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Mahadevi Varma - Wikipedia
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Indian writer and poet (1907–1987)
Mahadevi Varma
PB
PV
Mahadevi Varma
Born
1907-03-26
26 March 1907
Farrukhabad
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
British India
Died
11 September 1987
(1987-09-11)
(aged 80)
Allahabad
Uttar Pradesh
India
Occupation
Poet, essayist, short story writer
Alma mater
Allahabad University
Literary movement
Chhayavaad
Years active
1930–1987
Notable works
Yāmā
Deepshikha
Shrinkhala ki Kadiyan
Mera Parivar
Notable awards
1956
Padma Bhushan
1982
Jnanpith Award
1988
Padma Vibhushan
Spouse
Vikas Narayan Singh
Signature
Mahadevi Varma
(26 March 1907 – 11 September 1987) was an Indian
Hindi
-language
poet
essayist
, and short-story writer. She is regarded as one of the four major pillars of the
Chhayavaad
movement in
Hindi literature
Between 1930 and 1988, Varma published eight collections of poetry along with several works of prose, including essays and speeches. Her writings reflect both pre- and post-
partition of India
experiences, as well as her involvement in social reform, particularly in support of the
women's liberation movement
Literary critics often refer to her as the "modern
Meera
". The poet
Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirala'
described her as "Sarasvati in the vast temple of Hindi literature".
Varma developed a softer poetic diction within
Khari Boli
Hindi, which had previously been associated mainly with
Braj Bhasha
. She was also trained in music, and her compositions are noted for their expressive language and stylistic refinement.
She is considered one of the most influential female writers of the twentieth century.
Her birth centenary was celebrated in 2007. In 2018,
Google
honoured her with a
Google Doodle
Life and education
edit
Early life
edit
Mahadevi Varma
was born on 26 March 1907, in a Hindu
Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha
10
11
family from
Farrukhabad
in
Uttar Pradesh
12
Her father, Govind Prasad Varma, was a college professor in
Bhagalpur
. Her mother, Hem Rani Devi, was a vegetarian and a religious woman with a keen interest in music.
13
Varma's mother spent hours reciting the
Ramayana
Gita
, and
Vinay Patrika
. Her father was a scholar, music lover, atheist, and hunting enthusiast. Poets
Suryakant Tripathi
—known as Nirālā—and
Sumitranandan Pant
were close friends of Mahadevi Varma.
14
It is said that Varma tied a
rakhi
to Nirālā for 40 years.
15
Education
edit
Varma was originally admitted to a
convent
school, but upon her insistence and objection, she was admitted to Crosthwaite Girls' College in
Prayagraj
(then
Allahabad
).
16
According to Varma, she learned the strength of unity while staying in the hostel at Crosthwaite, where students of different religions lived together. At first, she started to write poems discreetly. However, it was her roommate and senior,
Subhadra Kumari Chauhan
(known in the school for writing poems), who discovered her hidden stash of poems.
17
While others used to play outside, me and Subhadra used to sit on a tree and let our creative thoughts flow together... She used to write in
Khariboli
, and soon I also started to write in Khariboli... this way, we used to write one or two poems a day...
— Mahadevi Verma
Smrti Chitra
Memory Sketch
18
She and Subhadra would also send poems to various publications, including weekly magazines, and managed to get some of their poems published. The budding poets also attended
Kavi Sammelan
(poetry seminars), where they met eminent Hindi poets and read their poems to the audience. This partnership continued until Subhadra graduated from
Crosthwaite
19
In her childhood biography,
Mere Bachpan Ke Din
My Childhood Days
),
20
Varma wrote that she was very fortunate to be born into a liberal family, especially at a time when girls were considered a burden to their families. Her grandfather reportedly had the ambition of making her a scholar, although he insisted that she follow tradition and marry at the age of nine.
21
Her mother was fluent in both Sanskrit and Hindi and was strongly committed to her faith. Varma credits her mother for inspiring her to write poems and take an interest in literature.
22
Married in childhood, Varma was expected to live with her husband after graduating in 1929, but she refused
23
as she found his hunting and meat-eating habits offensive.
24
Her remorseful father offered to convert along with her if she wanted to divorce and remarry (since Hindus could not legally divorce at the time), but she declined, insisting she wanted to remain single.
25
She even tried, unsuccessfully, to convince her husband to remarry.
21
Later, she reportedly considered becoming a
Buddhist nun
but decided against it, though she studied Buddhist Pali and Prakrit texts for her master's degree.
21
Professional career
edit
She started her career as a teacher and went on to become the principal of
Prayag Mahila Vidyapeeth
. Although she was married in her childhood, Varma chose to live independently and did not live with her husband, a decision that influenced both her personal life and her literary career. She was also a painter and translator. She went on to receive several of the highest literary awards in Hindi literature.
Literary
edit
Nihar
was her debut collection of poems. She composed
Nihar
in 1930,
26
Rashmi
in 1932,
27
and
Neerja
in 1933.
28
In 1936, a collection of her poems titled
Sandhya Geet
29
was published. In 1939, four poetry collections were published with their respective artworks under the title
Yāmā
30
Apart from these, she also wrote memoirs and essays, with
Mera Parivar
(My Family),
Smriti ki Rekhaye
(Sketches from memory),
Path ke Sathi
(Path's Companions),
Shrinkhala ki Kariyan
(Series of Links), and
Ateet ke Chalchitra
(Scenes from Past) being prominent among them.
Women's advocacy
edit
Mahadevi Varma (
on right
) receiving the
Jnanpith Award
from then British Prime Minister
Margaret Thatcher
in 1982
Varma is also considered among the pioneers of
feminism
in India.
31
Throughout her career, Varma's work in writing, editing, and teaching significantly advanced the development of Prayag Mahila Vidyapeeth in
Allahabad
16
This level of responsibility was considered a significant step in the field of women's education at the time. She also worked as a school
principal
32
In 1923, she took over
Chand
the leading women's magazine. In 1955, Varma established the Literary Parliament in Allahabad with the help of Ilachandra Joshi and eventually took up the editorship of its publication. This laid the foundation for women poets' conferences in India.
33
Mahadevi was greatly influenced by Buddhism. Under the influence of
Mahatma Gandhi
, she took up public service and worked in Jhansi in support of the Indian struggle for freedom.
34
In 1937, Mahadevi Varma built a house in the village of
Umagarh
Ramgarh, Uttarakhand
, 25 km from
Nainital
. She named it Meera Temple. She started working for the people of the village and their education. She dedicated herself to women's education and their economic self-sufficiency. Today, this bungalow is known as the Mahadevi Sahitya Museum.
35
36
37
She advocated for women's education and economic self-sufficiency.
38
Her strong condemnation of social stereotypes earned her recognition as a women's rights advocate.
39
She had also been called a social reformer due to her development work and public service towards women and their education.
40
Literary scholars have noted that her work emphasizes creative resolve and social transformation rather than personal anguish.
40
41
In her essay
Stree Ka Patnitva
(“The Wifehood of Hindu Women”), Varma compared traditional marriage structures to forms of social subjugation. She writes that, without affiliation to any political or financial authority, women are relegated to roles as wives and mothers. Her feminism is often overshadowed by her poetic persona. Through poems like
Cha
, she explores themes and ideas of female sexuality. In her short story,
Biblia
, she addresses the subject of women's physical and mental abuse.
42
She spent most of her life in Allahabad (now Prayagraj), Uttar Pradesh, where she died on 11 September 1987.
43
Works
edit
Varma was a poet as well as a distinguished prose and story writer. Her works are listed below:
Poetry
edit
Nihar
26
(1930)
Rashmi
44
(1932)
Neerja
28
(1933)
Sandhyageet
29
(1935)
Deepshikha
45
(1942)
Pratham Ayam
46
(1949)
Saptaparna
47
(1959)
Agni Rekha
48
(1988)
Several other poetic collections of Mahadevi Varma have also been published, in which selected songs from the above compositions have been compiled.
Prose
edit
List of selected prose works includes
Shrinkhala ki Kadiyan
(1942)
Smriti ki Rekhaye
(1943)
Sansmaran
(1943)
Sambhasan
(1949)
Path ke Sathi
(1956)
Skandha
(1956)
Ateet Ke Chalchitra
(1961)
Mera Parivar
(1972)
Vivechamanak Gadya
(1972)
Himalaya
(1973)
Meera Aur Meera
(1975) : A collection of speeches on
Meerabai
49
Others
edit
Two compilations of children's poems of Mahadevi Varma are
Thakurji Bhole Hai
50
Aaj Kharidenge hum Jwala
50
Critical analysis
edit
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may require
copy editing
for clarity
July 2025
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Mahadevi Varma's poetry has often been interpreted as deeply personal, especially in its exploration of emotional themes such as pain, longing, compassion, and spiritual yearning.
One such critic, the moralist
Ramchandra Shukla
, expressed skepticism about the reality of her poetic anguish. He noted:
Concerning this anguish, she has revealed such sensations of the heart which are extraterrestrial. As for how real these sensations are, nothing definite can be said.
(English translation)
51
In contrast,
Hazari Prasad Dwivedi
viewed Varma's poetry as a collective reflection of human emotion. He argued that her poetic expression of pain was not confined to individual sorrow but symbolized universal human experiences.
Poems such as
Deep
(from Nihar),
Madhur Madhur Mere Deepak Jal
(from Neerja), and
Mome Sa Tan Gal Hai
are frequently cited as representative of Varma's introspective and reflective tone. These works, while sometimes seen as self-centered, also align with the aesthetic and thematic concerns of the
Chhayavaad
(Shadowism) literary movement.
Literary scholar
Satya Prakash Mishra
offered a philosophical reading of Varma's role in redefining Chhayavaad:
Mahadevi not only distanced herself from the earlier mystical and object-centered constructs of Chhayavaad, but also reshaped it through humanistic rationalism. Her poetry marked a shift in sensation and expression, focusing not on mere sentiment or devotion, but on the character, essence, and evolution of Chhayavaad itself.
(English translation)
52
American novelist and translator
David Rubin
praised her distinctive poetic voice and technical finesse:
What arrests us in Mahadevi's work is the striking originality of the voice and the technical ingenuity that enabled her to create, through a series of mostly short lyrics across five volumes, a consistently evolving representation of total subjectivity measured against the vastness of cosmic nature. There is little direct human interaction—only metaphorical acts like weeping, walking the road, or playing the
Veena
21
Writer and critic Prabhakar Shrotriya rejected the notion that Mahadevi Varma should be seen solely as a poet of sorrow and despair. He wrote:
In fact, the core of Mahadevi's creative force is not tears but fire. What appears on the surface is not the ultimate truth; the invisible realm is the true source of her inspiration. Her tears are not of ordinary sadness, but the result of internal storms—of thunder, rebellion, and fierce inner flame.
(English translation)
53
In the scholarly paper
Ethical Literary Criticism of the Pain Emotion in Mahadevi Varma's Poetry
, researcher Li Yalan examined how critics have interpreted Varma's recurrent focus on suffering. While acknowledging the spiritual and metaphysical tone of her poetry, Li noted that many critics view her portrayal of pain as more symbolic or lyrical than literal. Some also argue that her melancholic tone feels somewhat
anachronistic
or disconnected from the historical realities of her time.
54
Despite these debates, Mahadevi Varma remained deeply engaged with the social and political issues of her time. During the
Bengal famine of 1943
, she published a poetry collection that included the piece
Banga Bhu Shanth Vandana
55
Similarly, in response to the
Sino-Indian War
, she edited a patriotic poetry collection titled
Himalaya
56
Honors and awards
edit
Honorary postal stamp released in 1991
1956:
Padma Bhushan
57
1979:
Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
58
1982:
Jnanpith Award
for her poetry collection
Yāmā
58
1988:
Padma Vibhushan
57
21
In 1979, the Indian filmmaker
Mrinal Sen
produced a Bengali film on her memoir
Woh Chini Bhai
(The Chinese Brothers)
59
titled
Neel Akasher Neechey
60
On 14 September 1991, the Postal Department of the Government of India, issued a double stamp of
2 honoring her and
Jaishankar Prasad
61
Literary contributions
edit
Mahadevi Varma (
bottom row, third from left
), along with
Hazari Prasad Dwivedi
and others
The emergence of Mahadevi Varma in literature happened at a time when the shape of
Khadi Boli
was being refined. She introduced
Braj bhasha
softness to Hindi poetry and developed a repertoire of songs reflecting her heartfelt acceptance of Indian philosophy. She became an influential figure in language, literature, and philosophy, all of which later influenced an entire generation. Varma created a unique rhythm and simplicity within the composition and language of her songs, as well as the natural use of symbols and images that draw a picture in the mind of the reader.
62
Her contribution to the prosperity of Chhayavadi poetry is significant; while
Jaishankar Prasad
gave naturalization to the
Chhayavadi
poetry,
Suryakant Tripathi
Nirālā
embodied the liberation in it, and
Sumitranandan Pant
brought the art of delicateness; Varma embodied life in the Chhayavadi poetry. The most prominent features of her poetry are
emotionalism
and intensity of feeling. Such a lively and tangible manifestation of the subtle expressions of the heart makes Varma among the best Chhayavadi poets.
63
She is remembered with respect for her speeches in Hindi. Her speeches were full of compassion for the common man and firm in the truth. At the 3rd
World Hindi Conference
held in Delhi in 1983, she was the chief guest of the closing ceremony.
64
Apart from her original creations, she was also a bilingual translator, with works such as her translation of
Saptaparna
(1980). With the help of her cultural consciousness, she presented 39 selected important pieces of Hindi poetry in her work by establishing the identity of
Vedas
Ramayana
Theragatha,
and the works of
Ashwaghosh
Kalidas
Bhavabhuti
, and
Jayadeva
. In the beginning, in the 61-page
Apna Baat
, she gives thorough research on this invaluable heritage of Indian wisdom and literature, widening the overall understanding and fine writing of Hindi, not just limited to female writing.
65
Works in English translation
edit
Many of Mahadevi Varma’s works—particularly her prose writings—have been translated into English, both in full volumes as well as anthologies.
66
Prose translations
edit
A Pilgrimage to the Himalayas and Other Silhouettes from Memory (1975), translation of
Smriti ki Rekhayen
by Radhika Prasad Srivastava and Lillian Srivastava. This work was included in the Indian series of
UNESCO Collection of Representative Works
67
Sketches from My Past: Encounters with India’s Oppressed (1994), selections from
Ateet ke Chalchitra
, translated by Neera Kuckreja Sohoni, published by
Northeastern University Press
40
Links in the Chain (2003), translation of
Shrinkhala ki Kadiyan
by Neera Kuckreja Sohoni, a collection of Varma’s essays on Indian women.
68
Political Essays on Women, Culture, and Nation (2010), edited by Anita Anantharam (
Cambria Press
), comprises major political essays and selected poems, translated by
Francesca Orsini
and
Vasudha Dalmia
, among others.
69
My Family (2021), translation of
Mera Parivar
by
Ruth Vanita
, published by
Penguin India
70
Portraits from Memory (2025) by Ruth Vanita, published by Harper Perennial India, an imprint of
Harper-Collins India
, brings together
Smriti ki Rekhaye
and
Ateet ke Chalchitra
in a single memoir volume.
71
Poetry translations
edit
Translations of Mahadevi Varma’s poetry have appeared in a few editions.
Selected Poems: Mahadevi Varma
(1987), translated by L.S. Sinha, was among the earliest stand-alone English editions of her poems.
72
David Rubin
included substantial selections of her work in
The Return of Sarasvati: Four Hindi Poets
(1998) and in
Of Love and War: A Chhayavad Anthology
(2005).
21
73
Beyond these, a few poems have been translated into various journals. Notable appearances include
The Illustrated Weekly of India
, Hindi Review (the English organ of the
Nagari Pracharini Sabha
),
Indian Literature
published by the
Sahitya Akademi
, and
Modern Indian Literature: An Anthology
edited by
K.M. George
74
75
See also
edit
Chhayavaad
Jaishankar Prasad
Suryakant Tripathi 'Nirālā'
Sumitranandan Pant
References
edit
Citations
edit
Varma 1985
, pp. 38–40.
Ranu, Anjali.
"Mahadevi Verma: Modern Meera"
. Literary India. Archived from
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on 21 March 2007
. Retrieved
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2020
Mishra, Satya Prakash.
"महादेवी का सर्जन: प्रतिरोध और करुणा"
(in Hindi). Tadbhav. Archived from
the original
on 22 September 2007
. Retrieved
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2020
Varmā, Mahādevī (2012).
Mahadevi ke Sreshth Geet
(in Hindi). Kitabghar.
ISBN
9788170161868
Vasistha, R.K. (2002).
Uttar Pradesh (Monthly Magazine)
, Issue 7. Lucknow: Information and Public Relations Department, Uttar Pradesh.
Taneja, Richa (27 April 2018).
"Mahadevi Varma Is Today's Google Doodle"
NDTV
Mahadevi Verma
. Cambria Press.
ISBN
978-1-62196-880-1
Schomer, Karine (1983).
Mahadevi Verma and the Chhayavad age of Modern Hindi poetry
. University of California Press.
ISBN
978-0-520-04255-1
Kīkuci, Tomoko (2009).
Mahādevī Verma kī viśvadr̥shṭi
(in Hindi). Kitabghar Prakashan.
ISBN
978-81-88121-95-3
Anantharam, Anita (30 January 2012).
Bodies That Remember: Women's Indigenous Knowledge and Cosmopolitanism in South Asian Poetry
. Syracuse University Press.
ISBN
978-0-8156-5059-1
Menon, Visalakshi (2003).
Indian Women and Nationalism, the U.P. Story
. Har-Anand Publications.
ISBN
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Schomer, Karine (1983).
Mahadevi Verma and the Chhayavad Age of Modern Hindi Poetry
. Berkeley: University of California Press.
ISBN
9780520042551
Singh 2007
, p. 39-40.
"जो रेखाएँ कह न सकेंगी- महादेवी वर्मा"
www.abhivyakti-hindi.org
(in Hindi). Abhivyakti
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2020
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, p. 10.
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"Poet Mahadevi Verma and her undiscovered feminist legacy"
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, p. 4-8.
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Smr̥ti citra
(in Hindi). Rājakamala Prakāśana
. Retrieved
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India Today
. 26 March 2016
. Retrieved
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2018
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NDTV.com
. Retrieved
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2018
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The Return of Sarasvati: Four Hindi Poets
. Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-566349-5
"Mahadevi Verma, renowned Indian poet, honoured with Google doodle"
The Indian Express
. 27 April 2018
. Retrieved
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2018
Anantharam 2010
Nagar, Shivchandra (1953).
Mahadevi: Vichar aur Vyaktitva
(in Hindi). Allahabad: Kitab Mahal. p. 92.
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My Family by Mahadevi Verma
. Gurugram:
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रश्मि
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Nīrajā
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Sandhya Geet
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ISBN
978-81-8031-120-8
Verma, Mahadevi (September 2008).
Yama
(in Hindi). Lokbharti Prakashan.
ISBN
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"Mahadevi Verma"
www.sawnet.org
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Mahadevi Varma and the Chhayavad age of modern Hindi poetry
. University of California Press. 2011. p. 252.
ISBN
978-0-520-04255-1
Varma, Mahadevi (May 1933)
Sudha (Monthly Magazine)
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Singh, U. (2015). "The Politics of Mass Mobilisation: Eastern Uttar Pradesh, c. 1920-1940".
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JSTOR
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Kafal Tree
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"चार धाम यात्रा पर आयीं महादेवी वर्मा को जब भा गया रामगढ़"
News18 India
"हिमालय की गोद में रहकर रचनाएं गढ़ सकेंगे साहित्यकार"
Amar Ujala
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Kelapure, Pratibha.
"WOMPO (Women Poetry Listserv) - Mahadevi Verma"
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, p. 20.
"30 Years After Her Death, Hindi Poet Mahadevi Varma Served Tax Notice"
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Raśmi
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Deepshikha
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Prathama āyāma
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Saptaparna
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Agnirekhā
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ISBN
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Varma, Mahadevi.
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Hindi Bal Sahitya Ka Itihas
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(PDF)
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Vanzpe, Prof. Shubhada (2006).
Pushpak (Semi-Annual Magazine)
Issue-6. Hyderabad, India: Kadambini Club. Page 113.
"समापन समारोह है, तो मन भारी है - तीसरे विश्व हिंदी सम्मेलन"
www.vishwahindi.com
. Hindi section, MEA, Government of India. Archived from
the original
on 8 October 2007
. Retrieved
7 December
2020
Archived from the
original
Archived
8 October 2007 at the
Wayback Machine
on 8 October 2007
Sharma, Rishabhdev.
"भारतीय चिंतन परंपरा और 'सप्तपर्णा'
m.sahityakunj.net
(in Hindi). Sahitya Kunj
. Retrieved
7 December
2020
Tiwari, Bhavya (2022).
Beyond English: World Literature and India
. Literatures as World Literature. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 91.
ISBN
978-1-5013-3464-1
Varma, Mahadevi (1975).
A Pilgrimage to the Himalayas, and Other Silhouettes from Memory
. Representative Works: Indian Series. Translated by Radhika Prasad Srivastava, Lillian Srivastava. p. 127.
ISBN
0-7206-0164-9
Varma, Mahādevī (2003).
Links in the Chain
. Translated by Neera Kuckreja Sohoni. Katha. p. 147.
ISBN
9788187649342
Varma, Mahādevī (2010). Anita Anantharam (ed.).
Political Essays on Women, Culture, and Nation
. Cambria Press.
ISBN
9781621968801
Modi, Chintan Girish (15 October 2021).
"Review: My Family by Mahadevi Varma, translated by Ruth Vanita"
Hindustan Times
. Retrieved
14 August
2025
Rai, V. N. (8 February 2026).
'Portraits from Memory' by Mahadevi Varma: Capturing the shadows of wounded lives"
The Tribune
. Retrieved
20 March
2026
Selected Poems
. Translated by L. S. Sinha. India:
Writers Workshop
. 1987.
Of Love and War: A Chhayavad Anthology
. Translated by David Rubin. Oxford University Press. 2005.
ISBN
0195675320
Roadarmel, Gordon C. (1994).
A Bibliography of English Source Materials for the Study of Modern Hindi Literature
. Occasional Papers. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California, Berkeley.
K. M. George, ed. (1992).
Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and Poems
. Sahitya Akademi. p. 1148.
Sources
edit
Varma, Dhirendra (1985).
हिन्दी साहित्य कोश
(in Hindi) (3rd ed.). Varanasi: Jñānamaṇḍala.
Singh, Rajkumar (2007).
विचार विमर्श — महादेवी वर्मा: जन्म, शैशवावस्था एवं बाल्यावस्था
(in Hindi). Mathura Anita: Sagar Publications.
Pandeya, Gangaprasad (2020).
Mahapran Nirala
. Rajkamal Prakashan.
ISBN
978-81-267-3099-5
Anantharam, Anita (2010).
Mahadevi Varma - Political Essays on Women, Culture and Nation
. Cambria Press.
ISBN
978-1-62196-880-1
Varma, Maha Devi (1994).
Sketches from My Past: Encounters with India's Oppressed
. Translated by Neera Kuckreja Sohoni. Northeastern University Press.
ISBN
978-1-55553-198-0
Notes
edit
Further reading
edit
Rosenstein, Ludmila L. (2004).
New Poetry in Hindi: Nayi Kavita - An Anthology
. Anthem Press.
ISBN
978-1-84331-125-6
Gupta, Indra (2003).
India's 50 Most Illustrious Women
. Icon Publications.
ISBN
978-81-88086-03-0
Schomer, Karine (1998).
Mahadevi Varma and the Chhayavad Age of Modern Hindi Poetry
. New Dehi: Oxford University Press.
ISBN
978-0-19-564450-0
Singh, Doodhnath
(2009).
Mahadevi
Rajkamal Prakashan
ISBN
978-81-267-1753-8
Varma, Mahadevi (2007). Nirmala Jain (ed.).
महादेवी साहित्य (Complete Works of Mahadevi Varma)
. Vol. 3. Vani Prakashan.
ISBN
978-81-8143-680-1
External links
edit
Mahadevi Varma Jivan Parichay
(Hindi Jivan Parichay)
Works by Mahādevī Varmā
at
Google Books
"Mahadevi Verma - कवयित्री जीवन और लेखन"
on
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Recipients
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Kishori Amonkar
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Allauddin Khan
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R. K. Laxman
Birju Maharaj
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Mallikarjun Mansur
Zubin Mehta
Mario Miranda
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Ram Narayan
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Rajinikanth
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Satyajit Ray
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Uday Shankar
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V. Shantaram
Shivkumar Sharma
Sharda Sinha
Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman
M. S. Subbulakshmi
L. Subramaniam
K. G. Subramanyan
Kapila Vatsyayan
Homai Vyarawalla
K. J. Yesudas
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Bimala Prasad Chaliha
Naresh Chandra
T. N. Chaturvedi
Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri
Suranjan Das
Rajeshwar Dayal
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M. S. Gill
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V. K. R. V. Rao
Bipin Rawat
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Arjan Singh
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Literature and
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Kuvempu
O. N. V. Kurup
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Portal
Category
WikiProject
Padma Bhushan
award recipients (1954–1959)
1954
Homi J. Bhabha
Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar
Mahadeva Iyer Ganapati
Jnan Chandra Ghosh
Maithilisharan Gupt
Amarnath Jha
Ajudhiya Nath Khosla
Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan
Hussain Ahmad Madani
Josh Malihabadi
Vaikunthbhai Mehta
Vallathol Narayana Menon
A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar
Palden Thondup Namgyal
V. Narahari Rao
Jamini Roy
Sukumar Sen
M. S. Subbulakshmi
Kodandera Subayya Thimayya
1955
Fateh Chand Badhwar
Lalit Mohan Banerjee
Suniti Kumar Chatterji
Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay
V. R. Khanolkar
Sunder Das Khungar
Rameshwari Nehru
Prana Krushna Parija
Madapati Hanumantha Rao
Maneklal Sankalchand Thacker
1956
Rukmini Devi Arundale
Rajshekhar Basu
Dhyan Chand
Zain Yar Jung
C. K. Nayudu
Muthulakshmi Reddi
Kanwar Sen
Vir Singh
K. Srinivasan
Mahadevi Varma
1957
Bhikhan Lal Atreya
Balasaraswati
Alagappa Chettiar
Hazari Prasad Dwivedi
Abid Hussain
Mushtaq Hussain Khan
Lakshmi N. Menon
Radha Kumud Mukherjee
Andal Venkatasubba Rao
Shrikrishna Narayan Ratanjankar
Shyam Nandan Sahay
Govind Sakharam Sardesai
K. A. Nilakanta Sastri
Basiswar Sen
Siddheshwar Varma
1958
Salim Ali
Vijaya Anand
D. P. Roy Choudhury
Jeahangir Ghandy
N. S. Hardikar
Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar
Allauddin Khan
K. P. S. Menon
A. C. N. Nambiar
Kuvempu
Poola Tirupati Raju
Kamalendumati Shah
Rao Raja Hanut Singh
Rustom Jal Vakil
Surya Narayan Vyas
Darashaw Nosherwan Wadia
1959
Sisir Bhaduri
Ramdhari Singh Dinkar
Ali Yavar Jung
Hansa Jivraj Mehta
Pammal Sambandha Mudaliar
Tiruppattur R. Venkatachala Murthi
Tenzing Norgay
Bhaurao Patil
Dhanvanthi Rama Rau
Nirmal Kumar Sidhanta
Mysore Vasudevachar
Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar
Ghulam Yazdani
# Posthumous conferral
1954–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–2029
Jnanpith Award
recipients
1965–1985
G. Sankara Kurup
(1965)
Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay
(1966)
Kuvempu
and
Umashankar Joshi
(1967)
Sumitranandan Pant
(1968)
Firaq Gorakhpuri
(1969)
Viswanatha Satyanarayana
(1970)
Bishnu Dey
(1971)
Ramdhari Singh Dinkar
(1972)
D. R. Bendre
and
Gopinath Mohanty
(1973)
Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar
(1974)
Akilan
(1975)
Ashapurna Devi
(1976)
Shivaram Karanth
(1977)
Sachchidananda Vatsyayan
(1978)
Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya
(1979)
S. K. Pottekkatt
(1980)
Amrita Pritam
(1981)
Mahadevi Varma
(1982)
Masti Venkatesha Iyengar
(1983)
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
(1984)
Pannalal Patel
(1985)
1986–2000
Sachidananda Routray
(1986)
Kusumagraj
(1987)
C. Narayana Reddy
(1988)
Qurratulain Hyder
(1989)
Vinayaka Krishna Gokak
(1990)
Subhas Mukhopadhyay
(1991)
Naresh Mehta
(1992)
Sitakant Mahapatra
(1993)
U. R. Ananthamurthy
(1994)
M. T. Vasudevan Nair
(1995)
Mahasweta Devi
(1996)
Ali Sardar Jafri
(1997)
Girish Karnad
(1998)
Gurdial Singh
and
Nirmal Verma
(1999)
Mamoni Raisom Goswami
(2000)
2001–present
Rajendra Shah
(2001)
Jayakanthan
(2002)
Vinda Karandikar
(2003)
Rehman Rahi
(2004)
Kunwar Narayan
(2005)
Ravindra Kelekar
and
Satya Vrat Shastri
(2006)
O. N. V. Kurup
(2007)
Shahryar
also known as
Akhlaq Mohammed Khan
(2008)
Amarkant
and
Shrilal Shukla
(2009)
Chandrashekhara Kambara
(2010)
Pratibha Ray
(2011)
Ravuri Bharadhwaja
(2012)
Kedarnath Singh
(2013)
Bhalchandra Nemade
(2014)
Raghuveer Chaudhari
(2015)
Shankha Ghosh
(2016)
Krishna Sobti
(2017)
Amitav Ghosh
(2018)
Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri
(2019)
Nilmani Phookan
(2021)
Damodar Mauzo
(2022)
Rambhadracharya
and
Gulzar
(2023)
Vinod Kumar Shukla
(2024)
Sahitya Akademi Fellowship
1968–1980
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
(1968)
D. R. Bendre
Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay
Sumitranandan Pant
C. Rajagopalachari
(1969)
Vaikom Muhammad Basheer
Firaq Gorakhpuri
Vishnu Sakharam Khandekar
Viswanatha Satyanarayana
(1970)
Kaka Kalelkar
Gopinath Kaviraj
Gurbaksh Singh
Kalindi Charan Panigrahi
(1971)
Masti Venkatesha Iyengar
Mangharam Udharam Malkani
Nilmoni Phukan
Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi
Sukumar Sen
V. R. Trivedi
(1973)
T. P. Meenakshisundaram
(1975)
Atmaram Ravaji Deshpande
Jainendra Kumar
Kuppali Venkatappa Puttappa 'Kuvempu'
V. Raghavan
Mahadevi Varma
(1979)
1981–2000
Umashankar Joshi
K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar
K. Shivaram Karanth
(1985)
Mulk Raj Anand
Vinayaka Krishna Gokak
Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi
Amritlal Nagar
Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai
Annada Shankar Ray
(1989)
Nagarjun
Balamani Amma
Ashapurna Devi
Qurratulain Hyder
Vishnu Bhikaji Kolte
Kanhu Charan Mohanty
P. T. Narasimhachar
R. K. Narayan
Harbhajan Singh
(1994)
Jayakanthan
Vinda Karandikar
Vidya Niwas Mishra
Subhash Mukhopadhyay
Raja Rao
Sachidananda Routray
Krishna Sobti
(1996)
Syed Abdul Malik
K. S. Narasimhaswamy
Gunturu Seshendra Sarma
Rajendra Shah
Ram Vilas Sharma
N. Khelchandra Singh
(1999)
Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar
Rehman Rahi
(2000)
2001–present
Ram Nath Shastri
(2001)
Kaifi Azmi
Govind Chandra Pande
Nilamani Phookan
Bhisham Sahni
(2002)
Kovilan
U. R. Ananthamurthy
Vijaydan Detha
Bhadriraju Krishnamurti
Amrita Pritam
Shankha Ghosh
Nirmal Verma
(2004)
Manoj Das
Vishnu Prabhakar
(2006)
Anita Desai
Kartar Singh Duggal
Ravindra Kelekar
(2007)
Gopi Chand Narang
Ramakanta Rath
(2009)
Chandranath Mishra Amar
Kunwar Narayan
Bholabhai Patel
Kedarnath Singh
Khushwant Singh
(2010)
Raghuveer Chaudhari
Arjan Hasid
Sitakant Mahapatra
M. T. Vasudevan Nair
Asit Rai
Satya Vrat Shastri
(2013)
Santeshivara Lingannaiah Bhyrappa
C. Narayana Reddy
(2014)
Nirendranath Chakravarty
Gurdial Singh
(2016)
Honorary Fellows
Léopold Sédar Senghor
(1974)
Edward C. Dimock, Jr.
Daniel H. H. Ingalls Sr.
Kamil Zvelebil
Ji Xianlin
(1996)
Vassilis Vitsaxis
Eugene Chelyshev
(2002)
Ronald E. Asher
(2007)
Abhimanyu Unnuth
(2013)
Premchand Fellowship
Intizar Hussain
(2005),
Kishwar Naheed
(2016)
Ananda Coomaraswamy Fellowship
Senake Bandaranayake
Chie Nakane
Azad N. Shamatov
(1996)
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