Papers by Krishnakanta Kshetrimayum
Identification of surface water-groundwater interaction using hydrochemistry and multivariate statistical technique in the alluvial plain of Nagaland, India
Arabian Journal of Geosciences
Evaluation of spatial characteristics of groundwater hydrochemical constituents across different geomorphic units of the Imphal Valley in Northeast India
Sustainable Water Resources Management
The assessment of hydrochemical constituents across different geomorphic units of the Imphal vall... more The assessment of hydrochemical constituents across different geomorphic units of the Imphal valley of Northeastern India has been carried out. Geomorphologically, the valley is broadly demarcated as the residual hill, piedmont zone, alluvial plain, and flood plain. The Scholler diagram and Box and Whisker plots suggest that the distribution of ions is characterized by dispersed concentrations owing to variation in the lithologies in the geomorphic units. The pH value ranges from 6.90 to 7.21 with a mean value of 7.04, indicating neutral water in the residual hill. In the piedmont zone, it ranges from slightly acidic (4.83) to neutral (7.40) with a mean of 6.58. In the alluvial and flood plains, the values range from 6.15 to 7.44, with a mean of 6.84 and 6.07 to 7.14 with an average of 6.73, respectively suggesting neutral water. TDS range shows slight reduction in the alluvial plain and flood plain owing to effluent water supply from the rivers whereas, oxidation–reduction potential (Eh) ranges from 8 to − 19 mV with highest in the residual hill, indicating reducing condition. Higher Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the residual hill and piedmont zone are associated with the cation-exchange process. Na+ and HCO3− are highest in the alluvial and flood plains due to weathering of sodium-rich montmorillonite or dissolution of halite or nahcolite (NaHCO3) minerals from clay. The scatter plots indicate that the hydrogeochemical processes throughout the geomorphic units are mainly controlled by the ion exchange, silicate weathering, carbonate weathering, and evaporate dissolution. The hydrochemical facies are characterized by (i) Na–K–Cl, (ii) Ca–Cl, and (iii) Na–K–Ca–Mg–Cl–SO4–HCO3. The residual hill and piedmont zones are dominated by Ca–Cl facies, implying recent meteoric water coupled with halite riched source of water. The alluvial plain is dominated by Na–K–Cl facies, while the flood plain is characterized by Na–K–Ca–Mg–Cl–SO4–HCO3 facies, suggesting the mixed type resulted from the ion exchange process. These facies suggest that the groundwater belongs to the initial and intermediate stages of chemical evolution indicating fresh quality.
Quality assessment of surface water and groundwater giving emphasis on water quality index and irrigational indicators in the southeastern part of Manipur Valley, north‐east India
Geological Journal, 2021
Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 2021
The hydrogeological framework appraising the groundwater flow system, movement, aquifer occurrenc... more The hydrogeological framework appraising the groundwater flow system, movement, aquifer occurrence, disposition, and prospect has been examined in Dimapur alluvial plain of Nagaland in northeastern India. The study render insight into the holistic hydrogeologic scenario which helps in effective management and development of groundwater resource in the region. The average water table elevation ranges from 118.76 to 191.22 m above mean sea level while depth to water table varies from 1 to 9 m below ground level. The annual groundwater fluctuation ranges between + 6.77 and − 5.79 m. The regional flow trends from south to north directions with variation in local flow system. High hydraulic gradients are dispersed in north and west parts indicating areas of recharge while low gradients are distributed around southwest and northwest regions suggesting areas of discharge. Similar observation is also identified from flow net where flow lines around the confluence of the Chathe and Dhansiri rivers exhibit divergence pattern indicating areas of recharge while inward flow pattern around the upstream of the Dhansiri river suggests the areas of discharge. The Chathe river acts as influent stream while the Dhansiri river exists as an effluent stream in the region. In general, groundwater occurs as unconfined and confined conditions where most of the aquifers are made up of sand and grabbles. There are three primary types of aquifer systems which are found in shallow, intermediate, and deeper depths. The disposition of these aquifers are laterally extensive but limited in their thickness which are intercalated with impermeable clay and silt layers. The good groundwater prospect is available at deeper aquifers which can be explored using tubewells while intermediate prospect is dispersed in the shallow aquifers that can be tapped through open dugwells. The outcome of this work will help in groundwater management and development such as installation of new tubewells, aquifer mapping, aquifer protection, exploration of aquifers etc. in the region.
Distribution of rare earth elements and stable isotopic constituents along the groundwater flow paths in the Quaternary deposits of Imphal valley in north‐east India
Geological Journal, 2021
Journal of the Geological Society of India, 2012
The Markanda river basin occupying an area of about 1547 km 2 is a part of the alluvial deposits ... more The Markanda river basin occupying an area of about 1547 km 2 is a part of the alluvial deposits of the Indo-Gangetic plain near the Himalayan foothills in the northwest India. The region is associated with active agricultural activities and makes significant contribution to the country's agricultural products. Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation use and hydrochemical evolution of groundwater has been studied. Hydrochemical analysis has been carried out based on concentrations of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + , Cl-, SO 4 2-, CO 3 2and HCO 3-. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (%Na), permeability index (PI) and Trilinear diagram have been studied to evaluate suitability of irrigation use. Hydrochemical evolution has been analyzed based on the Chebotarev sequence and expanded Durov diagram. SAR, %Na and PI results indicate that the groundwater in the basin is suitable for irrigation use. Analysis on Trilinear diagram reveals that hydrochemical facies are dominated by HCO 3-Ca 2+-Mg 2+ facies indicating that the groundwater is associated with recharge waters percolating through sandstone and limestone rocks which are exposed in the northern part of the basin. Studies based on Chebotarev anion sequence and expanded Durov diagram indicate that the evolution of groundwater belongs to initial to intermediate stage indicating fresh water quality. Thus, the present work reveals that groundwater in the Markanda basin is of good quality and is suitable for all uses including interbasin water transfer in the region.
Journal of the Geological Society of India, 2012
The regional hydrogeological aspects of the Markanda river basin in the Himalayan foothills, NW I... more The regional hydrogeological aspects of the Markanda river basin in the Himalayan foothills, NW India have been attempted. The basin has been hydro-geomorphologically analyzed as ridge, piedmont zone, alluvial plain, flood plain and palaeochannel. Groundwater prospect in the alluvial plain, flood plain and palaeochannel areas were found to be promising. Water table contour maps of the basin revealed that groundwater flows from northeast to southwest. Groundwater permeability is low in the northern part and is high towards the southern part of the basin. The areas of recharge were identified in the northern part of the basin, while the areas of discharge were identified in the central and lower parts of the basin. Hydrogeologic transects across and along the basin indicate that aquifer horizons are made up of fine sand, medium sand and gravelly sand. These aquifer layers are laterally extensive but limited in thickness. They occur as multistoried sand bodies with pinch and swell behavior. The overall study gives an understanding of the present regional hydrogeological scenario of the Markanda basin. Such detailed integrated approach would help to locate productive groundwater areas before installing a new tubewell in the region. Also, it would help in planning future groundwater management of the region.
The present paper exercises applied methods of morphometry and vertical electrical soundings in g... more The present paper exercises applied methods of morphometry and vertical electrical soundings in groundwater studies in a Himalayan foothill river basin, NW India. The drainage density indicates coarse drainage texture and highly permeable geological materials. The form factor indicates a flatter peak of flow for longer duration and high infiltration. The stream frequency and relief ratio suggest less resistant rocks of the region causing higher infiltration. The result of VES applied as appraisal of the morphometric parameters reveals potentially productive aquifer horizons of fine sand, medium sand, gravelly sand and dry sand. The thickness of fine sand, medium sand and dry sand layers are 8.5 m, 70.75 m and 28.5 m respectively. The transverse resistant value for dry sand, fine sand and medium sand range from 3900 Ωm 2 to 3990 Ωm 2 , 620 Ωm 2 to 780 Ωm 2 and 960 Ωm 2 to 9380 Ωm 2 respectively suggesting good transmissivity of these aquifer horizons.
The regional hydrogeological aspects of the Markanda river basin in the Himalayan foothills, NW I... more The regional hydrogeological aspects of the Markanda river basin in the Himalayan foothills, NW India have been attempted. The basin has been hydro-geomorphologically analyzed as ridge, piedmont zone, alluvial plain, flood plain and palaeochannel. Groundwater prospect in the alluvial plain, flood plain and palaeochannel areas were found to be promising. Water table contour maps of the basin revealed that groundwater flows from northeast to southwest. Groundwater permeability is low in the northern part and is high towards the southern part of the basin. The areas of recharge were identified in the northern part of the basin, while the areas of discharge were identified in the central and lower parts of the basin. Hydrogeologic transects across and along the basin indicate that aquifer horizons are made up of fine sand, medium sand and gravelly sand. These aquifer layers are laterally extensive but limited in thickness. They occur as multistoried sand bodies with pinch and swell behavior. The overall study gives an understanding of the present regional hydrogeological scenario of the Markanda basin. Such detailed integrated approach would help to locate productive groundwater areas before installing a new tubewell in the region. Also, it would help in planning future groundwater management of the region.
A missing stream link between the Markanda river and the Vedic Saraswati river in the plains of n... more A missing stream link between the Markanda river and the Vedic Saraswati river in the plains of northern Haryana has been established based on geoelectrical resistivity surveys. The study revealed extensive buried sand channels composed of coarse sand with gravel and fine sand. The average thickness of coarse sand with gravel aquifer horizon was about 90 m and has been identified at a depth between 10 and 100 m. The fine sand horizon was observed beyond a depth of about 45 m. These sand bodies are extended laterally for a distance of about 12 km in the northeast to southwest direction connecting the Markanda river and the Vedic Saraswati river. The transverse resistance values of these buried channels (7392-7585 Ωm 2 for coarse sand with gravel, and 384-2856 Ωm 2 for fine sand) indicate good groundwater potential. The age of these buried sand bodies belongs to the Late Harappan period, as evident from different archaeological sites found in and around the survey area. Thus, the present study reveals that once the Markanda basin was a part of the Vedic Saraswati river system, and one of the headwaters of the once celebrated Vedic Saraswati river can be identified as the present Markanda river.
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Papers by Krishnakanta Kshetrimayum