest release cohorts
State-specific recidivism reports
Racial disparities are pervasive across multiple community and behavioral health outcomes, in addition to the criminal justice system.
In the United States in 2025, the Black unemployment rate was 1.9 times higher, and the Latino unemployment rate was 1.5 times higher, when compared with the White unemployment rate.
In the United States in 2024, 20 percent of Black people and 16 percent of Latino people earned incomes below the federal poverty level.
Share of people with income below the poverty line by race and ethnicity
United States
U.S. Census American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Sample
In the United States in 2024, White people died at a higher rate than Black people due to alcohol and suicide. Black people died at a higher rate than White people due to drug overdoses and homicide.
Cause of death by race and ethnicity
Rate per 100k residents, United States, 2024
CDC National Center for Health Statistics
Rates for some racial and ethnic groups are not available due to data suppression rules for small populations.
Victimization and arrests
There are racial disparities for both victims of crime and people arrested.
The following victimization estimates only include those incidents that are reported to the police. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, in 2024, national reporting rates across different racial and ethnic groups varied slightly, with Black, White, and Latino individuals reporting at higher rates (between 48 percent and 51 percent), compared to Asian individuals (40 percent).
In 2023, the Black violent victimization rate was 2.9 times higher than the White violent vicitimization rate in the United States. Black people were arrested for violent crimes at a rate 4.1 times higher than White people.
Victimizations and arrests for violent crime by race
Rate per 100k residents, United States, 2023
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program and National Incident-Based Reporting System
In 2023, Black people were arrested for property crimes at a rate 2.7 times higher than White people.
Arrests for property crime by race
Rate per 100k residents, United States, 2023
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program and National Incident-Based Reporting System
Race categories include people of any ethnicity, and many Latino people may be counted as White. Not enough law enforcement agencies collect ethnicity data to make reliable estimates for the Latino population.
Demographic profile of victims of violent crime
According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, only 48 percent of violent victimizations nationwide were reported to the police in 2024.
Of the victimizations that were reported to police, the demographic make-up of victims differs from the general population. People of certain age groups, races, and genders are more often victims of crime than would be expected based on their share of the total population.
Share of victims of violent crime compared to share of total population by age
United States, 2023
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program and National Incident-Based Reporting System
People between the ages of 18 and 34 were 1.9 times more likely to be victims of violent crime relative to their share of the total United States population.
Share of victims of violent crime compared to share of total population by race
United States, 2023
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program and National Incident-Based Reporting System
Black people were victims of violent crime 2.4 times more often than their share of the United States population.
In the United States, 73 percent of victims of violent crime were of the same race as the person perpetrating violence against them.
Share of victims of violent crime compared to share of total population by sex
United States, 2023
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program and National Incident-Based Reporting System
The share of women and men who were victims of violent crime was almost the same as their percentage in the total population.
Race categories include people of any ethnicity, and many Latino people may be counted as White. Not enough law enforcement agencies collect ethnicity data to make reliable estimates for the Latino population.
Demographic profile of people arrested for violent crime
The demographic make-up of people arrested for violent crime differs from the general population. People of certain age groups, races, and genders are arrested more often than would be expected based on their share of the total population.
Share of people arrested for violent crime compared to share of total population by age
United States, 2023
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program and National Incident-Based Reporting System
People between the ages of 18 and 34 were 2.2 times more likely to be arrested for violent crime relative to their share of the total United States population.
Share of people arrested for violent crime compared to share of total population by race
United States, 2023
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program and National Incident-Based Reporting System
Black people were arrested for violent crime 3.0 times more often than their share of the United States population.
Share of people arrested for violent crime compared to share of total population by sex
United States, 2023
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program and National Incident-Based Reporting System
Men were arrested for violent crime 1.6 times more often than their share of the United States population.
Race categories include people of any ethnicity, and many Latino people may be counted as White. Not enough law enforcement agencies collect ethnicity data to make reliable estimates for the Latino population.
Homicide victimizaiton and unsolved cases
The national homicide rate of Black victims has been persistently higher than the rate of White victims, but the disparity grew between 2019 and 2024.
In 2024, Black people died by homicide at a rate 6.5 times higher than White people.
Age-adjusted homicide deaths by race of victim
Rate per 100k residents, United States
CDC National Center for Health Statistics, Michigan Department of Health & Human Services
Nationally, homicides of Black victims were almost twice as likely to go unsolved in 2023 as homicides of White victims.
Percentage of unsolved homicides by race of victim
United States
Murder Accountabilitly Project
Correctional control
Nationally, Black people experience the highest rates of correctional control, but other racial and ethnic groups also experience disparate outcomes compared to White people. These disparities are the result of many factors both in and outside of the criminal justice system.
Compared to White adults, Black adults in the United States are…
2.7x
more likely to be arrested
2.7x
more likely to be on probation
4.9x
more likely to be in prison
3.3x
more likely to be on parole
Compared to White adults, Latino adults in the United States are…
N/A
arrest rate
10%
less likely to be on probation
2.3x
more likely to be in prison
1.2x
more likely to be on parole
Compared to White adults, American Indian adults in the United States are…
1.2x
more likely to be arrested
N/A
probation supervision rate
4.3x
more likely to be in prison
N/A
parole superivsion rate
Compared to White adults, Asian adults in the United States are…
72%
less likely to be arrested
N/A
probation supervision rate
63%
less likely to be in prison
N/A
parole superivsion rate
Agency-reported data compiled by the FBI: Uniform Crime Reporting Program and National Incident-Based Reporting System, State-reported data compiled by BJS: Probation and Parole in the United States, and State-reported data compiled by BJS: Prisoners in the United States
Demographics across the criminal justice system
Nationally, racial disparities between Black and White populations have decreased over the past decade. However, large disparities still exist.
In the community: Disparities in non-fatal violent victimization were almost eliminated in the past decade, but the disparities in arrest rate have remained the same, where the arrest rate for Black individuals is double the rate for White people.
| Black-White disparity, 2014 | Black-White disparity, 2024 | Percent change | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-fatal violent victimization | 1.2 | 1.0 | -17% |
| Arrest | 2.0 | 2.1 | +5% |
State-reported data compiled by BJS: National Crime Victimization Survey and FBI Crime in the United State Annual Report
Community supervision: Disparities in community supervision decreased. While disparities shrunk over a quarter, the parole supervision rate in the Black community remains more than 3 times higher than in the White population.
| Black-White disparity, 2013 | Black-White disparity, 2023 | Percent change | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Probation | 2.8 | 2.7 | -4% |
| Parole | 4.6 | 3.3 | -28% |
State-reported data compiled by BJS: Probation and Parole in the United States
Institutional corrections: Disparities in institutional correctional settings have also decreased; however, the prison incarceration rate remains nearly 5 times higher for the Black population compared to the White Population.
| Black-White disparity, 2013 | Black-White disparity, 2023 | Percent change | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jail | 3.8 | 3.5 | -8% |
| Prison | 5.7 | 4.9 | -14% |
State-reported data compiled by BJS: Annual Survey of Jails and State-reported data compiled by BJS: Prisoners in the United States
| Data Source | Description |
|---|---|
|
Real Time Crime Index |
The Real-Time Crime Index is a sample of reported crime data from hundreds of law enforcement agencies nationwide that mimics national crime trends with as little lag and the most accuracy as possible. Data includes counts of year-to-date murders for the current and prior years for more than 500 agencies. |
|
Annual Survey of Jails |
Local jail jurisdictions report data to the Bureau of Justice Statistics through the Annual Survey of Jails (ASJ). The survey describes the number of people held in local jails, jail incarceration rates, demographics of incarcerated people, conviction status and most serious offense, the number of admissions to jail, jail capacity, turnover rates of incarcerated people, and staff employed in local jails. The ASJ surveys a representative sample of jails and estimates state and national figures from this sample. The 2022 ASJ sample consisted of 892 active jail jurisdictions represented by 935 reporting units. |
National Corrections Reporting Program |
State departments of corrections report case-level administrative data to the Bureau of Justice Statistics through the National Corrections Reporting Program (NCRP). Nearly all states participate in the annual NCRP project, submitting data on admissions, releases, and custodial prison populations, as well as data on parole entries and discharges. The data originates from state criminal justice agencies and includes demographic information on age, sex, race, ethnicity, veteran status, and educational attainment. Some states do not submit complete data. |
National Crime Victimization Survey |
The Bureau of Justice Statistics conducts the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) annually through interviews with a nationally representative sample of about 240,000 people in about 150,000 households. The NCVS collects information about criminal victimization both reported and unreported to police and is a key source in understanding the full scope of victimization. NCVS data for 2006 are not comparable with other years and are omitted from the charts included here. |
Prisoners in the United States |
State correctional authorities and the Federal Bureau of Prisons report data to the Bureau of Justice Statistics through the National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) Program. The annual Prisoners in the United States reports provide counts of sentenced individuals under the jurisdiction of state correctional authorities or the Federal Bureau of Prisons. To be included in the NPS survey, individuals must have received a sentence of more than one year, except for unified correctional systems in AK, CT, DE, HI, RI, and VT, which report on all individuals in their custody. State-reported data include prison population counts on the last day of the calendar year, prison admissions and releases, rates of imprisonment, and demographic and offense characteristics of the imprisoned population. Additional detail in Prisoners in the United States is based on National Corrections Reporting Program data. |
Probation and Parole in the United States |
State probation and parole agencies report data to the Bureau of Justice Statistics through the Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey. These reports, combined with data from the Federal Justice Statistics Program, provide information on adults placed on correctional supervision (entries) or removed from supervision (exits) during the reporting year and on characteristics of the population at year end. State-reported data include population characteristics such as sex, race or ethnicity, and most serious offense. |
Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 34 States in 2012: A 5-Year Follow-Up Period |
BJS uses criminal history records from participating states to study the number and types of crimes committed by people in state prisons both prior to and following their release. The first study tracked a sample of people in state prisons released in 11 states in 1983, and the second study followed a sample of people in state prisons released in 15 states in 1994. Both studies had a 3-year follow-up period. The latest study tracked a sample of people released in 34 participating states in 2012 for 5 years after release. These studies documented the arrest, conviction, and incarceration experiences of the formerly incarcerated people within and outside of the state that released them, using data provided by state criminal justice agencies. |
Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics |
The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for approximately 830 occupations beginning with the May 2012 reference period. These estimates are available as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas; national occupational estimates for specific industries are also available. |
Local Area Unemployment Statistics |
The Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program produces monthly and annual employment, unemployment, and labor force data for Census regions and divisions, states, counties, metropolitan areas, and many cities. The state unemployment data in this report uses non-seasonally adjusted rates for the community population. |
Multiple Cause of Death |
The Multiple Cause of Death database contains mortality and population counts for all U.S. counties. Data are based on death certificates for U.S. residents. |
Provisional Drug Overdose Death Counts |
Provisional drug overdose death counts are based on death records received and processed by the National Center for Health Statistics. Data for 2022 is still considered provisional and subject to change. Drug overdose deaths may involve multiple drugs; therefore, a single death might be included in more than one category when describing the number of drug overdose deaths involving specific drugs. |
Tracking the Size of America’s Criminal Justice System |
This series of interactive charts summarizes trends in crime, arrests, and correctional control (incarceration and community supervision), comparing current levels with their most recent peaks or valleys. Analyses reflect national data from the last two to six decades. Data were collected across various reports, data tools, and databases. |
Supervision Violations and Their Impact on Incarceration |
The Council of State Governments (CSG) Justice Center’s third report on the impact of supervision violations is based on 4 years of survey data from all 50 state corrections departments. Each state submitted survey data on the number of annual admissions and the year-end population of people who violated their community supervision annually from 2018 through 2023. The survey also broke down whether people were incarcerated for committing technical violations or violations associated with new criminal activity. |
State Unemployment by Race and Ethnicity |
The Economic Policy Institute analyzes national and state unemployment rates by race and ethnicity and racial and ethnic unemployment rate gaps quarterly to generate a consistent sample to create reliable and precise estimates of unemployment rates by race and ethnicity at the state level. The unemployment rate estimates are based on the Local Area Unemployment Statistics and the Current Population Survey from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. |
Crime in the United States Annual Report |
Crime in the United States is an annual report published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation that contains crime statistics reported by state and local agencies to the FBI through the Uniform Crime Reporting Program’s Summary Reporting System and National Incident-Based Reporting System. Data includes the number and rate of violent and property crime offenses reported to and cleared by police at the national and state levels. |
Uniform Crime Report Program National Incident-Based Reporting System |
Law enforcement agencies across the United States report crime data to the FBI through the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). NIBRS is designed to improve the accuracy and reliability of crime statistics gathered by law enforcement agencies. Unlike the Summary Reporting System, which collects summary data on eight major crimes, NIBRS compiles detailed information on a broader range of offenses and collects data on each incident, including details about victims, people who commit crimes, and property involved. Not all law enforcement agencies and states report NIBRS data to the FBI, so some figures using NIBRS data are not included in this report. For other states, the FBI, along with BJS, developed estimation techniques to account for nonreporting agencies and missing or unknown information within a reported incident, where appropriate. Whenever NIBRS data is used in this report, we rely on the state-level estimates released by the FBI and BJS. States with too much missing data to make reliable estimates are excluded. |
Uniform Crime Reporting Program Summary Reporting System |
The Uniform Crime Reporting Program Summary Reporting System (SRS) gathers information from law enforcement agencies across the country on eight major index crimes, as well as additional details such as the number of arrests, clearance rates, and basic characteristics of the victims and offenders. One key difference between the SRS and NIBRS is that SRS is aggregate count data reported to the FBI by agency and by month, rather than incident-level data. Additionally, the range of offenses covered by SRS data is smaller than NIBRS data. One benefit of SRS data is that nearly all law enforcement agencies in the country are able to report SRS data to the FBI, meaning that SRS data released represents nearly all the report index crimes. In 2021, the FBI did not accept SRS data because of the transition to NIBRS. But in 2022, the FBI again began accepting SRS data from agencies who were not yet able to report NIBRS data. Because of this, 2022 estimates use both NIBRS and SRS data and are more reliable than 2021 estimates. In this report, when we use state-level SRS data, we use the “Estimated Crimes” dataset released by the FBI and used in the FBI’s Crime in the U.S. reports. We also use the agency-level Offenses Known and Clearances by Arrest dataset released by the FBI and cleaned and aggregated by Jacob Kaplan. |
Workforce Projections |
Workforce Projections provide projections for the national supply of and demand for health professions by discipline using the Health Resources & Services Administration’s Health Workforce Simulation model. The estimates represent the supply, demand, and distribution of health care workers, to inform public policy decisionmakers to help prevent shortages and surpluses. |
Age-Adjusted Homicide Death Rates by Race and Sex 1980-2024 |
The Division for Vital Records & Health Statistics within the Michigan Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) compiles the annual rate of deaths by homicide per 100,000 people in a specified group. DHHS calculates this rate for the state of Michigan and also calculates a national rate using the CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics. An age-adjusted death rate is defined as “a summary rate of death that is developed using a standard population distribution to improve the comparability of rates for areas or population subgroups with differing age distributions.” |
Homicide by Race |
The Murder Accountability Project is a nonprofit group organized in 2015 and dedicated to educating Americans on the importance of accurately accounting for unsolved homicides within the United States. This website gives police and the public easy-to-use access to two datasets maintained by the Federal Bureau of Investigation: the Uniform Crime Report from 1965 to the present and the Supplementary Homicide Report from 1976 to the present. The Murder Accountability Project, using the Freedom of Information Act, has also obtained data on more than 39,000 homicides that were not reported to the Justice Department in either of those databases. This information is the most complete data on U.S. homicides available anywhere. |
National Inventory of Collateral Consequences |
National Inventory of the Collateral Consequences of Conviction (NICCC) is an online searchable database that identifies and categorizes the statutes and regulations that impose collateral consequences in all 50 states, the federal system, and the District of Columbia, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico. Each consequence is given a brief description and categorized by a number of features that describe the nature and operation of the consequence. This categorization helps with searching and filtering the consequences in the database and allows users to identify relevant consequences based on their common characteristics. It is searchable by keyword, consequence type, offense type, discretion, and duration. |
National Survey on Drug Use and Health |
The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) releases state estimates for a limited number of substance use and mental health measures. They are generally based on two years of combined data and cover each state and the District of Columbia. NSDUH is a household survey of people living in the U.S. over the age of 12, not living in institutions such as prisons or nursing homes, not experiencing homelessness, and speak English or Spanish. The 2021 state data tables provide estimates for 35 measures of substance use and mental health by age group. 2021 estimates only include one year of data collection and therefore may be less accurate than prior releases. |
Treatment Episode Data Set |
The Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) system comprises demographic and drug history information about individuals undergoing substance abuse treatment. TEDS data include data for individuals who are 12 years old or older and their demographic information such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and employment status. Additionally, individuals’ substance abuse characteristics such as substances used, age at first use, route of use, frequency of use, and number of previous admissions are included. Some states do not have values for 2024, in these cases the most recent year available is used. |
American Community Survey |
The American Community Survey (ACS) is a nationwide survey that collects and produces information on social, economic, housing, and demographic characteristics about our nation’s population every year. In each year, the ACS surveys approximately two million households. One-year ACS estimates from 2020 are considered unreliable because of decreased data collection due to the Covid-19 pandemic, and are excluded. In this report, we use ACS tables B03002 (population by race and ethnicity), B27010 (health insurance), B25070 (rent burden), and B17001 (poverty). |
Annual Survey of State and Local Government Finances |
This survey provides local government data on debt and assets as well as revenues and expenditures by governmental function (i.e., police protection, fire protection, correction, etc.) of counties, cities, township governments, special districts and dependent agencies. In the data presented in this report, total expenditures of state and local governments are combined. |
International Database |
The Census Bureau’s International Database contains estimates and projections of the total population of the United States and foreign countries starting in 1950. |
Population Estimates Program |
The Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program (PEP) produces estimates of the population for the United States and its states, counties, cities, and towns. PEP uses data on births, deaths, and migration to calculate population change since the most recent decennial census and produce a time series of population estimates. The data is published by sex, race, and age. |
Public Use Microdata Sample |
The American Community Survey (ACS) Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) files are a set of untabulated records about individual people or housing units. |
Annual Homelessness Assessment Report |
The Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) includes Point-In-Time (PIT) estimates of the number of people experiencing homelessness, both sheltered and unsheltered. Estimates are based on one-night PIT counts conducted by local continuums of care (CoCs). HUD provides CoCs with methodological standards for conducting the PIT count, but CoCs determine their own methodology for conducting the counts, typically held during the last ten days of January. The AHAR contains national, state, and CoC-level PIT estimates of homelessness. |
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State-by-State Recidivism Data Recidivism definitions vary by state. In these snapshots, we use, whenever available, 3-year reincarceration rates for all prison releases and 3-year revocation rates for people serving time on probation. These definitions were most common across states. For some states, these definitions were not available; in these cases, other measures of recidivism are shown, including 2-year reincarceration rates and 3-year felony reconviction rates. |