Noel B. Salazar - KU Leuven
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Noel B. Salazar
KU Leuven
Social and Cultural Anthropology
Faculty Member
University of Pennsylvania
Anthropology
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University of Essex
Department of Psychology
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I obtained my PhD in anthropology from the University of Pennsylvania (USA) and am currently Professor at the Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, Faculty of Social Sciences, KU Leuven (Belgium). From 2011 until 2015 I served as Executive Committee member of the European Association of Social Anthropologists (including as President of EASA) and from 2013 until 2018 as Vice President and from 2018 until 2023 as Secretary-General of the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES).
My research interests include anthropologies of mobility and travel, the local-to-global nexus, discourses and imaginaries of Otherness, heritage, cultural brokering, cosmopolitanism, and endurance. I have published peer-reviewed articles, book chapters, and newspaper articles on these topics in the USA, the UK, India, Indonesia, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Spain, Estonia, and Colombia.
I am the author of Momentous Mobilities (2018, Oxford: Berghahn), Envisioning Eden (2010, Oxford: Berghahn) and co-editor of Pacing Mobilities (2020, Oxford: Berghahn), Methodologies of Mobility (2017, Oxford: Berghahn), Mega-event Mobilities (2016, London: Routledge), Keywords of Mobility (2016, Oxford: Berghahn), Regimes of Mobility (2014, New York: Routledge) and Tourism Imaginaries (2014, Oxford: Berghahn). I founded CuMoRe (Cultural Mobilities Research) and the EASA Anthropology and Mobility Network.
I am on the editorial boards of, among others, Applied Mobilities, Mobile Culture Studies Journal, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, and the International Journal of Tourism Anthropology. In addition, I am on UNESCO’s and UNWTO’s roster of consultants, and I am an expert member of the ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Committee and the UNESCO-UNITWIN Network 'Culture, Tourism and Development'.
Cultural Mobilities Research
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Books by Noel B. Salazar
Contemporary meanings of endurance: An interdisciplinary approach
Contemporary meanings of endurance
, Nov 18, 2022
This book critically analyses the concept of endurance from different theoretical, conceptual, me...
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This book critically analyses the concept of endurance from different theoretical, conceptual, methodological, and empirical perspectives.
The first part of the book takes a closer look at endurance, by examining how it relates to concepts such as resilience, perseverance, and perdurance. By analysing how these concepts overlap but differ, we reach a better understanding of what constitutes endurance. Furthermore, endurance is reconfigured as a as a mundane aspect of everyday life. The latter part of the book focuses on embodied experiences of endurance, more specifically on endurance running, walking, and (physical) performances. The different contributions focus on the meanings, values, and attributes that people ascribe to endurance in various socio-cultural contexts. The book uncovers practices, environments, and discourses in which endurance is applied and manifested, from drought-affected communities in rural Australia to professional endurance runners in Ethiopia as well as migrants in Greece and performance acts in domestic spaces in the United Kingdom and beyond.
This book will be of interest to scholars of movement sciences, sports studies, mobilities, leisure studies, and resilience studies.
Migration at work: Aspirations, imaginaries and structures of mobility
by
Noel B. Salazar
and
Fiona Seiger
Migration at work: Aspirations, imaginaries and structures of mobility
, Sep 2020
The willingness to migrate in search of employment is in itself insufficient to compel anyone to ...
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The willingness to migrate in search of employment is in itself insufficient to compel anyone to move. The dynamics of labour mobility are heavily influenced by the opportunities perceived and the imaginaries held by both employers and regulating authorities in relation to migrant labour. This volume offers a multidisciplinary approach to the study of the structures and imaginaries underlying various forms of mobility. Based on research conducted in different geographical contexts, including the European Union, Turkey, and South Africa, and tackling the experiences and aspirations of migrants from various parts of the globe, the chapters comprised in this volume analyse labour-related mobilities from two distinct yet intertwined vantage points: the role of structures and regimes of mobility on the one hand, and aspirations as well as migrant imaginaries on the other. Migration at Work thus aims to draw cross-contextual parallels by addressing the role played by opportunities in mobilising people, how structures enable, sustain, and change different forms of mobility, and how imaginaries fuel labour migration and vice versa. In doing so, this volume also aims to tackle the interrelationships between imaginaries driving migration and shaping “regimes of mobility”, as well as how the former play out in different contexts, shaping internal and cross-border migration.
Based on empirical research in various fields, this collection provides valuable scholarship and evidence on current processes of migration and mobility.
Pacing mobilities: Timing, intensity, tempo and duration of human movements
Pacing mobilities
, Jun 1, 2020
Turning the attention to the temporal as well as the more familiar spatial dimensions of mobility...
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Turning the attention to the temporal as well as the more familiar spatial dimensions of mobility, this volume focuses on the momentum for and temporal composition of mobility, the rate at which people enact or deploy their movements as well as the conditions under which these moves are being marshalled, represented and contested. This is an anthropological exploration of temporality as a form of action, a process of actively modulating or responding to how people are moving rather than the more usual focus in mobility studies on where they are heading.
Methodologies of mobility: Ethnography and experiment
Methodologies of mobility: Ethnography and experiment
, Apr 2017
Research into mobility is an exciting challenge for the social sciences that raises novel social,...
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Research into mobility is an exciting challenge for the social sciences that raises novel social, cultural, spatial and ethical questions. At the heart of these empirical and theoretical complexities lies the question of methodology: how can we best capture and understand a planet in flux? Methodologies of Mobility speaks beyond disciplinary boundaries to the methodological challenges and possibilities of engaging with a world on the move. With scholars continuing to face different forms and scales of mobility, this volume strategically traces innovative ways of designing, applying and reflecting on both established and cutting-edge methodologies of mobility.
Mega-event mobilities: A critical analysis
by
Noel B. Salazar
Luana Gama Gato
, and
Sarah Van den Broucke
Mega-event mobilities: A critical analysis
, Jan 2017
Global sports events are rarely far from the public eye. Such mega-events are about much more tha...
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Global sports events are rarely far from the public eye. Such mega-events are about much more than the sporting competitions themselves. They entail global
exposure and intense struggles by different stakeholders. This is the first book to examine sports mega-events from a mobilities perspective. It analyses the ‘mobile construction’ of global sports mega-events and the role this plays in managing labour, imaginaries, policies and legacies. In particular, the book focuses on the tension between the various mobilities and immobilities that are implied in the process of constructing a mega-event. It seeks to uncover the
ways in which an event is a series of fluid interactions that occur sequentially and simultaneously at multiple scales in diverse spheres of interaction. Contributions
explore the dynamics through which mega-events occur, revealing the textures and nuance of the complex systems that sustain them, and the ways that events
ramify throughout the international system.
Keywords of mobility: Critical engagements
by
Noel B. Salazar
and
Kiran Jayaram
Keywords of mobility: Critical engagements
, Jun 2016
Scholars from various disciplines have used key concepts to grasp mobilities, but as of yet, a wo...
more
Scholars from various disciplines have used key concepts to grasp mobilities, but as of yet, a working vocabulary of these has not been fully developed. Given this context and inspired in part by Raymond Williams’ Keywords (1976), this edited volume presents contributions that critically analyze mobility-related keywords: capital, cosmopolitanism, freedom, gender, immobility, infrastructure, motility, and regime. Each chapter provides an historical context, a critical analysis of how the keyword has been used in relation to mobility, and a conclusion that proposes future usage or research.
Tourism imaginaries: Anthropological approaches
by
Noel B. Salazar
and
Nelson Graburn
It is hard to imagine tourism without the creative use of seductive, as well as restrictive, imag...
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It is hard to imagine tourism without the creative use of seductive, as well as restrictive, imaginaries about peoples and places. These socially shared assemblages are collaboratively produced and consumed by a diverse range of actors around the globe. As a nexus of social practices through which individuals and groups establish places and peoples as credible objects of tourism, “tourism imaginaries” have yet to be fully explored. Presenting innovative conceptual approaches, this volume advances ethnographic research methods and critical scholarship regarding tourism and the imaginaries that drive it. The various authors contribute methodologically as well as conceptually to anthropology’s grasp of the images, forces, and encounters of the contemporary world.
Envisioning Eden: Mobilizing imaginaries in tourism and beyond
As tourism service standards become more homogeneous, travel destinations worldwide are conformin...
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As tourism service standards become more homogeneous, travel destinations worldwide are conforming yet still trying to maintain, or even increase, their distinctiveness. Based on more than two years of fieldwork in Yogyakarta, Indonesia and Arusha, Tanzania, this book offers an in-depth investigation of the local-to-global dynamics of contemporary tourism. Each destination offers examples that illustrate how tour guide narratives and practices are informed by widely circulating imaginaries of the past as well as personal fantasies of the future. The author reveals how local guides in Yogyakarta and Arusha insure the continued reproduction and localization of tourism fantasies, but they also use the privileged contact with foreigners to foment their own imaginations of "paradise on earth." The book focuses on the human mechanics of globalization, cosmopolitan mobility, and the role of the imaginary in giving people’s lives meaning, demonstrating essential ways in which ethnographies of tourism and travel contribute to ongoing theoretical and methodological debates about the local–global nexus.
Journal Articles by Noel B. Salazar
La turismificación del patrimonio y la patrimonialización del turismo
Universidad-Verdad
, 2025
El turismo patrimonial representa uno de los nichos turísticos más significativos, puesto que gen...
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El turismo patrimonial representa uno de los nichos turísticos más significativos, puesto que genera miles de millones de dólares anuales y emplea a millones de personas. Este artículo analiza críticamente la investigación existente sobre la compleja relación entre patrimonio y turismo, examinando tanto los efectos positivos como negativos en ciudades históricas, así como cuestiones fundamentales de autenticidad, imaginarios turísticos y el estatus especial del patrimonio mundial. El objetivo es demonstrar que, aunque el turismo puede proporcionar recursos para la conservación patrimonial y el desarrollo económico local, también genera tensiones significativas entre conservacionistas, promotores turísticos y otros actores involucrados. El análisis de los imaginarios turísticos demuestra relaciones de poder asimétricas entre anfitriones, intermediarios e invitados, mientras que la designación de patrimonio mundial funciona cada vez más como herramienta de mercadotecnia turística. Los principales desafíos incluyen el impacto en comunidades locales, la gestión sostenible de visitantes, conflictos entre diferentes grupos y la necesidad de equilibrar conservación con desarrollo económico. El artículo concluye que el desarrollo turístico sostenible siempre requiere de estrategias integradas que consideren, tanto la preservación patrimonial como las necesidades de las comunidades locales, enfatizando la importancia de enfoques participativos y éticos en la gestión del turismo patrimonial.
Epilogue: Journeying With One of Japan's Leading Anthropologists
Asia Pacific Journal Of Anthropology
, Jul 6, 2025
This epilogue concludes a special issue honouring the life and work of Professor Shinji Yamashita...
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This epilogue concludes a special issue honouring the life and work of Professor Shinji Yamashita and his profound influence on anthropology and anthropologists in Japan and beyond. I describe Yamashita's career as I experienced it through professional and personal encounters with him. As a pioneer in the anthropology of tourism, his take on tourism as an ideological framing of history, nature, and tradition significantly shaped academic discourse. His use of the concept of glocalisation, which adapts global ideas to local contexts, was pivotal in understanding cultural dynamics of globalisation in Southeast Asia and elsewhere. Yamashita's extensive fieldwork in Indonesia and his role in advancing public anthropology highlight his commitment to bridging Japanese and global scholarship. His contributions to disaster risk mitigation research further underscore his interdisciplinary impact. Yamashita has left us with an important legacy, and his innovative ideas continue to inspire and shape contemporary anthropological research.
Disentangling the complex relation between (kin)aesthetics and (kin)ethics: What mobility studies can learn from sport studies
Mobility Humanities
, Jan 31, 2025
Movement is crucial to aesthetics-the feeling of beauty-found in various forms of art, design, an...
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Movement is crucial to aesthetics-the feeling of beauty-found in various forms of art, design, and environmental experiences. Kinaesthetics, the embodied experience of movement, is connected to aesthetics as both relate to our feeling of movement and sensory stimuli. They may overlap in physical performance, where the felt beauty and expressiveness of movement are linked to the bodily sensations and control involved in performing the movements. This can also have a (kin)ethical component, as movements raise ethical questions or challenge social norms and values, shaping our moral perspectives. Our own movements significantly impact our physical and mental well-being, and our social and environmental relationships. (Kin)ethics helps us understand the ethical implications of movements, such as how our actions affect others and the environment, and how we can use our movements to promote social justice and equity. (Kin)ethical considerations can influence (kin) aesthetic judgments of movement. Both evaluate human experience and the values that shape our understanding of the world. This paper, then, reflects on the complex interrelations between (kin)aesthetics and (kin)ethics, drawing upon research within sport studies, particularly on recreational running, to show what mobility studies, as an interdisciplinary field of research, can learn from sport studies.
Reconfiguring essential and existential (im)mobilities
by
Noel B. Salazar
and
Chrysi Kyratsou
Critique of Anthropology
, Dec 9, 2024
The Introduction to this Special Issue, themed ‘Navigating Hurdles and Reconfiguring (Im)mobiliti...
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The Introduction to this Special Issue, themed ‘Navigating Hurdles and Reconfiguring (Im)mobilities in Times of Corona’ departs from a reflection over what constitutes a ‘crisis’, and accordingly reflects over the notions ‘essential’ and ‘existential’ that have been devised extensively in research, as well as in official and colloquial discourses, to describe diverse types of mobilities. The Introduction engages with the concepts of ‘crisis’ and ‘emergency’ that set the tone of the social reality during the COVID-19 pandemic. In doing so, it aims to conceptualize the paradigm shift of (im)mobilities reinforced at the outbreak of the pandemic within the wider debates around ‘crisis’ and ‘emergency’, further scrutinizing the official and colloquial discourses assumed during the pandemic. Accordingly, the Introduction discusses the concepts of essential, non-essential, and existential mobilities as understood amidst and outside of the critical times of the pandemic. In doing so, it offers a theoretical basis from which the discussion of the Special Issue departs. Finally, the Introduction engages with the concept of ‘pace’ as a theoretical lens to understand (im)mobilities, and proposes the concept of ‘reconfiguration’, as a tool that enables us to focus on the agentive actors’ discourses and practices to reconstitute a meaningful life, and navigate the (im)mobility regimes forged amidst the critical times of corona.
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The phenomenon of 'South-Working' intensified during the pandemic, driven by digital technology enabling remote work and transforming mobility patterns.
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Navigating (im)mobility rules
by
Noel B. Salazar
and
Ignacio Fradejas-García
Focaal
, 2024
In this introductory article, we critically analyze which rules govern human
mobility and how mob...
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In this introductory article, we critically analyze which rules govern human
mobility and how mobility regulations and codes are resisted, transgressed, broken, and remade. To play by the rules of mobility means to follow habits and laws governed by social norms and institutional control. Our point of departure is that social and institutional mobility rules both abound and are intertwined and that they are routinely disputed by individuals, groups, and institutions. Drawing on ethnographic examples and the literature on legal anthropology, mobilities, and transnational migration, the article disentangles the specifi c mechanisms, principles,
and symbolic power of mobility rules—written and non-written, legal and
non-legal, formal and informal, codifi ed and non-codifi ed, explicit and implicit. In short, we address how people are navigating rules of mobility that operate in contradictory, ambiguous, and hidden ways.
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Intrastate exclusionary mobility rules have expanded the divide between the Global North and South, privileging certain migrants while criminalizing others.
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Heritage imaginaries and imaginaries of heritage: An analytical lens to rethink heritage from 'alter-native' ontologies
International Journal of Heritage Studies
, 2024
Imaginaries are representational assemblages of the past, ways to understand and(re)create histor...
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Imaginaries are representational assemblages of the past, ways to understand and(re)create history and projections of the self and others that ground ever-changing identities. They are embedded in the cultural meaning-making systems of each society. However, researchers and practitioners within the heritage field have not directly analysed heritage as a product-producer of imaginaries or conceived heritage itself as an
imaginary. This conceptual article proposes imaginaries as a useful analytical lens to critically study heritage. Imaginariesenable us to uncover how people assume and signify heritage from various positions and experiences. Furthermore, this article aims to shed light on how alternative imaginaries grounded in non-western ontologies enable us to rethink heritage meaning and practice in the encounters and conflicts between different systems of meaning in daily life. More concretely, we identify three significant contributions of using imaginaries as a lens for the study of heritage. To illustrate our theoretical propositions, we incorporate empirical examples from ethnographic fieldwork conducted in the Ecuadorian Andes.
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Dominant heritage imaginaries often enforce Western conceptualizations of otherness, affecting local Indigenous perceptions and representations.
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Introduction: Understanding neo-nomadic mobilities beyond self-actualisation
Mobility Humanities
, Jul 30, 2023
The Special Issue pursues a two-fold objective: (1) fostering a grounded debate on the analytica...
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The Special Issue pursues a two-fold objective: (1) fostering a grounded debate on the analytical fruitfulness of the neo-nomad concept to describe historically situated empirical phenomena, and (2) exploring the sociopolitical consequences of these allegedly alternative, although possibly highly individualistic, forms of living for collective projects, such as communities, welfare, and the state.
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Kalčič et al. apply 'marginal mobility' to describe peripatetic nomadism as a survival strategy both subversive and individualistic.
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Mobile places and emplaced mobilities - Problematizing the place mobility nexus
Mobilities
, Jun 21, 2023
Places are key to our understanding of human mobilities and the other way around. Places and mobi...
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Places are key to our understanding of human mobilities and the other way around. Places and mobilities exist in a co-constitutive relationship, making it difficult to disentangle one from the other. Research across disciplines needs to pay more sustained attention to how places are mobile and to how mobilities are emplaced. It is crucial to undertake both endeavours simultaneously. Privileging the former, as happens in globalization studies, leads to de-essentialized conceptualizations of place, questioning the traditional taken-for-granted bond between peoples and territories, but it also creates a disconnect between high-level theory and lived experiences. Favouring the latter, on the contrary, as happens in more micro-scale and phenomenological approaches, leads to embodied understandings of human movement, but often overlooks the influential local-to-global power relations and structures that are implicated in local(ized) practices and processes. Based on a critical reading of existing scholarship and drawing on ethnographic and emic understandings of mobility-related issues in various contexts around the globe, this article develops conceptual as well as methodological insights about the multiple ways in which places are mobile and mobilities are emplaced. This includes anthropological reflections on displacement and immobilization. I end by offering suggestions for future transdisciplinary research on the place-mobility nexus.
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Place is a relational entity shaped by networks, influenced by global forces, and acts as a site of social and economic dynamics.
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Anthropologies of the present and the presence of anthropology
Etnografia
, Jun 1, 2022
This reflexive article combines recent as well as established insights from various anthropolog...
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This reflexive article combines recent as well as established insights from various anthropological subfields and beyond to address a world that is increasingly on the move, and this in ways that we do not fully understand, let alone manage or control. As such, the text involves a critical thinking exercise that focuses on the importance of processes of motion and communication, ranging from planetary and even cosmic mobilities to micro-movements and exchanges at the cellular and atomic levels. Taking this broader context of mobility and change into account in the Anthropocene Epoch automatically leads to a serious overhaul of how “the human” has traditionally been understood and the vital role of what we have come to term “the environment”. This radical rethinking has obvious consequences for a human-centered scientific discipline like anthropology in terms of ontologies and epistemologies, theories and methodologies. I end the article by offering some concrete suggestions on how anthropology, as a holistic discipline without clear-cut boundaries, can position itself in a world that is currently undergoing very rapid changes.
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Industrialization centered on coal transformed societies; its movement was crucial in shaping ecological and technological trajectories.
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Immobility: The Relational and Experiential Qualities of an Ambiguous Concept
Transfers: Interdisciplinary Journal of Mobility Studies
, Dec 1, 2021
In this article, I discuss immobility as both an analytical concept and a lived experience. I rev...
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In this article, I discuss immobility as both an analytical concept and a lived experience. I review contemporary scholarly understandings of immobility and disentangle the unavoidable relational dynamics with its positive linguistic opposite, mobility. Concrete illustrations from migration studies and the global coronavirus crisis illustrate how immobility, at various scales of analysis and experience, is not only theoretically but also socially, economically, and politically relevant. Together with the in-depth review of existing scholarship, these examples confi rm that the conceptual distinction made between immobility and mobility is often purely heuristic. In the messiness of people's lives, mobility and immobility are not mutually exclusive categories but, rather, two dynamic sides of the same coin.
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COVID-19 lockdowns emphasized health risks linked to sedentary lifestyles, highlighting societal anxiety around immobility.
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The paradox of mobility technology usage: How GPS sports watches keep “active lifestylers” (im)mobile
Mobility Humanities
, 2022
Historically, recreational running grew partially with the aim of
controlling the side effects of...
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Historically, recreational running grew partially with the aim of
controlling the side effects of “sedentary” lifestyles and physical
inactivity, i.e., obesity, heart diseases and other health risks. This
trend developed in the 19th century, with the emergence of middle
classes who had the requisite time and resources to exercise during
their leisure time. Recreational running became popular in the
1970s, within the context of renewed societal attention to fitness
and physical health, which developed in countries such as the
USA and spread quickly to other industrialised nations. Based on
ethnographic research, I discuss in this article the crucial role that
mobile tracking devices, as markers of an active lifestyle, play in
keeping runners (im)mobile. I focus on how the data generated by
GPS sports watches are widely shared and used by runners and their
followers in general as well as specialised social media platforms. I
disentangle why, paradoxically, these mobility technologies make
exemplary mobile people more immobile, because many hours
are spent behind electronic device screens to communicate (and
seeking social approval for) their mobile performances. I place my
critical anthropological analysis of recreational running and mobility
technologies within the context of wider societal trends related to
(self-)discipline.
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GPS sports watches significantly affect runners' experiences by influencing their mobility and self-monitoring practices through generated biometric data.
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Unpacking overtourism as a discursive formation through interdiscursivity
Tourism Review
, 2022
Purpose-As tourism destinations grapple with declines in tourist arrivals due to COVID-19 measure...
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Purpose-As tourism destinations grapple with declines in tourist arrivals due to COVID-19 measures, scholarly debate on overtourism remains active, with discussions on solutions that could be enacted to contain the excessive regrowth of tourism and the return of ''overtourism''. As social science holds an important role and responsibility to inform the debate on overtourism, this paper aims to understand overtourism by examining it as a discursive formation. Design/methodology/approach-The paper explores recurring thematic threads in scholarly overtourism texts, given the phrases coherence as a nodal-point is partially held in place by a collective body of texts authored by a network of scholars who have invested in it. The paper uses interdiscursivity as an interpretative framework to identify overlapping thematic trajectories found in existing discourses. Findings-Overtourism, as a discursive formation, determines what can and should be said about the self-evident ''truths'' of excessive tourist arrivals, the changes tourists bring to destinations and the range of discursive solutions available to manage or end overtourism. As the interpellation of these thematic threads into scholarly texts is based on a sense of crisis and urgency, the authors find that the themes contain rhetoric, arguments and metaphors that problematise tourists and construct them as objects in need of control and correction. Originality/value-While the persistence of the discursive formation will be determined by the degree to which scholarly and other actors recognise themselves in it, this paper may enable overtourism scholars to become aware of the limits of their discursive domain and help them to expand the discourse or weave a new one.
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