Neapolitan language - Wikipedia

Neapolitan language - Wikipedia
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Italo-Romance language spoken in Italy
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Neapolitan
napulitano
Native to
Italy
Region
Campania
Native speakers
5.7 million (2002)
Language family
Indo-European
Italic
Latino-Faliscan
Latinic
Romance
Italo-Western
Italo-Dalmatian
Italo-Romance
Intermediate Southern Italian
Neapolitan
Dialects
Arianese
Barese
Benevento
Cilentan
Irpinian
Molisan
Tarantino
Southern Latian
Vastese
Castelmezzano
Cosentian
Language codes
ISO 639-2
nap
ISO 639-3
nap
Glottolog
neap1235
Continental Southern Italian
sout3126
South Lucanian =
(Vd)
Lausberg
Southern Italo-Romance languages
Neapolitan as part of the European Romance languages
image reference needed
Neapolitan
autonym
('o n)napulitano
[(o
n)napuliˈtɑːnə]
Italian
napoletano
) is a
Romance language
of the
Southern Italo-Romance group
spoken in most of continental
Southern Italy
. It is named after the
Kingdom of Naples
, which once covered most of the area, and the city of
Naples
was its capital. On 14 October 2008, a law by the Region of
Campania
stated that Neapolitan was to be protected.
While the language group is native to much of continental Southern Italy or the former Kingdom of Naples, the terms
Neapolitan
napulitano
or
napoletano
may also instead refer more narrowly to the specific
variety
spoken natively in the city of Naples and the immediately surrounding
Naples metropolitan area
and Campania region. The present article mostly deals with this variety, which enjoys a certain degree of
prestige
and has historically wide written attestations.
Distribution
edit
A Neapolitan speaker, recorded in
Italy
1895 song in Neapolitan
Largely due to massive Southern Italian migration in the late 19th century and 20th century, there are also a number of Neapolitan speakers in
Italian diaspora
communities in the
United States
Canada
Australia
Brazil
Argentina
Uruguay
Mexico
, and
Venezuela
citation needed
. However, in the United States, traditional Neapolitan has had considerable contact with
and the
Sicilian languages
spoken by Sicilian and Calabrian immigrants living alongside Neapolitan-speaking immigrants and so the Neapolitan in the US is now significantly different from the contemporary Neapolitan spoken in
Naples
citation needed
. English words are often used in place of Neapolitan words, especially among second-generation speakers
citation needed
. On the other hand, the effect of
Standard Italian
on Neapolitan in Italy has been similar because of the increasing displacement of Neapolitan by Standard Italian in daily speech
citation needed
Classification
edit
Giambattista Basile
(1566–1632), author of a
collection of fairy tales
in Neapolitan that includes the earliest known versions of
Rapunzel
and
Cinderella
Neapolitan is a
Romance language
and is considered as part of Southern Italo-Romance. There are notable differences among the various dialects, but they are all generally mutually intelligible.
Italian
and Neapolitan are of variable mutual comprehensibility, depending on affective and linguistic factors. There are notable grammatical differences, such as Neapolitan having nouns in the neuter form and a unique plural formation, as well as historical phonological developments, which often obscure the cognacy of lexical items.
Its evolution has been similar to that of Italian and other Romance languages from their roots in
Vulgar Latin
. It may reflect a pre-Latin
Oscan
substratum
, as in the pronunciation of the
sound as an
sound (
rhotacism
) at the beginning of a word or between two vowels: e.g.
doje
(feminine) or
duje
(masculine), meaning "two", is pronounced, and often spelled, as
roje
ruje
vedé
("to see") as
veré
, and often spelled so; also
cadé
caré
("to fall") and
Madonna
Maronna
Another purported Oscan influence is the historical assimilation of the consonant cluster
/nd/
as
/nn/
, pronounced
[nː]
(this is generally reflected in spelling more consistently:
munno
vs Italian
mondo
"world";
quanno
vs Italian
quando
"when"), along with the development of
/mb/
as
/mm/
[mː]
tammuro
vs Italian
tamburo
"drum"), also consistently reflected in spelling. Other effects of the Oscan
substratum
are postulated, but substratum claims are highly controversial. As in many other languages in the
Italian Peninsula
, Neapolitan has an
adstratum
greatly influenced by other
Romance languages
Catalan
Spanish
and
Franco-Provençal
above all),
Germanic languages
and
Greek
(both ancient and modern). The language had never been standardised, and the word for
tree
has three different spellings:
arbero
arvero
and
àvaro
Neapolitan has enjoyed a rich literary,
musical
and theatrical history (notably
Giambattista Basile
Eduardo Scarpetta
, his son
Eduardo De Filippo
Salvatore Di Giacomo
and
Totò
). Thanks to this heritage and the musical work of
Renato Carosone
in the 1950s, Neapolitan is still in use in popular music, even gaining national popularity in the songs of
Pino Daniele
and the
Nuova Compagnia di Canto Popolare
The language has no official status within Italy and is not taught in schools. The
University of Naples Federico II
offers (from 2003) courses in Campanian Dialectology at the faculty of Sociology, whose actual aim is not to teach students to speak the language but to study its history, usage, literature and social role. There are also ongoing legislative attempts at the national level to have it recognized as an official
minority language
of Italy. It is a recognized
ISO
639 Joint Advisory Committee language with the
ISO 639-3
language code of
nap
Here is the
IPA
pronunciation of the Neapolitan spoken in the city of Naples:
Italian (standard)
Neapolitan (standard)
Neapolitan (diacritics)
IPA (Neapolitan)
Our Father who art in heaven,
Padre Nostro, che sei nei cieli,
code: ita promoted to code: it
Pate nuoste ca staje 'n cielo,
Patë nuóstë ca stajë 'n ciélö,
[ˈpɑːtə
ˈnwostə
ka
ˈstɑːjə
nˈdʒjeːlə]
hallowed be thy name
Sia santificato il tuo nome.
code: ita promoted to code: it
santificammo 'o nomme tuojo.
santificàmmö 'o nómmë tuójö.
[sandifiˈkamm(ə)
ˈnommə
ˈtwoːjə]
Thy kingdom come,
Venga il tuo regno,
code: ita promoted to code: it
Faje veni' 'o regno tuojo,
Fajë vënì' 'o règnö tuójö,
[ˈfɑːjə
vəˈni
ˈrɛɲɲə
ˈtwoːjə]
Thy will be done,
Sia fatta la tua volontá,
code: ita promoted to code: it
sempe c'a vuluntà toja,
sèmpë c'a vuluntà tòjä,
[ˈsɛmbə
ˈkɑ:
vulunˈda
(t)ˈtɔːjə]
on earth as it is in heaven.
Come in cielo, così in terra.
code: ita promoted to code: it
accussì 'n cielo, accussì 'n terra.
accussì 'n ciélö, accussì 'n tèrrä.
[akkusˈsi
nˈdʒjeːlə
akkusˈsi
nˈdɛrrə]
Give us this day our daily bread
Dacci oggi il nostro pane quotidiano,
code: ita promoted to code: it
Fance ave' 'o pane tutte 'e juorne,
Fancë avé' 'o panë tuttë 'e juórnë,
[ˈfandʒ
aˈve
pˈpɑːnə
ˈtutt
ˈjwornə]
and forgive us our trespasses
E rimetti a noi i nostri debiti
code: ita promoted to code: it
e liévace 'e riébbete
e liéväcë 'e riébbëtë
[e
lˈljeːvəʃ(ə)
ˈrjebbətə]
as we forgive those who trespass against us,
Come noi li rimettiamo ai nostri debitori.
code: ita promoted to code: it
cumme nuje 'e luvamme all'ate.
cummë nujë 'e luvàmmë all'atë.
[ˈkummə
ˈnuːjə
lluˈwammə
alˈlɑːtə]
and lead us not into temptation,
E non ci indurre in tentazione,
code: ita promoted to code: it
Nun ce fa' spanteca',
Nun cë fa' spantëcà',
[nun
dʒə
ˈfa
ʃpandəˈka]
but deliver us from evil.
Ma liberaci dal male.
code: ita promoted to code: it
e liévace 'o male 'a tuorno.
e liéväcë 'o malë 'a tuórnö.
[e
lˈljeːvəʃ(ə)
mˈmɑːl(ə)
ˈtwornə]
Amen.
Amen.
code: ita promoted to code: it
Ammèn.
Ammèn.
[amˈmɛnn(ə)]
Alphabet and pronunciation
edit
Neapolitan orthography consists of 22
Latin
letters. Much like
Italian orthography
, it does not contain
, or
even though these letters might be found in some foreign words; unlike Italian, it does contain the letter
. The following English pronunciation guidelines are based on
General American
pronunciation, and the values used may not apply to other dialects. (See also:
International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
.)
All Romance languages are closely related. Although Neapolitan shares a high degree of its vocabulary with Italian, the official language of Italy, differences in pronunciation can make the connection unrecognizable to those without knowledge of Neapolitan. The most striking
citation needed
phonological difference is the Neapolitan weakening of unstressed vowels into
schwa
schwa
is pronounced like the
in
about
or the
in
upon
).
However, it is also possible (and quite common for some Neapolitans) to speak standard Italian with a "Neapolitan accent"; that is, by pronouncing un-stressed vowels as schwa or by pronouncing the letter s as
(like the
sh
in
ship
) instead of
(like the
in
sea
or the
ss
in
pass
) when the letter representing
is in initial position followed by a consonant, but not when it is followed by a dental occlusive
or
(at least in the purest form of the language) but by otherwise using the vocabulary and grammatical forms of Italian.
Therefore, while pronunciation presents the strongest barrier to comprehension
citation needed
, the grammar of Neapolitan is what sets it apart from Italian. In Neapolitan, for example, the gender and number of a word is expressed by a change in the accented vowel because it no longer distinguishes final unstressed
and
(e.g.
uo
ngo
[ˈlwoŋɡə]
nga
[ˈloŋɡə]
; Italian
lung
lung
; masc. "long", fem. "long"), whereas in Italian it is expressed by a change in the final vowel. These and other morpho-syntactic differences distinguish the Neapolitan language from the Italian language and the Neapolitan accent.
Neapolitan has had a significant influence on the intonation of
Rioplatense Spanish
spoken in
Buenos Aires
and the
surrounding region
of
Argentina
and in the entire country of
Uruguay
Vowels
edit
While there are only five graphic vowels in Neapolitan, phonemically, there are eight. Stressed vowels
and
can be either "
closed
" or "
open
" and the pronunciation is different for the two. The grave accent (
) is used to denote open vowels, and the acute accent (
) is used to denote closed vowels, with alternative
and
. However, accent marks are not commonly used in the actual spelling of words except when they occur on the final syllable of a word, such as
Totò
arrivà
, or
pecché
, and when they appear here in other positions, it is only to demonstrate where the stress, or accent, falls in some words. Also, the
circumflex
is used to mark a long vowel where it would not normally occur (e.g.
sî
"you are").
Vowels
Front
Central
Back
High
High-mid
Low-mid
Low
Letter
IPA
Pronunciation guide
is usually
open
and is pronounced like the
in
father
when it is the final, unstressed vowel, its pronunciation is indistinct and approaches the sound of the
schwa
/ə/
stressed, open
is pronounced like the
in
bet
stressed, closed
is pronounced like the
in
fame
except that it does not die off into
ee
unstressed
is pronounced as a
schwa
/ə/
stressed, open
is pronounced like the
in
often
stressed, closed
is pronounced like the
in
closed
except that it does not die off into
oo
unstressed
is pronounced as a
schwa
is always closed and is pronounced like the
ee
in
meet
when it is initial, or preceding another vowel
is always closed and is pronounced like the
oo
in
boot
when it is initial, or preceding another vowel
Consonants
edit
Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Post-
alveolar
Palatal
Velar
central
sibilant
Nasal
Plosive
Affricate
voiceless
t͡s
t͡ʃ
voiced
d͡z
d͡ʒ
Fricative
voiceless
voiced
Lateral
Approximant
Trill
Tap
Letter
IPA
Pronunciation guide
[b]
pronounced the same as the
in English
spill
(not as the
in
pill
, which is aspirated)
voiced after
pronounced the same as in English, always
geminated
when preceded by a vowel
[d]
dental version of the English
as in
stop
(not as the
in
top
, which is aspirated)
voiced after
dental
version of the English
t͡ʃ
d͡ʒ
when followed by
or
the pronunciation is somewhere between the
sh
in
share
and the
ch
in
chore
, especially after a vowel
otherwise it is like the
in
scan
(not like the
in
can
, which is
aspirated
in both cases
voiced
after
/d͡ʒ/
/ɡ/
when followed by
or
the pronunciation is like the
of
gem
, always geminated when preceded by another vowel
otherwise it is like the
in
get
pronounced the same as in English
pronounced the same as in English
d͡z
pronounced the same as in English
sound
unless it comes before a consonant other than
/t
l/
pronounced as
ds
in
lads
after
pronounced as English
before
or after
/ʃ/
pronounced
sh
when followed by a voiceless consonant (except
/t/
zh
when followed by a voiced consonant (except
/n
l/
t͡s
[d͡z]
unvoiced
(not occurring after
) is pronounced like the
ts
in
jetsam
voiced
is pronounced like the
ds
in
lads
after
referred to as a
semi-consonant
, is pronounced like English
as in
yet
pronounced the same as in English
pronounced the same as in English
pronounced the same as in English; if followed by a consonant, it variously changes its
point of articulation
when between two vowels it sounds very similar to the American
in
later
; it is a single tap of a trilled
when at the beginning of a word or when preceded by or followed by another consonant, it is trilled
/k
represented by orthographic
qu
, pronounced similarly as in English, but more accurately described as pronouncing
and
simultaneously rather than sequentially
is always silent and is used to differentiate words pronounced the same and otherwise spelled alike (e.g.
ha
anno
hanno
and placed after
or
to indicate the hard sound when
or
follows (e.g.
ce
che
gi
ghi
/k(ə)s/
pronounced like the
in
next
or like the
cus
in
raucus
; this consonant sequence does not occur in native Neapolitan or Italian words
Digraphs and trigraphs
edit
The following clusters are always
geminated
if vowel-following.
Letter
IPA
Pronunciation Guide
gn
palatal
version of the
ni
in the English
onion
gl(i)
palatal version of the
lli
in the English
million
, most commonly realized like a strong version of
in the English
yes
sc
when followed by
or
it is pronounced as the
sh
in the English
ship
Grammar
edit
Neapolitan text at the Scampìa Carnival; note the definite article
'o
Definite articles
edit
The Neapolitan classical
definite articles
(corresponding to the English word "the") are
'a
(feminine singular),
'o
(masculine singular) and
'e
(plural for both). They are traditionally spelled with the apostrophe to signify the elided sound
Before a word beginning with a consonant:
Singular
Plural
Masculine
'o
'e
Feminine
'a
'e
C:
Neuter
'o
C:
"C:" = the initial consonant of the following word is
geminated
if followed by a vowel.
These definite articles are always pronounced distinctly.
Before a word beginning with a vowel,
l'
or
ll'
are used for both masculine and feminine, singular and plural. Although both forms can be found, the
ll'
form is by far the most common.
In Neapolitan, the
gender
of a noun is not easily determined by the article, so other means must be used. In the case of
'o
, which can be either masculine singular or neuter singular (there is no neuter plural in Neapolitan), the initial consonant of the noun is doubled when it is neuter. For example, the name of a language in Neapolitan is always neuter, so if we see
'o nnapulitano
we know it refers to the Neapolitan language, whereas
'o napulitano
would refer to a Neapolitan man.
Likewise, since
'e
can be either masculine or feminine plural, when it is feminine plural, the initial consonant of the noun is doubled. For example, consider
'a lista
, which in Neapolitan is feminine singular, meaning "the list". In the plural, it becomes
'e lliste
There can also be problems with nouns whose singular form ends in
. Since plural nouns usually end in
whether masculine or feminine, the masculine plural is often signaled orthographically, that is, by altering the spelling. As an example, consider the word
guaglione
, which means "boy" or (in the feminine form) "girl":
Singular
Plural
Masculine
'o guaglione
'e guagliune
Feminine
'a guagliona
'e gguaglione
More will be said about these orthographically changing nouns in the section on Neapolitan nouns.
A couple of notes about consonant doubling:
Doubling is a function of the article (and certain other words), and these same words may be seen in other contexts without the consonant doubled. More will be said about this in the section on consonant doubling.
Doubling only occurs when a vowel follows the consonant. No doubling occurs if it is followed by another consonant, such as in the word
spagnuolo (Spanish)
Indefinite articles
edit
The Neapolitan indefinite articles, corresponding to the English
or
an
, are presented in the following table:
Masculine
Feminine
Before words beginning with a consonant
nu
na
Before words beginning with a vowel
n'
Verbal conjugation
edit
In Neapolitan there are four finite moods:
indicative
subjunctive
conditional
and
imperative
, and three non-finite modes:
infinitive
gerund
and
participle
. Each mood has an
active
and a
passive
form. The only auxiliary verbs used in the active form is
(h)avé
(Eng. "to have", It.
avere
), which contrasts with Italian, in which the intransitive and reflexive verbs take
èssere
for their auxiliary. For example, we have:
Neapolitan
Aggio
AUX
.have.
1SG
PRES
stato
be.
PTCP
PAST
in
Napule
Naples
ajere.
yesterday
Aggio stato a Napule ajere.
AUX.have.1SG.PRES be.PTCP.PAST in Naples yesterday
I was in Naples yesterday.
Italian
Sono
AUX
.be.
1S
PRES
stato
be.
PTCP
PAST
in
Napoli
Naples
ieri.
yesterday
Sono stato a Napoli ieri.
AUX.be.1S.PRES be.PTCP.PAST in Naples yesterday
I was in Naples yesterday.
Doubled initial consonants
edit
In Neapolitan, many times the initial consonant of a word is doubled. This is called
syntactic gemination
raddoppiamento sintattico
in Italian). This linguistic phenomenon occurs also in Italian and in Finnish.
All feminine plural nouns, preceded by the feminine plural definite article,
'e
, or any feminine plural adjective, have their initial consonant doubled.
All neuter singular nouns, when preceded by the neuter singular definite article,
'o
, or by a neuter singular adjective, have their initial consonant doubled.
In addition, other words also trigger this doubling. Below is a list of words that trigger the doubling of the initial consonant of the following word.
However, when there is a pause after the "trigger" word, the phonological doubling does not occur (e.g.
tu sî (g)guaglione
, "You are a boy", where
sî
is a "trigger" word causing doubling of the initial consonant in
guaglione
, but in the phrase
'e do sî, guaglió?
"Where are you from, boy?", no doubling occurs. Neither does doubling occur when the initial consonant is followed by another consonant (other than
or
), e.g.
'o ttaliano
"the Italian language", but
'o spagnuolo
"the Spanish language", where
'o
is the neuter definite article).
This doubling phenomenon happens phonologically (in pronunciation), and the doubling is not always represented in spelling. However, many Neapolitan-language editions do represent syntactic gemination in writing, resulting in many words spelled with initial double consonants. So,
je so' pazzo
("I am crazy") may also be spelled
je so' ppazzo
(regardless of the spelling, it is pronounced with syntactic gemination). In Italian and Finnish, syntactic gemination is not reflected in writing.
Words that trigger doubling in pronunciation
edit
Viola Carofalo
wearing a T-shirt with Neapolitan
je so' pazzo
("I am crazy.")
The conjunctions
and
né
but not
(e.g.
pane e (c)caso
né (p)pane né (c)caso
; but
pane o caso
The prepositions
pe
cu
(e.g.
a (m)me
pe (t)te
cu (v)vuje
The negation
nu
, short for
nun
(e.g.
nu ddicere niente
The indefinites
ogne
cocche
(e.g.
ogne (c)casa
cocche (c)cosa
Interrogative
che
and relative
che
but not
ca
(e.g.
che (p)piense?
che (f)femmena!
che (c)capa!
accussí
(e.g.
accussí (b)bello
From the verb "
essere
",
so'
sî
but not
songo
(e.g.
je so' (p)pazzo
tu sî (f)fesso
chella è (M)Maria
chilli so' (c)cafune
but
chilli songo cafune
chiú
(e.g.
chiú (p)poco
The number
tre
(e.g.
tre (s)segge
The neuter definite article
'o
(e.g.
'o (p)pane
, but
nu poco 'e pane
The neuter pronoun
'o
(e.g.
'o (t)tiene 'o (p)pane?
Demonstrative adjectives
chistu
and
chillu
which refer to neuter nouns in indefinite quantities (e.g.
chistu (f)fierro
chillu (p)pane
) but not in definite quantities (e.g.
Chistu fierro
chillu pane
The feminine plural definite article
'e
(e.g.
'e (s)segge
'e (g)guaglione
The plural feminine pronoun
'e
, e.g.,
'e (g)guaglione 'e (c)chiamme tu? "
The plural masculine pronoun
'e
preceding a verb, but not when
'e
is an article; in
'e guagliune 'e (c)chiamme tu?
, the first
'e
is an article, so it does not trigger doubling; the second
'e
does trigger doubling because it is a masculine plural pronoun.
The locative
lloco
(e.g.
lloco (s)sotto
From the verb
stà
sto'
(e.g.
sto' (p)parlanno
From the verb
puté
può
pô
(e.g.
isso pô (s)sapé
Special case
Spiritu (S)Santo
See also
edit
Languages portal
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Languages of Italy
Oscan language
Sicilian language
References
edit
Neapolitan
at
Ethnologue
(18th ed., 2015)
(subscription required)
"Tutela del dialetto, primo via libera al Ddl campano"
Archived
27 July 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
("Bill to protect dialect green-lighted") from
Il Denaro
, economic journal of South Italy, 15 October 2008 Re Franceschiello. L'ultimo sovrano delle Due Sicilie
Ledgeway, Adam. 2009.
Grammatica diacronica del napoletano
. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, pp. 3, 13-15
Radtke, Edgar. 1997.
I dialetti della Campania
. Roma: Il Calamo. pp. 39ff
Sornicola, Rosanna
(2006).
"Campania"
(PDF)
. In Maiden, Martin; Parry, Mair (eds.).
The dialects of Italy
. London: Routledge
. Retrieved
30 December
2023
Colantoni, Laura, and Jorge Gurlekian.
"Convergence and intonation: historical evidence from Buenos Aires Spanish"
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
, Volume 7, Issue 02, August 2004, pp. 107–119, Cambridge Journals Online
Canepari, Luciano
(2005),
Italia
(PDF)
, Manuale di fonetica, Lincom Europa, pp.
282–
283,
ISBN
3-89586-456-0
, archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 6 June 2011
(in
Italian
Additional sources
edit
Iandolo, Carlo (2001).
A lengua 'e Pulecenella: Grammatica napoletana
(in Italian). Sorrento: Franco Di Mauro.
ISBN
978-8885263710
De Blasi, Nicola; Imperatore, Luigi (2001).
Il napoletano parlato e scritto: Con note di grammatica storica
Written and Spoken Neapolitan: With Notes on Historic Grammar
] (in Italian) (2nd ed.). Napoli: Dante & Descartes.
ISBN
978-8888142050
Del Vecchio, Emilano (3 July 2014).
"Neapolitan: A Great Cultural Heritage"
TermCoord
Verde, Massimiliano (17 June 2017).
"Consegnato il primo Certificato Europeo di Lingua Napoletana"
[Granted the first European Certificate of the Neapolitan language].
NapoliToday
(in Italian).
First Course of Neapolitan Language according to the QCER CEFR with the Patronage of City of Naples realized by Dr.Massimiliano Verde "Corso di Lingua e Cultura Napoletana" with a document of study in Neapolitan Language by Dr.Verde
First public document in Neapolitan Language of the XXI century according to a text of Dr.Verde; the touristic Map of the III Municipality of Naples in Neapolitan Language:
Palmieri, Paola (22 June 2017).
"Napoli per turisti: arriva la prima mappa con info in napoletano e italiano!"
[Naples for tourists: Released the first map with text in Neapolitan and Italian!].
Grandenapoli
(in Italian).
"A Napoli nasce la prima mappa turistica con info in italiano e napoletano"
Vesuvio Live
(in Italian). 21 June 2017.
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Neapolitan language and culture
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Prosodic detail in Neapolitan Italian
by Francesco Cangemi. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 187 Free download.
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(in Italian)
Salvatore Argenziano. Il Dialetto Napoletano- Appunti di Grafia e Grammatica
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In recent studies on Neapolitan variants in Campania, there has been a tendency to mark vowels pronounced as
schwa
⟨ə⟩ with
diaeresis
◌̈
). While it may help novice speakers, it is not an established trait of the Neapolitan orthography.
Venetian is either grouped with the rest of the Italo-Dalmatian or the Gallo-Italic languages, depending on the linguist, but the major consensus among linguists is that in the dialectal landscape of northern Italy, Veneto dialects are clearly distinguished from Gallo-Italic dialects.
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