ISFC 2015 | Challenging Boundaries 42nd International Systemic Functional Congress RWTH Aachen University | 27-31 July 2015 Aachen | Germany Book of Abstracts In memory of Professor Ruqayia Hasan Professor William Greaves 1931 - 2015 1935 - 2014 ~ dearly loved and sadly missed ~ Student Assistants & Volunteers We would like to thank our student assistants and volunteers who helped make this event run smoothly before and during the conference: Tobias Becker Kristina Boxberger Aikaterini Chatzinikolaou Rodolfo Claveria Thomas Durst Jonas Freiwald Katharina Glaser Anja Hahn Adjan Hansen‐Ampah Nadja Heil Sven Hintzen Theresa Krumbiegel Bastian Lorenz Kathrin Prümmer Laura Schulte‐Geers Miriam‐Eva Staudacher Anna Tenbruck ISFC is supported by Benjamins Publishing NL Peter Lang Publishing Bloomsbury Publishing Contact RWTH Aachen University Department of English, American and Romance Studies Kármánstraße 17/19 52062 Aachen Germany www.isfc2015.anglistik.rwth‐aachen.de
[email protected]‐aachen.de Programme Committee We would like to thank all the members of the programme committee for the work they in‐ vested and the reviews and feedback they provided: John Bateman, Universität Bremen Wendy Bowcher, Sun Yat‐sen University Honglin Chen, University of Wollongong Ben Clarke, University of Portsmouth Cecilia Colombi, University of California Alexanne Don, University of New South Wales Chris Gledhill, Université Paris Diderot Samiah Hassan, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza Hilde Hasselgård, Universitetet i Oslo Rosemary Huisman, University of Sydney Derek Irwin, University of Nottingham Martin Kaltenbacher, Universität Salzburg Kerstin Kunz, Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität Heidelberg Julia Lavid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Annabelle Lukin, Macquarie University Donna Miller, Università degli Studi di Bologna Bernard Mohan, University of British Columbia Alison Moore, University of Wollongong Mick O'Donnell, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Adriana Pagano, Univerdade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte Mary Schleppegrell, University of Michigan Sonja Starc, Univerza na Primorskem Erich Steiner, Universität des Saarlandes Elizabeth Swain, Università di Trieste Elke Teich, Universität des Saarlandes Kazuhiro Teruya, Hong Kong Polytechnic University Geoff Thompson, University of Liverpool Chris Taylor, Università di Trieste Gordon Tucker, Cardiff University Eija Ventola, Aalto University Geoff Williams, University of British Columbia Organising Committee Jennifer Fest Nicole Hützen Stella Neumann Paula Niemietz Rebekah Wegener Caroline Zurhelle‐Waser TABLE OF CONTENT Plenary Sessions 1 Papers & Posters 7 Colloquia 195 Workshops 207 PLENARY SESSIONS Monika Bednarek University of Sydney
[email protected]Where linguistics meets journalism: Discursive News Values Analysis News values – a key concept in journalism studies – have been researched from many perspectives and across several disciplines, including linguistics. They are said to impact heavily on journalistic prac‐ tice and, as some argue, ‘govern each stage of the reporting and editing process’ (Cotter 2010: 73) and ‘become embedded in text’ (Cotter 2010: 67). Most researchers take a cognitive perspective on news values, conceptualizing them as beliefs or criteria, ‘intersubjective mental categories’ (Fowler 1991, p.17), ‘rules or codes’ (Allan 2010, p.72) or ‘internalized assumptions’ (Cotter 2010, p.56, italics in original) that people hold/apply about aspects that make an event or story newsworthy. In contrast, Bednarek & Caple (2012) have argued for a complementary, discursive perspective, which allows re‐ searchers to systematically investigate how newsworthiness is construed or established in texts through multimodal resources. Discursive news values analysis (DNVA) has since been applied in a range of empirical analyses, including in connection with a social semiotic approach to news photog‐ raphy (Caple 2013). In this paper, I will introduce DNVA and discuss two recent empirical studies, which focus on language and use corpus linguistics as an approach to analysing how news values are constructed in published news stories. The first study focuses on US reporting of hurricane Katrina (Potts et al 2015), while the second study is research‐in‐progress for an interdisciplinary research pro‐ ject on sharing news online. Acknowledgments: This paper is an output of the Australian Research Council Linkage Project grant Sharing News Online: Analysing the Significance of a Social Media Phenomenon [LP 140100148, Dwyer, Curran, Martin, Bed‐ narek, with industry partners ShareWars and Mi9]. References: Allan, S. 2010. News Culture, Third edition, McGraw Hill and Open University Press, Maidenhead/New York. Bednarek, M. and Caple, H. 2012. News Discourse, Continuum, London/New York. Caple, H. 2013. Photojournalism: A Social Semiotic Approach, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Cotter, C. 2010. News Talk. Investigating the Language of Journalism, CUP, Cambridge. Fowler, R. 1991. Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press, Routledge, London/New York. Potts, A., Bednarek, M. and Caple, H. 2015. How can computer‐based methods help researchers to investigate news values in large datasets? A corpus linguistic study of the construction of newsworthiness in the report‐ ing on Hurricane Katrina. Discourse & Communication 9/2: 149‐172. ISFC 2015 2 July 27‐31, 2015 Heidi Byrnes Georgetown University, Washington
[email protected]Meeting the challenge of ‘language development’: Reflections on Systemic functional contributions Quite remarkably, among the key challenges that the language studies field has yet to meet in a satis‐ factory fashion is that of defining, operationalizing, and translating into educational practice the cen‐ tral concept of language development. In fact, in an era of expanding theoretical frameworks, of a range of approaches to research, and of the extraordinary societal demands made by globalization for sophisticated multiliterate language use the issues to be addressed have only become more daunting. With a focus on instructed language learning, I want to reflect in this talk on the kinds of contributions SFL can make to this nexus of phenomena. Adopting the stance that theory, empirical research, and educational practice must continually inform each other if we are to capture essential qualities of lan‐ guage development, my explorations will: (a) relate theoretical concepts and constructs central to SFL to recent representations regarding development in chaos/complexity theory, dynamic systems theo‐ ry, usage‐based theories, and sociocultural theory; (b) exemplify how instructed language develop‐ ment might be researched in an appliable way when it is based on an SFL‐informed approach; and, (c) demonstrate how SFL can be used for central decisions regarding educative work. I will conclude by highlighting how curricular thinking might advance our understanding of the nature of instructed lan‐ guage development from the perspectives of theory, empirical research, and principled and effective educational practice. ISFC 2015 3 July 27‐31, 2015 Lise Fontaine Cardiff University
[email protected]Fluid boundaries and the nature of choice in referring expressions There will always be more than one way to skin a category (Halliday, 1997/2003:266) There are many areas of the grammar in which we have boundaries and many of these are identified in the description of the conference theme, for example, between languages, between different lan‐ guage uses, between language and other systems of meaning, between language strata and indeed within strata. The boundaries identified by linguists are to some extent artificial even though there are normally good reasons for where and how a boundary is established. However, as Halliday (2000/2002: 378) states, "it is absurd to draw boundaries around phenomena under study and then use these bounda‐ ries to justify one's intellectual stance. ... It is these arbitrary features of segmentation and of categori‐ zation, imposing syntagmatic and paradigmatic boundaries on our construction of experience, that lead to many of what Lamb calls the 'thinking disorders' which arise both in everyday life and in schol‐ arly life." It seems sensible then to critically engage with boundary drawing. When we talk about boundaries in this context, we are really talking about categories, categories with boundaries. According to Halliday and Matthiessen (1999:193) "[t]he grammar imposes a categoriza‐ tion that is compromising, fluid, indeterminate and constantly in process of change, along with chang‐ es in the human condition and in the interaction of humans with their environment". It is significant to note that indeterminacy and fluidity are distinct but overlapping concepts related to categories and boundaries. One question that will be addressed in this talk is what is the difference between inde‐ terminacy and fluidity? In answering this we will consider why boundaries should be fluid. In this talk, I will be concentrating on boundaries between intra‐stratal levels by examining the bound‐ aries around phenomena related to referring expressions and their inherently nominal nature. In do‐ ing so, I will be playing with the boundaries around the category of noun and the category of partici‐ pant. The category we call noun is well established both in the literature and in the minds of linguists but what is the nature of the boundary that limits this category? Perhaps it is worth re‐evaluating the category. As Van Lier and Rijkhoff (2013:6) state, "[i]n view of the fact that other sciences are con‐ stantly adjusting or updating their inventories in the light of new discoveries or insights, it is remarka‐ ble that some linguists are strongly opposed to revisions of the traditional system of word classifica‐ tion". The outline of the talk is as follows. We will first explore the concepts of categories and boundaries and their indeterminacy and fluidity. Then focussing on nouns we will examine the implications of noun/verb conversions in terms of nominality (Halliday, 1966; Funamoto, 2015; Fontaine, in press), including nominalization. For example, are all nouns equally nominal? What is the nature of its nomi‐ nality? Also what difference does it make which noun is chosen to express the Thing element of the nominal group? (cf. Lewis and Oyserman, 2015, Fontaine, in press). Following on from this we will consider a cross‐category comparison of the nominal group and the clause, drawing on Fawcett's (1980) distinction between referent thing and referent situation in a generative model of SFL. To do this we need to examine the boundaries between the context of situation and the lexicogrammar and consider the extent to which the clause can be seen as nominal. References: Fawcett, R. 1980. Cognitive Linguistics and Social Interaction: Towards an Integrated Model of a Systemic Func‐ tional Grammar and the Other Components of a Communicating Mind. Heidelberg: Julius Groos and Exeter University. Fontaine, L. In press. The Noun, Grammar and Context. In Alex Xuanwei Peng (ed.) The Making of Meaning: Grammar, Society and Consciousness. London: Bloomsbury. ISFC 2015 4 July 27‐31, 2015 Funamoto, H. 2014. The Interface between Culture and Mind: A Systemic Functional Account of Nominality. 北 陸大学紀要 第38号, pp. 51 ‐ 80. Halliday, M. A. K. 1997/2003. Linguistics as Metaphor. In J. J. Webster (Ed.), The Collected Works of M. A. K. Halliday: On Language and Linguistics. London: Continuum, 248‐270. Halliday, M.A.K. 2000/2002. “Grammar and daily life: concurrence and complementarity”. In Webster, J. (ed.) On Grammar. Collected Works of MAK Halliday, Vol. 1. London: Continuum. Halliday, M. A. K. and C. M. I. M. Matthiessen. 1999. Construing Experience through Meaning: A Language‐Based Approach to Cognition. London: Continuum. Lewis, N., & Oyserman, D. (2015). When Does the Future Begin? Time Metrics Matter, Connecting Present and Future Selves. Psychological Science, vol. 26 no. 6 816‐825 Van Lier, E. and Rijkhoff, J. 2013. Flexible word classes in linguistic: typology and grammatical theory In Rijkhoff, Jan and Eva van Lier (eds.) Flexible word‐classes: A typological study of underspecified parts‐of‐speech. Ox‐ ford: Oxford University Press. ISFC 2015 5 July 27‐31, 2015 Maite Taboada Simon Fraser University, Vancouver
[email protected]Appraisal, subjectivity, nonveridicality, coherence relations: Connections and overlaps The expression of evaluation and opinion is a central aspect of language. It allows us to convey feel‐ ings, assessments of people, situations and objects, and to engage with other opinion holders. An in‐ creased interest in subjectivity, evaluation and opinion can be viewed as part of what has been termed ‘the affective turn’ in philosophy, sociology and political science, and ‘affective computing’ in artificial intelligence. This interest has met with the rise of the social web, and the possibility to widely broad‐ cast emotions, evaluations and opinions. The study of evaluation is particularly interesting from a linguistic point of view, because it cuts across all levels of the language, from lexicon to grammar and discourse semantics. It is also interesting be‐ cause various components of it have received treatment under very different theoretical approaches, from studies of stance in corpus linguistics to research on negation and nonveridicality in formal lin‐ guistics. The Appraisal framework within SFL provides what is perhaps the most comprehensive analy‐ sis of evaluation, but I will show in this talk that other areas and approaches can also make a contribu‐ tion to how we view and analyze evaluation and opinion in language. I will focus on studies of subjec‐ tivity and point of view, the treatment of nonveridicality, and the influence that coherence relations have on the interpretation of evaluative statements. I will also discuss approaches to sentiment analy‐ sis in computational linguistics, and how our insights into evaluation have much to offer in that area. ISFC 2015 6 July 27‐31, 2015 PAPERS & POSTERS Adegboye Adeyanju University of Abuja‐Nigeria
[email protected]Symbols and Not Manifestoes are the Selling Point Here: A Multimodal Critical Discourse Analysis of Three Nigerian Political Parties Images’ We aim, in this study, to analyze contemporary multimodal realisation of Nigerian politics from a criti‐ cal view point by considering the way that political party images are exploited in maintenance and sustenance of interests by party patrons or stalwarts in political institutions without considerations for political ideologies. In Nigerian politics today the symbols often appears as defining the political pref‐ erences of individuals; and affiliations and ideological flat forms of political parties and rarely the polit‐ ical party manifestoes, which in most cases, are quite little differentiatable one from another. The study of the political parties will include systematic analysis of relevant multimodal realisation exam‐ ples. For this study we have focused on three Nigerian political parties around which the 2011 Nige‐ ria’s national elections centred: The ruling party, The Peoples Democratic Party, PDP, which produced Nigeria’s president, Senate President and Speaker of the House of Representatives as well as about 27 states governors out of 36 and several local governments chairmen.PDP is the acclaimed ‘largest polit‐ ical party in Nigeria’ and its symbol is the umbrella with green, white and red colours respectively. The other two parties are: The Action Congress of Nigeria, CAN, the party which routed and ‘eclipsed’ PDP, from 5 States:4 from the South‐West of Nigeria: Ekiti, Oyo, Osun, Ogun, and Lagos and made in‐road into the South‐South by wresting Edo State from the PDP.ACN recorded appreciable successes; has some Senators, Members of the House of Representatives as well and uses the symbol of a hand hold‐ ing a broom embedded in a three colours square, namely green, white and black. Finally we also con‐ sider the Congress for Progressive Change, CPC, founded by retired General Buhari. A party some say was hurriedly cobbled together after Buhari was again betrayed by the All Nigeria Political Party, ANPP, the party under whose umbrella Buhari had contested and lost both the 2003 and 2007 elec‐ tions against former General Olusegun Obasanjo of the PDP. CPC by way of electoral victory had a not too impressive result even losing the gubernatorial election in Buhari’s home state of Kastina, the par‐ ty nonetheless has come to be a big factor in Nigeria‐defeated the PDP to win Nasarawa State in Cen‐ tral Nigeria with some ‘other minor victories’. CPC’s symbol is a sky blue flag with a pen embedded in the flag. This study investigates the way that different semiotic modes combine in selling the parties to followers. We have used the 1607 pages September 2011 Source Book on Political Parties’ Manifes‐ toes and Constitutions as our source book. We draw conclusions to the effects of imaging and symbol interpretation on the ideology and affiliation of political parties in Nigeria. Significant to note is that only 7 out of the 63 political parties in Nigeria profiled in the Source book ‐as at end of 2011 elections‐ interprets for the followers its symbols thus nearly all the parties leave to guesses what their symbols either meant or are intended to convey. Maria Aloy Mayo Universidad de Valencia
[email protected]From Cosmogirl to Cosmovoter. Appraisal analysis of Cosmopolitan’s coverage of the 2014 US midterm elections. This study uses corpus‐linguistic methods to evaluate the presence of positive and negative polarities and semantic intensification in the new political topic introduced by Cosmopolitan magazine during the US midterm elections in 2014. Cosmopolitan is known around the world as the prototypical frivolous women’s magazine, printed in more than 25 languages and published in more than 110 countries. Although often ridiculed for its ISFC 2015 8 July 27‐31, 2015 emphasis on sex and appearance, Cosmopolitan is also one of the first magazines to promote and to defend a progressive and positive image for women, ever since its beginnings in the 1960s. In 2014, Cosmopolitan declared an intention to influence politics. The Cosmopolitan editors decided to endorse political candidates whom they considered more acceptable from the point of view of women issues. Cosmopolitan created a blog and a Twitter hashtag (#CosmoVotes) specifically devoted to discussing topics such as women labour rights or abortion. The main goal of our analysis is to reveal how positive and negative appraisal is presented in Cosmo‐ politan’s series of articles on the US midterm elections. We also compare the linguistic evaluation in the body of the article with comments from the readers to each article. We try to answer three main questions: How is the position of women in politics evaluated in Cosmo‐ politan? How do readers react to this editorial position? Are there differences between male and fe‐ male readers’ opinions? The results of this study allow us to construct a linguistic evaluation of how Cosmopolitan views the role of women in politics. The analysis applies the Appraisal Framework (Martin and White, 2005), originating in Halliday’s Sys‐ temic‐functional Linguistic theory. Within the three main Appraisal systems‐ Attitude, Engagement and Graduation‐ we —focus on Atti‐ tude and Graduation: how strong or weak the evaluation is (force) and the degree of prototypically (focus). At the same time, we pay attention on transitivity processes which deal with “the transmission of ide‐ as representing ‘processes’ or ‘experiences’: actions, events, processes of consciousness and rela‐ tions” (Halliday 1985:53). We will apply these two types of analysis (Appraisal and transitivity), to clarify in which terms the high level of emotional meaning and positive or negative polarity is presented in articles and comments to the articles on political topics. The analysis focuses on the annotation of words and linguistic structures presented in the discourse of 79 articles and 1.300 comments, specifically adjectives and verbs which carry a relevant positive or negative semantic meaning. Our preliminary results are concerned with the strength of Affect in both articles and comments, and how the level of positive and negative polarities differs between articles and comments. References: Halliday, M.A.K. (1985): An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold. Martin, J.R. and White, P.R.R. (2005): The Language of Evaluation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. O’Donnell, M. (2008): The UAM CorpusTool: Software for corpus annotation and exploration. Wodak, R. (ed.) (1997): Gender and Language. London: SAGE. Regysane Botelho Alves1, Rosana Muniz Soares2 and Alessandro Borges Tatagiba3 1,2.3 Universidade de Brasília, 1Universidade Federal do Maranhão 1
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[email protected]Clause complexes: a functional study in political interviews This initial study aims to understand, through a comparative analysis of three interviews, how the main candidates who ran in Brazilian presidential elections in 2014 presented their policy proposals. In order to achieve this objective, we used Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday and Mathiessen, 2004, 2014; Thompson, 2009; Butt et al., 2000; Martin, Matthiessen, Painter, 2010), a theory that is concerned with the social nature of language. At this first moment of the research, we have privileged the ideational metafunction and its logical component as analysis unit. We have also attempted to perform a textually oriented discourse analysis, as proposed by Critical Discourse Analysis in Fairclough (1992, 2012) and Chouliaraki and Fairclough (1999) studies. For this, it was necessary to choose lin‐ guistic categories which elucidate the interface between semantics and lexico‐grammar, which let us access the discursive constructions of each candidate during the interviews. We were interested in ISFC 2015 9 July 27‐31, 2015 understand how the candidate for re‐election positioned herself compared to her opponents, espe‐ cially regarding her government’s actions evaluation. The analysis was manually performed in the transcribed texts of the interviews, which have an average of 2,500 words each, including all shifts between the interviews’ participants. Examination of clause complexes has shown that there is a great occurrence of clauses which are related by projection of locution kind and expansion of elaboration kind in candidates’ answers to the questions made by the interviewers. Data has revealed that clause complexes which present relation of projection of verbal clauses (locution) were used by candidates when they wanted to focus attention on what they were about to say, announcing and emphasizing their own convictions. The candidate for re‐election has even used this kind of projection clauses to establish which theme she would keep in the interview, stating her subject position as president, not only as an election candidate. All candidates have used clauses with expansion relations of the elabo‐ ration kind when they wanted to emphasize a particular unit of information, expanding the initial clause by adding details to it or clarifying some element of it. The re‐elected candidate in this presi‐ dential election has used this linguistic recourse every time she wanted to clarify points which were questioned by the interviewers, emphasizing, by this relation, most of the times paratactic in her dis‐ course, her point of view on various issues discussed during the interview. We concluded that this use of clause complexes is very important in the candidate’s argumentative strategies to achieve certain meanings, because they allow her to make her political and ideological positions privileged during her speech, making voters pay attention to them in order to get their adhesion to her ideals. Thus, this preliminary study is relevant because it provides a look at the grammatical strategies used in candi‐ dates speeches, explaining how, when and with which objective each logico‐semantic relation was used in the interaction as a first step in the process of unveiling lexico‐grammatical elements that en‐ able researchers to access political candidates’ discourse, as well as the differentiated strategies which were used by the re‐elected candidate in this election process. References: BUTT et al (2000). Using Functional Grammar: an Explorer's Guide. 2 ed. Sydney: Macquarie University. CHOULIARAKI, L.; FAIRCLOUGH, N (1999). Discourse in late modernity: rethinking social discourse analysis. Edin‐ burgh: Edinburgh University Press. FAIRCLOUGH, Norman (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press: Cambridge. FAIRCLOUGH, I; FAIRCLOUGH, N (2012). Political Discourse Analysis: a method for advanced students. New York: Routledge. HALLIDAY, M. A. K. & MATTHIESSEN, C. M. I. M (2004). An introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Hodder Arnold. An introduction to Functional Grammar (2014). 4ª ed., Oxford, London: Arnold, 2014. MARTIN J. R. ; MATTHIESSEN, C. M. I. M. ; PAINTER, C (2010). Deploying Functional Grammar. (vol. 1). Beijing: The Commercial Press. THOMPSON, G. Introduction functional grammar (2009). 2ed. London: Arnold. Ali Akbar Ansarin1 and Roghiyeh Mohammad Pour2 1,2 Tabriz University 1
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[email protected]Metafunctions in Applied Linguistics Research Articles: Native vs. Nonnative Authors The aim of Functional Grammar has been to construct a grammar for the purpose of text analysis in different contexts. Within this framework, this study examined Textual and Ideational Metafunctions in Applied Linguistics research articles written by native and nonnative speakers of English. Sixty arti‐ cles were chosen from three subfields of applied linguistics, i.e., Forensic Linguistics (20 articles), Dis‐ course Analysis (20 articles) and Psycholinguistics (20 articles). The use of Theme Types in Textual Metafunction and Process Types in Ideational Metafunction was analyzed according to Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2004) Metafunctions framework. The results showed that both native and nonnative ISFC 2015 10 July 27‐31, 2015 English Applied Linguistics articles tend to use the same number of Theme Type and Process Type metafunctions. However, it was also found that the pattern of the distribution of Textual and Idea‐ tional Metafunctions were different in the three fields of the study between native and nonnative researchers. Unmarked and multiple themes were the most frequently used Theme Types and materi‐ al and relational processes were the most favored Process Types in the three fields. We could con‐ clude that learners can reach to higher levels of proficiency in language and language studies by being aware of these metafunctions. Antonia Dilamar Araujo Universidade Estadual do Ceará
[email protected]The verbal and the visual: An analysis of multimodal text genres produced by Brazilian students learning how to write in English on the computer This work focuses on the analysis of students’ production of text genres by using multimodal features, in the English Language teaching‐learning context at a public university in the Northeast of Brazil. The integration of multiple semiotic modes in communication to construct printed and digital multimodal genres in which the written word and image create meaning together has become increasingly com‐ mon (Kress and van Leeuwen, 1996, 2006; Kress, 2000, 2010; Lemke, 1998, 2005; Jewitt, 2009; Un‐ sworth, 2009). As a result, changes in the ways of communication in various social spheres, including education, have led researchers and educators to reflect on how new practices have contributed to the production of texts to represent knowledge and experience. The need to understand how mean‐ ings are constructed by integrating visual and verbal written language, as well as the relations be‐ tween them, in different text genres, on digital environment, led us to examine students’ multimodal texts in a context of academic text production in an English Language Module. The aim of this research is, thus, to analyze the intersemiotic relations in the students’ making‐meaning process when combin‐ ing verbal and non‐verbal modes in the production of text genres. The theoretical assumptions adopt‐ ed for this study are the text genre notion and the teaching of genre based on Systemic Functional Linguistics perspective (Halliday and Hasan, 1989; Kress, 2000, 2010; Martin and Rose, 2007, 2012), the Multimodality and Genre theory by Kress and van Leeuwen (1996) and Bateman (2008), as well as the image‐text relations system framework proposed by Martinec and Salway (2005) on which the authors categorize meaning relations between two semiotic modes in two types: status and logic‐ semantic relations. As for the methodological procedures, this research adopted descriptive and ex‐ ploratory methods to analyze the corpus, which consisted of five argumentative essays and five film reviews written in an English Language teaching‐learning context by undergraduate students during a Text Production Module in the first semester of 2014. By using Google Drive software, the students were asked to write texts in a process approach and in a collaborative way about topics suggested by the teacher. Those texts were then qualitatively analyzed according to Martinec and Salway’s status relation framework in order to identify the intersemiotic semantic relations in the production of meanings in the learner’s texts. The results showed Google Drive as a useful space for the production of multimodal texts. It was observed that when writing texts in a digital environment, the students used a combination of semiotic resources and constructed meaning relations between the verbal and the visual. The results also revealed the students’ prominently use of inequality status relations, ac‐ cording to Martinec & Salway, between text and image, which indicates a subordination relation of the image in relation to text. Although limited in scope, this research brings contribution to SFL and Mul‐ timodality field by enhancing our understanding on how meanings are built in multimodal composi‐ tions as well as on visual and linguistic choice students make to produce rhetoric effects in their writ‐ ing practices. ISFC 2015 11 July 27‐31, 2015 Jorge Arús‐Hita Universidad Complutense de Madrid
[email protected]English and Spanish in contrast: Challenges for SFL theory in cross‐linguistic description The application of Systemic Functional theory to typological description is a good yardstick to find out which aspects of the theory need some elaboration. It is sometimes the case that the theoretical re‐ sources that SFL offers for the description of a language such as English are not so readily applicable to the description of certain areas of the lexicogrammatical systems of other languages. This paper con‐ tributes to tackle this challenge by looking at how the description of Spanish forces us to question some tenets of SFL theory. In turn, this arguably helps to make the theory more robust by making it more widely applicable. Previous and ongoing work (e.g. Taboada 1995; McCabe 2002; Arús 2010; Lavid, Arús and Zamorano 2010; Moyano 2010; Quiroz 2013; Arús forthcoming) has pointed out some issues raised by the SFL‐based description of Spanish, notably a) in processes such as (1), is the Theme the clause‐initial Process or is it the elided Subject/Actor? How far does the Theme extend in Pro‐ cess^Subject realizations such as (2)? b) What is the role of the Mood structure in Spanish, given that the relative order of Finite and Subject – as illustrated by (3) and (4) – does not serve to differentiate between statements and yes/no questions? (1) llegaron sin avisar [they] arrived without notice Process Circumstance (2) llegó más gente después arrived more people later Process Actor Circumstance (3) Han llamado al timbre [They] have rung the bell Finite Predicator ‘They have rung the bell’ (4) ¿Han llamado al timbre? [They] have rung the bell? Finite Predicator ‘Have they rung the bell?’ The paper gives a succinct summary of the answers given to these questions in the literature and ad‐ dresses further issues derived from these. These issues, previously raised (Arús 2011) but not yet tack‐ led, are the following: c) In light of examples (3) and (4) above, does the interpersonal structure have a function in Spanish or does it just serve for textual waves to ride on them? (Cf. Matthiessen 1992: 44 for English); if it does not, how is, then, interpersonal meaning realized in Spanish? d) Are Subject, Finite, Predicator, etc. really interpersonal categories? If they are not, what is their place in the lexi‐ cogrammar? The search for answers to these questions will take us on a trip across the different meta‐ functions and the different ways in which they interplay in English and Spanish. Our metafunctional exploration in search of a place to relocate the Subject, Finite, etc. will yield further questions that may at the same time point to possible answers to questions c) and d). Among the new questions, one stands out: e) why is the logical the only metafunction that does not allow explaining resources at simple‐clause level? (it covers complexing at group and clause‐complex level, but the simple clause is left unattended logically speaking); should this metafunction really be limited to recursivity? Finding answers to these questions results in a proposal for the reconsideration of some aspects of SFL theory most notably concerning the interpersonal and logical metafunctions. ISFC 2015 12 July 27‐31, 2015 References: Arús, J. 2010. On Theme in English and Spanish: a comparative study. In Swain, E. ed. Thresholds and potentiali‐ ties of Systemic Functional Linguistics: multilingual, multimodal and other specialised discourses. Trieste: EUT, pp. 23‐48. Arús, J. 2011. What thematic annotation can reveal about interpersonal issues in cross‐linguistic research. Paper delivered at the 38th International Systemic Functional Congress. Lisbon. Portugal, 25‐29 July. Arús, J. forthcoming. Theme in Spanish. In: Bartlett, T. and O’Grady, G. (eds.) Routledge Systemic Functional Linguistic Handbook. Oxford: Routledge. Lavid, J., Arús J. and Zamorano, J.R. 2010. Systemic functional grammar of Spanish: a contrastive study with Eng‐ lish. London: Continuum. McCabe, A. 2002. Everything’s a Theme. Where’s the Value? Plenary talk at the 14th Euro‐International System‐ ic‐Functional Workshop. University of Lisbon. Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. 1992. Interpreting the textual metafunction. In: Davies, M. and Ravelli, L. eds. Advances in systemic linguistics: recent theory and practice. London/New York: Pinter, pp. 37‐81. Moyano, E. 2010. El sistema de Tema en español: una mirada discursiva sobre una cuestión controvertida. In: Ghio, E and Fernández, M.D. eds. El discurso en español y portugués: estudios desde una perspectiva sis‐ témico‐funcional. Santa Fe: Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Quiroz, B. 2013. The interpersonal and experiential grammar of Chilean Spanish: towards a principled systemic‐ functional description based on axial argumentation. PhD Thesis, Sydney University. Taboada, M. 1995. Theme markedness in English and Spanish: a systemic‐functional approach. Manuscript. Spain: Universidad Complutense de Madrid. David Banks Université de Bretagne Occidentale David.Banks@univ‐brest.fr The dawn of the eighteenth century: a challenging boundary for the academic article. The beginning of the eighteenth century constitutes a distinct boundary for the scientific article in French. Until the end of the seventeenth century the publications of the Académie Royale des Scienc‐ es (founded in 1666) were anonymous, and produced in limited luxurious editions. In 1699, the Académie took the decision to publish on a more open and regular basis, thus altering radically the context of the academic article. The issue for 1699 actually appeared in 1702. In the period 1665‐ 1700, the gap had been filled by the Journal des Sçavans in France, and the Philosophical Transactions in England; However, these were significantly different in that the Journal des Sçavans covered the whole range of disciplines, and was basically made up of book reviews, while the Philosophical Trans‐ actions was based on Oldenburg’s correspondence and was restricted to science and technology. This study considers the issues of these three periodicals for the year 1699, the first year in which the Mé‐ moires of the Académie were openly published. The temporal boundary of the end of the seventeenth century is thus paralleled by the geographical and linguistic boundary between English and French. The issue of the Mémoires for 1699 contains 32 articles, all on scientific subjects. It is thus potentially much closer to the Philosophical Transactions than the Journal des Sçavans. It is of interest to see to what extent this is true, both in terms of the range of subjects covered, and the linguistic features (such as thematic structure, transitivity types, etc.) used. Preliminary results show that of the 32 arti‐ cles in the Mémoires 28% are in the field of astronomy and 25% in the field of physics. By comparison, the Philosophical Transactions produced 12 issues containing a total of 67 articles in English (excluding seven printed in Latin); of these 30 relate to medicine and human anatomy. The Journal des Sçavans produced 42 issues, containing 202 articles, of which 26% are in the area of theology and 16% in the field of history. Further study of thematic structure (which Halliday (1988) and Banks (2008) treat as the driving force of scientific writing), as well as process types, and the use of modality, to be carried out on a selected sample, will show to what extent these differences lead to the use of different lin‐ guistic features. ISFC 2015 13 July 27‐31, 2015 References: Banks, David (2008): The Development of Scientific Writing, Linguistic features and historical context, London, Equinox Banks, David (2010): “The beginnings of vernacular scientific discourse: genres and linguistic features in some early issues of the Journal des Sçavans and the Philosophical Transactions”, E‐rea, 8:1, http://erea.reviews.org/1334 Banks, David (2012a): “How modality may function in some early issues of the Philosophical Transactions”, Re‐ vista Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas, 7, 61‐76. Banks, David (2012b): “Thematic structure in eighteenth century astronomical texts: A study of a small sample of articles from the Corpus of English Texts on Astronomy”, in Moskowich, Isabel & Begoña Crespo (eds.): As‐ tronomy ‘playne and simple’, The writing of science between 1700 and 1900, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, 221‐238. Banks, David (2013): “Les formes et fonctions de la modalité dans le Journal des Sçavans et les Philosophical Transactions à la fin du 17ème siècle”, in Banks, David (ed.): La modalité, le mode et le texte spécialisé, Paris, L’Harmattan, 17‐32. Banks, David (forthcoming): The Birth of the Academic Article. Le Journal des Sçavans and the Philosophical Transactions, 1665‐1700. Sheffield, Equinox. Hall, Marie Boas (2002): Henry Oldenburg, Shaping the Royal Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Halliday, M.A.K.(1988) "On the Language of Physical Science", in Ghadessy, M.(ed.): Registers of Written English: Situational factors and linguistic features, Pinter, 162‐178. [reprinted in Halliday, M.A.K. (ed. Jonathan Web‐ ster): The Language of Science, London Continuum, 140‐158] Halliday, M.A.K. (revised by Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen)(2014): Halliday’s Introdution to Functional Grammar, 4th. edn., London, Routledge.Kronick, David A. (1962): A History of Scientific and Technical Periodicals. The origins and development of the scientific and technological press 1665‐1790, New York Scarecrow Press. Morgan, Betty Trebelle (1928): Histoire du Journal des Sçavans depuis 1665 jusqu’en 1701. Paris: Presses Uni‐ versitaires de France. Fatma Benelhadj Faculty of letters, Sfax, Tunisia
[email protected]Register and Genre in Academic Writing: Where is the Boundary? Based on the assumption of language as a ‘social semiotic’ in the SFL theory, language is seen as func‐ tional in its social context, hence the prominence of context‐based interpretation of linguistic studies. Hasan (2009) has stressed the importance of context, claiming that it should be considered as an addi‐ tional stratum to semantics, lexico‐grammar, etc. However, context has been classified into context of culture, representing the genre of a text, and context of situation, or its register (Hasan, 2009). These two notions have been defined separately; however, the borders between them seem to be blurred. This paper aims to address this question by relying on a linguistic study of texts from two different genres (PhD Theses and Research Articles) and registers (Medical and Social Sciences) within the field of academic writing. The analysis is based on the lexico‐grammatical choices of Prepositional Phrases, which are thought to present different moments of choice for the speaker, as prepositions can be simple or complex, can be followed by different forms of complements (phrasal and clausal), and can express different meanings. It is argued that these lexico‐grammatical choices are ‘activated’ (Hasan, 2009) by contextual features, which are in reality multiple, and that the probabilistic nature of the systems adopted in the analysis of the text help discern the thin line between the two types of con‐ text. For this purpose, a corpus of PhD Theses and Research Articles from the Medical and Social Sci‐ ences has been randomly collected from an online data basis (Proquest) and from Peer‐reviewed journals (sciencedirect), and a sample of Prepositional Phrases has been selected. The randomly se‐ lected PPs are tagged using CorpusTool based on systems of structure and meaning. The results have revealed that while certain ‘global frequencies’ (Halliday and Webster, 2009) reveal features about academic writing in general, other ‘local frequencies’ distinguish one text type from the other. For instance, certain choices of interpersonal meanings are genre‐based, revealing different authorial ISFC 2015 14 July 27‐31, 2015 identities, while other experiential meanings are associated with the register, thus reflecting different construals of reality. The analysis concludes that while most features can be associated with the regis‐ ter, only few of them are directly linked to the genre, and that genres are shaped differently based on the registers where they are built. The stratum of context can be conceptualised as encompassing two sides; genre and register, with the latter closer to the lexico‐semantic choices. References: Halliday, M.A.K. and Webster, J. J. (2009) Continuum Companion to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London and New York: Continuum. Halliday, M.A.K. & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (2014). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Fourth Edition London: Edward Arnold. Hasan, R. (2009). The Place of Context in a Systemic Functional Model. In Halliday, M.A.K. & Webster , J. (eds), Continuum Companion to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Continuum, 166‐189. James Benson1, Tea Avdylaj2, Jerome Fernando3, Aleksandar Golijanin4, Ophelia Ho5, Megan Joyce6 and Nathalia Saldarriaga7 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 York University, 1
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected], 4
[email protected],
[email protected], 6
[email protected].
[email protected]The exchange of information between human and nonhuman primates Previous studies (Benson and Greaves 2005, Benson et al 2013, Benson et al 2014) provide evidence of conversational abilities in bonobos, who along with chimpanzees are our species’ nearest relatives. Conversational exchanges operate within the domain of interpersonal semantics, negotiations which flow from four kinds of agenda‐setting opening moves, specifically giving or demanding information (statements or questions), giving or demanding goods & services (offers or commands) (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004; Eggins and Slade 2005). That nonhuman primates both make and comply with re‐ quests is uncontroversial, but can they exchange information? This study aims to provide evidence in support of the bonobos’ ability to answer information‐seeking questions, which are realized in lexi‐ cogrammar by wh interrogatives (who, what, why, where, when), in the course of naturally occurring conversation rather in an experimental setting. In these conversations, since human caregivers are seeking information from the bonobos, there is no content to cue the bonobos’ response. Evidence of successful outcomes would suggest that enculturated bonobos are flexibly embodying meaning (Gomez 2009) in human symbolic language (Deacon 1998). The video corpus consists of approximately 400 hours of interactions between human research‐ er/caregivers and a colony of bonobos then at the Language Research Center at Georgia State Univer‐ sity in Atlanta (Savage‐Rumbaugh, Taylor and Shaker 1998), a third of which has been transcribed. The transcriptions were searched for all instances of wh‐words in context. We next developed a screening process to identify genuine wh questions. Interpersonal semantics, rather than lexico‐grammatical realization, was criterial for identifying genuine wh‐questions, i.e. a demand for content information, since the presence of wh ‘words’ doesn’t mean that they were actually wh ‘questions’. If they met the criteria, they were included in the data set along with the answers. Non‐answers to genuine wh ques‐ tions were included, for example, when the bonobo made a new opening move instead of answering the question. In cases where the human interactant needed more information to interpret an answer, e.g. made a confirmation or clarification request, we determined whether the bonobo successfully resolved the human’s tracking moves. The result of the screening process was a robust data set de‐ signed to give unambiguous results. Finally, UAM Corpus Tool was used to code the data set. Preliminary results suggest that the bonobos are able to successfully recognize the information‐ seeking nature of the wh questions and answer them. For example, Sue holds up a hypodermic needle and says to Kanzi “You know what that is?”. After finishing eating an apple, Kanzi points to the lexi‐ ISFC 2015 15 July 27‐31, 2015 gram SHOT on the keyboard. Kanzi is familiar with needles because the vets give him shots, making Kanzi’s response a genuine answer to a real question. In an even more interesting example, Sue asks Panbanisha “Why are you biting your bowl?”. In response, Panbanisha removes the bowl from her mouth and points to her tooth, which turns out to be loose. The presentation will present the full re‐ sults. References: Benson, J.D, Greaves, W.S., Baer, A., Jahalal, D., Lavoie, C., Parkinson, E., Ferguson, C., Petrie, C., Teplitsky, Wong, M., and Yang, M. (2013) Can an ape have a conversation? Rationale for a study of a corpus of conversations between language enculturated bonobos and humans. In: Gouveia, C.A.M.& Alexandre, M.F. (eds) Lan‐ guages, Metalanguages, Modalities, Cultures: Functional and socio‐discoursive perspectives. Lisbon: BonD / ILTEC,193‐221. Benson, J.D., Greaves, W.S., Baer, A., Wong, M., and Yang. M. (2014) A side‐by‐side comparison of interpersonal semantics and interactive alignment in conversation. In Alsop, S. and Gardner, S. (eds). Proceedings of ESFLCW 2013. Language in a Digital Age: Be Not Afraid of Digitality. 01‐03 July 2013. Coventry University: Coventry, UK. https://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/file/7b5b94aa‐6984‐48ad‐b29a‐ 9a8e9483fa2d/1/siancomb1.pdf ISBN: 978 18460007 13. Benson, J.D. and Greaves, W.S. (2005). Functional Dimensions of Ape‐Human Discourse. London: Equinox, 2005. Deacon, Terrence. (1998). The Symbolic Species: The Co‐evolution of Language and the Brain. New York: W.W. Norton. Eggins, S, and Slade, D. (2005) Analyzing Casual Conversation. London: Equinox. Gomez, Juan Carlos (2009). Embodying meaning: insights from primates, autism, and Brentano. Neural Networks 22, 190‐196. Halliday, M.A.K and Christian Matthiessen. (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 3rd ed. London: Ar‐ nold. Savage‐Rumbaugh, S., Shanker, S., and Taylor, T. (1998) Apes, Language, and the Human Mind. New York: Oxford University Press. Margaret Berry
[email protected]Challenging Moves and Supporting Moves in Discourse Burton (1978) complained that much work on discourse structure assumed what she called a “polite consensus‐collaborative model” of discourse. She proposed that it was necessary to distinguish be‐ tween supporting moves and challenging moves. This distinction has been much discussed since then (e.g. Berry 1981: 135‐9; Martin 1992: 71‐6; Tsui 1994: 161‐3; Eggins and Slade 1997: 211‐3; O’Donnell 1999: 89‐95; Martin 2000: 22‐3 and passim; Martin and Rose 2007: 240‐4 and 252.) The paper pro‐ posed here will first review existing work and then consider ways of taking the study further. The paper will suggest that what counts as supporting and what counts as challenging may vary from context of situation to context of situation. Martin (2000: 27) cites a comment from Suzanne Eggins that “In pragmatic registers, for example, the goal is to close exchanges in order to resolve the pur‐ pose of the genre; in casual registers on the other hand the goal is to keep talking, to avoid embarrass‐ ing silences”. What Eggins says of casual registers is certainly true of dinner party conversations such as that discussed by Eggins and Slade (1997: 170‐3), but it may not be true for all types of casual con‐ versation. For instance, a family at home may well engage in snatches of conversation, but when each snatch has served its turn it may well be allowed to lapse. And for those registers where it is desirable to keep talking, does one prolong the conversation supportively, or by challenging? At tea‐parties which my mother used to organise for her friends, one was regarded as disruptive if one expressed a different opinion about anything at all. But discussions between academics would probably be regard‐ ed as boring if everybody agreed with everybody else. Most academics enjoy a good argument. It could be said that in academic discussion it is supportive to be unsupportive! ISFC 2015 16 July 27‐31, 2015 If these matters are to be discussed with any precision, we need a descriptive framework which rec‐ ognises different types of supportiveness and different types of challenges. The paper proposed here will attempt the beginnings of such a framework. Questions to be considered will include: 1) In what ways is it possible to be supportive within the framework of an ongoing exchange? 2) In what ways is it possible to challenge within the framework of an ongoing exchange? 3) In what ways is it possible to be supportive when initiating a new exchange to continue a conversa‐ tion? 4) In what ways is it possible to challenge when initiating a new exchange to continue a conversation? 5) Where do queries (Berry 1981: 135‐9) / tracking moves (Martin and Rose 2007: 240‐244) fit into this? 6) Is there in fact a cline of supportiveness/challengingness? As well as discussing SFL work, as indicated above, the paper will consider the relevance of the eth‐ nomethodological distinction between preferred and dispreferred (Schegloff, Jefferson and Sacks 1977) and of schemata or global framing discussed by Gumperz and others (e.g. Holmes 2008). The data on which the discussion will be based will include both dialogue between speakers of equal status and dialogue between speakers of unequal status. References: Berry, M. (1981) Systemic Linguistics and Discourse Analysis: a multi‐layered approach to exchange structure. In M. Coulthard and M. Montgomery (eds), 120‐145. Burton, D. (1978) Towards an analysis of casual conversation, Nottingham Linguistic Circular, 7, 2: 131‐164. Coulthard, M. and Montgomery, M. (eds) (1981) Studies in Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Eggins, S. and Slade, D. (1997) Analysing Casual Conversation. London: Equinox. Holmes, J. (3rd ed. 2008) An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Harlow, UK: Pearson and Longman. Martin, J.R. (1992) English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Martin, J.R. (2000) Factoring Out Exchange: Types of Structure. In Coulthard, M., Cotterill, J. and Rock, F. (eds) Dialogue Analysis VII: Working with Dialogue. Tubingen: Max NiemeyerVerlag, 19‐40. Martin, J.R. and Rose, D. (2007 2nd edition) Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause. London: Con‐ tinuum. O’Donnell, M. (1999) Context in Dynamic Modelling. In Ghadessy, M. (ed) Text and Context in Functional Linguis‐ tics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 63‐99. Schegloff, E., Jefferson, G. and Sacks, H. (1977) The preference for self‐correction in the organization of repair in conversation. Language, 53, 2: 361‐82. Tsui, A. (1994) English Conversation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sarah Lena Billen1, Kristina Boxberger2, Anne‐Meike Dackweiler3, Frauke Gerhardt4, Adjan Troy Han‐ sen‐Ampah5, Alexander Maximilian Happ6, Heidi Maria Heßler7 and Philipp Stevens8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 RWTH Aachen University 1 sarah.billen@rwth‐aachen.de, 2kristina.boxberger@rwth‐aachen.de, 3meike.dackweiler@rwth‐ aachen.de, 4frauke.gerhardt@rwth‐aachen.de, 5adjan.hansen@rwth‐aachen.de, 6 alexander.happ@rwth‐aachen.de, 7heidi.hessler@rwth‐aachen.de, 8philipp.stevens@rwth‐aachen.de Regression analysis of Transitivity in English registers in the CroCo Corpus Over the last decade linguistics witnessed an increase of studies that are primarily interested in the exploration of register in instances of language use, the analysis of which is a broad field of studies. Amongst others relevant research concerning register in the framework of Systemic Functional Grammar includes Matthiessen (2006), Teich and Holtz (2009) and Neumann (2012). Matthiessen (2006) investigated the overall distribution of process types in the English language, whereas Teich and Holtz (2009) explored the distribution of process types in relation to the word algorithm across various academic registers and Neumann (2012) worked on the relation between process types and ISFC 2015 17 July 27‐31, 2015 functional variations in English. So far, these works have contributed notably to the investigation of register in SFG and therefore form a theoretical background for this study. In our paper we would like to focus on the predictability of process types in a number of registers. Moreover, this paper attempts to determine whether the distribution of process types will enable us to accurately predict the register of the examined text. Deviating from the approach of Teich/Holz, we aim at the analysis of whole texts of different registers. Contrary to Matthiessen this examination will focus on distribution patterns according to registers rather than on a global analysis of the English language. And departing from Neumann’s analysis of Transitivity types according to lexical meaning, our intention is to conduct a minutely detailed study of SFG process types. In order to do so we will examine register‐specific texts of the CroCo‐Corpus based on the English language. German texts and English translations which are also included in the corpus will not be part of the analysis. The most considerable difference to all the aforementioned works is that we make use of the regression model rather than the chi‐square test or t‐test. Beyond, we will conduct the analysis manually. The identified process types, amongst other variables determined by Neumann, form the independent variables for our regression model, while register is set up as the dependent variable. Not only do we intend to clear the way for further statistical work on language inside the framework of SFG, but we also aim at the possibility to make our study the groundwork for an increased use of SFG in a computational context, e.g. automated Transitivity‐based register recognition. References: Matthiessen, Christian M. I. M. 2006. ‘Frequency Profiles of Some Basic Grammatical Systems: An Interim Re‐ port’. In System and Corpus, edited by Geoff Thompson and Susan Hunston, London: Equinox. Neumann, Stella. 2012. “Register‐induced properties of translations”, in Hansen‐Schirra, S., Neumann, S. and Steiner E., Cross‐linguistic corpora for the study of translations, Berlin: de Gruyter. Teich, E. and Holtz. M. 2009. “Scientific registers in contact: An exploration of the lexico‐grammatical properties of interdisciplinary discourses”, International Journal of Corpus Linguistics i4, no. 4. Mario Bisiada University of Kent
[email protected]Tracing nominalisation through the phases of English‐German translation: A case study of grammatical metaphor In the study of translated language, we often focus on the final text and forget the linguistic influences that are exerted on it in the remainder of the translation workflow, especially extratextual factors such as editorial policies. Phenomena we observe in translated language are thus usually attributed to the translator, while few scholars (cf. Utka 2004; Munday 2012:110ff; Bisiada 2014) have discussed con‐ trasts between published and draft translations to elicit changes made to the text during editing. This paper therefore argues for a greater awareness of the different ‘phases of translation’ (Utka 2004:196) in corpus‐based analyses of the translation event. The importance of such an awareness is demonstrated by a case study of ideational grammatical met‐ aphor, whereby ‘a semantic feature that is typically realised by one grammatical means comes instead to be realised by another’ (Halliday & Martin 1993:141; see also Steiner 2004), in this case verbal and nominal, in translations from English to German. German is generally considered to prefer a nominal style, which achieves a higher information density than a verbal style does (Nord 1997:60; Fabricius‐ Hansen 1999:203; Schäffner & Wiesemann 2001:94). In spite of this, several studies have observed that translations to German often seem to turn source text (ST) nominal constructions into verbal ones, which has been taken as evidence for explicitation (Konsalova 2007) or shining through of the source language ‘as many verbal structures are translated literally’ (Hansen‐Schirra 2011:147). The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of editors on translated language by investigating the frequency of metaphorisation in verbal and nominal structures in German translations. A tradi‐ ISFC 2015 18 July 27‐31, 2015 tional translation corpus of English management articles that appeared in the Harvard Business Re‐ view between 2006 and 2011 and their German translations (published in the Harvard Business Man‐ ager) will be complemented by a corpus of draft translations of those articles. Those translations were sent to the publisher by the translation company and thus represent translated language before it underwent the editing process. The three subcorpora in the 316,000 word corpus were sentence‐ aligned so that the ST constructions and both draft and published translations could be compared. The morphological analysis tool SMOR was used to detect deverbal nouns ending in the nominalisation suffix ‘‐ung’ and their base verbs. The results show that translators either maintain the nominal style of the ST, or indeed nominalise verbal ST constructions, as the communicative conventions of German would stipulate. Crucially, we observe that it is editors who then change these constructions to verbal ones, thus verbalising nominal structures or restoring the verbal style of the ST. This suggests that some phenomena in translated language that are discussed as ‘translators’ style’ may well have to be attributed to editors, leading to the question of whether methodologies that simply draw on the final translation product are appro‐ priate to analyse translator’s decision‐making. Demonstrating the influence of the editing process on translated texts underlines the growing importance of the inclusion of all phases of the translation process in the analysis of translated language. References: Banks, D. The evolution of grammatical metaphor in scientific writing. In A.‐M. Vandenbergen, M. Taverniers and L. J. Ravelli (eds) Grammatical metaphor: Views from systemic functional linguistics. Amsterdam: John Ben‐ jamins. 127‐148. Bisiada, M. 2014. ‘Lösen Sie Schachtelsätze möglichst auf’: The impact of editorial guidelines on sentence split‐ ting in German business article translations. Applied Linguistics, advance online access. Fabricius‐Hansen, C. 1999. Information packaging and translation: aspects of translational sentence splitting (German−English/Norwegian). In M. Doherty (ed.) Sprachspezifische Aspekte der Informationsverteilung. Berlin: Akademie Verlag. 175‐214. Hansen‐Schirra, S. 2011. Between normalization and shining‐through: Specific properties of English−German translations and their influence on the target language. In S. Kranich, V. Becher, S. Höder and J. House (eds) Multilingual discourse production: Diachronic and synchronic perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 135‐162. Konsalova, P. 2007. Explicitation as a universal in syntactic de/condensation. Across Languages and Cultures 8(1). 17‐32. Munday, J. 2012. Evaluation in translation. Abingdon: Routledge. Nord, C. 1997. Translating as a purposeful activity: Functionalist approaches explained. Manchester: St Jerome. Schäffner, C. and Uwe Wiesemann. 2001. Annotated texts for translation: Functionalist approaches illustrated. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Steiner, E. 2004. Ideational grammatical metaphor: exploring some implications for the overall model. Languages in contrast 4(1). 137‐164. Utka, A. 2004. Phases of translation corpus: Compilation and analysis. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9(2). 195‐224. Jennifer Blunden University of Technology Sydney
[email protected]The language with displayed art: a functional perspective on the discourse of art In 1994 Michael O’Toole published his seminal book The language of displayed art, which proposed a grammar of the visual arts and analytical framework that have had an enormous impact on later work in visual and multimodal semiotics. Yet the language that regularly accompanies displayed art, and the discourse of art more generally, remain surprisingly unexamined within the SFL framework compared to other forms of public and educational discourse (notable exceptions being Rada 1989 and Ravelli 1998). At the same time, the amount of verbal text that accompanies art as we typically experience it ISFC 2015 19 July 27‐31, 2015 has increased dramatically, as art museums expand programming and increasingly rely on a range of apps, digital technologies and other media to deliver spoken, written and multimodal interpretive texts to audiences both on site and at distance. While these texts are intended to help viewers experi‐ ence the artworks with greater depth and insight, often, to use O’Toole’s words, ‘the result is to build an insurmountable wall around this precious property’ (2011: 121). This paper draws on a current doctoral research project and a recent fellowship at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York which aim to contribute towards a clearer understanding of the defining features of the discourse of art and the role it plays in our experience of art. The primary focus of this paper is on intersemiotic relations. Drawing in particular on the concepts of coupling and commitment (after Painter, Martin & Unsworth 2013) the paper looks at how the verbiage presented with a dis‐ played artwork can be shown to ‘add meaning’ to a viewing of the work, and in what way/s. Through the mix of texts discussed (including label text, guided tour, pre‐recorded audioguide), the paper also raises issues of mode, and of field differences in terms of authors – what kinds of differences might there be, for example, between the way a curator writes or speaks about an artwork compared to an educator or a volunteer guide? The paper thus adds to previous work in the area of art discourse and museums in three respects: in its focus on intersemiotic relations, in its consideration of spoken as well as written texts, and in its consideration of differences in authorial field. Underpinning the paper overall is a concern with issues around accessibility for public audiences and around the challenges this discourse poses for students studying art. In other words, this paper is about exploring the boundaries between the ‘commonsense’ discourse of everyday experience and the ‘uncommonsense’ discourse of the specialised fields of art theory, criticism and history. The paper aims to demonstrate how insights from systemic functional semiotics can be used to help art professionals, students and public audiences bridge this often difficult divide. References: Dewey, J 1934, Art as experience, Paragon Books New York. Diamantopoulou, S, Insulander, E, Kress, G & Lindstrand, F 2012, ' Making meaning in an exhibition: technolo‐ gies, agency and (re‐)design', DREAM Conference: The Transformative Museum, ed. E Kristiansen, Danish Re‐ search Center on Education and Advanced Media Materials, Roskilde University in Roskilde, Denmark, pp. 110–27. Goodman, N 1968, Languages of art: an approach to a theory of symbols, The Bobbs‐Merrill Company, Indianap‐ olis. Hood, S 2011, 'Writing discipline: tracking inscriptions of knowledge and knowers in academic writing', in F Chris‐ tie & K Maton (eds), Disciplinarity: systemic functional and sociological perspectives, Continuum, London. Martin, J R & Veel, R (eds) 1998, Reading science: critical and functional perspectives on discourses of science, Routledge, London & New York. O'Toole, M 1994, The language of displayed art, Routledge, London & New York, second edition 2011. Painter, C, Martin, J R & Unsworth, L 2013, Reading visual narratives: image analysis of children's picture books Equinox Publishing Oakville, CT. Rada, A 1989, 'Writing about art: a linguistic consideration of art history and related genres', PhD thesis, Sydney University, Sydney. Ravelli, L 1998, 'The consequence of choice: discursive positioning in an art institution', in Sanchez‐Macarro & R Carter (eds), Linguistic choice across genres, John Benjamin Amsterdam/Philadelphia. Maria Estela Brisk Boston College
[email protected]Genre‐based Pedagogy Supports Second Language Learners and Their Teachers The purpose of this paper presentation is to report on writing development among elementary stu‐ dents who are learning English as a second language. The students are in grades 3‐5 and their levels of English range from beginners to advanced. Students attend an urban school where 56% of the student ISFC 2015 20 July 27‐31, 2015 are classified as English language learner, i.e. according to testing these students have not achieved full fluency in English. The teachers in this school have been implementing writing instruction using a genre‐based pedagogy informed by SFL for the past 7 years. Students write in a variety of genres dur‐ ing the school year and across grade levels. The writing of 12 students, four for each grade level, was analyzed at the beginning and end of each genre unit, with respect to aspects of the stages and selected language items in three genres per grade level. Students advanced in most aspects of the stages and of language. The one area that it is still unstable is their ability to form paragraphs as evidenced by a theme/rheme analysis, especially when writing expositions, a genre that is particularly difficult for elementary age students. In addition, students were tested at the beginning and end of the year with an English language proficiency test for all language skills including writing. All 3rd grade students advanced between 1 and 3 levels in writ‐ ing and 70% of the 4th and 5th graders had similar results over the course of one year. Teachers covered all aspects of stages of the genre and some aspects of language demanded by the register. The classrooms were observed weekly to identify the content of writing and the strategies used by the teachers to deliver instruction. In addition, strategies used by teachers to position bilin‐ gual learners, regardless of English fluency, as full members of the class were also analyzed. Results show that these teachers used the teaching and learning cycle (Rothery, 1996) as well as other strate‐ gies that are indicators of language responsive pedagogy (Lucas & Villegas, 2011) to enhance learning for students who are still in the process of developing English. They also used a number of strategies, particularly using students’ native language to facilitate classroom participation, despite of the fact that the teachers themselves do not know their students’ language. SFL informed instruction has been instrumental in changing teaching practices to include explicit lan‐ guage instruction and thus greatly improve the performance of L2 learners. Moreover, the notion of language – any language – as a resource for meaning making has helped in changing these teachers’ attitude toward native language use in English medium classrooms. Thus, although the motivation to use SFL informed genre‐based pedagogy was to provide teachers with a sound approach to teaching writing, the impact has been broader. This pedagogy has made all teachers good English language teachers, impacting the performance of their second language learners. References: Lucas, T. & Villegas, A. M. (2011). A framework for preparing linguistically responsive teachers. In T. Lucas (Ed.), Teacher preparation for linguistically diverse classrooms: A resource for teacher educators (pp. 56‐72). New York: Routledge. Rothery, J. (1996) Making changes: Developing an Educational Linguistics. In R. Hasan & G. Williams (Eds.), Liter‐ acy in Society (pp. 86‐123). New York: Longman. Alice Caffarel‐Cayron The University of Sydney alice.caffarel‐
[email protected]Simone de Beauvoir’s construal of language and literature in Mémoires d’une jeune fille rangée (1958) In this paper, I explore how Simone de Beauvoir construes language and literature in the first volume of her memoirs, Mémoires d’une jeune fille rangée, which encompasses the first 21 years of her life and her discovery of language, literature and writing as a mode of action and achieving freedom. In Que peut la littérature? (1965), the transcription of a debate that took place in Paris on 9 December 1964 between six writers (Beauvoir, Berger, Faye, Ricardou, Sartre and Semprun) about what litera‐ ture can do, Beauvoir (p.73) explained her conception of literature by saying: ‘Pour moi, il s’agit d’une activité qui est exercée par des hommes, pour des hommes, en vue de leur dévoiler le monde, ce dévoilement étant une action.’ (For me, [literature] is an activity which is carried out by people, for people, in view of unveiling the world to them, this unveiling being an action.) [My translation] ISFC 2015 21 July 27‐31, 2015 Beauvoir’s interpretation of literature resonates closely with Michael Halliday’s ideas about language who said: ‘…the full creative power of an act of meaning arises from the fact that language both construes and enacts. It is not only a way of thinking about the world; it is also, at one and the same time, a way of acting on the world – which means, of course, acting on the other people in it’(2009:4) Fallaize (1988: 3) also notes that: ‘the power of the word makes literature into a powerful and privi‐ leged activity for Simone de Beauvoir. She takes language as a weapon against death, against time, against the isolation of the individual’. In this paper, I will retrace Beauvoir’s experience with language and literature from childhood to adulthood as construed in her memoirs and provide a transitivity analysis in view of identifying how she construes language as she experiences it at different stages of growing up. The aim is to show that her view of literature as an activity and a tool for change in the world is reflected in the grammatical patterns foregrounded by Beauvoir to talk about language and literature. References: Beauvoir de, S. 1958. Mémoires d’une jeune fille rangée. Paris: Gallimard. Beauvoir de, Simone & al. 1965. Que peut la littérature ? Présentation par Yves Buin. Paris: L’INEDIT 10|18, pp.73‐92. Caffarel, Alice. A Systemic Functional Grammar of French, From Grammar to Discourse. With a preface by M.A.K Halliday. London: Continuum. 2006. Caffarel‐Cayron, A. 2013. The influence of Simone de Beauvoir’s writings on Claire Cayron’s personal and crea‐ tive life: a preliminary journey through their correspondence (1964‐1984). Simone de Beauvoir Studies. Vol‐ ume 29. Published by the Simone de Beauvoir Society. Caffarel‐Cayron, A. 2014. ‘Beauvoir and the Agency of Writing’, in La Transitivité en français edited by David. Paris: L’Harmattan. Fallaize, E. 1988. The novels of Simone de Beauvoir. Routledge: London. Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1994 Halliday, M.A.K. 2009. The Essential Halliday. Edited by Jonathan Webster. London: Continuum. Helen Caple University of New South Wales
[email protected]Sports Illustrated: The role of photography in sports journalism Taking Martin and Rose’s (2008: 20) definition of genre as ‘a configuration of meanings, realized through language and attendant modalities of communication’, this paper investigates the role of ‘attendant modalities of communication’, specifically images, in the genres of sports reporting. It is safe to say that sports journalism has attracted little academic attention in linguistics/social semiotics (see Caple 2013 for a review of the literature on the representation of female athletes in the news). However, its significance for the sustainability of the news media, for audiences, and for the reproduc‐ tion of dominant ideologies cannot be underestimated. Even just in terms of space, sports reporting in newsprint can take up a significant proportion of editorial copy. Ljung (2000: 134), for example, found that the number of words dedicated to sports writing in the Times (UK) made up nearly a quarter of the total number of words of editorial copy (103,130 out of 435,473 words). Anderson (1996: 9) points to the significance of the context in which sports reporting is embedded, where a ‘heteropatriarchal power dynamic’ is in play, and goes on to demonstrate ‘the deliberate employment of multivalent “linguistic tactics” to maintain a status quo that marginalises women in sport’ (p. 15). In this paper I build on previous research that examined reporting practices surrounding female ath‐ letes in the Australian news media (Lumby, Caple and Greenwood 2010; Caple, Greenwood and Lum‐ by 2011; Caple 2013). A larger aim of my current research into sports reporting consists of an investi‐ gation of genres more generally, and their relationship to the ‘sporting event’ in terms of time, voice (Martin and White 2005), and newsworthiness. However, in this paper, I examine the representation ISFC 2015 22 July 27‐31, 2015 of sporting events and athletes in the imagery that may accompany such stories and the extent to which these are action‐oriented or stasis‐oriented, naturalistic or abstract (drawing on Kress and van Leeuwen 2006). The data set consists of sports reporting across five major English‐language newspa‐ pers, the Guardian (UK), the Sydney Morning Herald (Australia), the New York Times (USA), the Mail and Guardian (South Africa) and the Times of India (India), over a week during the routine sporting calendar (i.e. when there are no major international sporting competitions). The reason for focusing on the regular sporting calendar is because it is in these mundane reports that potentially damaging gendered discourses often lurk. Preliminary findings demonstrate the persistence of the underrepre‐ sentation of female athletes in the news media more generally, and more specifically their portrayal in passive, subservient roles when compared to imagery of their male counterparts. Ultimately, this research addresses two gaps in SFL‐inspired social semiotic research into sports jour‐ nalism: the role of ‘attendant modalities’ in sports news genres, and the extent to which gendered representations are played out through attendant modalities that challenge/reflect/reinforce patriar‐ chal values/ideologies. Such a study is of importance to researchers of news discourse since, as Macken‐Horarik (2003: 1) argues, ‘So much of political argumentation is writ large in media communi‐ cations and depends for its effectiveness on visual data’. References: Anderson, C. (1996) ‘Women’s wor(l)ds of sport: or are they?’ University of Melbourne Working Papers in Lin‐ guistics, 16: 9‐16. Caple, H. (2013) ‘Competing for coverage: Exploring emerging discourses on female athletes in the Australian print media’, English Text Construction, 6(2): 271‐294. Caple, H., Greenwood, K. and Lumby, C. (2011) ‘What‐League? The representation of female athletes in Australi‐ an television sports reporting. Media International Australia Incorporating Culture and Policy, 140: 137–146. Kress, G. and van Leeuwen, T. J. (2006) Reading Images the Grammar of Visual Design, 2nd edition. London/New York: Routledge. Ljung, M. (2000) ‘Newspaper genres and newspaper English’, in F. Ungerer (Ed) English Media Texts Past and Present. Language and Textual Structure. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 131–150. Lumby, C., Caple, H., Greenwood, K. (2010) Towards a Level Playing Field: Sport and Gender in Australian Media. A Report for the Australian Sports Commission. Canberra: Australian Sports Commission. Macken‐Horarik, M. (2003) ‘A telling symbiosis in the discourse of hatred: Multimodal news texts about the “children overboard” affair’, Australian Review of Applied Linguistics, 26(2): 1–16. Martin, J.R. and Rose, D. (2008) Genre Relations: Mapping Cultures. London: Equinox. Martin, J.R. and White, P.R.R. (2005) The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. New York: Palgrave Mac‐ millan. Orlene Lucia De Saboia Carvalho Universidade de Brasilia
[email protected]Collocations and Brazilian Portuguese as a Foreign Language: a study of “ano” It is of great importance for foreign language learners to know how to combine words in a context adequately and precisely. Among the possibilities of syntagmatic combinations are collocations. Collo‐ cations are semi‐fixed combinations between two (or more) lexical items that frequently occur in the discourse and reveal the first choices a native speaker makes (Sinclair, 1991; Halliday, Teubert, Yallop, Cermakova, 2004). They convey specific meanings in various genres and are central in the process of learning a foreign language, since the mastering of collocations allows learners to express themselves more precisely and spontaneously and to get closer to the linguistic and cultural reality of the target language. Due to the relevance of collocations for foreign language learning and teaching and to the fact that textbooks play a key role in these processes, the purpose of this research is to study the situ‐ ation of collocations in the textbooks of Brazilian Portuguese as Foreign Language. For our investiga‐ tion, we chose the word “ano” (here included both forms “ano” and “anos”) because it is the most ISFC 2015 23 July 27‐31, 2015 frequent noun in the large Brazilian corpus Banco Brasileiro (LAEL/PUC‐SP). We intend to check if the collocations with “ano” that appear in the Banco Brasileiro are also in the textbooks of Brazilian Portu‐ guese as a Foreign Language and to analyse the type of context in which they appear, whether in a text, in an exercise or activity, or in a grammatical explanation. The amount of times a certain colloca‐ tion occurs together with the type of context in which it occurs may or may not add to the acquisition of this collocation. A context that presupposes interaction and therefore production certainly favors a better understanding and a further usage of the collocation. In order to reach our goal, we use the methodology of corpus linguistics, which includes rasing the collocations in the corpus Banco Brasilei‐ ro and in the small specialized corpus we have built with the textbooks of Brazilian Portuguese as a Foreign Language and comparing them, taking the Banco Brasileiro as a reference corpus, by means of the program WordSmith Tools. We also analyse the contexts in the textbooks qualitatively. Our first results have demonstrated, for instance, that the word “ano” is among the ten most frequent words in the textbooks and that the collocation “ano passado”, the most frequent in the Banco Brasileiro, oc‐ curs often and in various contexts in the textbooks, whereas “há x anos” and “últimos anos”, the sec‐ ond and third most frequent collocation in the Banco Brasileiro, respectively, are rare in the textbooks and don’t occur in contexts that favor acquisition. Jörg Cassens1 and Rebekah Wegener2 1 University of Hildesheim, 2RWTH Aachen University 1
[email protected]‐hildesheim.de,
[email protected]Putting SFL to Work: applications in artificial intelligence The Systemic Functional Theory of Language on the one side and Computer Science in General and Artificial Intelligence in particular on the other side have a long history together. From Terry Wino‐ grad's blocks world (Winograd, 1971), inspired by Halliday's work on grammar, over the influence of a stochastical approach to computational linguistics (Halliday, 2005) to applications in Natural Language Generation, SFL has shown up from time to time in the body of research in Artificial Intelligence. In our own work, we have used concepts from SFL in order to help model contextualized and ambient intelligent systems. In this talk, we will present some of this work, ranging from the use of abstract concepts (Cassens and Wegener, 2008) and of parameters of context (Wegener et al., 2008) in the requirements engineering process to a stratified view on context modeling with a special focus on the semantic stratum (Butt et al., 2013) and its practical application in intention‐aware automatic doors (Kofod‐Petersen et al., 2009). Based on this experiences and our own work on the use of Activity Theory (Leont’ev, 1978, Nardi, 1996) within the same problem domain, we propose an approach to requirements elicitation and modeling of contextualized, ambient systems that combines the tool‐centric perspective from the cultural‐historic approach to activity theory with the communications and meaning‐centric perspec‐ tive of SFL. References: Bateman, John A. "Automatic Discourse Generation" Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science, Vol. 62, pp. 1‐54, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1998. Butt, David, Wegener, Rebekah, and Cassens, Jörg. "Modelling behaviour semanically". In P. Brézillon, P. Black‐ burn and R. Dapoigny, editors, Proceedings of CONTEXT 2013, pages 343–349, Annecy, France, 2013. Spring‐ er. Cassens, Jörg. Explanation Awareness and Ambient Intelligence as Social Technologies. Dr. Scient. Thesis, Nor‐ wegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, 2008. Cassens, Jörg and Wegener, Rebekah. Making Use of Abstract Concepts – Systemic‐Functional Linguistics and Ambient Intelligence. In Max Bramer, editor, Artificial Intelligence in Theory and Practice II – IFIP 20th World Computer Congress, IFIP AI Stream, volume 276 of IFIP, pages 205–214, Milano, Italy, 2008. Springer. Halliday, Michael Alexander Kirkwood. "Computational and quantitative studies" Vol. 6. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2005. ISFC 2015 24 July 27‐31, 2015 Kofod‐Petersen, Anders, Wegener, Rebekah, and Cassens, Jörg. "Closed doors ‐ modelling intention in behav‐ ioural interfaces." In Anders Kofod‐Petersen, Helge Langseth, and Odd Erik Gundersen, editors, Proceedings of the Norwegian Artificial Intelligence Society Symposium (NAIS 2009), Trondheim, Norway. Tapir Akademi‐ ske Forlag, 2009. Leont’ev, Aleksei N. "Activity, Consciousness, and Personality". Prentice‐Hall, 1978. Nardi, Bonnie A., editor. "Context and Consciousness". MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996. Wegener, Rebekah, Cassens, Jörg, and Butt, David. "Start making sense: Systemic functional linguistics and am‐ bient intelligence". Revue d’Intelligence Artificielle, special issue on Modelling and Reasoning on Context, 22(5):629–645, October 2008. Winograd, Terry. "Procedures as a Representation for Data in a Computer Program for Understanding Natural Language", MIT AI Technical Report Erik Castello University of Padua
[email protected]Addressing the boundaries between EFL learner and novice academic writing: An investigation of the‐ matised interpersonal meanings in Italian learner essays This paper addresses the challenge of finding a balance between the need to avoid “explicit subjectivi‐ ty” and to concurrently express “a critical or evaluative stance” in novice academic writing (Hood 2010: 1). Recently, this aspect of metadiscourse (e.g. Hyland 2005) has been tackled by a large body of research on evaluation in academic writing, including studies based on SFL theory, in particular on appraisal theory (e.g. Martin/White 2005), and corpus‐based investigations (e.g. Hewings 2004; Ravelli 2004; Hyland 2005/2009a/2009b; Gotti 2009; Hood 2010; Degaetano‐Ortlieb/Teich 2014). It goes without saying that EFL learners are bound to encounter more difficulties than native speakers in this respect, due to, inter alia, lack of proficiency, L1 interference and cultural differences. As a matter of fact, one recurrent finding of learner corpus‐based research is the overuse of explicit subjective inter‐ personal themes, such as I think and in my view, especially by learners who produce academic texts in a field that is not (yet) their area of expertise (e.g. Hewings/Coffin 2004, Ädel 2006, Gilquin/Paquot 2008, Herriman/Boström Aronsson 2009, Callies 2013). Likewise, some types of it‐clauses with ex‐ traposed subjects (e.g. it is difficult to …) (e.g. Kaltenböck 2000), which encode objective grammatical metaphors (Halliday 2004: 613‐625) and can be regarded as fulfilling interpersonal functions (Hewings 2004: 139), have often been found to be overrepresented in learner academic production (e.g. Hew‐ ings/Hewings 2001/2002, Prat Zagrebelsky 2004, Hasselgård 2009, Castello forthcoming). This study explores a corpus of 80 argumentative essays written by Italian undergraduate EFL students in the third year of university and collected as part of the Longitudinal Database of Learner English (LONGDALE) project (Italian component). This data is subsequently compared to a selection of essays written by novice British and American novice writers from the Louvain Corpus of Native English Es‐ says (LOCNESS). It principally investigates the use of it‐clauses with extraposed subjects as well as clauses in which the pronouns I/we and the determiners my/our are used in thematic position. Con‐ veying and highlighting as they do objective and subjective interpersonal meanings (cf. Hewings 2004), these types of clauses are indeed of particular interest for the present study. Results reveal that the Italian learners overuse it‐extraposition constructions, and do so to express their claims objectively, to intensify or hedge them, or to attribute them to other sources. Unfortunately, however, their lexi‐ cogrammatical realisations are at times grammatically and textually infelicitous. The learners also overuse clauses with first‐person subjects/determiners in thematic position with the aim of “guiding” the readers through their texts, and often add the phrase “in this essay” before the clauses (e.g. In this essay, I will outline …). By contrast, while the native speakers often take advantage of these clauses and also employ multiple themes to express their evaluation subjectively (e.g. Rather, I believe …), the learners underuse such clauses to this end. These and other findings are illustrated and discussed, with a view to addressing the boundaries between learner and native novice academic writing, and to ISFC 2015 25 July 27‐31, 2015 also gaining insights into how Italian learners can improve on the deployment of thematised interper‐ sonal meanings. References: Callies, Marcus 2013. Agentivity as a determinant of lexico‐grammatical variation in L2 academic writing. In New Frontiers in Learner Corpus Research. Special issue of International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 18:3, edited by Victoria Hasko, 357–390. Castello, E. (forthcoming), “Towards a longitudinal study of Metadiscourse in EFL Academic Writing: Focus on Italian learners’ use of it‐extraposition”, in Castello E., Ackerley K., Coccetta F. (eds.), Studies in Learner Cor‐ pus Linguistics: Research and Applications for Foreign Language Teaching and Assessment. Bern: Peter Lang. Coffin, C. / Hewings, A. 2004. IELTS as preparation for tertiary writing: distinctive interpersonal and textual strat‐ egies. In Ravelli L. / Ellis, R.A. (eds.), Analysing Academic Writing: Contextualized Frameworks. London/New York: Continuum, 153‐171. Degaetano‐Ortlieb, S. / Teich, E. 2014. Register diversification in evaluative language: the case of scientific writ‐ ing. In Thompson, G. / Alba‐Juez L. (eds) Evaluation in Context. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 241–258. Gilquin, Gaëtanelle / Paquot, Magali 2008. Too Chatty: Learner Academic Writing and Register Variation. English Text Construction 1/1 41‐61. Gotti, M. 2009. Commonality and Individuality in Academic Discourse. Bern: Peter Lang. Halliday, Michael 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Grammar. London: Arnold. Hasselgård, H. 2009. Thematic Choice and Expressions of Stance in English Argumentative Texts by Norwegian Learners. In Aijmer, K. (ed.), Corpora and Language Teaching. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 121‐139. Herriman, J. / Boström Aronsson, M. 2009. Themes in Swedish Advanced Learners’ Writing in English. In Aijmer, K. (ed.), Corpora and Language Teaching. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 101‐120. Hewings Ann / Hewings, Martin 2001. Anticipatory it in Academic Writing: An Indicator of Disciplinary Difference and Developing Disciplinary Knowledge. In Hewings, Martin (ed.) Academic Writing in Context: Implications and Applications. Papers in Honour of Tony Dudley‐Evans. Birmingham: The University of Birmingham Press, 199‐214. Hewings, M. / Hewings, A. 2002. “It is Interesting to Note that …”: a Comparative Study of Anticipatory ‘it’ in Student and Published Writing. English for Specific Purposes 21, 367‐383. Hewings, A. 2004. Developing discipline‐specific writing: an analysis of undergraduate geography essays. In Rav‐ elli L. / Ellis, R.A. (eds.), Analysing Academic Writing: Contextualized Frameworks. London/New York: Contin‐ uum, 131‐152. Hood, S.E. 2010, Appraising Research: Evaluation in Academic Writing, Palgrave Macmillan, London, UK. Hyland, K. 2005. Metadiscourse. London/New York: Continuum. Hyland, K. 2009a. Academic Discourse: English in a Global Context. London/New York: Continuum. Hyland, K. 2009b. Corpus Informed Discourse Analysis: The Case of Academic Engagement. In Charles, Maggie / Pecorari, Diane / Hunston, Susan 2009. Academic Writing: At the Interface of Corpus and Discourse. Lon‐ don/New York: Continuum, 110‐128. Kaltenböck, Gunther 2000. It‐extraposition and Non‐extraposition in English Discourse. In Mair, Christian / Hundt, Marianne (eds.) Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory. Papers from the Twentieth International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora (ICAME 20), Freiburg im Breisgau 1999. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 157‐175. Martin, J.R. / White, P.R.R., 2005. The Language of Evaluation, Appraisal in English. London/New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Prat Zagrebelsky, Maria Teresa 2004. Computer Learner Corpora: Theoretical Issues and Empirical Case Studies of Italian Advanced EFL Learners’ Interlanguage. Alessandria: Edizioni dall’Orso. Ravelli, L. 2004. Signalling the organization of written texts: hyper‐Themes in management and history essays. In Ravelli L. / Ellis, R.A. (eds.), Analysing Academic Writing: Contextualized Frameworks. London/New York: Con‐ tinuum, 104‐130. ISFC 2015 26 July 27‐31, 2015 Peichin Chang National Taiwan Normal University
[email protected]Evaluating coherence in research arguments: A Systemic Functional Linguistics approach For a research argument to be persuasive, an integrated and coherent argument is essential. Coher‐ ence is seen as “the way a group of clauses or sentences relate to the context” (Eggins, 2004, p. 29). Novice writers are usually less effective in integrating their arguments, and may digress from the main line of argument. Informed by the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) approach, this study hypothe‐ sizes that the predictive power of a MacroTheme (i.e., usually announced to predict a text) depends on how the nominal group complexes (usually associated with the use of specialized or technical terms) in the MacroTheme are picked up in HyperThemes (i.e., similar to “topic sentence”) (Martin, 2013, p. 32). The hypothesis is that the extent of the semantic overlap may predict the coherence (or incoherence) of a text. A combined approach was therefore applied to investigate the semantic over‐ lap (i.e., the extent of the convergence of the specialized or technical terms, which form lexical chains, in the HyperThemes with those in the MacroTheme) in introductions to research arguments. A total of 70 Introductions were collected, including 35 expert and 35 student texts. The texts were coded for MacroTheme, HyperThemes, and lexical chains. Both t‐tests and ANCOVA were performed to reveal patterns in the semantic overlap between (1) the MacroTheme and HyperThemes and (2) between the HyperThemes in each text (particularly useful if the predictive power of MacroTheme is weak). The texts were also carefully analyzed to reveal the qualitative patterns of these features. The findings suggest mixed messages. First, the assumption that a MacroTheme can predict the argument in a text does not hold true for all research writing. Rather, research arguments may unfold gradually, with weaker semantic ties between a MacroTheme and the subsequent HyperThemes. Second, semantic overlap between both the MacroTheme and HyperThemes and between the HyperThemes was not statistically significant in distinguishing the experts from the novice writers. Nevertheless, the experts consistently exhibited more semantic overlap in the global level themes. Qualitative analysis revealed that greater semantic overlap may be both effective and ineffective. While tighter semantic ties can contribute to readability and coherence, tighter ties can also turn a research argument into an exposi‐ tion piece. Tighter ties can also characterize a static presentation of information, particularly when the semantic overlap is between a relatively smaller number of HyperThemes (e.g., under 3 Hyper‐ Themes). On the other hand, a loose semantic tie between the themes reveals different ways of struc‐ turing information that are not necessarily ineffective. While less semantic overlap usually connotes decreased readability, decreased readability and dense arguments may well be features of advanced research arguments (Crossley and McNamara, 2010). Fewer semantic overlaps in student writers’ texts, however, mostly suggest poorly organized and incoherent arguments. Pedagogical implications are discussed. Honglin Chen1, Jan Wright2, Janica Nordstrom3 and Ken Cruickshank4 1,2 School of Education, University of Wollongong; 3,4Faculty of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney 1
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected], 4
[email protected]Pedagogy and social class: pedagogic variation in languages programs in two secondary schools in Aus‐ tralia Second languages education has long been considered as a field where issues of social class are at play (Pufahl & Rhodes, 2011; Smala, Paz, & Lingard, 2013). In Australia, languages ‘have traditionally been part of a hegemonic curriculum, reflecting middle‐class and upper‐class values and tastes and serving as points of distinction’ (Smala, et al., 2013, p. 387). Similarly in the US and UK, languages have been ISFC 2015 27 July 27‐31, 2015 more often studied in private sectors with lower uptakes in disadvantaged schools with students of a low socio‐economic background (Pufahl & Rhodes, 2011). This educational inequality has led to fur‐ ther disadvantage for already disadvantaged students (Hoadley, 2007). However, the social inequality in provision of languages has largely been overlooked in the field of applied linguistics (Kanno, 2014). Previous studies have demonstrated that there are varied ways of meaning making in both home and school settings across social class positions (Bernstein, 1971; Hasan, 2009; Lingard, 2007). In this pa‐ per, we use ethnographic data of classroom observations and interviews with teachers and principals to argue that social class is a key contributing factor to pedagogic variation in languages classrooms in two schools of distinct social locations – one being a selective ‘advantaged’ school and the other a disadvantaged school. Drawing on an integration of linguistic, sociological and social historical tools (Christie, 2002; Bernstein 1996; Engeström, 1987), our analysis shows that the teachers’ expectations of learning outcomes and their perceptions of students’ aspirations vary significantly across the two schools leading to differen‐ tial production of pedagogic content and control, and allocation of roles and relationships. This enact‐ ed social class differentiation has ramifications for linguistic capital which the students are seeking to develop in the language classrooms. References: Bernstein, B. (1971). Class, codes and control. Theoretical studies towards a sociology of language, Vol. I. Lon‐ don, Henley and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Bernstein, B. (1996). Pedagogizing knowledge. In Pedagogy, symbolic control and identity: Theory, research, critique. London: Taylor & Francis. Christie, F. (2002). Classroom discourse analysis: A functional perspective. London: Continuum. Engeström, Y. 1987. Learning by expanding an activity‐theoretic approach to developmental research. Helsinki: Orienta‐Konsultit Oy. Hoadley, U. (2007). The reproduction of social class inequalities through mathematics pedagogies in South Afri‐ can primary schools. Journal of curriculum studies, 39(6), 679‐706. Hasan, R. (2009). Semantic variation: Meaning in society and sociolinguistics, in Webster, J. (ed.), The collected works of Ruqaiya Hasan (Volume 2), London: Equinox. Kanno, Y. (2014). Forum Commentary. Journal of language, identity & education, 13(??), 118‐123. Lingard, B. (2007). Pedagogies of indifference. International journal of inclusive education, 11(3), 245‐266. Pufahl, I., & Rhodes, N. C. (2011). Foreign language instruction in U.S. schools: Results of a national survey of elementary and secondary schools. Foreign Language Annals, 44(2), 258‐288. Smala, S., Paz, J. B., & Lingard, B. (2013). Languages, cultural capital and school choice: Distinctions and second‐ language immersion programs. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 34(3), 373‐391. Zili Chen1 and Nana Jin2 1 The Hong Kong PolyU SPEED, 2Shenzhen University 1 spczili@speed‐polyu.edu.hk,
[email protected]Speech Verbs’ Evaluative Potential in English and in Chinese Every sentence in a text necessarily implies some stance, for language is a powerfully committing me‐ dium to work in (Fowler 1977: 76). It is impossible to write a ‘status‐less’ clause, and therefore in this respect it is impossible to write a non‐evaluative clause (Hunston 1993: 60). English speech verbs have a continuum of saying verbs ranging from general saying meaning to saying in specific manner and with specific preference. A large number of speech verbs, bearing meanings more than ‘say’, provide a potential to express evaluations metaphorically. Speakers and writers code these evaluative signals in their texts, directly or indirectly. How much do listeners and readers decode these signals? In which ways are the evaluation and value coded in speech verbs? How English speech verbs are translated in Chinese? An experiment is made to answer the research questions above: ISFC 2015 28 July 27‐31, 2015 Step 1 An extract of a fairy story The Strange Musician (in Collection of Green’s Fairy Tales) is chosen. Replace no other word in the extract but the speech verbs and generate two versions of the extract. Suppose the original extract is Version 1, the other two versions are Version 2 and Version 3. Step 2 Send the three different versions to college students, and ask them to answer questions related to evaluation potential, and reading comprehension. A closely related research is shown Jin & Chen (2007). Step 3 Compare selected speech verbs in English and in Chinese. Are the speech verbs translated in a consistent way or inconsistent. The results of the experiment show: i. Speech verbs have strong evaluation potential. ii. Speech verbs analysis helps reading comprehension. iii. Speech verbs are changed through translation, i.e. the Chinese speech verbs are generalized or twisted compared with the English version. For example. In English: exclaimed In Chinese:说(Pinyin: shuo; meaning: said) the meaning is generalized. In English: said In Chinese:想到(Pinyin: xiangdao; meaning: thought about) the meaning is twisted. iv. English and Chinese have different categorizations of ‘saying’ in terms of word forms. English speech verbs don’t have a common root, but Chinese speech verbs are usually formed by a common word and some other pre‐modifiers, sharing a core root ‘shuo (say) ’. For example: say 说 (pinyin: shuo; meaning:say,speak ) shout 大声说 (pinyin: dasheng shuo; meaning:say loudly) stumble 结结巴巴地说 (pinyin: jiejie baba de shuo; meaning: say with pauses) whisper 小声地说(pinyin: xiaosheng de shuo; meaning: say in a low voice) In Chinese, saying in what way, with what affect and in what mood can all be placed before the char‐ acter’说’(pinyin: shuo) as pre‐modifiers. That is to say, the meanings of Chinese speech verbs are con‐ spicuous and their grammaticalization level is very low. This is quite different from English speech verbs which have a high grammaticalization level, for example ‘declare’, ‘announce’, ‘scold’, ‘praise’. In conclusion, speech verbs are evaluative to certain degree in English and in Chinese. Fei‐Wen Cheng National Chiayi University
[email protected]Citation, reporting verbs & Engagement: A critique on Appraisal theory The engagement framework, a sub‐system of Martin and White’s (2005) Appraisal theory, is con‐ cerned with the linguistic resources for authorial stance‐taking. This framework has attempted to as‐ semble various interpersonal linguistic features into a stratified semiotic system along a cline ranging from most contracting engagement options to most expanding ones. It has enabled us to address in a more systematic and discriminating manner how writers utilize a specific engagement strategy to ma‐ nipulate readers’ response at different argumentation stages to accomplish their professional goals. Although this engagement system can best capture the complexity of writer‐reader interaction, it is developed primarily based upon media corpus and several rhetorical features typically manifested in academic discourse are not taken into account. First of all, citation practices, a defining characteristic of academic writing, have not been fully ad‐ dressed in the current framework. Martin & White’s theory concentrates exclusively on author‐ prominent citation with integral form of explicit reporting signals, such as the use of reporting verbs or adjuncts structure (i.e. Wilson shows that…). Yet, citations have become more integrated into the writer’s argument in the form of non‐reporting and non‐integral citations. Moreover, a growing litera‐ ture has revealed the availability of a wide range of signaling and reporting forms (Buckingham & ISFC 2015 29 July 27‐31, 2015 Nevile, 1997; Petric; 2007; Thompson & Tribble, 2001; Swales, 1990). These various citation structures should be considered to account for the subtle argumentation strategies. Secondly, reporting verbs are actually not limited to the citation of other’s claims but are also employed to report and interpret the writer’s own research findings. Although White’s (2012) recent attempt to further explicate one of the engagement values on attribution, the above‐mentioned gaps are still not addressed. To enable this engagement framework to throw light on academic argumentation, this study takes as a starting point of the semantic criteria of engagement taxonomy, and makes refinement of some engagement values to better incorporate academic conventions, based upon analysis of 40 applied linguistic articles. Liu Chengyu Southwest University
[email protected]An Empirical Analysis of the Phonological Features and Discursive Functions of Modern Chinese Modal Particles: A SFL Perspective This paper aims to conduct an empirical analysis of the phonological features and discursive functions of modern Chinese modal particles (MPs) are analyzed from the perspective of systemic functional phonology (e.g. Tench 1992; Halliday & McDonald 2004; Halliday & Greaves 2008; Bowcher & Smith 2013). Based on the Firthian prosodic analysis (Firth 1957) and Michael Halliday’s theory of Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday 1985b, 2014), a systemic‐functional matrix (i.e. the rank– metafunction–delicacy matrix, cf. Ou & Liu forthcoming) is first proposed for the Chinese phonological system. Then an empirical analysis is conducted by applying the Sound Forge program on a corpus of modern Chinese modal particles collected from the contemporary Chinese soap opera Go Lala Go! to demonstrate the relationship between the various discursive functions of modern Chinese MPs and their suprasegmental features (e.g. tone and intonation). The results indicate that modern Chinese MPs can be used in the sentence‐final position to realize the interpersonal metafunctions by express‐ ing various emotions on the one hand and to realize the textual metafunctions by functioning as cohe‐ sive devices, or in the sentence‐middle position to function as as topicalizers or discourse markers. When modern Chinese modal particles are used to realize various discursive functions in spoken communication, they may be attributed to various phonological features, such as volume, pitch, loud‐ ness, tone and intonation. By using the Sound Forge program to analyze the acoustic features (e.g. amplitude and frequency of the speech sounds) involved, a systematic interaction can then be identi‐ fied between the phonological features and discursive functions of modern Chinese MPs. This paper is expected to open a new way on the one hand for a more systematic analysis of modern Chinese MPs and on the other hand for empirical research on systemic functional phonology in general. References: Bowcher, W. and Smith, B.A. (eds.) (2013), Systemic Phonology: Recent Studies in English, Sheffield: Equinox. Firth, J.R. (1957), Papers in Linguistics 1934—1951, London: Oxford University Press. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985), An Introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Arnold. Halliday, M.A.K. (2014), Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th edn), Revised by C. M. I. M. Mat‐ thiessen, London: Hodder Arnold. Halliday, M.A.K. and Greaves, W. S. (2008), Intonation in the Grammar of English, London: Equinox. Halliday, M.A.K. and McDonald, E. (2004), ‘Metafunctional Profile of the Grammar of Chinese’, in J.A. Caffere, J. R. Martin and C.M.I.M. Matthiessen (eds), Language Typology: A Functional Perspective, Amsterdam / Phila‐ delphia: John Benjamins, pp. 305‐396. Ou, Y. and Liu, C. (forthcoming), ‘A Systemic Functional Matrix of Chinese Phonology’, Linguistics and the Human Sciences. Tench, P. (ed.) (1992), Studies in Systemic Phonology, London: Pinter Publishers. ISFC 2015 30 July 27‐31, 2015 Shoju Chiba Reitaku University/Universitiy of Helsinki schiba@reitaku‐u.ac.jp When derivational morphology meets context: A corpus‐based study of Finnish nominalization Nominalization is the major type of ideational metaphor. It restructures the speaker’s experiences in a nominal way (Halliday and Matthiessen 1999). Its metaphorical realization is typically detected by a derivational affix and the existence of verbal agnate (Ravelli 1998). Heyvaert (2003) examined two productive nominalizations of English (‐er and gerundive) and found that they consistently show func‐ tional reclassification. Because there are numerous nominalization patterns in a language, however, it is unclear whether all types of nominalization fit into her account. Does the difference of productivity affect the ways of behavior of nominalization patterns? Do action nouns (‐minen, the most productive nominalization process in Finnish), for example, in any way deviate from less productive deverbal nominals in usage? Finnish, a Uralic language not related to Indo‐European, has a rich inventory of derivational affixes. This study examines the relationship of derivation and agnation in Finnish nominalization, using a large‐scale corpus of written Finnish (kielipankki). Morphological productivity of nominalization affixes varies (Plag 1999, Baayen 2001). Based on the corpus data of written Finnish, this paper tackles the following problems and argues that the morpho‐ logical productivity plays a vital role in the lexico‐grammatical description of nominalization. To analyze the use of different nominalization patterns, two independent datasets were designed: (A) the inventory of verbal agnates (bases) of nominalization, with special attention to multiple nomi‐ nalizations from the same agnates (B) the list of the major patterns of nominalization For each dataset a database was constructed from the corpus. The inventory (A) includes 150 verbal bases. The derivational patterns included in the list (B) are 27, on which basis the individual cases of derivatives are retrieved from the corpus. The database includes the frequency data of each pattern and the contextual information, alongside the textual profile (metadata) for future analysis. The con‐ textual information makes it possible to analyze the syntactic and pragmatic surroundings of the de‐ rivative. On the basis of the frequency profiles (type/token frequency, numbers of hapax legomena etc.) of the target nominalization patterns, the productivity of them is measured using the methods developed by Baayen (2001). Then the syntactic and pragmatic surroundings of the nominalizations are studied and contrasted according to their productivity. The analysis reveals that the more productive a nominaliza‐ tion pattern is (i.e. more hapax legomena and more numbers of different types in the corpus), the more consistent the usage of it tends to be throughout different frequency profiles. This is partly an‐ ticipated, because the meaning of words of high frequency tends to be lexicalized and the usage of it can deviate from the other members with the same affix. The findings of this study indicate that the notion of morphological productivity is decisive in the description of nominalization patterns and that the status of infrequent members, like hapax legomena, is worth paying attention to, hence the need of utilizing a large‐scale corpus. References: Baayen, Harald (2001) Word Frequency Distributions. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Halliday, M. A. K. and Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen (1999) Construing Experience through Meaning: A Lan‐ guage‐based Approach to Cognition. London: Cassell. Heyvaert, Liesbet (2003) A Cognitive‐Functional Approach to Nominalization in English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruy‐ ter. Plag, Ingo (1999) Morphological Productivity. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Ravelli, Louise J. (1988) "Grammatical metaphor: an initial analysis," in Steiner, Erich H. & Robert Verltman (eds.) Pragmatics, Discourse and Text: Some Systemically‐inspired Approaches. London: Pinter Publishers. pp. 133‐ 147. ISFC 2015 31 July 27‐31, 2015 Mette Vedsgaard Christensen1 and Torkil Østerbye2 1,2 VIA University College 1
[email protected],
[email protected]Project READ (joining forces on reading and writing). Estimating reading and writing skills in 3000 school children in 2nd and 3rd grade Reading and writing skills are socially distributed in Danish schools, a paradox in an otherwise egalitar‐ ian society. Through a genre pedagogy informed intervention where parents receive support for liter‐ acy and language development activities at home, the READ project examines whether reading and writing skills of pupils in the 2nd and 3rd grade of primary school can be strengthened. The project is designed as a randomized controlled trial experiment, and the data comes from almost 3000 children's academic tests in school. The project includes a before and after intervention screen‐ ing of students' writing skills. The texts are coded manually and quantitatively using a coding system that was developed based on the ideas of SFG and the NAP (Narrative Assessment Protocol) (Justice et al ., 2010). The following analyzes of the texts yields information both on how children in 2nd and 3rd grade write, but also on the possible effect of the intervention. The massive amount of data provides the opportunity to examine several key questions on the 2nd and 3rd graders and their reading and writing skills. First and foremost: How do students in 2nd and 3rd write? How is the writing skill dis‐ tributed in data? How are different aspects of written language skills distributed? At the conference, we intend to present the first results from the study. References: Justice, Laura M. et al. (2010). A scalable tool for assessing children’s language abilities within a narrative con‐ text: The NAP (Narrative Assessment Protocol), Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 25, 218‐234. Ben Clarke University of Portsmouth
[email protected]Using the context‐metafunction hook‐up hypothesis to re‐examine the role of empirical testing in the nature of intellectual progress in Systemic Functional Linguistics Halliday (1994) and Matthiessen (2007) have both claimed that the nature of intellectual progress in Systemic Functional Linguistics (henceforth SFL) is ‘evolutionary’ rather than ‘revolutionary’; that is, varying – including competing – descriptive and theoretical insights can usefully co‐exist and in so doing help advance knowledge in the paradigm. Butler (2003: 202‐3), in contrast, has called for SFL to advance knowledge by engaging in a more Popperian model of scientific development via the setting up of explicitly stated descriptions and hypotheses, comparing and contrasting alternatives (see also Berry, 1987; 1989). In such a view of intellectual progress, empirical testing becomes pivotal, where the ‘best’ description or hypothesis is that which is deemed to either have accounted for the most data, or accounted more effectively for the same data. Yet the argument regarding the nature of intellectual development in SFL is far more complex than the dichotomous caricature above suggests. Just some further relevant considerations in the wider discus‐ sion are: ‘what is the purpose of linguistic knowledge?’; ‘is there only one ‘truth’ or set of linguistic ‘facts’ to be accounted for, or are there many?’; ‘how much predicative power is enough to posit a hypothesis?’; ‘what other methodologies, empirical testing aside, need be employed, and with what priority among them?’; etc. This paper keeps the question concerning the role of empirical testing at the centre of a wider discus‐ sion regarding intellectual progress in SFL. In respect of empirical testing, Matthiessen and Halliday (2009: 82‐83) stress that basic theoretical locutions – stratum, realisation, metafunction, etc. – must be distinguished from descriptive categories, with only the latter open to empirical verifica‐ ISFC 2015 32 July 27‐31, 2015 tion/refutation. Despite the potential for empirical testing, Halliday and Fawcett (1987: 3) argue that it holds only a subsidiary place among SFL methodologies, counter the position of Butler (1985; 2003) and Berry (1987; 1989).Throughout this essentially meta‐theoretical discussion, points are illustrated by drawing on recent attempts to empirically test SFL’s context‐text relations (e.g. Clarke, 2013; 2014), the so‐called context‐metafunction hook up hypothesis; that is, the claim that a dialectal relationship exists between Halliday’s (1978) three linguistic metafunctions and the tripartite division of semiotic context into ‘social action’, ‘social relation’ and ‘symbolic mode’ (Halliday, 1977; 1978; Halliday & Ha‐ san, 1985). References: Berry, M. 1987. ‘Is teacher an unanalysed concept?’. In Halliday, M.A.K. & R.P. Fawcett (eds.) New Developments in Systemic Linguistics. Volume 1. London: Frances Pinter, 41‐63. Berry, M. 1989. ‘They’re all out of step except our Johnny: A discussion on Motivation (or lack of it) in systemic linguistics’. Occasional Papers in Systemic Linguistics 3, 5‐67. Butler, C.S. 1985. Systemic Linguistics: Theory and Applications. London: B.T. Batsford. Butler, C.S. 2003. Structure and Function: An Introduction to Three Major Structural Functional Theories. Part 1: Approaches to the Simplex Clause. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Clarke, B.P. 2013. ‘The differential patterned occurrence of ellipsis in texts varied for contextual mode: some support for the ‘mode of discourse – textual metafunction’ hook‐up’. In O’Grady G., Bartlett T. & Fontaine L., (eds.) Choice in Language: Applications in Text Analysis. Sheffield: Equinox, 269‐297. Clarke, B.P. 2014. ‘Patterns of people in text: Any support for the ‘social relation – interpersonal metafunction’ hook‐up?’. Paper delivered at the 25th European Systemic Functional Linguistics Conference and Workshop, Université Paris Diderot, France, July 2014. Halliday, M.A.K. 1977. ‘Text as semantic choice in social contexts’. In van Dijk, T. & J. Petofi (eds.) Grammars and Descriptions. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 176‐225. Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic. The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold. Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. ‘Systemic theory’. In R.E. Asher & Simpson, J. (eds.) Encyclopaedia of Language and Lin‐ guistics, Oxford: Pergamon Press, 4505‐4508. Halliday, M.A.K. & Fawcett, R.P. 1987. ‘Introduction’. In Halliday, M.A.K. and R.P. Fawcett (eds.) New Develop‐ ments in Systemic Linguistics Volume 1: Theory and Description. London: Frances Pinter, 1‐13. Halliday, M.A.K. & Hasan, R. 1985. Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social Semiotic Perspec‐ tive. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. 2007. ‘The ‘architecture’ of language according to systemic functional theory: Develop‐ ments since the 1970s.’ In Hasan, R., C. Matthiessen, & J. Webster (eds.) Continuing Discourse on Language. Volume 2. London: Equinox, 505‐561. Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. & Halliday, M.A.K. 2009. Systemic Functional Grammar: A First Step into the Theory. Bei‐ jing: Higher Education Press. Jumani Clarke Numeracy Centre
[email protected]Expansion in law student essays: the relationship between success and logical reasoning in the Problem Question Answer genre This paper investigates the relationship between expansion and academic success in undergraduate law student essays in the context of higher education in South Africa, where the national Law Associa‐ tion is concerned about the quality of literacy and numeracy among law graduates. This relationship involves working with and crossing the boundary between register and genre. The Problem Question Answer genre is a legal academic genre (Gopen 2011) that requires students to respond to a given scenario with an essay written according to the rhetorical organization of Issue‐Rule‐Application‐ Conclusion whereby each issue raised in the scenario is treated with this sequence of moves (Tessuto 2011; Bhatia, Langton, and Lung 2004). However, successfully executing these moves in a written text ISFC 2015 33 July 27‐31, 2015 puts particular demands on the taxis and logico‐semantic resources of the English language to con‐ strue meanings of expansion such as elaboration, extension and enhancement (Halliday and Matthies‐ sen 2013, 666). This study came out of a teaching intervention that aimed to teach numeracy skills in the discourse of academic legal practice. To prepare students for a PQA assignment, the IRAC moves expected in their essays were explicitly taught. However, their success at executing the IRAC moves in the assignment was uneven across the class. It is the hypothesis of this study that the students who used the taxis and logico‐semantic resources of the language to a higher degree were more successful at executing the IRAC moves. As an illustration, this study examines closely the lexical‐grammar and IRAC moves in two students’ essays to demonstrate how the deployment of the logico‐semantic resources can facilitate the execu‐ tion of the IRAC moves. With both a structural analysis, focusing on the logico‐semantic system, and a cohesive analysis of each essay (Halliday and Matthiessen 2013, 652), the results find that the success‐ ful essay had a higher degree of elaboration and extension across the grammatical domains and this enabled the text to navigate the IRAC moves successfully. These findings can help inform approaches to teaching embedded literacy in the professions and guide further studies that aim to describe the register expected of a legitimate law student text. References: Bhatia, Vijay K., Nicola Langton, and Jane Lung. 2004. “Legal Discourse: Opportunities and Threats for Corpus Linguistics.” In Studies in Corpus Linguistics, edited by Ulla Connor and Thomas A. Upton, 16:203–31. Am‐ sterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Gopen, George. D. 2011. “IRAC, REA, Where We Are Now, and Where We Should Be Going in the Teaching of Legal Writing.” Journal of the Legal Writing Institute 17 (1): xvii – xxxv. Halliday, Michael, and Christian Matthiessen. 2013. Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. 4 edition. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Tessuto, Girolamo. 2011. “Legal Problem Question Answer Genre across Jurisdictions and Cultures.” English for Specific Purposes 30 (4): 298–309. doi:10.1016/j.esp.2011.05.001. Francesca Coccetta Ca’ Foscari University of Venice
[email protected]The Effects of Wikis on the Narrative Genre: A Case Study Research into collaborative writing in L2 using wikis has focused mainly on the writing process (e.g. Mak and Coniam, 2008; Kessler, 2009; Lee, 2010). Yet researchers also need to focus on the end products. Thanks to the possibility of including multimedia objects such as audios, videos, images and hyperlinks, wikis (Leuf and Cunningham, 2001) challenge the limits set by the printed page and allow users to explore new ways of creating texts, thus reshaping existing genres. For instance, as far as narrative is concerned, Alexander and Levine (2008: 40) point out that, like other Web 2.0 tools, wikis are completely changing the way in which stories are told as they “now are open‐ended, branching, hyperlinked, cross‐media, participatory, exploratory, and unpredictable”. This paper will report on an experiment carried out with first‐year students in the Degree Course in Linguistic and Cultural Mediation at Ca’ Foscari University, Venice, which aimed to integrate wiki tech‐ nology into an English language course thereby encouraging students to engage in collaborative tasks that would improve their accuracy and reflection vis‐à‐vis specific grammar topics as they relate to textual and genre‐related structure. In the furtherance of an end‐product approach, side by side with the more usual process‐oriented approach, the paper will report on how Hasan’s (1984) Generic Structure Potential model of narrative (in her case the nursery tale) was used to analyse the narrative texts written by small groups of students. The paper will reach conclusions about the extent to which ISFC 2015 34 July 27‐31, 2015 the affordances provided by wikis affect the generic structure and realizations of the various con‐ structs in the narrative genre. References: Alexander, Bryan and Levine, Alan (2008). “Web 2.0 Storytelling: Emergence of a New Genre”. EDUCAUSE Re‐ view, 43(6). Available at: http://edchnm.gmu.edu/courses/ctch792sp10/wp‐content/uploads/2010/01/Web‐ 2.0‐Storytelling.pdf. Last access: November 29th, 2014. Hasan, Ruqaiya (1984). “The Nursery Tale as a Genre”. Nottingham Linguistic Circular, 13, pp. 71‐102. Kessler, Greg (2009). “Student‐initiated Attention to Form in Wiki‐based Collaborative Writing”. Language Learn‐ ing & Technology, 13(1), pp. 79‐95. Lee, Lina (2010). “Exploring Wiki‐mediated Collaborative Writing: A Case Study in an Elementary Spanish Course”. CALICO Journal, 27(2), pp. 260‐276. Leuf, Bo and Cunningham, Ward (2001). The Wiki Way. Quick Collaboration on the Web. Boston, MA: Addison‐ Wesley Longman Publishing Co. Mak, Barley and Coniam, David (2008). “Using Wikis to Enhance and Develop Writing Skills among Secondary School Students in Hong Kong”. System, 36, pp. 437‐455. Cecilia Colombi University of California, Davis
[email protected]Developing academic oral proficiency in Spanish as L2 in the United States: a functional perspective Many studies have looked at the development of advanced second language writing from a functional perspective (Schleppegrell & Colombi, 2002; Achugar and Colombi, 2008; Maxim and others, 2010; etc. ) but very few have studied the development of a bi‐literacy in oral and written mode in L2 (Achugar, 2009). This study seeks to identify the linguistic characteristics of oral competence in ad‐ vanced students of Spanish as L2 at a university in northern California. Data were collected in a class of Hispanic Sociolinguistics during the years 2012 and 2013. This course aims at improving oral proficiency in Spanish through formal presentations with an explicit teaching of the linguistic characteristics of oral academic Spanish. It requires the use of academic language for the oral presentations of research articles and micro‐teaching activities of different aspects Spanish lin‐ guistic theory. These activities were carefully planned with materials designed for this purpose. Stu‐ dents in groups prepared two presentations for the class: the first one was a pre‐recorded podcast on a research article that was watched in class and followed by a discussion‐session. The second presen‐ tation was a micro‐lesson that students prepared in groups and presented in class (these presenta‐ tions were filmed so students could later on review them and evaluate them). After each oral activity students were asked to rate their peers through the wiki and the forum of the class. For this talk, I will analyze 10 (pre‐recorded) PowerPoint presentations/podcasts on research articles, and 10 microlessons presented in class (and filmed). The following research questions will be discussed: 1) What are the main lexicogrammatical features of oral presentations in L2? 2) What are the differences between students’ written academic language in L2 and oral aca‐ demic language? 3) Are the students able to assess their oral performance? 4) Is there an effect on the presentation whether they are pre‐recorded or presented directly in class? The lexical‐ grammatical features that are used for this analysis and description of oral academic lan‐ guage were classified into three levels: the textual level (the use of connectors, breaks, crutches, "fill‐ ers"; the ideational level (the use of technical and academic language, the use of grammatical meta‐ phors, nominalisations) and the interpersonal level (the use of passive voices, different grammatical persons (I, you, he/she, they), quotes). Moreover, it is interesting to note if there were any corrections (backtracking), code‐switching, and /or borrowings from English. ISFC 2015 35 July 27‐31, 2015 Finally, I look at the effect of explicit teaching of oral Spanish language features on the development of the students' oral proficiency as well as the sequence in preparing first the pre‐recorded presentations and then the microlessons in enhancing students’ oral abilities. Within the advanced literacy studies conducted from a functional perspective and especially in written language there is a growing number of research supporting explicit teaching methods for development of more effective and appropriate registers (Byrnes, 2008; Christie, 2012; Colombi, 2009; and others). These studies shows that an ex‐ plicit functional approach to teach language helps promote greater awareness of the language and of the contexts of use. References: Achugar, M. (2009) Constructing a bilingual professional identity in a graduate classroom. Journal of Language, Identity and Education 8(2&3), 65‐87. Achugar, M. y Colombi, M.C. (2008) Systemic Functional Linguistic explorations into the longitudinal study of advanced capacities: The case of Spanish heritage language learners." In L. Ortega y H. Byrnes, (Eds.), The Longitudinal Study of Advanced L2 Capacities. Routdledge: New York, pp. 36‐57. Byrnes, H. (2008) Articulating a foreign language sequence through content: A look at the culture standards. Language Teaching, 41:1, 103‐118. Christie, F. (2012) Language learning. Monograph Series of A Journa of Research in Language Studies. Vol. 16, Supplement S1. Colombi, M.C. (2009) A systemic functional approach to teaching Spanish for heritage speakers in the United States. Linguistics and Education, 20:1, 39‐49. Colombi, M.C. y Harrington, J. (2012) Advanced Biliteracy Development in Spanish as a Heritage Language. In S. Beaudrie y M. Fairclough, (Eds.) Spanish as a Heritage Language in the US. Georgetown University Press: Washington, D.C. pp. 241‐258. Joughin, G. (2010). A short guide to oral assessment. Leeds: Leeds Met Press in association with University of Wollongong. Maxim, H., Byrnes, H and Norris, J. (2010) Realizing Advanced L2 Writing Development in Collegiate Education: Curricular Design, Pedagogy, Assessment. Monograph Series of the Modern Language Journal. Schleppegrell, M. and Colombi, C. (2002) Developing Advanced Literacy in First and Second Language. LEA (Law‐ rence Erlbaum Associates) Publishers: Mahwah, New Jersey. Daniel Couto‐Vale RWTH Aachen University danielvale@uni‐bremen.de Automatic Linguistic Analysis: Word Rank The non‐existence of large‐scale automatic linguistic analysis applying Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) has put a limit to the size of corpora researchers can handle properly. Even though annotating corpora manually has become cheaper with services such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (for legal and ethical issues, see Fort et al., 2001), researchers cannot delegate work easily because SFL analysis de‐ mands highly qualified teams. Therefore, automating the analysis process has become not only desir‐ able, but a must in our field. The search for automation in language analysis is not new. Following the implementation of the KOM‐ ET‐Penman Multilingual Linguistic Resource Development Environment (KPML) (Bateman, 1995a,b, 1996; Reiter and Dale, 1997) and the development of a systemic network for the English language (Nigel) (Matthiessen, 1995; Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004, 2014), many approaches have been pro‐ posed to use Nigel for automating linguistic analysis (Kay, 1979, 1985; O’Donnell, 1994; Henschel, 1995, 1997), but none of them were completely and efficiently successful. The issue behind this does not lie in lack of ingeniosity on the part of researchers, but on the very notion of lexicogrammatical structure, namely that a systemic network does not keep information about how to recognise a grammatical word as a constituent of a larger structure such as a group, a phrase or a clause (Bate‐ man, 2008) – e.g. both "’ve" and "had" are verbs but they have different functions in "I’ve had an ISFC 2015 36 July 27‐31, 2015 icecream" – and how to recognise them as ‘links’ of ‘lexical chains’ – e.g. "searching" of "searching for" in "I’m searching for a new way of doing segmentation". Recently, an alternative approach to reversibility was proposed, which consists of describing realisa‐ tion relations as class definitions in Description Logic in such a way that both a systemic network and word categories can be derived (Couto‐Vale et al., 2014). In this work, it was noticed that the notion of lexicogrammatical structure, that is, the notion of wording and the notion of parts of wordings must be teleologically revised so that both typifying wordings (linguistic analysis) and instantiating them (linguistic synthesis) become feasible. In this talk, I shall tackle two issues: (1) the segmentation of a character sequence into forms of gram‐ matical words (not ‘written words’ nor ‘lexical words’); and (2) a typification of lexical links according to (a) their functions in a composite structure and (b) their relative order within that structure. This is not ‘tokenisation’ followed by ‘POS‐tagging’, but recognising forms of wording constituents in a char‐ acter sequence. Algorithmically speaking, an automaton collects potential word forms for a lexicon by permutating inflectional features of a word‐rank subnetwork. Then it recognises all word‐realising segments of a character sequence. Since our lexicon is a set of lexical chain items (not lexical items), words are al‐ ready typed according to their relative positions both in composita and in lexical chains. A collateral effect is that words such as "fängt" and "an" both in "es fängt jetzt an" and in "ob es jetzt anfängt" are uniformly treated (intra‐linguistic uniformity) as well as words such as "glass" in "glass door" and "Glas" in "Glastür" (cross‐linguistic uniformity). References: Bateman, J. A. (1995a). Basic technology for multilingual theory and practise: the KPML development enviro‐ ment. In Proceedings of The International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence 1995 Workshop on Multi‐ lingual Text Generation, Montreal, pp. 1–12. Bateman, J. A. (1995b). KPML: the KOMET‐Penman Multilingual Linguistic Resource Development Environment. In Proceedings of the Fifth European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, Leiden, pp. 219–222. Bateman, J. A. (1996). KPML Development Environment. Sankt Augustin: GMD‐Forschungszentrum Informations‐ technik GmbH. Bateman, J. A. (2008). Systemic‐functional linguistics and the notion of linguistic structure: unanswered ques‐ tions, new possibilities. In J. J. Webster (Ed.), Meaning in context implementing intelligent applications of lan‐ guage studies, pp. 24–58. London/New York: Continuum. Couto‐Vale, D., E. Vales, and R. Izgalieva (2014). Towards a Description of Symbolic Maps. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Natural Language Generation Conference, Philadelphia, pp. 83–92. Fort, K., G. Adda, and K. B. Cohen (2001). Amazon Mechanical Turk: Gold Mine or Coal Mine? Computational Linguistics 37(2), 413–420. Halliday, M. A. K. and C. M. Matthiessen (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. New York: Oxford Uni‐ versity Press. Halliday, M. A. K. and C. M. Matthiessen (2014). Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar (4 ed.). Lon‐ don/New York: Routledge. Henschel, R. (1995). Traversing the Labyrinth of Feature Logics for a Declarative Implementation of Large Scale Systemic Grammars. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Computational Logic for Natural Language Pro‐ cessing (CLNLP 95), South Queensferry, pp. unnumbered. Henschel, R. (1997). Compiling Systemic Grammar into Feature Logic Systems. Technical report. Kay, M. (1979). Functional Grammar. In Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Berkeley, pp. 142–158. Kay, M. (1985). Parsing in functional unification grammar. In A. M. Zwicky, D. R. Dowty, and L. Karttunen (Eds.), Natural Language Parsing, pp. unnumbered. Cambridge University Press. Matthiessen, C. M. (1995). Lexicogrammatical cartography: english systems. Tokyo: International Language Sci‐ ences Publishers. O’Donnell, M. (1994). Sentence analysis and generation: a systemic perspective. Ph. D. thesis, University of Syd‐ ney, Sydney. Reiter, E. and R. Dale (1997, May). Building applied natural language generation systems. pp. 1–16. ISFC 2015 37 July 27‐31, 2015 Michael Cummings York University, Toronto
[email protected]Systemic Functional Diachronic Linguistics: Theory and Application Within the Systemic Functional linguistic framework, many excellent historical studies address lexi‐ cogrammar or text, e.g., Davies 1996, Banks 2008. This paper, however, proposes a general theoretical framework for diachronic studies within Systemic Functional grammar, illustrated by an application to the grammar of the verbal group simplex from the earliest Old English through to present‐day English. The theoretical framework embraces the Systemic Functional linguistic theory of metaredundant real‐ ization/construal, and of the scales of delicacy and instantiation, and applies them to diachronic de‐ scription. It also considers the Systemic Functional linguistic categories of unit, structure, class and system across the diachronic axis (Halliday and Matthiessen 2014:22‐87; Matthiessen 1995:1‐51). These considerations lead to four principles for diachronic description. The principle of diachronic delicacy proposes that diachronic descriptions are more or less delicate depending on the number of diachronic stages of development which are involved. The principle of diachronic realization and the principle of diachronic instantiation are extensions of the concept of metastable dynamic open sys‐ tems. These principles propose that descriptions of realization/construal and of instantiation at any point in chronology are based on average probabilities of realization. Lastly, the principle of three pro‐ poses that the identification of a true diachronic continuum must involve a minimum of three dia‐ chronic stages. The non‐phrasal verbal group simplex unit is described in Systemic Functional linguistics largely in terms of the logical structure of serial tenses (Halliday and Matthiessen 2014:396‐411; Matthiessen 1995:728‐748). Different serial tenses in present‐day English are manifold, numbering perhaps 72. At the earliest stage of OE, however, they number only 4 (at the last stage 8: Cummings 2010: 117‐120). The diachronic process of grammaticalization has transformed lexical elements in verbal group com‐ plexes into tense markers within simplexes at an increasing rate through to present‐day English. This process has added to the number of classification distinctions through time, and complexified the system network for the verbal group. The diachronic description of this phenomenon can usefully be viewed at a delicacy of five stages (earlier Old English, later Old English, Middle English, Early Modern English and present‐day English), with descriptions of realization and instantiation which attempt to characterize the preponderance of evidence at these stages (cf. Visser 1963). The description of each stage requires a revision, sometimes dramatic, of the system network for the verbal group. References: Banks, David. 2008. The Development of Scientific Writing: Linguistic Features and Historical Context. Lon‐ don/New York: Equinox. Cummings, Michael. 2010. An Introduction to the Grammar of Old English: A Systemic‐Functionl Approach. Lon‐ don: Equinox Davies, Martin. 1996. 'Theme and Information until Shakespeare', in Berry, Margaret, Christopher Butler, Robin Fawcett and Guowen Huang, eds., Meaning and Form: Systemic Functional Interpretations. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 113‐149. Halliday, M.A.K. and Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen. 2014. Halliday's Introduction to Functional Linguistics. 4th edition. London: Routledge. Matthiessen, Christian. 1995. Lexicogrammatical Cartography: English Systems. Tokyo: International Language Science Publishers. Visser, F. Th. 1963. An Historical Syntax of the English Language. 4 vols. Leiden: Brill. ISFC 2015 38 July 27‐31, 2015 Meena Debashish EFL University, Hyderabad
[email protected]Intonational Patterns in a sample of spontaneous Indian English dialogue English intonation contrasts are grammatical: they are exploited in the grammar of the language to make distinctions in meaning (Halliday, 1967). Since intonation contrasts are central to standard Eng‐ lish grammar, they are expected to be found throughout the different countries where English is spo‐ ken as a first language (eg Benson et al 1987). However, the question arises, what are the conse‐ quences for spoken English language of contact with first languages other than English? English is spo‐ ken throughout India, but there is no one Indian English as such. Since India is a multilingual country, English spoken by a Punjabi (from northern India with Punjabi as the first language) would be expected to differ from the English of a Tamilian (southern India). For this paper, one sample of Indian English (spontaneous dialogue) spoken by Hindi speakers is studied using the SFL (Systemic Functional Linguis‐ tics) framework of intonation (Halliday, 1967, 1970; Halliday and Greaves, 2008), and Praat, a speech analysis software. Phonetic and phonological perspectives will be presented, including a brief discus‐ sion of the question of syllable timing in this dialect of Indian English. The main focus in this paper will be on the discussion of the grammatical and semantic aspects of Indian English intonation in terms of the influence of the first language: for example, contrasts in the semantics of demanding information (WH & Yes/No questions) versus giving information (statements), with some suggestions for future research directions in this area of systemic linguistic description. Stefania Degaetano‐Ortlieb1, Hannah Kermes2, Ashraf Khamis3, Jörg Knappen4, Noam Ordan5 and Elke Teich6 1,2,3,4,5,6 Universität des Saarlandes 1
[email protected]‐saarland.de,
[email protected]‐saarland.de, 3ashraf.khamis@uni‐saarland.de, 4
[email protected]‐saarland.de, 5noam.ordan@uni‐saarland.de,
[email protected]‐saarland.de Information Density in Scientific Writing: A Diachronic Perspective We report on a project investigating the development of scientific writing in English from the mid‐17th century to present. While scientific discourse is a much researched topic, including its historical devel‐ opment (see e.g. Banks (2008) in the context of Systemic Functional Grammar), it has so far not been modeled from the perspective of information density. Our starting assumption is that as science develops to be an established sociocultural domain, it be‐ comes more specialized on the one hand and more conventionalized on the other. Thus, denser lin‐ guistic encodings are required for specialist communication to be functional, potentially increasing the information density of scientific texts (Halliday and Martin, 1993: 54–68). More specifically, we pursue the following hypotheses: As an effect of specialization, scientific texts will exhibit greater encoding density over time, i.e. denser linguistic forms will be increasingly used. As an effect of conventionalization, scientific texts will exhibit greater linguistic uniformity over time, i.e. the linguistic forms used will be less varied. We further assume that these effects are measurable in the linguistic signal in terms of information density (see below). We have built a diachronic corpus of scientific texts from the Philosophical Transactions and Proceed‐ ings of the Royal Society of London. We have chosen these materials due to the prominent role of the Royal Society in forming English scientific discourse (cf. Atkinson, 1998). At the time of writing, the corpus comprises 23 million tokens for the period 1776–1869 (other time periods will follow). The corpus has been normalized, tokenized and part‐of‐speech tagged. ISFC 2015 39 July 27‐31, 2015 For analysis, we combine methods from register theory (Halliday and Hasan, 1985) and computational language modeling (Manning et al., 2009: 237–240). The former provides us with features that are potentially register‐forming (cf. also Ure, 1971; 1982); the latter provides us with models with which we can measure information density. We thus pursue two complementary methodological approach‐ es: Pattern‐based extraction and quantification of linguistic constructions that are potentially in‐ volved in manipulating information density. Here, all linguistic levels are relevant (cf. Harris, 1991), from lexis and grammar to cohesion and generic structure. We have started with the lev‐ el of lexico‐grammar, inspecting for instance morphological compression (derivational process‐ es such as conversion and compounding) and syntactic reduction (e.g. reduced vs full relative clauses). Measuring information density using information‐theoretic models (Shannon, 1949). In current practice, information density is measured based on the probability of an item conditioned on context as ID(item) = ‐log2 P(item|context). For our purposes, we need to compare such proba‐ bilities to assess the relative information density (cross‐entropy) of texts along a timeline. Here, we apply various probability distance measures, notably Kullback‐Leibler divergence (Fan‐ khauser et al., 2014). The ultimate goal is to test hypotheses about which kinds of linguistic patterns contribute to relative information density and to what extent: e.g. if reduced relative clauses increase over time, what is the effect on information density, if any, and how big is the effect? The present research is an extension of our previous work on register formation in contemporary sci‐ entific English on the basis of the SciTex corpus (Kermes and Teich, 2012; Degaetano‐Ortlieb et al., 2014; Teich et al., to appear), to which we are now adding a diachronic perspective. Acknowledgment: This work is supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) under grant SFB 1102 “Information density and linguistic encoding” (www.sfb1102.uni‐saarland.de). References: Atkinson, Dwight, 1998. Scientific discourse in sociohistorical context: The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1675–1975. Routledge, New York. Banks, David, 2008. The development of scientific writing: Linguistic features and historical context. Equinox, London. Degaetano‐Ortlieb, Stefania, Peter Fankhauser, Hannah Kermes, Ekaterina Lapshinova‐Koltunski, Noam Ordan and Elke Teich, 2014. Data mining with shallow vs. linguistic features to study diversification of scientific reg‐ isters. Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC 2014). Reykjavik, Iceland. Fankhauser, Peter, Hannah Kermes and Elke Teich, 2014. Combining macro‐ and microanalysis for exploring the construal of scientific disciplinarity. Proceedings of Digital Humanities 2014. Lausanne, Switzerland. Halliday, M.A.K. and Ruqaiya Hasan, 1985. Language, context and text: Aspects of language in a social semiotic perspective. Deakin University Press, Geelong. Halliday, M.A.K. and James R. Martin, 1993. Writing science: Literacy and discursive power. Falmer Press, Lon‐ don. Harris, Zellig, 1991. A theory of language and information: A mathematical approach. Clarendon Press, Oxford. Kermes, Hannah and Elke Teich, 2012. Formulaic expressions in scientific texts: Corpus design, extraction and exploration. Lexicographica 28(1): 99–120. Manning, Christopher D., Prabhakar Raghavan and Hinrich Schütze, 2009. An introduction to information re‐ trieval. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Shannon, Claude E., 1949. The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana and Chicago (1983 edition). Teich, Elke, Stefania Degaetano‐Ortlieb, Peter Fankhauser, Hannah Kermes and Ekaterina Lapshinova‐Koltunski, to appear. The linguistic construal of disciplinarity: A data mining approach using register features. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology (JASIST). Ure, Jean, 1971. Lexical density and register differentiation. In G. E. Perren and J. L. M. Trim (eds.), Applications of linguistics: Selected papers of the Second International Congress of Applied Linguistics, Cambridge 1969, 443–452. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ure, Jean, 1982. Introduction: Approaches to the study of register range. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 35: 5–23. ISFC 2015 40 July 27‐31, 2015 Tim Diaubalick Bergische Universität Wuppertal t.diaubalick@uni‐wuppertal.de Second language acquisition of the Spanish tense‐aspect system One of the most challenging boundaries in our everyday‐communication still consists of language fron‐ tiers sometimes seeming impossible to overcome. The present study examines the acquisition of the Spanish verb system from a generativist perspective, aiming to reduce those boundaries, contributing to the knowledge about why the acquisition of a second language (c.f. White 2003) is so much harder than first language acquisition (Meisel 1991). Results are also expected to have an impact on didactic theory. Being a study conducted outside of the SFL approach (in accordance with call), an interdiscipli‐ nary discussion during the conference could help to better interpret and process the data. According to the Interpretability Hypothesis (Hawkins & Hattori 2006, Tsimpli & Dimitrakopoulou 2007), acquiring uninterpretable features not already activated in the learner’s native language is im‐ possible. Previous studies regarding the Spanish past tenses, on the contrary, habitually do not discuss first language effects: the formulated hypotheses (see Salaberry 2011 for revision), suggest universal stages a learner will undergo. Most of them, however, are based on native speakers of English. To speak adequately about past events in Spanish, choosing between the Imperfect (comía ‘I was eat‐ ing’/’I would eat’) and the Preterit (comí ‘I ate’) is obligatory, involving the aspectual distinction of (im)perfectivity (see Leonetti 2004), the pure syntactical features of which are uninterpretable (Chom‐ sky 2001). While English still possesses a basic aspectual contrast (progressive; “used to”‐ construction), German does not possess grammatical aspect at all (c.f. Schwenk 2012); most past tenses are interchangeable (see Grewendorf 1995, DUDEN 2006). Acquiring perfectivity should, thus, be problematic. A preliminary study with 70 German students aimed to find out by which strategies learners choose one of the competing verb forms. Paper‐based tests consisting of a short ethnolinguistic question‐ naire, of grammatical judgment tasks (50 items) containing different phenomena already discussed in generative research (standard usages, coercion effects, impersonal subject interpretation) and of completion tasks (25 gaps) were used in order to test production and interpretation. Conducting ANOVAs and Chi‐Square tests, none of the previous specific aspect hypotheses could be confirmed. Instead, participants relied heavily on temporal adverbials as (sometimes misguiding) triggers. In 60% of the data, this led to non‐adequate forms like “Ayer, todavía lo supe” (literally: Yesterday, I still found out.). German often attributes higher values to lexical elements (particles, adverbs,...) than to morphology (c.f. Sánchez Prieto 2002), which may cause the observed behaviour. Another possible reason is a dominance of learned pedagogical rules over underlying acquired grammar (Rothman 2008). A second conducted study contrasting 100 learners with different native languages in various contexts (tutored learners with and without immersion, heritage speakers, etc.), in which the signal words were better controlled for, could confirm the immense trigger effect in almost all populations. Thus, the study can have great didactic implications: one must rethink distributing lists of signal words which may guide the student into a wrong direction. The results can be of a high interdisciplinary val‐ ue, not only contributing to research in generativism, but also to other linguistic fields and, particular‐ ly, to education. References: CHOMSKY, N. (2001). Derivation by phase. In: Kenstowicz, M. (ed.): Ken Hale: A life in language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1‐52. DUDEN (2006). Duden Band 4. Die Grammatik. Mannheim/Leipzig/Wien/Zürich: Dudenverlag, Bibliographisches Institut & F. A. Brockhaus AG, 7th edition. GREWENDORF, G. (1995). Präsens und Perfekt im Deutschen. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 14 (1), 72‐90. HAWKINS, R. & C. Y. H. CHAN (1997). The partial availability of Universal Grammar in second language acquisi‐ tion: the ‘failed functional features hypothesis’. Second Language Research, 13(3), 187‐226. HAWKINS, R. & H. HATTORI (2006). Interpretation of English multiple wh‐questions by Japanese speakers: a missing uninterpretable feature account.Second Language Research, 22(3), 269‐301. ISFC 2015 41 July 27‐31, 2015 HAWKINS, R., & S. LISZKA (2003). Locating the source of defective past tense marking in advanced L2 English speakers. Language Acquisition and Language Disorders, 30, 21‐44. LEONETTI, M. (2004). Por qué el imperfecto es anafórico. In: García Fernández, L. & B. Camus Bergarache. (ed.). El pretérito imperfecto. Madrid: Gredos, 481‐508. MEISEL, J.M. (1991). Principles of Universal Grammar and Strategies of Language Use: On some similarities and differences between First and Second Language Acquisition. Principles of Universal Grammar and Strategies of Language Use. In: L. Eubank (ed.), Point ‐ Counter‐Point. Universal Grammar in the Second Language, Am‐ sterdam: John Benjamins, 231‐276. ROTHMAN, J. (2008). Aspect selection in adult L2 Spanish and the Competing Systems Hypothesis. When peda‐ gogical and linguistic rules conflict. Languages in Contrast, 8(1), 74‐106. SALABERRY, M. R. (2011). Assessing the effect of lexical aspect and grounding on the acquisition of L2 Spanish past tense morphology among L1 English speakers. Bilingualism, Language and Cognition, 14(2), 184‐202. SÁNCHEZ PRIETO, R. (2002): Transferencias e interferencias lingüísticas en el uso de los tiempos verbales de indicativo en español y alemán. In: González Martín, V. (ed.), Hacia la unidad en la diversidad. Difusión de las lenguas europeas. Salamanca: Diputación de Salamanca, 467‐480. SCHWENK, H.‐J. (2012). Die Vergangenheitstempora im Deutschen und ihr semantisches Potential. Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature 36, 35‐49. TSIMPLI, I. M., & M. DIMITRAKOPOULOU (2007). The interpretability hypothesis: Evidence from wh‐ interrogatives in second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 23(2), 215‐242. WHITE, L. (2003). Second language acquisition and Universal Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Marilena Di Bari University of Leeds
[email protected]Operationalizing appraisal multilingually In this work I will present a corpus in three languages (English, Italian and Russian) annotated with systemic concepts taken from the 'Appraisal Framework' (Martin&White, 2005). The corpus consists of around 500 sentences and 9000 tokens for each language. Similarly to the 'CroCo project' (Neumann&Hansen‐Schirra, 2005), texts are originally‐produced and translations, but of different types: news, political speeches and TED talks (Cettolo, Girardi& Federico, 2012). At the same time, in order to test claims on the frequency and specificity of some patterns to individual regis‐ ters, more comprehensive Internet corpora have been consulted (Sharoff, 2006). 'Corpus Linguistics', in fact, nicely complements SFL since “the most productive means for observing meaning potential is through evidence” (Neale, 2006). The annotation has been done following a specifically tailored schema (Di Bari, 2013a, 2014) with the ultimate goal of training an automatic system for sentiment analysis relying on deep linguistic fea‐ tures. Traditional systems classify sentences as positive or negative only in accordance to the senti‐ ment that words frequently assume and thus recorded in sentiment dictionaries, e.g. "angry" negative. Such approach, however, does not take into account the influence of the context, negation and rever‐ sal words (Liu, 2012). In previous experiments, the actual orientation has been shown to be different from that encoded in the dictionary in 28% of the cases, and that the dictionary had a low coverage (Di Bari, 2013a). In order to overcome these issues, in each expression carrying sentiment both a 'target' and a 'modifi‐ er' have been annotated, first individually and then as a couple ('appraisal group'). For example in the sentence “The Prime Minister is not just angry, he is scared” the target "Minister" and the modifiers "angry" and "scared" are annotated first separately, and then as the groups “minister angry” and “minister scared” having negative orientation. The corpus contains around 1000 targets, modifiers and appraisal groups per language. The use of the 'Appraisal Framework' in sentiment analysis has already been recognized as useful since it “imposes constraints on the lexis used to express opinions, properties of the target, and the gram‐ matical locations of other parts of the expression” (Bloom&Argamon, 2009). ISFC 2015 42 July 27‐31, 2015 The present study can also be regarded as a novel follow‐up of previous works in the appraisal field (Munday, 2012) because, despite of its well‐justified simplification, it focuses on a wider range of text types and represents one of the first applications of the framework both in Italian (Manfredi 2011, Di Bari 2013b) and Russian, as opposed to other languages such as French and Spanish in which this ave‐ nue of research is already stable. Because SFL “uses categories that are cross‐linguistically relevant” and that “lends itself as an anchor for translational concepts” (Teich, 2001), a detailed analysis of the translation strategies (Baker, 2011) and the appraisal types (affect, judgement, appreciation) have highlighted a number of interesting differences, including the fact that Russian and Italian often tend to express these appraisal types in a diminished or marked way with respect to English (a feature annotated as 'force'), especially in politi‐ cal speeches. References: Baker, M. (2011) In Other Words. London & New York: Routledge. Bloom K. and Argamon S. (2009) Automated learning of appraisal extraction patterns. Language and Computers, 71, 249–260. Cettolo, M., Girardi, C. and Federico, M. (2012) WIT3: Web Inventory of Transcribed and Translated Talks. Pro‐ ceedings of EAMT, pp. 261‐268, Trento. Di Bari M., Sharoff S., Thomas M. (2013a) SentiML: functional annotation for multilingual sentiment analysis. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Collaborative Annotations in Shared Environment: metadata, vocabularies and techniques in the Digital Humanities, Florence. Di Bari, M. (2013b) An interview with Marina Manfredi on the use of systemic functional linguistics, and other ways of teaching translation studies. Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics, 18, 133‐137. Liu, B. (2012) Sentiment Analysis and Opinion Mining. Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies. Morgan & Claypool. Manfredi, M. (2011) Systemic Functional Linguistics as a tool for translation teaching: towards a meaningful practice. Rivista Internazionale di Tecnica della Traduzione, 13, pp. 49 – 62. Martin, J. R., and White, P. R. R. (2005). The language of evaluation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Great Brit‐ ain. Munday, J. (2012) Evaluation in Translation: Critical Points of Translator Decision making. Routledge. Neale, A. (2006) Matching corpus data and system networks: using corpora to modify and extend the system networks for TRANSITIVITY in English In System and Corpus ‐ Exploring connections, 143–163. Equinox Lon‐ don. Neumann, S. and Hansen‐Schirra, S. (2005) The CroCo Project: Cross‐linguistic corpora for the investigation of explicitation in translations. Proceedings from the Corpus Linguistics Conference Series (PCLC), 1. Sharoff, S. (2006) Creating general‐purpose corpora using automated search engine queries. In M. Baroni and S. Bernardini, (eds), WaCky! Working papers on the Web as Corpus. Gedit, Bologna. Teich, E. (2001) Towards a model for the description of cross‐linguistic divergence and commonality in transla‐ tion. In E. Steiner and C. Yallop (eds.) Exploring Translation and Multilingual Text Production: Beyond Con‐ tent. Volume 3 of Text, Translation, Computational Processing. Mouton de Gruyter. Sulany Dos Santos1 and Lucia Rottava2 1,2 UFRGS 1
[email protected],
[email protected]Grammatical Metaphor ‐ a window to understand rewriting in academic contexts This study focuses on the concepts of rewriting and grammatical metaphor in order to understand how first‐semester college students deal with academic literacy. The study is based on the assumption that language as a virtual entity can be materialized in many ways by articulating meaning and word‐ ing (THOMPSON, 2014). In this context, grammatical metaphor (HALLIDAY e MATTHIESSEN, 2004) is a resource which allows to bring to light and understand linguistic constructions present in rewritten texts according to two levels/dimensions, grammatical meaning and semantic‐discursive meaning. These dimensions may involve meaning transfer of a lexical item or of a functional element when they ISFC 2015 43 July 27‐31, 2015 are not used literally (or congruently) but metaphorically. Although such transfers seem to be natural to writers who have a high level of academic literacy, they may be a hindrance to learners with little experience with reading and writing academic texts. One of the reasons for such difficulty is the high frequency of abstractions/nominalizations present in academic writings (MARTIN e ROSE, 2007). An‐ chored in this presupposition, it is assumed in this study that knowledge related to grammatical meta‐ phor and its role in academic writing can contribute to help college students in the rewriting process of their texts. Rewriting activities may allow students to adapt their writing to academic contexts by using the required linguistic resources. By rewriting their texts, students can employ nominaliza‐ tions/abstractions – a linguistic resource used to create lexical density – organizing their writing not in terms of themselves, but in terms of ideas, reasons, causes, etc. (EGGINS, 2004, p.95). Although re‐ writing procedures have been the focus of a large number of studies in Brazilian education contexts, researches that focus rewriting under the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics are not com‐ mon. Most studies focus on the linguistic‐discursive procedures ‐ insertion (of sentences; syntagms), deletion, substitution as well as displacement ‐ students make use when rewriting (MENEGASSI, 1998); other researches aim to demonstrate which teachers’ pedagogical actions contribute to increase the quality of the final version of texts (GASPARATTO e MENEGASSI, 2013). Thus, this study intends to research rewriting under the perspective of systemic‐functional linguistics concepts. The data was obtained from first‐semester students of an undergraduate Language Degree Program. The students were required to write texts in different genres; the texts were later compared and analyzed in order to identify the grammatical metaphors introduced in the rewritten version. Two questions guided the analysis, (1) do students use grammatical metaphors in their academic writings? (2) how students make use of grammatical metaphors in order to build meaning in activities of rewriting of academic texts? The results point out that first‐year college students make very few use of grammatical meta‐ phor as a linguistic resource to rewrite academic texts. Therefore, the study seems to point out the need for explicit teaching concerning the lexicogrammatical resources available in the language for writing academic texts. The contribution of this study is twofold, (1) understand how newcomers to academic contexts deal with grammatical metaphor as a resource to write academic texts and (2) plan and implement writing tasks to develop academic literacy in order to help students have access to the way knowledge is built in academic contexts. Hui Du1 and Hongdi Guan2 1 Hohai University, 2China Pharmaceutical University 1
[email protected],
[email protected]What shapes teacher talk?: An application of register theory in College English classrooms As a special register, teacher talk in classrooms has certain characteristic features, and is central to the quality of teaching, in particular, when it comes to the teaching of English as a foreign language with teacher talk as an important source of language input. However, teacher talk cannot be understood without reference to the register variables that are inherent in the context of situation within the con‐ text of culture, as in Hallidayan register theory. With “What shapes teacher talk?” as my overarching research question, I chose three Chinese national universities as my research sites where I observed and audio‐recorded 12 classes of College English, an English course offered to non‐English majors at a tertiary level in mainland China, and carried out semi‐structured interviews with 12 teachers, 120 students in 12 groups, and three language faculty deans. Also, I integrated a mini‐questionnaire in my interview, seeking participants’ perceptions about the uses of teacher talk. The purpose of this paper is to look at the relationships between contextual factors, register theory and teacher talk, using both interview data and classroom data from my research sites. The interview data were thematically analysed on the basis of the participants’ responses to my interview questions. In addition, through a mini‐questionnaire, the Bowers (1980)/Cullen (1998) categorisation of teacher talk was used as an instrument to rank participant perceptions of the categories of teacher talk in ISFC 2015 44 July 27‐31, 2015 class. The perceptions of the teachers, students and deans were then triangulated with my classroom data, which were provided by a description of the use of move analysis to study teacher talk in the classroom discourse observed. The research design involved the use of a coding scheme and instru‐ ment for analysing teacher talk, which I designed largely based on Sinclair and Coulthard’s model (1975; 1992) to reveal the structuring of teacher talk in the ongoing classroom discourse. The data presented in this paper derive both from a thematic analysis of the interview data across the three institutions, and from a search of the transcribed lessons for material evidence of factors high‐ lighted in the interviews. Factors identified in this study as shaping teacher talk occurred not only at the classroom level, but also at the institutional, regional and national levels. From the perspective of register theory, all these factors shaped field, tenor, and mode, which in turn shaped teacher talk. With a shaping process revealing the local cultural features of teacher talk, I argue that, although lan‐ guage learning is culture learning and language teaching is accordingly culture teaching (e.g. Byram, 1989), in the teaching of College English, teacher talk still bears features of Chinese culture. The study has implications for teacher development and possible relevance for similar university level English classes in the Asia‐Pacific region. References: Borg, S. (2006). Teacher cognition and language education: Research and practice. London: continuum. Byram, M. (1989). Cultural Studies in Foreign Language Education. Clevedon, Philadephia: Multilingual Matters. Sinclair, J., & Coulthard, M. (1992). Towards an analysis of discourse. In M. Coulthard (Ed.), Advances in spoken discourse analysis (pp. 1‐34). London: Routledge. Eggins, S. (1994). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics. London: PINTER. Halliday, M. A. K. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar (3rd ed.). London: ARNOLD. Halliday, M. A. K. (2007). Language and education. London: continuum. Thornbury, S., & Slade, D. (2006). Conversation: From description to pedagogy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. van Lier, L. (1996). Interaction in the language curriculum: awareness, autonomy & authenticity. London: Long‐ man. Maïté Dupont Centre for English Corpus Linguistics – Université catholique de Louvain
[email protected]The placement of conjunctive adjuncts in English and French editorials. A combined Systemic Functional and corpus approach This study seeks to demonstrate the interest of crossing two types of boundaries in Systemic Func‐ tional Linguistics (SFL). First, the study is situated at the interface between SFL and Corpus Linguistics (CL). Despite the fact that these two approaches share numerous properties that make them both compatible and complementary, relatively few studies have yet combined the theoretical grounding of SFL with the powerful methods and solid empirical basis of CL. This study intends to provide an exam‐ ple of the benefits of such a synergy, in line with studies such as Thompson & Hunston 2006 and Kunz & Steiner 2013. In addition, this study sets out to cross linguistic boundaries within SFL, as it compares English and French, and more particularly the placement patterns of conjunctive adjuncts expressing contrast (e.g. however and cependant) in those two languages. Conjunctive adjuncts, defined as “ad‐ verbial groups or prepositional phrases which relate the clause to the preceding text” (Halliday & Mat‐ thiessen 2004: 81), have so far been associated especially with the Theme in SFL: as Halliday & Mat‐ thiessen observe, conjunctive adjuncts are “what we might call characteristically thematic […]. They are natural Themes” (ibid: 84). This proclivity of conjunctive adjuncts to occur as so‐called textual Themes, however, remains to be tested on an empirical basis. The placement patterns of English and French conjunctive adjuncts are investigated and compared in a large comparable corpus, consisting of c. 750 000 words of French and c. 1 million words of English quality paper editorials. The analysis is based on a search list of 28 English and 35 French conjunctive ISFC 2015 45 July 27‐31, 2015 adjuncts of contrast established on the basis of ready‐made lists available in the reference literature (e.g. Quirk et al. 1958; Knott 1996; Roze et al. 2012) and corpus‐derived frequency lists. The occur‐ rences of these adjuncts were extracted from the French and English corpora using WordSmith Tools 6 (Scott 2012) and subsequently disambiguated manually in context, so as to weed out any irrelevant uses (e.g. temporal uses of still, subordinating uses of though). Only the adjuncts occurring more than 20 times per million words were submitted to further analysis, i.e. 13 English and 11 French types. The corpus results reveal that the thematic positions are not necessarily the default positions for con‐ junctive adjuncts of contrast, especially in French where only about a quarter of the occurrences are used thematically, against just above 50% in English. In other words, the results highlight the im‐ portance of the rhematic positions (i.e. following the topical Theme) for conjunctive adjunct position‐ ing, in both English and French. One important rhematic position, especially popular in English, corre‐ sponds to Hannay & de los Ángeles Gómez González’s (2013) “thematic parentheticals”. Another is akin to the post‐rheme identified in speech by Morel & Danon‐Boileau (1996). Yet other uses necessi‐ tate further divisions to be made within the Rheme. In my presentation I will provide a detailed de‐ scription of the differences and similarities between English and French as regards conjunctive adjunct positioning, distinguishing between five main positions: two within the theme, and three within the rheme. References: Halliday, M.A.K. and Christian M.I.M Matthiessen. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Hod‐ der Arnold. Hannay, Mike and María de los Ángeles Gómez González. 2013. Thematic Parentheticals in Dutch and English. In Maite Taboada, Susana Doval Suárez and Elsa González Álvarez (eds) Contrastive Discourse Analysis. Func‐ tional and Corpus Perspectives. London: Equinox, pp. 94‐122. Knott, Alistair. 1996. A Data‐Driven Methodology for Motivating a Set of Coherence Relations. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh. Kunz, Kerstin and Erich Steiner. 2013. Towards a comparison of cohesive reference in English and German: Sys‐ tem and text. In Maite Taboada, Susana Doval Suárez and Elsa González Álvarez (eds) Contrastive Discourse Analysis. Functional and Corpus Perspectives. London: Equinox, pp. 208‐239. Morel, Mary‐Annick and Laurent Danon‐Boileau. 1998. Grammaire de l'intonation. L'exemple du français oral. Paris: Ophrys. Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech and Jan Svartvik. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London: Longman. Roze Charlotte, Laurence Danlos L. and Philippe Muller. 2012. LEXICONN: A French lexicon of discourse connec‐ tives. Discours 10. Available at: http://discours.revues.org/8645 (last accessed on 11/07/14). Thompson, Geoff and Susan Hunston. 2006. System and Corpus: Exploring Connections. London: Equinox. Scott, Mike. 2012. WordSmith Tools 6. Liverpool: Lexical Analysis Software. José Manuel Durán Universidad de Belgrano
[email protected](Non‐)Gapped Finite Embedded Clauses: A Contrast between English and Spanish Within Systemic Functional Linguistics, defining relative clauses have early been regarded as an instan‐ tiation of the phenomenon of embeddedness (Halliday 1963, 1966). Embedding is defined by Halliday & Matthiessen as the “semogenic mechanism whereby a clause or phrase comes to function as a con‐ stituent within the structure of a group” (2014: 491). Thus defining relative clauses disrupt the hierar‐ chical rank scale by introducing an element of a higher rank – the clause – within the structure of an‐ other element of a lower rank – the group. The mechanism whereby these rankshifted clauses are embedded in a nominal group has proved to depend on many registerial and lexicogrammatical fac‐ tors. Among them are the register of the source text, the clausal integration of the embedded clause (Fox & Thompson 2007), the type and function of its antecedent and the class of nominal functioning ISFC 2015 46 July 27‐31, 2015 as Subject of the embedded clause (Biber et al 1999). However, along with these intra‐language regis‐ terial variations, this mechanism of embedding exhibits inter‐language parametric contrasts, despite the inter‐language invariability of the function of the relative clause as Modifier (Lavid, Arús & Zamo‐ rano 2010: 393). The aim of this paper is thus to carry out a contrastive analysis of the mechanism of the logico‐semantic relation of expansion through finite defining relative clauses with the function of Postmodifier in a nominal group between English and Spanish. First, the system of English finite defin‐ ing relative clauses is summarised with particular emphasis on the instances that allow or disallow the use of gapped contact clauses. It will be shown that these alternatives have an effect on the function and the class of the relativiser that introduces the rankshifted clause. It will be argued that the class of relativiser is different in non‐gapped relative clauses from that in gapped relative clauses, which is why contact clauses are (dis)allowed. Then I will show the similarities and contrasts between the functional analysis of defining relative clauses in English and Spanish. Results indicate that i) Spanish, unlike Eng‐ lish, allows no contact clauses either elaborating, extending or enhancing; and ii) the phenomenon of embeddedness in Spanish triggers Subject‐verb inversion in the embedded clause. The different reali‐ sations of this phenomenon intra and interlanguage carry implications for the analysis of clauses at all three levels – interpersonal, ideational and textual, with a particular effect on the analysis of the tex‐ tual metafunction. References: Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. 1999. Longman grammar of spoken and written English. London: Longman. Fox, B. A. & Thompson, S. A. 2007. Relative clauses in English conversation: Relativizers, frequency, and the no‐ tion of construction. Studies in Language 31, 2: 293‐326. Halliday, M. 1963. Class in relation to the axes of chain and choice in language. Linguistics 2: 5‐15. Halliday, M. 1966. Some notes on ‘deep’ grammar. Journal of Linguistics 2(1): 57‐67. Halliday, M. & Matthiessen, C. 2014. Halliday’s introduction to functional grammar, (4th ed.). London & New York: Routledge. Lavid, J., Arús, J. & Zamorano, J. 2010. Systemic functional grammar of Spanish: A contrastive study with English. London & New York: Continuum. Marissa K. L. E. Centre for English Language Communication/National University of Singapore
[email protected]Examining the Use of Multimodal Semiotic Resources in Post‐Graduate Engineering Student Oral Presen‐ tations Scholars working in the field of oral presentation skills in the academic conferencing genre have been calling for a move from the utilization of a set of general guiding principles – a ‘Public Speaking’ type approach – to an approach which is more specific for particular genres and registers (Ventola, 2004; Darling 2005). Awareness of such a need is crucial as it takes into account how different discourse communities have their own sets of communication conventions that “reflect[s], and in turn consti‐ tute[s], social and institutional practices derived from contexts which are principally disciplinary” (Hy‐ land, 2004: 145). Such an understanding is especially important in domains that demand high levels of expertise and specialization, for example in academia, or in the fields of medicine and technical fields like engineering. Outside of the academic conferencing genre, studies have been done to examine and improve the teaching of oral communication skills in specific fields and/or genres (Dannels, 2009), and to identify features of success which characterize effective presentations in a particular field or genre. This paper shows the potential of a multimodal semiotic approach towards developing greater under‐ standing as to how individual presentation styles can influence the effectiveness of an oral presenta‐ tion in the academic conferencing genre and would also have implications as to the teaching and learning of oral presentation skills in the context of a communication‐in‐the‐discipline (CID) approach. ISFC 2015 47 July 27‐31, 2015 The paper aims to examine the interactive multimodal aspects of student oral presentations that form part of the course assessment for a course on technical communication for post‐graduate engineering students. Utilizing a multimodal digital semiotics approach (O’Halloran et al., 2013), an analysis of se‐ lected linguistic and non‐linguistic realizations manifested during the communicative act of a 10 mi‐ nute oral presentation of a critique on a research paper will be used to show differences in the use of semiotic, or meaning‐making resources between two students presenters who have been rated by their course tutor and their peers. Results of the analysis of these two student oral presentations show interesting differences in terms of presentation style, with reference to the semiotic resources of gaze, gesture, slide composition and use of metadiscourse, and their unfolding over the temporal duration of the presentation. Using net‐ work visualizations, these differences can be made apparent as configurations of semiotic resources conceptualized as ‘states’ are shown to be different for both presenters both in terms of their make‐ up and also how these semiotic configurations take place throughout the course of the presentation. Based on the differences found between the two presentations and the ratings from the course tutor and peers, it can be shown how one presenter’s style may have led to its more positive rating, and the other presenter’s style to its less positive rating. This study therefore builds on Morell (2014), which highlights the need for research in oral presentations to move beyond mono‐modal studies, and pro‐ vides a deeper understanding as to how semiotic ‘synchronicity’ (Rowley‐Jolivet, 2004) can contribute to the effectiveness of a presentation. References: Dannels, D. P. (2009). Features of Success in Engineering Design Presentations: A Call for Relational Genre Knowledge. Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 23:4, 399‐427. Darling, A. L. (2005). Public Presentations in Mechanical Engineering and the Discourse of Technology. Commu‐ nication Education, 54:1, 20‐33. Hyland, K. (2004). Disciplinary Identities: Social Interactions in Academic Writing. Michigan: University of Michi‐ gan Press. Morell, T. 2014, Communicating Research at International Conferences: A Multimodal Analysis of an Intercultural or a Disciplinary Specific Genre?, In A. Lyda and K. Warchal (eds.), Occupying Niches: Interculturality, Cross‐ Culturality and Aculturality in Academic Research. Cham: Springer. O’Halloran, K. L., E, M. K. L., Podlasov, A. and Tan, S. (2013). Multimodal Digital Semiotics: The Interaction of Language with other Resources. Text and Talk, 33:4‐5, 665‐690. Rowley‐Jolivet, E. (2004). Different Visions, Different Visuals: A Social Semiotic Analysis of Field‐Specific Visual Composition in Scientific Conference Presentations. Visual Communication, 3:2, 145–175. Ventola, E. (2004). Why and What Kind of Focus on Conference Presentations?, In E. Ventola, C. Shalom and S. Thompson (eds.), The Language of Conferencing. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. Izaskun Elorza University of Salamanca
[email protected]The challenge of setting unit boundaries in polyphonic texts: Analysing free speech and other complexi‐ ties of report in science popularizations Reporting what scientists and other stakeholders have said is one of the characteristic features of sci‐ ence popularization texts. From a systemic‐functional perspective, report is identified with the system of projection, where Thompson (2014) has identified two aspects which deserve a special focus of attention, namely the reporter’s attitude towards what is reported, as well as the source of the report. In the case of science popularizations, these questions are relevant in order to analyse the role of journalists as well as to establish the function(s) of attribution in that register. Studies describing how report is constructed often focus their attention in isolated units consisting of a reporting and a re‐ ported clause, either in a paratactic, hypotactic or embedded relation. However, one shortage of this approach lies in that text progression is not taken into account and hence the description given fails to ISFC 2015 48 July 27‐31, 2015 account for the dynamics involved in the construction of report, such as the transitions that take place between one voice and another and which create a text flow which contributes crucially to the con‐ struction of argument in this type of discourse (Elorza and Perez‐Veneros in press, Hoey 1999, Smirno‐ va 2009) and that are often signalled by changes of tense (Elorza 2010, Sanders 2010). Free speech is one clear example of the options in the range of report construction which has not been operational‐ ized successfully yet, but it is not the only one. In this paper it is claimed that, as the boundaries of the different voices in polyphonic texts have a fuzzy nature, in order to operationalize report appropriately from a discursive perspective it is neces‐ sary to work with a more efficient analytical unit. The boundaries of the unit are to be defined at dis‐ course level rather than at sentence level and their limits of each unit should be set by means of the changes perceived from one voice to another, in a flow of voices which is often analysed as ‘attribu‐ tion’ vs ‘averral’ (Bednarek 2006, Hunston 1999). These two concepts are based on the assumption that all the information given can be attributed to some source (attribution), including those cases where the journalist is the source of information (averral). In order to define the features affecting report in a more accurate way which allows us to clarify which strategies are used by journalists to construct the flow of voices in discourse, an analysis has been carried out of the use of attribution and averral in a small corpus of science popularizations of The Guardian newspaper, with a special empha‐ sis on transition areas where voices change or new voices are introduced in the text. In this presenta‐ tion a practical analysis of some science popularizations will be taken as a starting point in order to discuss the practical difficulties for annotating/analysing report from a discursive perspective in order to eventually present a proposal of (some) of the features which must be considered in order to oper‐ ationalize report in a more accurate way form a discursive perspective. References: Bednarek, M. 2006. Evaluation in Media Discourse. London: Continuum. Elorza, I. 2010. “A Cross‐Cultural Analysis of Popularizations in English and Spanish Newspaper Discourse”. ES. Revista de Filología Inglesa 31: 85‐109. Elorza, I. and Perez‐Veneros, M. in press. Constructing Stance by Means of Attribution: How is the ‘Space for Evaluation’ Filled in Science Popularization Articles in English?. In Glynn, D. and Sjölin, M. (eds). Subjectivity and Epistemicity: Stance Strategies in Discourse and Narration. Lund: Lund University Press. Hoey, M. 1999. Persuasive Rhetoric in Linguistics: A Stylistic Study of Some Features of the Language of Noam Chomsky. In Hunston, S. and Thompson, G. (eds.). Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 29‐37. Hunston, S. 1999. Evaluation and the Planes of Discourse. In Hunston, S. and Thompson, G. (eds.). Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 176‐207. Sanders, J. 2010. Intertwined Voices: Journalists’ Modes of Representing Source Information in Journalistic Sub‐ genres. English Text Construction 3(2): 226‐249. Smirnova, A.V. 2009. “Reported Speech as an Element of Argumentative Newspaper Discourse.” Discourse & Communicaction 3(1): 79‐103. Thompson, G. 2014 [1st ed. 1996]. Introducing Functional Grammar. London: Routledge. Emi Emilia Indonesia University of Education
[email protected]An investigation of high school students’ understanding of text types: A case in Indonesia This paper will present the result of a three‐year study, aiming to investigate measures to improve the quality of the teaching of English in one district in West Java, Indonesia. This paper will focus on the result of the first year of the study, focusing on identifying teachers’ understanding of genre peda‐ gogy, the basis of the English curriculum in Indonesia, and teachers’ and students’ understanding of text types. The paper will centre around students’ understanding of texts types. The study involved 120 eleven graders of English as a foreign language students from eight high schools in the district. ISFC 2015 49 July 27‐31, 2015 The study used a convenient sampling and a test with open questions to collect the data. The test consisted of eight text types, including Descriptive, Recount, Narrative, Descriptive Report, Procedure, Analytical Exposition, Hortatory Exposition, and Discussion, as mentioned in the curriculum of English for senior high school in Indonesia (Ministry of Education, 2013). Some of these texts (Descriptive, Recount, Narrative, Procedure, Descriptive Report) are also taught in junior high school. The students were asked to identify the genre, schematic structure and five linguistic features of each text. The data were analysed in steps, including transcribing the data, categorizing the students’ answers into text types, schematic structures and linguistic features. A quasi statistics (Maxwell, 2005, p. 113; Yin, 2011, p. 79), that is simple numerical results that can be derived from the data, was used to support any claim that a particular phenomenon is typical, rare or prevalent in the population studied. The results show that most students (above 50%) were able to identify Narrative (98.3%), Recount (88.3%), De‐ scriptive (90.8%), Descriptive Report (58.3%) and procedure texts (71.7%). Meanwhile, only 40.8%, 25%, 20.8% participants could identify hortatory exposition, analytical exposition, and Discussion re‐ spectively. Similarly, most students could identify the purpose and schematic structure of Narrative (84.2% and 73.3% participants respectively), Recount (79.2% and 73%), Procedure (82% and 64,2%) as suggested by experts of genre pedagogy (e.g. Christie, 2012; Derewianka & Jones, 2012; Martin & Rose, 2008). Moreover, most students (with similar pattern) could mention specific participants as linguistic features for Recount, Descriptive and Narrative texts, past tense for Recount and Narrative texts, and present tense for Descriptive and Procedure texts. Action verbs were also mentioned by most students as a linguistic feature of Narrative, Recount, Procedure texts. As to argumentative texts, only a small number of students could mention the texts’ linguistic features. 29.1% of participants mentioned modality and 8.3% evaluative language as linguistic features of hortatory exposition. Moreover, only 4.2% of participants could mention causal connectives, 3.3% modality, and 4.2 evalua‐ tive language as linguistic features of analytical exposition. Similarly, 4.2% participants mentioned modality and causal conjunctions, concluding statement, and 7.2% comparative conjunctions and 0.8% mental verbs. The results suggest that efforts should be made to improve the quality of teaching and students’ understanding of different text types, especially argumentative texts and further study should involve explanation as a text type that teachers and students should understand. References: Christie, F. (2012). Langueg learning. A journal of research in language studies. Language education throughout the school years: A functional perspective. Malden USA and West Sussex UK: Wiley‐Blackwell. Derwianka, B., & Jones, P. (2012). Teaching language in context. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Martin, J.R., Rose, D. (2008). Genre relations. Mapping culture. London: Equinox. Maxwell, J.A. (2005). Qualitative research design. An interpretive approach. Second Edition. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications. Yin, R.K. (2011). Qualitative research. From start to finish. New York: The Guilford Press. Anna Espunya Universitat Pompeu Fabra
[email protected]An Appraisal Theory‐based analysis of identity themes in Spanish prose fiction and its translation into English and German The language of evaluation is used in prose fiction to ‘provide realistic insight’ into the characters and to delineate different points of view (Leech and Short 1981: 272‐273). During the process of interlin‐ guistic translation, the evaluative dimension of the original discourse may be modified, potentially affecting the readings the new text will afford in its target society (see, e.g., Hatim and Mason 1990, 1997, House 1997 and Mason 2004). Seldom does translation consist in univocal and transparent word meaning transference. Rather, a text is interpreted and rendered as a new text by an individual translator working under many constraints such as his or her own background and conceptualisation ISFC 2015 50 July 27‐31, 2015 of the task, the linguistic and sociocultural differences between the two readerships, and the function of the translated text as envisaged by the initiator of the translation. One of the main goals of the Translation Studies discipline is formulate correlations between actual textual choices and these con‐ straints. The knowledge thus obtained can be applied to translation criticism and pedagogy (see Holmes 1972/1988). Appraisal Theory (Martin and White 2005) can provide a basis for the tertium comparationis required in order to detect, analyze and describe translator interventions (see, e.g., the work reported in Mun‐ day 2012). In this paper I focus on evaluation as a literary device and the textual changes that take place in translation. The cases under discussion are passages from the Spanish novel "Los mares del Sur" [Southern Seas], (Manuel Vázquez Montalbán 1979), and their translations into English and Ger‐ man. The work is part of a larger project that aims at testing the validity of Appraisal Theory as a framework for a literary stylistics in Translation Studies (the project ValTrad, developed mainly at Uni‐ versitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona). Vázquez Montalbán’s “Carvalho series” novels were published and marketed as detective fiction ('novela policíaca' or 'negra', in Spanish), and so were their translations. Since the 1990s, however, his works have received increasing scholarly attention for themes such the vindication of historic memory, the critical portrayal of the Spanish transition into democracy and the exploration of the complexities of identity in Catalonia (see, e.g., Colmeiro 1994, King 2013). In the negotiation of multi‐ layered identity (i.e. social, political, national and generational) played out by the characters, appraisal, and particularly the attitude sub‐system, is paramount. It appears in speech and thought representa‐ tion, and it also appears in the frequent descriptive passages, where the subjective portrayal of exter‐ nal reality through aesthetic appreciation is used to target the sets of values shared with his contem‐ porary readers and to create certain moods that foster identification. As regards the translations, evaluative features are neutralized to various extents. In the English ver‐ sion, lexical preferences favor typicality to the detriment of the idiosyncratic wordings of the original (loss of figurative senses, lexical creations, taboo words, lyrical evocation, etc.) and there are changes in graduation (particularly in intensification). Culturally specific items tend to be neutralized in the English and in the first German translation, while the second German translation assumes greater background knowledge from the reader (see also Espunya and Pavić Pintarić 2015). References: Colmeiro, José F. (1994) La novela policíaca española: teoría y crítica [The Spanish detective novel: theory and criticism]. Barcelona: Anthropos. Espunya, Anna and Anita Pavić Pintarić (2015) ‘Identität und Emotionalität im Roman Los mares del Sur von Vázquez Montalbán und in seiner englischen, deutschen und kroatischen Übersetzung. In Anita Pavić Pintarić (ed.) Sprachliche Konstituierung der Identität durch Emotionalität. Tübingen: Günter Narr (volume accepted for publication). Hatim, Basil and Ian Mason (1990) Discourse and the Translator. Harlow: Longman. ‐‐ (1997) The Translator as Communicator. London: Routledge. Holmes, James S. (1972/1988). ‘The Name and Nature of Translation Studies’. In: James S. Holmes’, Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 67–80. House, J. (1997) Translation Quality Assessment: A Model Revisited. Tübingen: Gunter Narr. King, Stewart (2013) ‘Carvalho y Cataluña: la subjetividad de los márgenes’ [Carvalho and Catalonia: the subjec‐ tivity of the margins]. Cuadernos de Estudios Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, 1: 28‐45. Leech, Geoffrey N. and Michael H. Short (1981) Style in Fiction. A linguistic introduction to English fictional prose. London and New York: Longman. Martin, J.R. and P.R.R. White (2005) The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave McMillan. Mason, Ian (2004) ‘Text parameters in translation: transitivity and institutional cultures’. In: Lawrence Venuti (ed.) The Translation Studies Reader. London and New York: Routledge. 2nd ed. 470‐81. Munday, Jeremy (2012) Evaluation in Translation. Critical points of translator decision‐making. London: Routledge. Vázquez Montalbán, Manuel (1979) Los mares del Sur. Barcelona: Planeta [2005] ‐‐ (1985) Tahiti liegt bei Barcelona. Tr. Bernhard Straub. Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt. ISFC 2015 51 July 27‐31, 2015 ‐‐ (1986) Southern Seas. Transl. Patrick Camiller. Pluto Press, 1986/ London: Serpent’s Tail [1999]/ Brooklyn, N.Y.: Melville House. ‐‐ (2013) Carvalho und die Meere des Südens. Tr. Bernhard Straub.Berlin: Verlag Klaus Wagenbach. E‐Book edi‐ tion. Xuanwei Peng (2008) ‘Evaluative meanings in literary texts. The first step towards appraisal stylistics’. In: Nina Nørgaard (ed) Systemic Functional Linguistics in Use. Odense Working Papers in Language and Communica‐ tion, 29. Jennifer Fest RWTH Aachen University
[email protected]‐aachen.de Where to find news worthiness – A systemic‐functional approach to identifying news values News items in whatever medium are the primary source of information in most societies. However, not all potential stories are taken up by journalists, but the items undergo a selection process based on their degree of cultural and social relevance for the intended target group (Fowler 1991). The choice of what is newsworthy and why, in other words the news values which are used and empha‐ sized, can therefore be regarded as an indicator for the norms and ideals of that target group. The concept of ‘news values’ has mainly been analyzed from the perspectives of journalism and soci‐ ology, and only few studies (e.g. Bell 1991, Lukin et al. 2004, Bednarek & Caple 2012, Potts et al. forthc.) have taken a linguistic approach to this aspect of news so far. They however clearly show that news values can be traced linguistically in qualitative as well as quantitative analyses and are a crucial element of the register of news language. This paper aims at operationalizing the idea of news worthiness and carry out a quantitative analysis across different varieties of English as well as different news sections. The corpus used for this study consists of 4.000 newspaper articles from Hong Kong, Kenya, Australia, the USA and the UK, taken from the sections of economy, politics, features, spot news and sports. In order to take into account various target groups, different newspapers are also equally represented in the collection. All articles have been part of speech‐tagged and were processed using the Corpus Query Processor (CQP) (Evert & Hardie 2011). The analysis draws on the categorization of news values as suggested by Bednarek & Caple (2014), but focusses on the assumption that news values can be transmitted on different levels, via the content, the language mode or interpersonal markers. This differentiation allows a very close analysis of news values along the lines of the register markers of tenor, field and mode of discourse (Halliday & Hasan 1989) and offers insights into how news values are constructed and on which plane they are primarily meant to work. Although this contextual point of view requires a rather complex operationalization of news values, the results show interesting trends in the design of news worthiness. The different sections especially show emphases on particular news values, depending on their overall function (e.g. to inform, to en‐ tertain etc.). Furthermore, differences between the individual varieties could be traced, showing tendencies towards certain values in individual target groups and offering insights into the priorities transported through these journalistic choices and their linguistic representation. References: Bednarek, Monika, and Helen Caple. 2012. News Discourse. London: Continuum. Bednarek, Monika, and Helen Caple. 2014. “Why do news values matter? Towards a new methodological framework for analysing news discourse in Critical Discourse Analysis and beyond.” Discourse & Society 25 (2): 135–58. Bell, A. 1991. The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell. Evert, Stefan, and Andrew Hardie. 2011. “Twenty‐first century Corpus Workbench: Updating a query architec‐ ture for the new millennium.” Corpus Linguistics 2011. Corpus Linguistics 2011, University of Birmingham, UK, 2011. ISFC 2015 52 July 27‐31, 2015 Fowler, Roger. 1991. Language in the news: Discourse and ideology in the press. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Halliday, M.A. K., and R. Hasan. 1989 Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social‐Semiotic Per‐ spective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lukin, Annabelle, David Butt, and Christian Matthiessen. 2004. “Reporting War: A View from Linguistics”. Pacific Journalism Review (special edition, papers from the Public Right to Know Conference, Australian Centre for Independent Journalism, 2003) 10 (1): 58‐74. Potts, Amanda, Monika Bednarek and Helen Caple (in press). How can computer‐based methods help research‐ ers to investigate news values in large datasets? A corpus linguistic study of the construction of newsworthi‐ ness in the reporting on Hurricane Katrina. Discourse & Communication. Rocky Fong Tyndale Seminary
[email protected]Teaching Koine Greek to Mandarin‐Chinese Speakers: An Application of Systemic Functional Linguistics Teaching adult Mandarin‐Chinese speakers to read Koine or New Testament Greek presents certain significant linguistic challenges to both the student and teacher. Not only is the distance between the two languages notably far apart, most Chinese textbooks are translations of English textbooks, and thus often use traditional English grammatical concepts, such as participle and infinitive, that are often not too helpful to the student or difficult for the teacher to explain in Chinese language. As a result, the learning experience is unnecessarily demanding for the student, and convoluted for the teacher. This paper explores how adopting SFL’s language description can alleviate some of the problems in such foreign language education. The description involves utilizing basic concepts and categories such as stratum, system, rank, and structure (Halliday 2007: 135‐73; Halliday 1994, 2010), in addition to making use of a selected syntactically annotated texts (O’Donnell 2005; Tan 2004). As the “central processing unit” in the lexicogrammar, the clause with its interpersonal function (Subject, Predicator, Complement, Adjunct) plays a major role in understanding the language. Register and genre as lan‐ guage variation will also be considered (Martin 2012: 47‐68). As a result, the language learning pro‐ cess is benefited in three ways. First, language is presented to the student as a rich resource that is functional in nature, i.e. language in use. The student is less likely to be hindered by the traditional English grammatical classification, but can see more clearly how each word or word group within the clause relates functionally. Moreover, the student also learns to interpret meaning as choice. This particularly applies to the choice of verbal Aspect and Mood as part of the interpersonal function, and in the ordering of textual categories of Theme and Rheme. Thirdly, the adoption of SFL descriptions and concepts in foreign language education further shows that SFL as a linguistic theory is an appliable science (Mahboob and Knight 2010: 1‐11). A modern Mandarin‐Chinese speaker who understands basic SFL theory will be able to learn an ancient foreign language more directly, discovering the rich potential of meaning‐making in language, including the Greek language that was used two millennia ago. References: Halliday, M. A. K. Language and Education. Collected Works of M. A. K. Halliday, vol. 9. Ed. Jonathan J. Webster. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2007. Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 2nd ed. London: E. Arnold, 1994. 韩礼德著。彭宣維 等译。《功能语法导论》。北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2010. Mahboob, Ahmar and Naomi K. Knight (eds.). Appliable Linguistics. London: Continuum, 2010. Martin, J. R. Register Studies. Collected Works of J. R. Martin, vol. 4. Ed. Wang Zhenhua. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press, 2012. O’Donnell, Matthew Brook. “Introducing the OpenText.org Syntactically Analyzed Greek New Testament.” www.OpenText.org 1998‐2005 Tan, Randall K. “Introduction to the OpenText.org Annotation Model from a Pedagogical Perspective.” www.OpenText.org 1998‐2005 ISFC 2015 53 July 27‐31, 2015 Maria Eldelita Franco Holanda Universidade Estadual do Piauí
[email protected]The Nature of Multimodal literacy writing in children The present research is based on the theories of social semiotic and representation, multimodality and multimodal visual literacy. Its objective is to observe and analyze how multimodal visual literacy can improve the acquisition of writing in preschool children. This study sheds light on the process of visual multimodal writing literacy that enhances the child capacity of seeing, identifying, and comprehending objects in his world and also of representing them though images. It focuses on the discussion of vari‐ ous theories of visual literacy and their application in the acquisition of writing in the Portuguese lan‐ guage of one child. A longitudinal study of a child’s multimodal literacy writing was carried out at a private school from 2009 to 2014, in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Writing acquisition from pre‐school to the first year of elementary school were analyzed. Results showed that in the first years of a child’s educa‐ tion, the use of multimodal literacy images stimulates the acquisition process of reading and writing. Literacy in this learning context is concerned with the development of reading and sign‐making which enhances and recognizes the child’s agency as she chooses to express the meanings of objects and events. The child’s writing acquisition and development in these early stages are achieved initially through drawings which represent and express ideas and narratives in the form of multimodal visual images by first identifying objects and animals and then by participating in simple writing games. In the second and third years, the child starts producing more visual texts with the addition of words and small sentences. At this phase reading and writing are intensified through various visual stimuli. In the fifth year, the child, who has now acquired reading skills, begins to show more ability to write inde‐ pendently. The methodology used in this longitudinal, descriptive, exploratory and qualitative study analyzed ten written activities from this child which correspond to two activities for each school year. To carry out this research the principal theoretical base focuses on Social Semiotics, Hodge e Kress (1988) and van Leeuwen (2004) Multimodality, Kress e van Leeuwen (2006) and Jewitt (2003,2008, 2009), Children’s Drawing and Writing, Mavers (2008, 2011,2014) and Insights into Early Writing, Kress (1977). Literacy and multiliteracy has been studied extensively by Cope e Kalantzis (2001, 2010), An‐ stey e Bull (2006), Barton and Hamilton, (1998) and Freire (1989). Other studies investigate children’s writing include Dyson (1982, 2003), Kendrick & Mckay (2004) and Bearne (2003). These studies acknowledge the important role that visual images have in the first years of a child´s development. They also show the need for the use of multimodal literacy pedagogy by teachers in primary education in order to enhance reading and writing skills. References: ANSTEY, M; GEOFF, B. (2006) Teaching and learning multiliteracies: changing times, changing literacies. Austral‐ ia: International Reading Association, p.19‐55. BARTON, D HAMILTON,M..(1998) Literacy practices. In Barton, M. Hamilton and R, Ivanic(eds), Situates Litera‐ cies, New York: Routledge. BEARNE (2003) Rehinking literacy: communication, representation and text. UKLA. Oxford. Blackwell Publishing, Ltda. COPE, C. KALANTIZIS.M. (2012) Multiliteracies. New York: Cambridge. DYSON, A.H.(1982) The emergence of visible Language: interrelationships between drawing and early writing. Visible Language,6,360—381 ___. , (2003). The brothers and sisters learn to write. Popular literacies in childhood and school culture. New York: Teachers College Press. FREIRE, P. MACEDO, D. (2005).Literacy. reading the word and the world. London: Routledge. HODGE, R, KRESS, G (1988) Social semiotics. Cambridge: Polity Press, KENDRICK, M. & MCKAY, R. (2004).Drawing as an alternative way of understanding young children’s construction of literacy. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy. Vol 4 (1)1091‐128. KRESS, G., (1977) Before writing: rethinking the paths of literacy. London: Routledge. KRESS, G. VAN LEEUWEN. T.(2006.) Reading images. The grammar of visual design. London: Routledge. ISFC 2015 54 July 27‐31, 2015 JEWITT, C. (ed) (2009).The Routledge handbook of multimodal analysis. London: Routledge, ___. , (2008). The Visual in Learning and Creativity: A Review of the Literature. Disponível em: <http://www.research‐resources/research/literature‐reviews. Acesso em 18 jul.2010. JEWITT, C. KRESS, G.. Introduction. (2003). In JEWITT, C. KRESS, G.. (eds) Multimodal Literacy. New York: Lang. MAVERS, D. (2008, 2014). Image in the multimodal ensemble; children’s drawing. IN: JEWITT.C. (ED.) The Routledge handbook of multimodal analysis. London. Routledge.. ___ (2011) Children Drawing and Writing:the. remarkable in the unremarkable. London: Routledge. Kendrick & Mckay (2004 VAN LEEUWEN, T. Introducing social Semiotics. London: Routledge, 2005 Maria Eldelita Franco Holanda Universidade Estadual do Piauí
[email protected]The Multimodality in the didatic book and The CD_ROM: An investigation based on Grammar of Visual Design This work is part of the area of Social Semiotics which focuses on multimodality as an element present in human interaction and in all textual genres. Multimodality is important to this study because of its presence in teaching materials, which amply employ several semiotic modes to promote understand‐ ing of meaning. The importance of this combination especially for the teaching of the English lan‐ guage, motivated us to investigate multimodality in the series New Interchange Intro, which is widely used in Brazil with focus on still and moving images found in the accompanying book, workbook and CD‐ROM. The aim of the present study is to analyze the compositional metafunction of the still images in the book and workbook and moving images in the CD‐ROM within the context of multimodal litera‐ cy through the Grammar of Visual Design of Kress and van Leeuwen (2006). The theoretical approach adopted focuses on Social semiotics (HODGE and KRESS, 1988 and VAN LEEUWEN, 2005), and on Mul‐ timodality (KRESS, 2009, 2010, e JEWITT, 2006; 2008; 2014, KRESS VAN LEEUWEN, 2001, [1996], 2006). As complementary resources, Multiliteracies of (COPE AND KALANTIZIS 2000, 2012) and UN‐ SWORTH (2001), and the moving image of (VAN LEEUWEN (2005), (BURN AND PARKER 2006) were also used. The methodology used in this analytical, descriptive and qualitative study (BAUER & GAS‐ KELL, 2002) consists of the corpus which is composed of unit 5 of the book and workbook and unit 5 of the dramatized sequences on the CD‐ROM. In this analysis we examine how the compositional mean‐ ings: information value, salience and framing, are manifested in the organization and coherence of the images found in the book and in the video and how these contribute to enhance multimodal visual literacy. The results of this analysis indicate that the material has a multimodal support with at least four semiosis ‐ images (still and moving), speech, verbal text and music – all of which combine to teach the English language using the communicative approach. At the same time it demonstrates the associ‐ ated visual and verbal resources for the construction of meaning of all skills presented in the material. However, in the printed –book and workbook ‐ and CD‐ROM analyzed, we observed that there is a gap in relation to multimodal visual literacy which, although present, is largely unexplored. These results then point to the need for a systematic exploitation of visual literacy and multimodality in the material investigated so that it can contribute more effectively to the development of students’ multimodal communicative competence and consequently more efficient learning. References: BAUER & GASKELL, (2002) BAUER, M. W. GASKELL, George (eds). Pesquisa qualitativa com texto, imagem e som. Petrópolis: Editora Vozes. BURN, A, PARKER, D. (2006).Tiger´s big plan: multimodality and the moving image. In: Jewitt, C. e Kress, G.(eds) Multimodal Literacy. New York: Peter Lang, 2008, p.56‐72. COPE, C. KALANTIZIS.M. (2012). Multiliteracies. New York: Cambridge, 2012. __________. (2000).Multiliteracies literacy learning and the design of social futures. New York: Routledge, JEWITT, C. (ed) The Routledge handbook of multimodal analysis. London: Routledge, 2014. ISFC 2015 55 July 27‐31, 2015 ___________. (2008). The Visual in Learning and Creativity: A Review of the Literature. Disponível em: <http://www.research‐resources/research/literature‐reviews, Acesso em 18 jul.2010. __________. (2006). Technology, literacy and learning: a multimodal approach. London .Routledge. HODGE, R, KRESS, G (1988.).Social semiotics. Cambridge: Polity Press. KRESS, G. VAN LEEUWEN. T.(2006). Reading images. The grammar of visual design. London: Routledge. RICHARDS, C.J. (2000).Interchange third edition intro. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. SHIELDS, C. RICHARDS, C. J (2005). Interchange third edition Intro CD‐ROM for Windows. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. UNSWORTH, L. (2001.).Teaching multiliteracies across the curriculum: changing contexts of texts and image in classroom practice. London. Open University Press. VAN LEEUWEN, T. (2005). Introducing social Semiotics. London: Routledge. UNSWORTH (2001 Jonas Freiwald1, Stella Neumann2 and Paula Niemietz3 1,2,3 RWTH Aachen – English Institute 1
[email protected],
[email protected]‐aachen.de,
[email protected]‐aachen.de Translation shifts in Theme‐Subject conflation Both the unmarked structure of the Theme and the realization of the Subject are areas of major con‐ trast between English and German. While English allows multiple Themes, with a strong tendency for the last element to be the Subject of the Mood system (Halliday & Matthiessen 2013), German is fairly restricted to simple Themes which then, however, can be instantiated by a variety of elements of the Mood system (Steiner and Teich 2004, Teich 2003). Also, while German has a tendency to allow heavy experiential Themes, English prefers shorter ones. Finally, English offers a variety of different non‐ agentive Subjects, while German allows only a restricted number of participant roles in Subject posi‐ tion (Kast in Hansen‐Schirra, Neumann and Steiner 2012). These contrasts in Theme and Subject struc‐ ture may lead to interesting shifts in translations between the two languages: In the case of English translation into German, multiple Themes are highly likely to be reduced to simple Themes, because of the fairly strict verb‐second‐constraint of German clauses. Therefore, all but one element ‐ often in‐ cluding the Subject ‐ have to move to a position following the finite verb, thus losing their role as Theme. In cases where German does not allow a certain participant role as the Subject, the Subject might either be dropped altogether with a likely change in voice or its participant role will have to be changed to keep the original word order intact. From the perspective of German translation into Eng‐ lish, it is likely that the amount of multiple Themes will increase and that the Subject will occupy the role of the experiential Theme more often. In case the German original uses an experiential Theme other than the Subject, the English translation will either choose a marked Theme or move the Subject to Theme position, thus causing word order shift. The preferred translation strategy will therefore be dependent on either the particular experiential role or the heaviness of the original Theme. This paper will focus on investigating the exact lexico‐grammatical context, in which each of the possi‐ ble translation shifts occur. Drawing on pilot studies by Kast (in Hansen‐Schirra, Neumann and Steiner 2012) and Neumann (2013), this paper will present a detailed analysis of both the Theme and the Sub‐ ject structure of English and German originals and their corresponding translations from the CroCo Corpus (Hansen‐Schirra, Neumann and Steiner 2012). This will be exemplified by the comparison of two different registers. In order to gather reliable results, this project includes an analysis of all three metafunctional levels of the SFL network with special focus on the experiential role, as well as the heaviness of both the Theme and the Subject. The chosen texts are annotated manually using the UAM Corpus Tool (O’Donnell 2008). Drawing on inferential statistics, this paper then identifies several elements possibly causing translation shifts. The results of this study will help us to better understand the exact lexico‐grammatical triggers that lead to shifts in translations and hence deepen our understanding of the systematic properties of translated texts and the lexico‐grammatical differences between English and German. ISFC 2015 56 July 27‐31, 2015 References: Halliday, M.A.K., and Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen. 2013. Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. 4th ed. Abingdon: Routledge. Hansen‐Schirra, Silvia, Stella Neumann, and Erich Steiner. 2012. Cross‐Linguistic Corpora for the Study of Transla‐ tions ‐ Insights from the Language Pair English‐German. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. Neumann, Stella. 2013. Contrastive Register Variation: A Quantitative Approach to the Comparison of English and German. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. O'Donnell, Mick. 2008. "The UAM CorpusTool: Software for corpus annotation and exploration". In Applied Lin‐ guistics Now: Understanding Language and Mind / La Lingüística Aplicada Hoy: Comprendiendo el Lenguaje y la Mente, Carmen M. Bretones Callejas et al. (eds.), 1433‐1447. Almería: Univer‐ sidad de Almería. Steiner, Erich, and Elke Teich. 2004. “Metafunctional Profile of the Grammar of German.” In Language Typology. A Functional Perspective, Alice Caffarel, J. R. Martin, and Christian M. I.M Matthiessen (eds.), 139–184. Am‐ sterdam: Benjamins. Teich, Elke. 2003. Cross‐Linguistic Variation in System and Text. A Methodology for the Investigation of Transla‐ tions and Comparable Texts. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Matteo Fuoli Lund University
[email protected]A step‐wise methodology for annotating APPRAISAL APPRAISAL theory (Martin and White, 2005) has gained increasing recognition as a useful framework for analyzing evaluative phenomena in discourse. Within this framework, manual text annotation has become a popular method for examining and comparing the use of evaluative language resources across texts and corpora (e.g. Bednarek, 2006, 2008; Carretero and Taboada, 2014; Fuoli, 2012; Fuoli and Hommerberg, in review; Hommerberg and Don, in press; Lipovsky, 2008, 2014; Mackay and Par‐ kinson, 2009; O'Donnell, 2014; Pounds, 2010, 2011; Taboada and Carretero, 2012; Ryshina‐Pankova, 2014; Santamaría‐García, 2014). Manual annotation facilitates comprehensive and detailed analyses of evaluation that would not be possible with purely automatic techniques (Fuoli and Hommerberg, in press). But manual annotation can also be seen as an important part of the process of theory building. By applying the set of categories included in the APPRAISAL framework to the annotation of concrete instances of text, we obtain information that can be used to progressively develop and refine the model. However, annotating APPRAISAL poses a number of challenges. First and foremost, identifying AP‐ PRAISAL‐bearing expressions in text is a highly complex and subjective task. In addition, analysts are frequently confronted with the problem of dealing with infelicitous matches between the definitions and examples provided in the literature and the instances found in their texts, possible multiple inter‐ pretations for textual items and fuzzy boundaries between the categories. Finally, the practicalities of annotating APPRAISAL have not been sufficiently discussed in the current literature and, to date, there is no established annotation protocol. The lack of a shared methodological framework might be an obstacle for both novice practitioners as well experienced analysts, and poses a challenge to achieving transparent and replicable analyses. How should we deal with the problem of subjectivity? How should we account for our decisions so that our analyses are explicit, transparent and maximally replicable? What steps are involved in the process of manually annotating text based on the APPRAISAL framework? While there is growing awareness about methodological issues (e.g. Hommerberg and Don, in press; Macken‐Horarik and Isaac, 2014; Thompson, 2014), the literature on APPRAISAL theory has provided incomplete or unsatis‐ factory answers to these questions. This paper aims to address these challenges and propose solutions to overcome them. It describes a simple step‐wise procedure for the manual annotation of APPRAISAL in text and corpora that is designed to help maximize the reliability and transparency of analyses. The procedure spans all stages from the creation of a context‐specific annotation manual to the statistical ISFC 2015 57 July 27‐31, 2015 analysis of the quantitative data derived from the manually‐performed annotations. By presenting this method, the paper pursues the twofold purpose of (i) providing a practical tool that can facilitate more systematic and replicable APPRAISAL analyses, and (ii) fostering a discussion of the best practices that should be followed when using the APPRAISAL framework in combination with manual text anno‐ tation. In this sense, this paper can be seen as a step towards a shared and more formalized manual annotation methodology for APPRAISAL analysis. References: Bednarek, M. (2006). Evaluation in media discourse: analysis of a newspaper corpus. London: Continuum. Bednarek, M. (2008). Emotion talk across corpora. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Carretero, M. & Taboada, M. (2014). Graduation within the scope of attitude in English and Spanish consumer reviews of books and movies. In G. Thompson & L. Alba‐Juez (eds.), Evaluation in Context. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 221–239. Fuoli, M. (2012). Assessing social responsibility: A quantitative analysis of APPRAISAL in BP’s and IKEA’s social reports. Discourse & Communication, 6(1):55–81. Fuoli, M. & Hommerberg, C. (in review). Bridging corpus and discourse approaches: Annotation principles and inter‐coder agreement in the an‐ notation of evaluative language expressions. Hommerberg, C. & Don, A. (in press). Appraisal and the language of wine appreciation. Functions of Language. Lipovsky, C. (2008). Constructing affiliation and solidarity in job interviews. Discourse & Communication, 2(4):411–432. Lipovsky, C. (2013). Negotiating ones expertise through appraisal in CVs. Linguistics and the Human Sciences, 8(3):307–333. Mackay, J. & Parkinson, J. (2009). My very own mission impossible: An appraisal analysis of student teacher re‐ flections on a design and technology project. Text & Talk, 29(6):729–753. Macken‐Horarik, M. & Isaac, A. (2014). Appraising Appraisal. In G. Thompson & L. Alba‐Juez (eds.), Evaluation in Context. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 67–92. Martin, J. & White, P. (2005) The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. London & New York: Palgrave Macmillan. O’Donnell, M. (2008). Demonstration of the UAM CorpusTool for text and image annotation. In Proceedings of the 46th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technologies: Demo Session, 13–16. Association for Computational Linguistics. O’Donnell, M. (2014). Exploring identity through appraisal analysis: A corpus annotation methodology. Linguistics and the Human Sciences, 9(1). Pounds, G. (2010). Attitude and subjectivity in Italian and British hard‐news reporting: The construction of a culture‐specific reporter voice. Discourse Studies, 12(1):106–137. Pounds, G. (2011). This property offers much character and charm: evaluation in the discourse of online proper‐ ty advertising. Text & Talk, 31(2):195–220. Taboada, M. & Carretero, M. (2012). Contrastive analyses of evaluation in text: Key issues in the design of an annotation system for attitude applicable to consumer reviews in English and Spanish. Linguistics and the Human Sciences, 6(1‐3):275–295. Thompson, G. (2014). AFFECT and emotion, target‐value mismatches, and Russian dolls: Refining the APPRAISAL model. In G. Thompson & L. Alba‐Juez (eds.), Evaluation in Context. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Ben‐ jamins, pp. 47–66. Ryshina‐Pankova, M. (2014). Exploring argumentation in course‐related blogs through engagement. In G. Thompson & L. Alba‐Juez (eds.), Evaluation in Context. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 281–302. Santamaría‐García, C. (2014). Evaluative discourse and politeness in university students’ communication through social networking sites. In G. Thompson & L. Alba‐Juez (eds.), Evaluation in Context. Amsterdam and Phila‐ delphia: John Benjamins, pp. 387–411. ISFC 2015 58 July 27‐31, 2015 Matteo Fuoli Lund University
[email protected]Combining APPRAISAL and CDA in the analysis of corporate discourse Systemic Functional Linguistics has been one of the main theoretical approaches within the field of Critical Discourse Analysis since its inception (Hart, 2014). Traditionally, SFL‐based CDA has tended to focus on investigating the ideological implications for ideational patterns in discourse, e.g. transitivity, nominalization and passivization, and the representation of social actors (e.g. Fairclough, 1992, 2003; Fowler 1991, 1996; Li, 2010; van Dijk 1991; van Leeuwen, 1996; Reisigl and Wodak 2001). Research on the interpersonal function of language in this field has tended to be limited to the domain of modality (e.g. Fairclough 1989, 1992; Fowler 1991). However, increasing attention has recently been devoted to the analysis of other aspects of this metafunction. Drawing on Martin and White’s (2005) APPRAISAL framework, several scholars have shown how interpersonal resources can be strategically deployed in discourse to shape interpersonal (power) relations and identities in a variety of communicative con‐ texts (e.g. Bednarek and Caple, 2010; Camiciottoli, 2013; Koller 2011; Miller 2004, 2014; Miller and Johnson, 2009; van Dijk 2011; White 2006). The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness of the APPRAISAL framework as a tool for criti‐ cally investigating corporate public discourse, i.e. the multifarious texts produced by companies to communicate to their various external audiences. While there is a growing body of CDA research in this area (e.g. Koller 2010, 2011b; Merkl‐Davies and Koller 2012; Laine, 2005, 2010; Lischinsky, 2011; Livesey, 2002), most of it is based on either a cognitive linguistics or social constructionist approach, and thus lies outside the realm of SFL (but see Camiciottoli, 2013). In addition, interpersonal aspects of corporate public discourse are still largely under‐researched. In this paper, I aim to show that AP‐ PRAISAL can be a very effective tool to deconstruct corporate messages and shed new light on inter‐ personal processes that occupy a central position in the CDA research agenda, namely legitimation and trust. The paper mainly draws on two case studies. The first is a comparative analysis of APPRAISAL in the corporate social responsibility reports published by two large multinational companies. The results highlight significant differences in the type of APPRAISAL resources and the legitimation strategies deployed by the two companies. The second case‐study focuses on BP’s discursive response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010, and analyzes the role of evaluative language in the company’s attempt to repair public trust after the accident. The analysis shows that AFFECT, self‐assessments and ENGAGEMENT markers are key interpersonal resources in the company’s trust‐repair discourse. References: Bednarek, M., & Caple, H. (2010). Playing with environmental stories in the news—good or bad practice?. Dis‐ course & Communication, 4(1), 5‐31. Camiciottoli, B. C. (2013). Rhetoric in financial discourse: A linguistic analysis of ICT‐mediated disclosure genres. Rodopi. Hart, C. (2014). Discourse, grammar and ideology: functional and cognitive perspectives. Bloomsbury Publishing. Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and Power. London: Longman. Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity. Fairclough, N. (2003). Analyzing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge. Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the News: Discourse and Ideology in the Press. London: Routledge. Fowler, R. (1996). On critical linguistics. In C. R. Caldas‐Coulthard and M. Coulthard (eds), Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge, pp. 3–14. Koller, V. (2010). The integration of other social domains into corporate discourse: The case of political meta‐ phors. In H. Kelly‐Holmes & G. Mautner (eds.), Language and the Market. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 238–50. Koller, V. (2011a). ‘Hard‐working, team‐oriented individuals’: Constructing professional identities in corporate mission statements. In J. Angouri & M. Marra (eds.), Constructing Identities at Work. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 103–26. ISFC 2015 59 July 27‐31, 2015 Koller, V. (2011b). Analysing lesbian identity in discourse. In C. Hart (ed.), Critical Discourse Studies in Discourse and Cognition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 97–141. Laine, M. (2005) ‘Meanings of the term ‘sustainable development’ in Finnish corporate disclosures’, Accounting Forum 29(4): 395‐413. Laine, M. (2010) ‘Towards sustaining the status quo: Business talk of sustainability in Finnish corporate disclo‐ sures 1987‐2005’, European Accounting Review 19(2): 247‐274. Li, J. (2010). Transitivity and lexical cohesion: Press representations of a political disaster and its actors. Journal of Pragmatics, 42(12), 3444‐3458. Lischinsky, A. (2011). In times of crisis: a corpus approach to the construction of the global financial crisis in an‐ nual reports. Critical Discourse Studies, 8(3), 153‐168. Livesey, S. (2002) ‘The Discourse of the Middle Ground: Citizen Shell Commits to Sustainable Development’ , Management Communication Quarterly 15(3): 313. Martin, J. and White, P. (2005) The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. London & New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Merkl‐Davies, D. and V. Koller (2012). ‘Metaphoring’ people out of this world: A critical discourse analysis of a chairman’s statement of a UK defence firm. Accounting Forum 36 (3): 178–93. Miller, D. R. (2004). The APPRAISAL SYSTEM of JUDGEMENT in the U.S. House debate on the impeachment of the President, 1998. In P. Bayley (ed.), Cross‐Cultural Perspectives on Parliamentary Discourse. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 271‐300. Miller, D. R., & Johnson, J. H. (2014). Evaluative phraseological choice and speaker party/gender. In G. Thompson & L. Alba‐Juez (eds.), Evaluation in Context. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, pp. 345‐366. Miller, Donna and Jane Johnson. 2009. Strict vs. nurturant parents? A corpus‐assisted study of congressional positioning on the war in Iraq. In J. Morley & P. Bayley (eds.), Corpus Assisted Discourse Studies on the Iraq Conflict: Wording the War, London: Routledge, pp. 34‐73. van Dijk, T. A. (1991). Racism and the Press. London: Routledge. van Dijk, T. A. (2011). Discourse, knowledge, power and politics: Towards critical epistemic discourse analysis. In C. Hart (ed.), Critical Discourse Studies in Context and Cognition. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 27–64. Van Leeuwen, T. (1996). The representation of social actors. In C. R. Caldas‐Coulthard and M. Coulthard (eds), Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge, pp. 32–70. Reyes, A. (2011). Strategies of legitimization in political discourse: From words to actions. Discourse & Society 22 (6): 781–807. White, P. (2006). Evaluative semantics and ideological positioning in journalistic discourse. In I. Lassen (ed.), Mediating ideology in text and image: ten critical studies. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 37–69. Tammy Gales Hofstra University
[email protected]Revictimizing the Victim in Non‐stranger Assault Crimes: An analysis of Power and Evaluative Language in Witness Cross‐examinations A substantial literature demonstrates how the legal system re‐victimizes women who have been as‐ saulted (e.g., Matoesian, 1993; Ehrlich, 2001; Conley and O'Barr, 2005), and in accounts of such vic‐ timization in the courtroom, usually, the alleged villains are the defense lawyers. However, no one has examined the extent to which the actual questioning by counsel in these cases differs from the ques‐ tioning of other prosecution witnesses in similar cases. This case study seeks to identify what is differ‐ ent about sexual assault cases, other than the fact that the crime is so personal that the situation itself re‐victimizes those who come forward. For this pilot study, I obtained the transcripts of two trials, one of which involved a non‐stranger sexu‐ al assault crime and the second of which involved a non‐stranger assault crime having nothing to do with sexual assault. I coded the questions and answers of the complaining witness in the sexual assault case and of the principal prosecution witness in the non‐sexual assault case using a variety of linguistic methods—specifically Conversation Analysis (e.g., Pomerantz and Fehr, 1997), Appraisal Analysis (e.g., Martin, 1997; Martin and Rose, 2003; Martin and White, 2005), and Critical Discourse Analysis (e.g., Van Dijk, 2001)—in order to determine the discourse structures, patterns of expressed stances, and ISFC 2015 60 July 27‐31, 2015 underlying demonstrations of power within attorney questioning. For example, I coded linguistic ele‐ ments such as the types of questions (e.g., tag, wh‐, yes/no), the number of questions, the felicitous‐ ness of question and answer sequences, the number of interruptions, the linguistically expressed feel‐ ings about and judgments against the witness from each attorney, the ways in which these attitudes were amplified or downgraded, and the underlying narrative that the questions were intended to im‐ ply (e.g., that the witness lied or was not credible). The results of this study revealed that while there were few differences in the numbers and kinds of question types or in the use of affect, graduation, or engagement between the two cross‐ examinations, there were notable differences in the use of interruptions and in the use of markers of judgement—specifically, in markers of social esteem (i.e., a moral judgement) vs. markers of social sanction (i.e., a legal judgement). These findings, which demonstrate the need for further close dis‐ course analysis of such socially‐traumatic cases, will be discussed in light of existing laws aimed at pro‐ tecting rape victims against such re‐victimization. Steps for further research will be provided. References: Conley, John M. and O'Barr, William (2005). The Revictimization of Rape Victims. In Just Words: Law, Language, and Power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 15‐38. Ehrlich, Susan (2001). Representing Rape: Language and Sexual Consent. New York: Routledge. Martin, J. R. (1997). Beyond Exchange: Appraisal Systems in English. In F. Christie and J. R. Martin (eds.), Genre and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School. London: Continuum, 142‐175. Martin, J.R. and Rose, D. (2003) Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause. New York: Continuum. Martin, J.R. and White, P.R.R. (2005) The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. New York: Pal‐ grave/Macmillan. Matoesian, Gregory M. (1993). Reproducing Rape: Domination through talk in the courtroom. Chicago: Universi‐ ty of Chicago Press. Pomerantz, Anita and Fehr, B. J. (1997). Conversation Analysis: An Approach to the Study of Social Action as Sense Making Practices. In Teun van Dijk (ed.) Discourse as Social Interaction. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 64‐ 91. Van Dijk, Teun (2001). Critical Discourse Analysis. In Deborah Schiffrin, Deborah Tannen, and Heidi E. Hamilton (eds.), The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 352‐371. Meg Gebhard1 and Holly Graham2 1,2 University of Massachusetts, Amherst 1
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[email protected]Functional Metalanguage, Academic Literacy Development, and Teachers’ Work Researchers in the U.S. have debated the usefulness of metalanguage, or talk about language, to sup‐ port the development of academic literacies (Kolln & Hancock, 2005). These debates, however, have not explored the use of functional metalanguage informed by Halliday’s SFL to support the work of teachers and the academic literacy development of English language learners (ELLs). The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to contribute to scholarship regarding the use of functional metalanguage in designing instruction to support teachers and students in negotiating the demands of school reforms in the U.S. that require ELLs to read and write complex disciplinary texts in English (e.g., Gebhard, Chen, & Britton, 2014; Macken‐Horarick & Morgan, 2011; Schleppegrell, 2013; New London Group, 1996; Williams, 2005). The research questions guiding this study are: how do teachers use functional metalanguage in designing instruction for ELLs, and how do ELLs take up functional metalanguage in their emerging textual practices? The conceptual framework informing this qualitative study is rooted in Hallidayan and Vygotskian per‐ spectives of language development as they relate to learning disciplinary knowledge (Martin & Rose, 2008; New London Group, 1996). Increasingly, educators realize that the learning of disciplinary knowledge is the learning of specialized patterns of language use. Describing and identifying these patterns necessitates teachers and students develop a metalanguage for noticing, naming, and criti‐ ISFC 2015 61 July 27‐31, 2015 cally manipulating the disciplinary linguistic patterns they encounter in school. Moreover, it is explicit knowledge about textual practices that can be brought to conscious awareness, articulated, and used reflexively as a cognitive tool to construct knowledge about language and the content simultaneously. SFL metalanguage provides these linguistic cognitive tools in ways that are functional rather than for‐ mal. Functional metalanguage supports an analysis of how language works to construct ideas, reflect and enact relationships, and manage the flow of information within texts. This type of metalanguage stands in contrast to formal grammar, which describes classes of words in the absence of how these words construct meaning in context (e.g., nouns, verbs, prepositions). The methods of this study combine qualitative inquiry with SFL text analytic tools to explore both pro‐ cess and product data related to how teachers and students participated in instructional activities, as well as how these activities shaped students’ text production and interpretation practices over time (Dyson, 1993; Dyson & Genishi, 2005; Kamberelis, 1999). The findings indicate that instruction in SFL metalanguage provided these teachers and students with cognitive tools for deconstructing and constructing disciplinary texts in ways that supported teachers’ professional development and students’ academic literacy development. These cognitive tools helped students recognize and name patterns within and across texts and expand their semiotic repertoires, especially semiotic resources needed to realize meaning in print. Interestingly, teachers and students also creatively generated their own metalanguage for deconstructing and constructing texts. The implications of these findings center on informing more robust forms of professional development for teachers in the context of current school reforms in the U.S. aimed at addressing the persistent achievement gap between dominant and non‐dominant students. References: Dyson, A. H. (1993). Social worlds of children learning to write in an urban primary school. New York: Teachers College Press. Dyson, A. H., & Genishi, C. (2005). On the case: Approaches to language and literacy research. New York: Teach‐ ers College Press. Gebhard, M., Chen, I., & Britton, B. (2014). “Miss, nominalization is a nominalization”: English language learners’ use of SFL metalanguage and their literacy practices. Linguistics and Education, 26, 106‐125. Kamberelis, G. (1999). Genre development and learning: Children writing stories, science reports, and poems. Research in the Teaching of English, 33(4), 403‐460. Kolln, M., & Hancock, C. (2005). The story of grammar in United States schools. English Teaching: Practice and Critique, 4(3), 11‐31. Macken‐Horarick, M. & Morgan, W. (2011). Towards a metalanguage adequate to linguistic achievement in post‐ structuralism and English: Reflections on voicing in the writing of secondary students. Linguistics and Educa‐ tion 22, 133‐149. Macken‐Horarik, M., Love, K., & Unsworth, L. (2011). A grammatics “good enough” for school English in the 21st century. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 34(1), 9‐23. Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2008). Genre relations: Mapping culture. London: Equinox. New London Group. (1996). A pedagogy of multiliteracies: Designing social futures. Harvard Educational Review, 66(1), 60‐92. Schleppegrell, M. (2013). The role of metalanguage in supporting academic language development. Language Learning, 63(S1), 153‐170. Williams, G. (2005). Grammatics in schools. In. R. Hasan, C. M. I. M. Matthiessen, & J. Webster (Eds.), Continuing discourse on language: A functional perspective (pp. 281‐310). ISFC 2015 62 July 27‐31, 2015 Lori Gilbert University of East Anglia
[email protected]Blurring the boundaries of consumer discourse: Responses to marketing in Facebook as non‐consumer, brand‐affiliated identity performances This paper explores how recent changes to the Facebook interface have given rise to an emerging form of networked identity performances. In this context, individuals respond to market‐ ing/advertising messages, or ‘brand posts’, which more closely resemble ‘friend posts’ than they do traditional advertisements. I argue that the most prominent form of ‘identity discourse’ in this re‐ search corpus is not consumer discourse, but rather, performance of social norms and values. Financial results from Facebook’s advertising revenue and brand profit reports indicate profound and potentially paradigm‐shifting success of the newsfeed advertising model. However, qualitative re‐ search, investigating the story behind the numbers, is yet to emerge. The present research is the first qualitative study to investigate how individuals respond to these brand posts, and to what ends. I use the Appraisal theory framework (Martin & White, 2005) to investigate the stances taken within responses to branded discourse, particularly focussing on the ATTITUDE categories of AFFECT (emo‐ tion), APPRECIATION (evaluation of ‘things’), and JUDGEMENT (evaluation of behaviours). By compar‐ ing product evaluations with evaluations of cultural norms and values, I explore the boundaries be‐ tween commodified identities, which relate to personal preferences for and experiences related to the product promoted, and brand‐affiliated identities, which relate to a wide variety of non‐consumer social and cultural issues which are typically introduced within the brand post. To theorise this, I draw on recent Appraisal research focussing on ‘ambient affiliation’ (Zappavigna, 2012: 1), where "virtual groupings afforded by features of electronic text, such as metadata, create alignments between people who have not necessarily directly interacted online". Where Zappavigna’s research focuses on affiliation through the use of hashtags in Twitter discourse, the present research explores a more implicit, multimodal process of affiliation within Facebook, where identity perfor‐ mances are contextualised not by hashtags but by branded content posted by a ‘non‐human’, corpo‐ rate entity. In relating these identity performances to the conceptualisation of ambient affiliation, I demonstrate that while responses to branded content do constitute brand‐affiliated identity performances, this is most often not the communicative purpose, and constitutes ambient, rather than direct affiliation. Thus, I argue that in responses to Facebook marketing, the boundaries of consumer discourse become blurred when non‐consumer identity performances are contextualised by brand affiliation. References: Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Zappavigna, M. (2012). Discourse of Twitter and Social Media. London: Bloomsbury. Jesse Gleason1 and Elena Schmitt2 1,2 Southern Connecticut State University 1
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[email protected]A modest proposal: Bringing together knowledge structures and genres through the analysis of class‐ room discourse This study examines the role of classroom discourse analysis for ESOL teacher preparation within the KF framework through the stages of individual textual deconstruction, pair deconstruction, and con‐ ferencing (Brisk, 2014). Pre‐service ESL teachers (N=20) in a TESOL graduate program at a small public university were asked to complete four ethnographic observations in K‐12 and adult education class‐ rooms over the course of one semester. After having been provided systematic training in using the ISFC 2015 63 July 27‐31, 2015 Knowledge Framework (KF) (Mohan 1986; Slater & Gleason, 2011), they were asked to transcribe and analyze classroom discourse through the lens of the KF. The KF, a linguistic‐based framework rooted in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), has mostly been used to help teachers create language‐learning tasks that integrate content and language (Early, 1990; Tang, 1992). Less research has examined how the KF can be used as a discourse analytic tool to help illustrate how expert teachers use language to promote critical thinking in their classrooms. This study aims to fill that gap as well as provide an ex‐ ample of how the KF can be used in conjunction with ethnographic classroom observation for ESOL teacher training. Using the ethnographic observation method, teachers recorded a total of 80 hours of classes, analyzed, and reflected on classroom discourse involving six knowledge structures (KSs): classi‐ fication, description, principles, sequence, evaluation, and choice. After completing three ethnograph‐ ic observations, the participants were asked to analyze classroom discourse to focus on how teachers and students used knowledge structures to build connections between language and content. The first analysis took place in the form of individual deconstruction of the recorded text within the KF. After receiving feedback, the participants analyzed another ethnographically collected sample using paired peer deconstruction of classroom discourse through the lens of the KF. Finally, the participants en‐ gaged in conferencing with the researchers, where they had to reflect on the role of classroom dis‐ course deconstruction and analysis through the KF in the development of their own understanding of optimal classroom discourse genres for various teaching and learning objectives. Results showed that participants became cognizant of how expert teachers use key knowledge structures in their class‐ rooms to develop students’ language‐and‐content literacy simultaneously. Specific findings of this study included: (a) the KSs of principles and evaluation tended to be more difficult for learners to un‐ derstand, (b) the KSs of principles and sequence were key to understanding how to build mathemati‐ cal knowledge, and (c) teacher question types (e.g., yes/no questions versus “why” questions) tended to elicit different KSs. Implications of these findings will include how the KF can be used as a tool for functional classroom discourse analysis to help teachers draw theoretically‐informed conclusions about how to best foster learners’ language‐and‐content knowledge. Specific suggestions will be pro‐ vided as to how ethnographic observation and discourse analysis using the KF can be used as tools for ESOL teacher training. References: Brisk, M. (2014). Engaging students in academic literacies. Genre‐based pedagogy for K‐5 classrooms. New York and London: Routlege. Early, M. (1990). Enabling first and second language learners in the classroom. Language Arts, 67, 567‐574. Mohan, B. (1986). Language and content. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley. Slater, T. & Gleason, J. (2011). Integrating language and content: The knowledge framework. Saint Louis, MO: University of Saint Louis. Tang, G. M. (1992). Teaching content knowledge and ESL in multicultural classrooms. In M. A. Snow & D. M. Brinton (Eds.) pp. 69‐77. The Content‐Based Classroom. White Plains, NY: Longman. José María González Lanza1 and Jesus Moya Guijarro2 1,2 Universidad de Castilla‐La Mancha 1
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[email protected]A diachronic study of the interactive metafunction in TV documents Television has undergone a great deal of technological changes throughout the last decades and, as a result, TV documents seem to be reflecting those changes in their metafunctional organisation. In order to analyse the evolution of these types of documents, we propose the study of the interactive metafunction of a British sitcom, Absolutely Fabulous, over the span of 20 years. Thus, our corpus will consist of two episodes from the first series (1992), two from the fourth series (2001) and two from the sixth and final series (2012). ISFC 2015 64 July 27‐31, 2015 The analysis is essentially based on Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (2004), Kress and van Leeuwen’s Visual Social Semiotics (1996, 2006) and Bateman and Schmidt’s Multimodal Film Analysis (2012). Within this theoretical framework, we will start by studying dynamicity as the main character‐ istic of the documents at hand. Despite being one of the defining features of TV documents, few stud‐ ies seem to have been devoted to the establishment of a system for the variable of movement. There‐ fore, we will propose a complete new system for this essential component of TV documents, taking into account not only all the possible camera moves (physical, optical and digital) and their combina‐ tions but also the movements within the frame (blocking and presentation speed). After this, we will proceed to the analysis of all the variables within the interactive metafunction: (i) dynamicity, (ii) point of view (filming perspective), (iii) contact, (iv) distance and (v) modality. The results of the analysis show that there is a tendency for shortening the duration of the shots over the decades. This technique gives a more dynamic feel to the document, as there is a higher frequency of alternation between shots and this, in turn, compensates for the abundance of static simple shots (86,5%). Also of notice is how complex shots have increased by over 4% from the beginning of the series until its last episode, in accordance with the new affordances of filming equipment due to new the latest technological advances. On the other hand, the perspective (point of view) variable proves to be difficult to analyse in its horizontal axis, since the movement within the frame makes it almost impossible to establish reliable conclusions regarding the involvement/detachment of the text and the viewers. As a result, we will question its validity in dynamic TV documents. Regarding contact, a stag‐ gering 98,68% of the shots are offers, as the audience is expected to be overhearers (Buble, 2008) and validate the information presented to them under the parametres of the sitcom genre. As far as dis‐ tance is concerned, it should be stated that, although medium range shots are by far the predominant option in sitcoms (85,53%), long shots have increased by more than 5% over time. This is mainly due to the fact that HD TV sets with larger screens are able to convey more visual information than in the past. Finally, we will study how the representation of reality has changed from the beginning of the series until the present day. References: Bateman, J.A. and K.H. Schmidt (2012). Multimodal Film Analysis. How Films Mean. New York and Oxon: Routledge. Block, B. (2008). The Visual Storytelling. Creating the Visual Structure of Film, TV and Digital Media. Burlington and Oxford: Focal Press (Elsevier). Bowen, C.J. and R. Thompson (2013). Grammar of the Shot (3rd Edition). Burlington: Focal Press Bubel, C.M. (2008). “Film audiences as overhearers.” Journal of Pragmatics, 40: 55‐71 Halliday, M.A.K. and M.I.M. Mathiessen (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 3rd Edition. London: Arnold Kress, G and T. Van Leeuwen (2006) Reading Images. The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge. Norris, S. (2004). Analyzing Multimodal Interaction. London and New York: Routledge Andrea Gorospe Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
[email protected]A Systemic Functional Linguistics grammar and Multimodality based analysis of the Catholic’s Church Discourse In the context of a country where an increasing number of women are being murdered every day ap‐ parently just because of their gender, strict laws on abortion are discussed and a lack of equity at job opportunities is still present, contrasting also with an increasing number of women and feminist groups who are looking to be listened and respected, it becomes relevant to understand the relation between social practices, particularly those that affect women’s rights, and the discursive practices that surround them. ISFC 2015 65 July 27‐31, 2015 This research therefore presupposes, first, that social inequity is perpetuated by the discourse of so‐ cial institutions, and second, that this situation has become complex and problematic because of the society’s request for a modernized Church. To address the semiosis manifested in Discourse around women’s role, this work is guided by Critical Discourse Analysis theory in words of Wodak (2009) as we know that discourse is composed by “rela‐ tively stable uses of language that organize and structure social life” and Fairclough (1995) since no discourse analysis can be complete “if it fails to understand the content of its textuality”. The study explores the possibility of transforming and/or maintaining social structure by focusing on the apparent transformations on the Catholic’s Church Discourse about women’s role inside this insti‐ tution. The applied methodology is based on Systemic Functional Linguistics grammar analysis (Butt et al, 2000) and Multimodal Discourse Analysis as proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen (2001) and Paint‐ er, Martin and Unsworth (2013). What is examined through these approaches is Pope Francis’ answer to the question: “What’s the women’s role within the Church?”, which is part of an interview published in several languages and that has been quoted continuously in the media to illustrate what some call a more open attitude of the Catholic Church. But discourse in not only instantiated on verbal texts, as an answer to this fact, a small selection of images portraying women is also examined, the first objective being to perceive how a newspaper produced by the Vatican represents women and positions it in a supplement dedicated to them. These examinations are compared to construe a model of analysis. The results of studying these samples of the Catholic Church Discourse are presented in this paper with the aim to unveil how the different discourse modalities work together to sustain social roles. Wafa Haider University of Sargodha, Pakistan
[email protected]Building Interpersonal Relations: A grammar for construing socio‐political persona This paper aims to explore how speakers negotiate interpersonal meanings and build relations with a focus on how political discourse is conducted in two different cultures, of the USA and Pakistan, as a way of reinforcing the SFL claim that language reflects and constructs context of culture. Therefore, based on the comparative analysis the study builds on how linguistic choices construe, reflect and empower the speakers. Since political speeches offer rewarding data on how the interactants choose to express their intended meanings to disseminate their socio‐cultural ideologies (Thompson 2013), it is of great interest to discourse analysts to identify linguistic patterns which construe socio‐political persona. The extracts have been drawn from speeches delivered by President Obama and Prime Min‐ ister Gilani‐ the two key politicians and the strategic partners in power at the time of Osama operation in Pakistan. The paper draws on the interpersonal framework of discourse analysis developed within systemic‐ functional linguistics (Halliday and Matthiessen 2013) mainly choice of pronouns, mood, modality and appraisal (Thompson 2013). A careful sample analysis has shown that the selected data is rich in terms of significant interpersonal choices, such as the way the speakers use language to establish an in‐ group and out‐group and also the extent to which, and the ways in which, the two speakers interact overtly with their audience in terms of evaluated choices and stance; for example President Obama predominantly uses the pronoun ‘I’ to show power while Premier Gilani prefers ‘we’ for solidarity. The detailed empirical account of the choices has been generated by using UAM Corpus tool. References: Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2013). Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar (4thed). London: Arnold. Thompson, G. (2004). Introducing Functional Grammar. (2nded). London: Arnold. ISFC 2015 66 July 27‐31, 2015 Thompson, G. (2013). Picking an Argument: Politicians’ choice of persuasive strategies. pp. 226‐246 in Fontaine, L., Bartlett, T. and O’Grady, G. (Eds.) Systemic Functional Linguistics: Exploring Choice. Cambridge: CUP. Anu Harju Aalto University
[email protected]#RIPRobinWilliams ‐ how digital memorials come to mean Combining systemic functional analysis (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004; Martin & Rose, 2003) with a social constructionist approach (Berger & Luckmann 1991/1966; Gergen 1997, 2009), this study exam‐ ines how a ‘lived life’ is constructed in acts of digital memorialisation, focusing on the meanings as‐ signed to the lives of deceased celebrities from the perspective of an outside experiencer, the con‐ sumer of the celebrity figure. Exploring social media as mediated public sphere, the study examines how death brings us together through affective alignment (Martin 2004) and mediated participation in online mourning rituals. The significance of mediated rituals arises from the evocation of a sense of communal belonging, largely based on affect (e.g. Pantti & Sumiala, 2009; Couldry, Livingstone & Markham, 2007). Actor Robin Williams died in August 2014, and Philip Seymour Hoffman in February the same year. Singer Whitney Houston passed away in February 2012. Celebrity deaths disrupt normality and rou‐ tine, and perhaps due to the untimeliness of most famous deaths, they often remind people of “what really matters”. These events also peak in social media. This study looks at what kinds of meanings are assigned to the lives lived and lost, how celebrities gain meaning in and by death as these meanings are discursively and collectively constructed in social media and anchored in digital memorial tributes. The present study aims to extend our understanding on, first, how digital memorials come to mean, and second, the role of the digital media in memorising and sense of belonging. Of the three metafunctions in the SFL framework (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004), the focus is on inter‐ personal and ideational levels of meaning. Martin (2004) discusses evaluation as a source of commu‐ nality, showing how techniques of alignment are used to position readers. The coupling of evaluation and ideation posits attitude as being an interpersonal stance toward ideation: the analysis is thus in‐ formed by the Appraisal framework (Martin & White, 2005) to better account for the ways in which appraisal resources are employed in connecting with distant others. Using appraisal, Zappavigna (2011, 2013, 2014) has explored ‘ambient affiliation’ in the context of social media. The social and discursive construction of memory in online memorial sites has also been explored (e.g. Jarvis, 2011), but this study brings these two frameworks together. The empirical material consist of YouTube memorial videos and user comments of the aforemen‐ tioned celebrities as well as tweets with #RIPRobinWiliams, #RIPPhilipSeymourHoffman and #RIPWhit‐ neyHouston. The results suggest meanings originate from the lives and needs of spectators more than the actual lives of the celebrities. Increasing digitalisation is but one reason for lives becoming digitally extended beyond the physical: we live in times of affect economy facilitated by social media and through emotional identification with distant others, we process a range of emotions. Online memori‐ als are remarkably similar; yet more noteworthy is the similarity of responses. However, the emotional landscape at sites of digital memorising is a tumultuous one. Combining the constructionist framework with systemic functional analysis provides a more comprehensive understanding of the social phe‐ nomena of mediated belonging and online public mourning. References: Berger, P. L. and T. Luckman (1991/1966) The social construction of reality. London: Penguin. Couldry, N., S. Livingstone, & T. Markham (2007) Connection or disconnection? Tracking the mediated public sphere in everyday life. In: Butsch, R. (ed.) Media and Public Spheres. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 28‐42.ISBN 9780230007215. Downloaded from: http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/4815/ Gergen, K. J. (1997) Realities and relationships: soundings in social construction. Harvard University Press. ISFC 2015 67 July 27‐31, 2015 Gergen, K. J. (2009) An invitation to social construction. 2nd ed. London: Sage. Halliday, M.A.K. and C. Matthiessen. (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 3rd ed. London: Arnold. Jarvis, L. (2011) 9/11 Digitally Remastered? Internet Archives, Vernacular Memories and WhereWereYou.org. Journal of American Studies, 45 (2011) 4: 793‐814. Martin, J. R. and D. Rose. (2003) Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause. London and New York: Continuum. Martin, J.R. (2004) Mourning: how we get aligned. Discourse & Society, Vol 15 (2‐3): 321‐344. Martin, J. R. and P. R. R. White. (2005) The language of evaluation: appraisal in English. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Page, R. (2012) The linguistics of self‐branding and micro‐celebrity in Twitter: The role of hashtags. Discourse & Communication 6: 181. DOI: 10.1177/1750481312437441 Pantti, M. and J. Sumiala (2009) Till death do us join: media, mourning rituals and the sacred centre of the socie‐ ty. Media, Culture & Society 31: 119. DOI: 10.1177/0163443708098251 Zappavigna, M. (2011) Ambient affiliation: a linguistic perspective on Twitter. New Media & Society 13: 788 orig‐ inally published online 31 May 2011 . DOI: 10.1177/1461444810385097 Zappavigna, M. (2013) Discourse of Twitter and social media: how we use language to create affiliation on the web. London: Continuum. Zappavigna , M. (2014) Enacting identity in microblogging through ambient affiliation. Discourse & Communica‐ tion 8: 209 originally published online 19 December 2013. DOI: 10.1177/1750481313510816 Ruth Harman1 and Nihal Khote2 1,2 University of Georgia 1
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[email protected]Critical SFL Praxis: Supporting Middle and High School Bilingual Learners in Linguistically Sustaining Ways To address the needs of multilingual learners, an increasing number of educators see Halliday’s sys‐ temic functional linguistics (SFL) as an effective instructional way of providing students with “path‐ ways” to complex academic and cultural literacies and also with the resources to challenge underlying ideologies of language majority discourses (e.g., Christie, 2005; Author & Colleague, 2014; Schleppegrell, 2003). The functional oriented theory of SFL supports educators and students in seeing text as a recurrent grouping and systematic staging of discourse semantic processes enacted by mem‐ bers of specific cultural discourse communities to achieve social and academic goals. Students, for example, can be encouraged to develop an SFL meta language to explore how patterns of appraisal (e.g., attitude, graduation) help in construing particular types of characters and ideological world views in literary texts (see Author & Colleague, 2012). Informed by qualitative and systemic functional linguistics (SFL) methods of inquiry (e.g. patterns of transitivity and appraisal), the authors illustrate how SFL‐informed curricula in a high school and a middle school classroom supported bilingual learn‐ ers in playing with and reflecting on the context of culture and discursive patterns of academic and social discourse (Martin & Rose, 2003). Similar to Coffin (1997) who discussed how linguistic resources in historical documents are mobilized to position and persuade readers in ideologically coherent ways, the high school students and teacher deconstructed and co constructed disciplinary texts to explore how authoritative language functions as a normative position in history and science texts; and to see how this authoritative voice functions to normalize ideologies and world views through the guise of objectivity. The authors also discuss data from a middle school classroom (student written and verbal texts) that illustrates how newcomer students in a collaborative arts‐based research project devel‐ oped an expanded range of ideational and appraisal resources in their texts when they performed and wrote for national conference and community contexts. Based on their findings from the two qualita‐ tive case studies, the authors suggest that graduate and teacher education programs support teachers and researchers in developing an understanding of critical SFL praxis that involves analyzing the lan‐ guage and content demands of academic disciplines and how to incorporate the needs and interests of students in critically meaningful ways (Author & Colleagues, 2007; Simmons, 2012; Unsworth, 2000). ISFC 2015 68 July 27‐31, 2015 Qiuping He The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
[email protected]Towards multisemiotic literacy: Constructing explanations in secondary science classrooms Science concepts have been represented, explained and illustrated through a constellation of multiple semiotic resources (Kress et al., 2001). How science concepts are taught and learned in the classroom through an assemblage of different semiotic resources remains an important domain to investigate. With a growing recognition that “the most effective scientific communications are multimodal” (Yore & Hand, 2010, p. 93), the notion of scientific literacy calls for a multimodal perspective. The present study is motivated by the need to obtain a systematic understanding of the multimodal resources in pedagogic discourses as well as the need to develop multi‐semiotic literacy for Hong Kong science teachers and students. Based on a social semiotic perspective (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006; Lemke, 1998), this paper propos‐ es a three‐stratum model to account for the meaning making in science classroom interactions. At macro‐level, I draw on the generic structure identified within the genre of causal explanation (Veel, 1997) and semantic webs of concepts (Lemke, 1990) to examine the sequence of teacher’s use of language and other semiotic resources. At meso‐level, I draw on the register variables of field (social activities), tenor (social relationships) and mode (distance of communication in terms of time and space) to examine the register shifts between everyday knowledge and technical knowledge through the use of language and other semiotic resources. At micro‐level, I examine the linguistic features of teacher’s language and the semiotic affordances of different representations. The framework is illus‐ trated through the case study of two science classrooms in Hong Kong. Two physics lessons on appli‐ cations of air pressure were video recorded, transcribed and analyzed to illustrate the theoretical framework. Specifically, the present study focuses on the co‐deployment of teachers’ verbal, visual and gestural resources used to scaffold science learning in two secondary science classrooms. The social semiotic multimodal framework attempts to extend genre analysis (Christie &Martin, 1997), scaffolding (Gibbson, 2002; 2006) and Bernstein’s (1990, 1999, 2000, 2001) knowledge structure and knowledge transmission to include multimodal pedagogic discourses, which provides a multi‐layered perspective to investigate classroom teaching and learning. The present paper focuses on preliminary analysis conducted at macro‐level of the proposed frame‐ work suggests that the explicit expression of the schematic structure of causal explanations (Veel, 1997) through multiple semiotic resources, such as written texts, speech, gestures and stat‐ ic/animated force diagrams has highlighted the causal mechanism in sequences of causal explana‐ tions. The initial analysis of the semantic webs of concepts focuses on the concepts related to the causal mechanism as well as the sequential relations. The analysis at macro‐level has highlighted the complex web of semantic relationships that concepts in physics form with one another and how this “thematic pattern” (Lemke, 1990) is realized in different semiotic resources. The next stage of analysis include analysis 1) at meso‐level to address the dynamic interaction between register variables and semiotic resources used in the classroom as well as 2) at micro‐level to explore the affordances of these semiotic resources. Viviane Heberle Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
[email protected]Analyzing multimodal meanings in children´s literary picture books in Brazil Recent studies on multimodal literacy pedagogy –derived mostly from systemic functional linguistics (SFL) and multimodality (Christie, 2005; Unsworth, 2001; 2013; Painter, Martin and Unsworth, 2013;)– have shown the relevance of promoting students´ awareness regarding visual‐verbal synergy and in‐ ISFC 2015 69 July 27‐31, 2015 terpretive possibilities. Likewise, also based on SFL and the grammar of visual design, Sunderland (2011) and Sunderland and McGlashan (2013) have looked at gender relations in children´s picture books. Drawn on the results of these previous studies, as a possible contribution to language teacher education, the present paper aims at analysing five children´s literary picture books in Brazil, regarding visual and verbal meanings. The books were selected from the 2014 finalists in one of the most pres‐ tigious book prize selection in Brazil, the JABUTI prize. Each book is analysed following SFL and the metalanguage proposed by Kress and van Leeuwen´s grammar of visual design. Regarding verbal lan‐ guage, the study analyses transitivity, mood and modality, which allows us to see who is being repre‐ sented in the literary text, the kind of actions the participants are engaged in, the circumstances as well as the relations established between the participants and the readers. Regarding visual meanings, I investigate the representational, interactive and compositional meanings, which refer to who or what is being represented , the relations established between the represented participants and the viewer, and the distribution of information, among other aspects. Partial results show that the selected books present mostly children as main participants who engage in different adventures in books and interact with animals and objects. The analysis of these two different but integrated kinds of meanings (the verbal and visual resources) enables us to see how these resources are integrated to produce multi‐ modal communication as well as what social activities are activated, which include the observation of the actions of the participants, their feelings and interactions with the viewers, the circumstances, and what visual information is foregrounded. It seems that if language teachers are concerned with the use of other semiotic resources besides verbal language, and if they allow their students to analyze these resources, they may contribute to foster their students´ critical multiliteracies practices and consequently their critical engagement with any text they may encounter in their school life. References: Christie, F. (2005). Language education in the primary years. Sydney: UNSW Press. Painter, C., Martin, J. r., & Unsworth, l. (2013). Reading visual narratives: inter‐image analysis of children’s pic‐ ture books. London: Equinox. Sunderland, J. & McGlashan, M. (2013) 'Looking at picturebook covers multimodally: the case of two‐Mum and two‐ Dad picturebooks'. Visual Communication 12/4. Sunderland, J. (2011). Language, Gender and Children's Fiction. Bloomsbury/Continuum. Unsworth, L. (2001). Teaching multiliteracies across the curriculum: Changing contexts of text and image in class‐ room practice. Buckingham, UK: Open University. Unsworth, L. (2013). Re‐configuring image‐language relations and interpretive possibilities in picture books as animated movies: a site for developing multi‐ modal literacy pedagogy. Ilha do Desterro, vol 64, pp 15‐48, Jan‐July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175‐8026.2013n64p15 Luz Elena Herrero Rivas National Autonomous University of Mexico
[email protected]Transitivity analysis in student and expert history texts in Spanish The aim of this paper is to present the results of a transitivity analysis (Halliday, 2004; Matthiessen, 2014) in student and expert history texts in Spanish. This study is part of a major project which will include also an interpersonal analysis of our corpus. Transitivity analysis has been used in SFL to explore different discourses including academic discourse. However most studies that have used transitivity as the analytical tool have focused on English as L1 os L2 (e.g., Chan & Shum, 2011; Moore, 2007). As antecedents of our research on Spanish, we can mention Ignatieva (2011), Herrero Rivas (2013) and Zamudio Jasso (2013), who studied the academic discourse of literature, applied linguistics and history, respectively, with a focus on verbal processes. In accordance with this research line, we intend now to describe all types of processes and their func‐ tioning in academic writing in Spanish. ISFC 2015 70 July 27‐31, 2015 To carry out this study we collected and analyzed a corpus of thirty texts on history written by Mexi‐ can authors (13,855 clauses in total). Twenty essays were written by history students of the National Autonomous University of Mexico: ten texts written by beginners (the first term) and ten texts, by advanced students (the eighth term). All the texts were written as part of a term assignment. We also collected ten scientific articles written by experts, published in refereed and indexed journals on the history of Mexico and Latin America (Studies in Modern and Contemporary History of Mexico). We classified all the verbs in our corpus in types of processes according to Halliday (2004), i. e., mate‐ rial, mental, relational, behavioural, verbal and existencial processes. We used UAM CorpusTool to explore the corpus and to obtain frequency of each type of process. Afterwards, we made a compari‐ son between the three parts of our corpus (beginner, advanced and expert texts) in relation to their transitivity patterns. Our preliminary results show that 1) the most frequent types of processes in the total corpus were material and relational processes, 2) the less frequent types of processes in the corpus were existen‐ tial and behavioural, 3) the distribution of verbal and mental processes presented differences in the corpus: e.g. beginner texts presented major frequency of mental processes, while expert texts pre‐ sented major frequency of verbal processes. We shall try to interpret these results in our talk. Such findings in relation to similarities and differences in the types of processes used by students of different terms as compared to experts can provide more information about academic writing and may have didactic implications for education at the university level in Spanish. References: Chan, L. K., Shum, M. S. K. (2011). Analysis of students' reflective essays on their first human dissection experi‐ ence. Korean Journal of Medical Education, 23(3), 209‐219. Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar (3rd ed.). London: Arnold. Herrero Rivas, L. E. (2013). Transitividad y procesos verbales en el lenguaje académico en español: Una perspec‐ tiva sistémico funcional. Lenguas en Contexto, 10(10), 36‐44. Ignatieva, N. (2011). Verbal processes in student academic writing in Spanish from a systemic functional perspec‐ tive. Lenguaje, 39(2), 447‐467. Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). Extending the description of process type within the system of transitivity in delicacy based on Levinian verb classes. Functions of Language, 21(2), 139‐175. Moore, T. (2007). The 'processes' of learning: On the use of Halliday's transitivity in academic skills advising. Arts & Humanities in Higher Education, 6(1), 50‐73. Zamudio Jasso, V. (2013). Procesos verbales y sus participantes en textos de estudiantes de historia: análisis comparativo entre géneros. Lenguas en Contexto, 10(10), 25‐35. Ck Hiew1 and Sk Shum2 1,2 The University of Hong Kong 1
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[email protected]Reading‐to‐learn Pedagogy and SFL in Reading and Writing of Chinese Practical Texts: A Case Study on Non‐Chinese Speaking Students in Hong Kong Reading and writing are both related to text as reading is the process of deconstructing text and writ‐ ing is the process of constructing text, therefore genre pedagogy can work as a bridge to connect the teaching of reading and writing. Considerable works have been done to study genre theory and prove its effects especially in the field of teaching in English (Christie et al. 1990a;Christie et al. 1990b; Christie et al. 1992; Christie and Martin 1997; Feez and Joyce 1998; Martin and Rothery 1981; Martin and Rothery 1982). Some researchers (Hyland 2007: 153, Hyon 1996, Johns 2002) pointed out that Reading to Learn methodology has been recognized as one of the most effective and well‐designed genre study from theoretical and pedagogical aspects. It’s developed based on the theories of SFL (Halliday 1994), pedagogical discourse (Bernstein 1996, 2000), and scaffolding (Vygotsky 1962). The Reading to Learn methodology has been proved that it can improve English learners’ reading and writ‐ ISFC 2015 71 July 27‐31, 2015 ing competency at an average double to four times standard growth rates (Culican 2006, McCrae et al 2000, Rose, Farrington & Page 2008), and also to reduce the learning gap between high achievers and low achievers (Rose, D. & Martin, Jim R. 2012). But relevant research in teaching of Chinese was less common until Shum (2010) applied the concept of genre pedagogy in Chinese language education. For further development of SFL‐based genre pedagogy in different language, there’s a strong need to in‐ vestigate the effect and feasibility of applying Reading to Learn in teaching languages other than Eng‐ lish. Other than that, past research about Reading to Learn mainly focused on students’ writing out‐ come. As reading not only works as the model text of writing, but also serves the purpose to create meaning and deliver different information, the reading comprehension performance of students should also be concerned. Therefore this paper aims to study the effect of Reading to Learn method‐ ology in CSL (Chinese as second language) education, while reading and writing assessment will both be conducted in pre‐test and post‐test to observe whether Reading of Learn can improve CSL learners’ reading and writing performance of Chinese practical essay. The research methodology of case study will be applied on a group of non‐Chinese speaking students (immigrants from foreign countries and studying in Hong Kong currently) attending Chinese class in Hong Kong, to answer the research question of this study: What are the effects of Reading to Learn pedagogy towards non‐Chinese speaking students’ reading and writing performance of Chinese prac‐ tical texts? 20 non‐Chinese speaking students in secondary school grade 1 will be observed within the duration of 3 months. The triangulation of data will combine quantitative data (results of pre‐test and post‐test) and qualitative data (interview, text analysis of students’ reading and writing output) to prove the validity and reliability of data collected. The potential outcome is Reading to Learn pedagogy will be effective in improving CSL learners’ literacy performance, similar to previous studies in English language education. But it requires further research to examine its potential development and modi‐ fied needed to be adopted in Chinese language education. The research outcome will be discussed in‐ depth after completion of data collection and analysis in May 2015. Jingzi Huang1 and Margaret Berg2 1,2 University of Northern Colorado 1
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[email protected]Language Objectives beyond Vocabulary: Working with content area classroom teachers for linguistically responsive instruction The development of academic literacy takes place in specific academic content areas (Gee, 2007; Schleppegrell & Colombi, 2002; Gibbons, 2009). Thus, it is logical for content area teachers to take the responsibility of integrating students’ academic language development and their subject area content learning. Instructional planning that focuses on the integration of language and content includes iden‐ tifying language objectives aligned with the content to be taught and learned. From a functional lin‐ guistic perspective (Halliday, 1984; Mohan 1986), teachers need to be sensitive to vocabulary, sen‐ tence, and discourse features of academic language so as to frame specific content related language objectives to guide instruction (Gibbons 2009; Schleppegrell, 2004). Nevertheless, integration of lan‐ guage and content is a new concept to a majority of content area teachers in the United States. Teachers are usually struggling when facing the new demand that requires them to address the specif‐ ic linguistic needs of the students in their content classrooms. Those content area teachers who have received some ESL education training typically understand academic language development as vocab‐ ulary development. While existing studies show how effective programs integrate language and con‐ tent (Snow & Brinton, 1997), research attention is limited on how K‐12 teachers across the content areas are prepared/developed with the needed knowledge and skills to create language objectives beyond the vocabulary level and to use the language objectives to design content based language activities. There is a research gap demonstrating effective strategies for non‐ESL teachers to under‐ stand and teach the linguistic features of academic language crucial to content learning. ISFC 2015 72 July 27‐31, 2015 The proposed paper reports on a study of an in‐service teacher development program to investigate how a SFL approach to teacher development helps content teachers design and implement content based instruction with a focus on academic language development beyond vocabulary. The guiding questions include: 1) How does a functional linguistic approach direct the design and implementation of activities to help teachers frame language objectives to include sentence and discourse level fea‐ tures? 2) How would the framing of such language objectives help teachers provide content‐specific language focus in instruction? The study was conducted with a group of in‐service teachers enrolled in teacher development program through a State grant at a university in a western state of the U.S. Data, in the form of course assignments, classroom discussion, interviews, and on‐site classroom observa‐ tions at different stages of the teacher development program were collected throughout 2012 to 2013 and examined through a constant comparative analysis. Case studies of individual teachers provide in‐ depth examination of the development process. Findings reveal that teachers need instruction on analyzing content specific linguistic features at the levels of vocabulary, sentence, and discourse. The SFL approach to content area teacher development contributes to 1) a more explicit articulation of content specific language objectives; 2) closer connection between content objectives and language objectives; and 3) better alignment between instructional activities and articulated lesson objectives. Highlighting both teachers’ gains and remaining challenges, the study adds to our knowledge of and provides implications for teacher development of linguistically responsive education. References: Gee, J. P. (2007). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses. New York: Taylor & Francis. Gibbons, P. (2009). English Learners Academic Literacy and Thinking. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Halliday, M.A.K (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold. Mohan, B. (1986). Language and Content. Reading, MA: Addison‐Wesley. Schleppegrell, M. J. (2004). The Language of Schooling: A functional linguistics perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Law‐ rence Erlbaum. Schleppegrell, M. J., Colombi, M. C. (eds.). (2002). Developing advanced literacy in first and second languages: Meaning with power. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. Snow, M.A. and D. Brinton (eds.) (1997). Content‐based Instruction in Foreign Language Education: models and methods. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. Rosemary Huisman University of Sydney
[email protected]Using SFL to theorise the interpretation of statute law The modelling of language and context in SFL theory provides a powerful method for studying an un‐ dertheorised aspect of language in the law. American, British and Australian judges have commented on the growth of statute law in common law jurisdictions. In the words of one Australian judge, "the law of statutory interpretation has become the most important single aspect of legal practice". In general, there are standard textbooks of practical guidance on "statutory interpretation" (and its complementary linguistic practice, "statutory produc‐ tion," or drafting), but no comparable studies of theory. Rather, the history of statutory interpretation describes the various positions taken up on intermediate points in a continuum between the two the‐ oretically extreme nodes of absolute formalism and absolute reliance on extrinsic materials. Of the five dimensions of language described in SFL, two are particularly relevant here: that of abstrac‐ tion termed stratification, and that of generalization termed instantiation. Stratification refers to the modelling of levels of language: in terms of this dimension, interpretation of a legal text means moving from the graphic marks on the page to construing sentence grammar and vocabulary, to construing meanings in a text and ultimately to construing an extra‐linguistic context of situation. All this "move‐ ment" is going on in the brain of one individual; to explain the choices made in this complex of con‐ strual we need the second SFL dimension of instantiation. The latter refers to a cline from maximum ISFC 2015 73 July 27‐31, 2015 potential to specific instance, with intermediate positions. It operates at all levels of stratification. Using the intersection of stratification and instantiation, different approaches to statutory interpreta‐ tion can be plotted on the grid of the two SFL dimensions. For more formalist approaches, the upper level of stratification is that of semantics, construed from the wording of the text. To a greater and lesser degree, such approaches may permit movement on the cline of instantiation in their interpreta‐ tion of a legal text, that is, may allow the inclusion of a more general potential of legal meanings at the semantic level. However, they do not include movement into the level of context. For those ap‐ proaches that do allow the upper SFL level of context, the meaning of the text can only be construed in an understanding of its context of situation. Legal interpretation is often referred to as "construc‐ tion". The more the potential legal and wider social context is admitted to the construction, the wider the range of extrinsic material which may be included in interpretation. Although the problems of legislation and its interpretation are common to all modern legal systems (including the civil law jurisdictions of continental Europe), this paper focuses on the specific contro‐ versies that have arisen within common law systems. It will be illustrated with examples of judicial construction in Britain, the United States and Australia. Sally Humphrey Australian Catholic University
[email protected]Expanding a 4x4 metalinguistic toolkit to support students writing in the transition from the middle to senior years of English This paper reports on extensions to an SFL informed metalinguistic framework, which was initially designed to support literacy teachers in tertiary contexts (Humphrey, Martin, Mahboob and Dreyfus, 2010). The adapted framework is glossed for discipline teachers in school contexts as ‘a 4x4 literacy toolkit’ (Humphrey & Robinson, 2012). Underpinning the framework are understandings that language systems are organised according to meaning (metafunction), and that relationships across language levels can be interpreted according to various hierarchies: metaredundant strata (realization); rank (constituency) and in terms of the meaning potential deployed in more or less generalized uses of language (instantiation) (Martin, 2010). Numerous professional learning programs in Australia have been informed by 4x4 toolkits, including two embedded literacy projects conducted with all teachers in two secondary schools. Pedagogical interventions within junior secondary English classes in both schools have been found to have a signif‐ icant impact on students’ discipline writing and on writing growth in high stakes assessments of per‐ suasive writing. Extensions to 4x4 frameworks have been designed in response to teachers’ concerns to develop deeper understandings of the more specialized literacies of senior years subjects and to support their students in the transition to these literacies. This paper reports on the design of one 4x4 toolkit for senior English response writing and relates this toolkit to those developed for response writing in middle years contexts. I pay particular attention to theoretical decisions related to its design and issues which have emerged from the contextualisation of SFL theory to educational practice. References: Humphrey, S., Martin, J.R., Dreyfus, S., & Mahboob, A. (2010). The 3x3: Setting up a linguistic toolbox for teach‐ ing academic writing. In A. Mahboob & N. Knight (Eds.), Directions in Appliable Linguistics. London, UK: Con‐ tinuum. Humphrey, S., & Robinson, S. (2012). Using a 4x4 framework for whole school literacy development. In J. Knox (Ed.), Papers from the 39th International Systemic Functional Congress. (pp. 81‐86). Retrieved from http://www.isfla.org/Systemics/Conferences/ISFC39_2012_proceedings.pdf ISFC 2015 74 July 27‐31, 2015 Martin, J.R. (2010). Semantic variation: modelling realisation, instantiation and individuation in social semiosis. In M. Bednarek & J.R. Martin (Eds). New Discourse on Language: Functional Perspectives on Multimodality, Identity, and Affiliation. London/New York: Continuum. 103‐142. Nicole Hützen RWTH Aachen University
[email protected]‐aachen.de Shell nouns in academic research articles: differences across various disciplines The register of academic writing reveals a general preference for conveying information by nominal structures (cf. Halliday & Martin 1993). This intense use of noun phrases (involving to a large extent abstract nouns) is one factor contributing to the impression that academic texts are formal, imperson‐ al and complex, and highly informational (lexical density). Still, there is general agreement on the ex‐ istence of variation and differences in linguistic choices among academic disciplines (Becher, 1989; Hyland 2004, cf. also Biber, 2006). In this context it has been recognized that a particular class of nouns – shell nouns (Hunston & Francis 1999; Schmid, 2000, cf. Flowerdew, 2003 ‘signaling nouns’) – fulfil a variety of functions in discourse and are thus versatile linguistic and also conceptual means of communication. In Schmid’s framework these both abstract and semantically unspecific nouns convey three main functions simultaneously, i.e. the semantic function of characterizing the shell content, the textual function of linking and creat‐ ing cohesion, and the cognitive function of temporary‐concept formation. It is this potential to struc‐ ture and organize information within the scientific community with regard to specific conventions that makes shell nouns highly useful. While their versatility make shell nouns convenient tools across a wide range of registers or disci‐ plines, particular shell nouns are expected to be used more frequently in expository and formal texts depending on the degree of abstractness (Schmid 2000: 379 f.). Thus the choice of nouns used in shell noun function, their frequency and their particular patterns may provide evidence about characteris‐ tics within a discipline. It can be assumed that academic writing does not only vary in subject matter, but also in the domain‐specific conventions. Typical patterns and their corresponding functions have been examined in detail for general language and various individual academic disciplines (Flowerdew 2003, Cortes & Actas 2008, Gray & Cortes 2011). The study uses the perspective of shell nouns in the investigation of fine‐grained differences in the academic prose of disciplines offered by the COCA (Da‐ vies, M. (2008‐)) with particular focus on research articles. For the present study, a list of potential shell nouns has been extracted from a frequency list of nouns in several academic disciplines, such as Education, Humanities, History and SciTech. Actual shell noun uses are identified manually on the basis of random samples. In a next step, shell noun patterns are categorized according to their predominant function, which reveal disciplinary variation on various functional levels. The findings show discipline‐specific differences in both the varying frequency of shell noun types and the varying frequencies of shell noun uses in general. For example, the highest overall frequency of shell noun types has been found in the discipline Education, the lowest frequency in the discipline Humanities. Such differences are conveyed via pre‐ and postmodification including different degrees of evaluation, signposting strategies, textual and cognitive subfunctions. The analysis of these discipline‐specific results contributes to our understanding of the nature of aca‐ demic community identities. References: Becher, T. (1989). Academic tribes and territories. Intellectual enquiry and the culture of disciplines. The Society for Research into Higher Education, OUP. Biber, D. (2006). University language: A corpus‐based study of spoken and written registers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISFC 2015 75 July 27‐31, 2015 Cortes, V. and Rahime Nur Actas (2008). Shell Nouns as Cohesive Devices in Published and ESL Student Writing. In: Journal of English for Academic Purposes 7, 3‐14. Davies, M. (2008‐). The Corpus of Contemporary American English: 450 million words, 1990‐present. Available online at http://corpus.byu.edu/coca/. Flowerdew, J. (2003). Signalling Nouns in Discourse. English for Special Purposes, Vol. 22 (4), 329‐336. Gray, B. and Viviana Cortes (2011). Perception vs. Evidence: An analysis of this and these in academic prose. In: English for Specific Purposes 30, 31‐43. Halliday, M. A. K. and J. Martin (1993). Writing Science: Literacy and Discursive Power. London, Washington D.C.: The Falmer Press. Hunston, S. and Gill Francis (1999). Pattern Grammar. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Hyland, K. (2004). Disciplinary Discourses. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Schmid, H.‐J. (2000). English Abstract Nouns as Conceptual Shells. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. Joshua Iddings Virginia Military Institute
[email protected]Re‐Reading Appalachian Literacy: A Place‐based, Genre Pedagogy In the past two decades, scholars have successfully integrated a language‐based genre model for writ‐ ing pedagogy to improve the development of school children from diverse backgrounds (Gebhard, Harman, & Seger, 2007; Macken‐Horarik, 2004). This genre model has been practiced with students such as Aboriginal populations in Australia and with Black Africans in South Africa (Rose, 1999, 2004) and from kindergarten through twelfth grades. Although language‐based writing pedagogies have proven successful throughout the world, such approaches have not seen widespread acceptance by theorists or practitioners in the United States. Some scholars have begun to articulate the power of this model with English Language Learners (de Oliveira, 2010; de Oliveira & Dodds, 2010; Gebhard, Harman, & Seger, 2007; Schleppegrell, 2009), but few have explored its potential with students speak‐ ing English as a primary language. A language‐based pedagogy allows students to explicitly explore the language of both hope and oppression and to read and write critically about the world in which they live. In this paper, we show the usefulness of a language‐based writing pedagogy for secondary stu‐ dents in the Appalachian region of the United States. We accomplish this by focusing on examinations of authentic Appalachian texts, such as the poetry of well‐known regional authors, all the while aiming to raise up a more critical generation of Appalachian children able to better articulate their often less‐ privileged stance with a new understanding of language and its uses in a democratic world. For, by rooting students’ literacy practices and stories in their home region, students can more easily imagine the possibilities of expressing their own powerful voices both within and outside of the region. A lan‐ guage‐based approach to writing pedagogy allows these students to more concretely understand the language choices they and other authors make in their writing, debunking a deficit model of language and encouraging a new level of possibilities and choices in students’ language use. References: de Oliveira, L. C. (2010). Enhancing content instruction for ELLs: Learning about language in science. In D. Sunal, C. Sunal, M. Mantero, & E. Wright (Eds), Teaching Science with Hispanic ELLs in K‐16 Classrooms (pp. 135‐ 150). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing. de Oliveira, L. C., & Dodds, K. N. (2010a). Beyond general strategies for English Language Learners: Language dissection in science. The Electronic Journal of Literacy Through Science, 9(1), 1‐14. Gebhard, M., Harman, R., & Seger, W. (2007). Reclaiming recess in urban schools: The potential of systemic func‐ tional linguistics for ELLs and their teachers. Language Arts, 84(5), 419–430. Gibbons, P. (2006). Bridging discourses in the ESL classroom: students, teachers and researchers. New York, NY: Continuum. Macken‐Horarik, M. (2002). “Something to shoot for”: a systemic functional approach to teaching genre in sec‐ ondary school science. In Johns, A. M. (ed.). Genre in the Classroom: Multiple Perspectives (pp. 17‐42). Mah‐ wah, NJ: Erlbaum. ISFC 2015 76 July 27‐31, 2015 Rose, D. (1999). Culture, competence and schooling: Approaches to literacy teaching in Indigenous school edu‐ cation. In F. Christie (ed.) Pedagogy and the Shaping of Consciousness: linguistic and social processes. Lon‐ don: Cassell (Open Linguistics Series), 217‐ 245. Rose, D. (2004).Sequencing and pacing of the hidden curriculum: how Indigenous children are left out of the chain. In J. Muller, A. Morais & B. Davies (eds.) 2004. Reading Bernstein, Researching Bernstein. London: RoutledgeFalmer, 91‐107. Schleppegrell, M. J. (2009). Grammar for generation 1.5: A focus on meaning. In M. Roberge, M. Siegal & L. Harklau (Eds.), Generation 1.5 in College Composition: Teaching academic writing to U.S.‐educated learners of ESL (pp. 221‐234). New York: Routledge. Natalia Ignatieva National Autonomus University of Mexico
[email protected]Attitude in student texts: analysis of verbal, mental and relational clauses in Spanish The aim of this paper is to present a functional analysis of three types of processes: verbal, mental and relational in academic texts, from the Appraisal Theory perspective. This work forms part of the on‐ going research study developed at the National Autonomous University of Mexico which, in its turn, is included in the SAL (Systemics across Languages) project. We had already participated in the SAL pro‐ ject before with the study of verbal processes in academic texts in Spanish and had carried out a lexi‐ cogrammatical analysis of the verbal clauses, having presented the results of our research at the 38th , 40th and 41st ISFC congresses (Ignatieva, 2011; Ignatieva & Zamudio, 2012). The present project ex‐ tends this research to other types of processes and takes another approach to the object of study. Thus, the project intends to answer the research question: How are certain process types used in Spanish to express appraisal in academic texts? Our study draws on Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and, in particular, on the Appraisal Theory created within the Sydney School of SFL (Martin & White, 2005). This theory presents one of the sys‐ tems of textuality which explores evaluative aspects of the language. The APPRAISAL system is divided into three subsystems: ATTITUDE, ENGAGEMENT and GRADUATION, here we shall analyze only one subsystem, ATTITUDE. Our analysis is based on student texts collected at the Faculty of Arts, belonging to various genres, all of them related to literature. In this paper we shall analyze only one genre: question‐answer, which is an assignment that students have to do in class as part of their term examination. The method used in this study includes both quantitative and qualitative analysis. We shall quantify the number of each process type in our corpus and its percentage in relation to the number of claus‐ es. Then we shall distinguish between the clauses that express appraisal and those that are neutral while the clauses with appraisal will be classified in three groups according to the division of the ATTI‐ TUDE system into the subtypes: AFFECT, JUDGMENT and APPRECIATION. The project is still in its initial stage, but preliminary results show that clauses with appraisal prevail in our corpus and among the three subtypes JUDGMENT is the preferred means of expressing ATTITUDE. As for the process types, verbal clauses outnumber the mental and relational clauses to express evalu‐ ation. These and other findings will be presented within a small discussion about the interaction of the lexicogrammatical and semantic‐discursive aspects of academic texts. References: Ignatieva, N. 2011. Verbal processes in student academic writing in Spanish from a systemic functional perspec‐ tive. Lenguaje, 39, 447‐467. Ignatieva, N. & V Zamudio 2012. Perspectiva funcional de los procesos verbales en los escritos estudiantiles de literatura e historia en español. DELTA, 28, 561‐579. Martin, J. R., & P. R. White 2005. The language of evaluation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISFC 2015 77 July 27‐31, 2015 Ayumi Inako University of Technology, Sydney
[email protected]Personae and affiliation in a physicist’s tweets in the time of nuclear crisis In the prevailing anxiety and uncertainty in the aftermath of quakes‐and‐tsunami‐triggered nuclear accident in Fukushima, Japan in 2011, Twitter was one of the frequently used online media to com‐ municate the nuclear crisis. Along with the unfolding of the events, a number of communities of shared concerns and values emerged around particular tweeters. This paper attends to an academic expert in physics referred to as P1, one of the major contributors of a community formed during the crisis period. Drawing on the SFL theory, particularly on the hierarchy of individuation (Martin 2009), the paper examines various kinds of linguistic and multimodal resources P1 deployed to negotiate scientific understanding of the events to people who were fearful of the impact of the nuclear crisis on their lives. The focus here is primarily on affordances in the mode of Twitter for the writer to present a kind of ‘bundle of personae’ (Firth 1957: 184, Martin 2009: 563). Based on the assumption that ‘all strata individuate’ (Martin 2009: 565), particular attention is drawn to shifts across tweets in Japanese graphology, from a mixed script to half‐size katakana only. In P1’s tweets, the shift consistently func‐ tioned as an indicator of shift in register in Martin’s (1992) terms, the kind that functioned to afford various personae, and hence basis for an affiliating community beyond professional boundaries. References: FIRTH, J. R. 1957. Personality and Language in Society. Papers in Linguistics 1934‐1951. London: Oxford Universi‐ ty Press. MARTIN, J. R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure, Amsterdam, John Benjamins Publishing Company. MARTIN, J. R. 2009. Realisation, instantiation and individuation: some thoughts on identity in youth justice con‐ ferencing. Documentacao de Estudos em Linguistica Teorica e Aplicada, 25, 549‐583. Derek Irwin University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
[email protected]Illustrating Subversions in Gender and Genre: Robert Munsch’s The Paper Bag Princess This paper examines Robert Munsch’s (1980) children’s tale The Paper Bag Princess, first using the tools of systemic functional linguistics on the written text, then expanding this interpretation into the multimodal. Contextually, it is worth noting that this book has long been held as a standard of gender empowerment via its young female protagonist. This study reveals how the inversion of traditional gender roles is enacted in the semiotics of this book, first via a close examination of the textual, inter‐ personal, and ideational grammars as per Halliday and Matthiessen (2004). It then moves the analysis into the discourse level via appraisal (Martin and White 2008), Hyper‐ and Macro‐Theme (Martin 1992), and experiential process proportion (Matthiessen 1999). In terms of text, it draws these anal‐ yses together by examining how the various perspectives interact within the staged, goal‐oriented process (Martin 1984) of the narrative genre, and how this particular text encodes a deliberate ma‐ nipulation of its unfolding. Finally, it employs multimodal analysis of the illustrations as per Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) and Painter, Martin and Unsworth (2014) to demonstrate complementarities and elaborations to the textual reading. I postulate that as both part of the creative process, and due to the reversal of traditional gender roles and qualities, Munsch has subverted the generic expectations for the surprise ending, which in fact comes on top of the other inversions within the text. The result of this gender‐ and genre‐breaking is a text which reinforces for young readers who identify with the protagonist that they do not have to adhere to social norms, whether these social norms are part of their affiliation to either gender or genre roles. ISFC 2015 78 July 27‐31, 2015 References: Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen C.M.I.M. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar (3rd ed.). London: Edward Arnold. Kress, G. and van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading Images: the grammar of visual design (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. Martin, J. R. (1984). Types of writing in infants and primary school. In L. Unsworth (Ed.), Reading, writing, spelling: Proceedings of the Fifth Macarthur Reading/Language Symposium (pp. 34‐55). Sydney: Macarthus Insitutute of Higher Education. Martin, J. R. (1992). English text: System and structure. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (1999). The System of Transitivity: an exploratory study of text‐based profiles. Functions of Language 6(1): 1‐51. Munsch, R. (1980) The Paper Bag Princess. Toronto: Annick Press. Painter, C., Martin, J.R. and Unsworth, L. (2014). Reading Visual Narratives: Image Analysis of Children's Picture Books. London: Equinox. Noriko Ito1, Noriko Suzuki2 and Mamiko Sakata3 1.3 Doshisha University, 2Tezukayama University 1
[email protected], 2nsuzuki@tezukayama‐u‐ac.jp,
[email protected]A multimodal study of dominance in Japanese three‐party conversation In everyday life we engage various kinds of conversation. We do not always succeed in leading a con‐ versation properly. How do the behaviors of those who lead and dominate the conversation differ from the ones of the other participants? Several studies have investigated dominance in everyday conversation (Linell et al., 1988). Regarding conversation in Japanese, Itakura (2001) attempted to measure conversational dominance with the distribution among speakers of various verbal behaviors. Fukuhara and Nakano (2011) focused on non‐verbal behaviors such as eye gaze. Ito et al. (2014) examined differences of verbal and non‐verbal behaviors in three‐party conversation between the conversation leader and the followers. It also ex‐ amined the differences between conversations with a leader and without a leader. This paper exam‐ ines differences between convergent and brainstorming conversations. We collected data on face‐to‐face joint problem solving conversations in Japanese with two topics. One is called isolated island task conversation (convergent type), in which participants engage in a discussion to come up with only one item they take if they were stranded on a deserted island. The other is called lottery task conversation, in which participants exchange their ideas for what they would do if they won a lottery (brainstorming type). 5 triad sessions for each were recorded with vid‐ eo cameras and transcribed. According to the results of the questionnaire to ask who led a conversa‐ tion, a given participant was recognized as a conversation leader and the sessions were divided into two groups, i.e., conversations with a leader and without a leader. Moves, speech functions, back‐ channels, fillers, eye gazes and nods for each participant, and overlaps, gaps and mutual gaze among the participants for each session were annotated with ELAN. The frequency and duration of these annotations were calculated. In comparison to the conversation followers, we found that the leaders talked longer and yet they did not make more initiating moves. This suggests that Itakura’s claim that sequential dominance is more significant than quantitative one may not be applicable to three‐party conversation. We also found that the leaders had longer mutual gaze, which is concordant with Fukuhara and Nakano’s findings. We will investigate whether there is a difference among the leaders in between convergent and brain‐ storming conversations. References: Fukuhara, Y., and Nakano, Y. (2011). Gaze and conversation dominance in multiparty interation. 2nd Workshop on eye gaze in intelligent human machine interaction, Palo Alto, California, USA. Itakura, H. (2001). Describing conversational dominance. Journal of pragmatics, 33, 1859‐1880. ISFC 2015 79 July 27‐31, 2015 Ito, N., Suzuki, N., and Sakata, M. (2014). A study of dominance and (non‐)verbal behaviors in three‐party con‐ versation. Paper presented at 22nd autumn conference of Japan association of systemic functional linguis‐ tics, Ryukoku University, Osaka, Japan. Linell, P., Fustavsson, L., and Juvonen, P. (1988). Interactional dominance in dyadic communication: a presenta‐ tion of initiative‐response analysis. Linguistics, 26, 415‐442. Susanne Jacobsen1 and Linda Harris2 1 Metropolitan University College, 2University of Strathclyde 1
[email protected],
[email protected]Discourse and Scaffolding Classroom Dialogue This paper presents elements of an international collaboration project between teacher educators Linda Harris (general Pedagogy) from University of Strathclyde and Susanne Jacobsen (Teaching Eng‐ lish as a Foreign Language) from Metropolitan University College. The overall aim of this current project is to challenge the use of initiation‐ response – feedback (IRF) pattern in school discourse (described by i.e. Gibbons: 2006, Lightbown & Spada, 2013) and to qualify Scottish student teachers’ awareness of their own role in scaffolding the classroom dialogue, providing them with knowledge of discourse moves which potentially can support the learning process and em‐ power learners. The project was initiated as a result of a European Comenius project, TeL4Ele whose aim was to im‐ prove student learning outcomes, particularly for educationally disadvantaged, including second lan‐ guage learners by supporting literacy educators in five European countries to become experts in genre based literacy pedagogy, specifically the Reading to Learn programme . Two participants, Linda Harris from University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK and Susanne Jacobsen, Metropolitan University College, Copenhagen, Denmark have taken the collaboration further into the field of discourse, involv‐ ing initial teacher education students in both countries. The collaboration has involved both teacher and student mobility; thus a group of Danish language teacher students joined Scottish pedagogy students in their placement in the spring of 2014, collabo‐ rating in the conduction of scaffolded teaching, based on Gibbons (2006). Furthermore, Linda Harris has given lectures on scaffolding classroom dialogue at Metropolitan University College in Copenha‐ gen in the autumn of 2014 for another group of language teaching students. This presentation will provide preliminary results of analyses of how Scottish pedagogy students man‐ age classroom discourse during their respective placements in the spring of 2015. Prior to this, the students will have learned techniques including concepts such as “bridging”, “handover”, “recasting” and the “IDZ – intermental development zone” (Gibbons, 2006) in a two‐day work shop by Linda Har‐ ris.. After the placement the pedagogy students will be qualified through a three day ‘follow‐up’ work‐ shop undertaken by Linda Harris and Susanne Jacobsen. Here the students will be given the opportuni‐ ty to analyse their own generated data, and subsequently discuss and critically reflect on them with fellow students. Additionally, interviews with the pedagogy students in order to recover to what extend they have ex‐ perienced to have gained new insights on how to manage a scaffolding classroom dialogue will take place immediately after the two‐day‐workshop. References: Christie, F., & Derewianka, B. (2008). School Discourse : Learning to write across the years of schooling. London: Continuum. Coffin, C. (2006). Learning the language of school history: the role of linguistics in mapping the writing demands of the secondary school curriculum. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 38(4), 413‐429. Gibbons, P. (2006)Bridging Discourses in the ESL Classroom Continuum, London Lewis, M., & Wray, D. (1997). Extending Literacy: Children Reading and Writing Non‐fiction London: Routledge. Lightbown, P.,& Spada, N. (2013), How Languages are Learned, Oxford University Press. ISFC 2015 80 July 27‐31, 2015 Lövstedt, A‐C & D Rose (to appear) Reading to Learn Maths: A teacher professional development project in Stockholm. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, pp18 Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2008). Genre Relations: Mapping Culture. London: Equinox. Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2012). Genres and texts: living in the real world. Indonesian Journal of SFL, 1(1), 1‐21. Rose, D. (2012). Reading to Learn: Accelerating learning and closing the gap. Teacher training books and DVD. Sydney: Reading to Learn www.readingtolearn.com.au Rose, D., & Martin, J. R. (2012). Learning to Write, Reading to Learn. London: Equinox. Wray, D. (2004). Teaching Literacy: Using Texts to Enhance Learning. London: David Fulton Publishers. Victoria Zamudio Jasso Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
[email protected]Opinion‐giving practices of undergraduate and professional writers of literary essays in Spanish Undergraduate students –especially those within the humanities‐ are often asked to write argumenta‐ tive texts in which they are meant to “argue” either in favor of or against some “point of view”. Teach‐ ers frequently encourage students to “express their own opinions” or “say what they think”, but stu‐ dents rarely receive explicit instructions or a clear explanation of how to accomplish this task. In order to reach a greater understanding of a task as apparently simple as “giving your opinion” within any academic discipline, it is necessary to analyze several instances of texts. These analyses would allow for an explicit account of the linguistic resources involved in it. In this paper, I will present some of the findings of a study based on the analysis of undergraduate texts in order to identify both the kinds of opinions they give and the resources they use to do it. At the same time, published texts were also considered to compare the ways in which undergraduate students and published authors state their opinions in their texts. The study here presented is theoretically and methodologically based on Appraisal Theory’s Attitude System (Martin & White, 2005). In this study, thirty literary analysis essays, all written in Spanish by native speakers, were analyzed with the objective of identifying distinctive characteristics of under‐ graduate students’ opinion‐giving behavior. Twenty of these essays were written by students –ten sophomores and ten seniors‐ of Spanish Literature at the National Autonomous University of Mexico. Furthermore, on a second stage of the study, ten essays written by teachers and published in academ‐ ic journals of the same discipline were also analyzed to compare with the students’ practices. The analysis was based on two main aspects: the target of evaluation (that is to say, the “appraised” enti‐ ty) and the kinds of opinions given. Findings pointed out important differences between student and published essays in both aspects taken into consideration. Besides, the analysis undertaken allowed us to see differences in the practic‐ es of sophomore and senior students. On the one hand, students and published texts show different items as the chosen targets of their evaluations. On the other hand, students and published authors seem to take different positions towards these items as they show differing orientations towards ex‐ pressions of Affect, Judgement or Appreciation. The results here presented enable us to have a more detailed account of the different strategies used and the different choices made by undergraduate students and professional authors in order to posi‐ tion themselves in the field of literature. At the same time, the study gives new insights on the way opinions are handled in an academic discipline such as literature and in a language (Spanish) not often considered in appraisal analyses of academic discourse. ISFC 2015 81 July 27‐31, 2015 Peipei Jia University of Science and Technology Beijing
[email protected]On the Recursiveness of Projection Projection expresses certain logico‐semantic relationships in SFG (Halliday 1994; Halliday & Mattiessen 2004). Projection involves recursiveness (Christiansen & MacDonald 2009;Hulst 2010;Martins 2012 ;Zwart 2011), but this has not drawn enough attention. Therefore, this paper attempts to investigate how projection recurs based on the theory of projection in SFG, which focuses on three types of pro‐ jection (quoting, reporting, and embedded locution/idea), and the general theory of language recur‐ sion, which highlights both linear and embedded recursion. Through qualitative comparative analysis of different types of projection, data of which are chosen from BNC, it has been found that projection has dual recursiveness: intrinsic and extrinsic. Specifically, when there is only one projection structure, the intrinsic recursivenss of projection is shown through the hypotactic relationship between the pro‐ jecting unit and the projected unit. And in terms of ranks, the intrinsic recursiveness can be classified into recursion at the same rank and recursion at different ranks. Contrastly, the extrinsic recursiveness of projection is shown when two or more projection structures are repeated or embedded. According to the way of recursion, the extrinsic recursiveness can be divided into linear recursion and embedded recursion. Also has been pointed out is that the recursiveness of projection displays the transition from extrinsic to intrinsic recursiveness, the stop of the former being the start of the latter. Nana Jin1 and Zili Chen2 1 Shenzhen University, 2The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 1
[email protected], 2spczili@speed‐polyu.edu.hk An Ontological Study of English Speech Verbs Speech verbs are verbs of saying, which are primarily used to construe Verbal Processes. They all bear a major meaning of saying, yet the number of English speech verbs totals up to over two hundreds (Wierzbicka, 1987). This research tries to address the following questions: How similar and different are all the English speech verbs? Is it possible to illustrate the system of English speech verbs? Is there any tendency of choosing speech verbs in discourse? So far, a general practice in the research of speech verbs has been investigating their syntactic fea‐ tures, pragmatic meaning and performative functions (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969; Perkins, 1983; and Fraser, 1975; Wierzbicka, 1987; Caldas‐Coulthard, 1994; Thompson, 2000). This study aims to study the semantic relations among English speech verbs. To examine and test how English speech verbs are connected, a large corpus (British National Corpus) and a basic ontology (FrameNet) are the preliminary requirements. Step One: select a number of frequently used English speech verbs with frequencies of or more than 10 times per million words from British National Corpus (BNC). 101 speech verbs are selected accord‐ ingly. By mapping these verbs onto their potential frames in FrameNet, the study generates a working ontological schema of speech verbs’ frames, which shows how speech verbs are connected hierarchi‐ cally. Step Two: study the selected 101 speech verbs’ usage tendencies in discourses of five different genres in BNC: spoken, fiction, magazine, newspaper, and academic. To indicate a speech verb’s significance value in a certain discourse, a quotient is calculated through dividing the speech verb’s frequency in a genre by its general mean frequency in BNC. The larger the quotient is, the more significant the speech verb is in this genre. The significance value results of the 101 speech verbs among those five genres imply that speech verbs are sensitive to genres. Step Three: case studies. Case studies on verbs ‘say’, ‘tell’, and ‘accuse’ in different genres generate a third result: there exists a tendency of frame evoking in a particular genre, e.g. for the verb ‘tell’ which ISFC 2015 82 July 27‐31, 2015 has six semantic frames, the frame of Telling is most likely to be evoked in fictions, but in academic writings, another frame ‐ Evidence is the most likely one to be evoked. The tendencies of frame evok‐ ing for the verb ‘tell’ in Fiction and in Academic are listed in a descending order as follows: in Fiction: Telling, Becoming_aware, Request, Statement, Evidence, Speaking_topic; in Academic: Evidence, Becoming_aware, Request, Telling, Statement, Speaking_topic. This research constructs an ontological schema of speech verbs’ frames, identifies the significant speech verbs in different genres, and pilots a way to the exploration of speech verbs through frame evoking tendencies. In conclusion, this research has singled out paradigmatic lists of speech verbs, and on the basis of con‐ textual associations. Thus it is compatible to the general paradigm of Systemic Functional Linguistics. The introduction of the concept of speech verbs’ genre sensitivity and frame evoking tendency cor‐ roborates a new parameter for critical discourse analysis. References: Austin, J. L. (1962) How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Baker, Collin F., Charles J. Fillmore and Beau Cronin. (2003) The Structure of the FrameNet Database. Interna‐ tional Journal of Lexicography, Volume 16.3: 281‐296. Caldas‐Coulthard, C. R. (1994) On reporting: the representation of speech in factual and factional narratives. In M. Coulthard (ed.) Advances in Written Text Analysis. London: Routledge,295‐308 Fraser, B. (1975) Hedged performatives. In Cole & Morgan (eds.) Syntax and Semantics: Speech Acts. New York: Academic Press. Halliday, M.A.K. (1994) An Introduction to Functional Linguistics. London: Edward Arnold. Miller, G. A. (2010) WordNet 3.0 Database Statistics. Retrieved on 20 March 2010 from http://wordnet.princeton.edu/wordnet/man/wnstats.7WN.html Perkins, M. R. (1983) Modal Expressions in English. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex. Searle, J. R. (1969) Speech Act. London and New York: Cambridge University Press. Thompson, G. (2000) Reporting. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. Wierzbicka, A. (1987) English Speech Act Verbs: A Semantic Dictionary. Sydney: Academic Press. https://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/fndrupal/index.php?q=luIndex http://corpus.byu.edu/bnc/ Lucy Jones University of Technology Sydney
[email protected]Axiological patterning in doctoral examiner reports: an analysis of evaluating new knowledge in science and the humanities In the process of awarding a doctoral degree, the doctoral examiner report is a highly significant genre in terms of its institutional and disciplinary power. It functions to shape and legitimate new disciplinary knowledge and to uphold standards within disciplines and institutions. However, this report genre remains relatively unexplored as an example of academic discourse and little is known about how it contributes to disciplinary knowledge building or theorised about the role of language in shaping such knowledge. This paper presents preliminary findings of a PhD study into evaluative meaning in doctoral examiner reports. Applying theoretical principles from Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) (Maton, 2014), the paper reports on analysis of patterns of meaning at the stratum of discourse semantics (Martin, 1992, Martin & Rose 2010), with a particular focus on how axiological evaluations are instantiated in the texts. The analysis draws on a corpus of high and low rated doctoral examiner reports from science‐based and humanities‐based disciplines. The paper shows how ap‐ praisal analysis (Martin & White, 2005, Hood, 2010) reveals variation across the disciplines in the eval‐ uative profiles of the reports and, using concepts from LCT how axiological patterns can be interpreted according to discipline (Maton, 2014). ISFC 2015 83 July 27‐31, 2015 It is anticipated that such an investigation of doctoral reports will better inform our understanding of the knowledge reviewing processes that are embedded in research production. Such processes could shed light on the role that review and evaluation play in the creation and legitimation of new knowledge. References: Hood, S. 2010. Appraising research: Evaluation in academic writing, Hampshire, Palgrave Macmillan. Martin, J. R. 1992. English Text: System and structure, Amsterdam, John Benjamins. Martin, J. R. & Rose, D. 2010. Working with discourse: Meaning beyond the clause, London, Continuum. Martin, J. R. & White, P. R. R. 2005. The language of evaluation, Hampshire, UK, Palgrave Macmillan. Maton, K. 2014. Knowledge and Knowers: Towards a realist sociology of education, London, Routledge. Pauline Jones1, Janine Delahunty2 and Irina Verenikina3 1,2,3 University of Wollongong 1
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[email protected]Collaborative knowledge building: the dynamic life of ideas in online discussion forums This paper reports on interdisciplinary collaborative research into asynchronous online discussion among practising teachers in a tertiary postgraduate program. The project sought to better under‐ stand the co‐construction of knowledge through online forums, from the perspectives of systemic functional linguistics (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004; Martin & Rose 2007) and sociocultural theory (Vygotsky 1978). Combining these frameworks allowed us to explore the dialogue from the broad perspective of teaching and learning as social activity to the close attention to the unfolding language choices, that is, the ability to change orientation between meta‐ and micro‐ analyses of the discus‐ sions. It also enabled us to consider the development of ideas over time. Building on earlier work (De‐ lahunty 2012; Delahunty, Jones & Verenikina 2014), staff and students were provided with interaction guides to facilitate collaborative knowledge building in response to stimulus materials such as scenari‐ os and case studies. Preliminary results showed the guides fostered a high level of involvement of all the students in peer interaction and an apparent conscious use of intersubjective contributions. Our major interest here lies with tracing the ways in which core concepts or ideas from educational psy‐ chology are introduced into discussion, how they are negotiated among participants, and the nature of common understandings arrived at. The analytical framework adopted for this work is informed by the interrelated nature of the two extrinsic functions of language: the ideational and the interpersonal (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004). Thus, we explore the construal of the discipline content through sys‐ tems of transitivity and lexical relations together with the enactment of interpersonal meanings through systems of speech function (Eggins & Slade 1997) and appraisal (Martin & White 2005) to demonstrate ‘the life of ideas’ throughout a discussion thread. Our analysis reveals the fluid nature of ideas, the relations between academic concepts and students’ everyday and professional experience, and the role of carefully orchestrated language choices in creating intersubjectivity. In this way, we gain insights into ‘the sequential and contingent development of concepts over time’ (Daniels, 2010). Our findings suggest a unique place for the asynchronous online discussion forum in enabling the in‐ terplay of guided reflection, sociality and individual reflexivity. It also confirms the importance of the expert as mediator in the process of collaborative knowledge construction. References: Daniels, H. (2010), ‘The mutual shaping of human action and institutional settings: a study of the transformation of children's services and professional work’. British Journal of Sociology of Education. 31:4, 377‐393. Delahunty, J. (2012). "'Who am I?': Exploring identity in online discussion forums." International Journal of Edu‐ cational Research. 53: 407‐420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2012.05.005. Delahunty, J., Jones, P. T. and Verenikina, I. (2014). "Movers and shapers: teaching in online environments." Linguistics and Education. 28(4): 54‐78. Eggins, S. and Slade, D. (1997). Analysing casual conversation, London, Equinox. ISFC 2015 84 July 27‐31, 2015 Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar, London, Hodder Headline Group. Martin, J. R. and Rose, D. (2007). Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause, London, Continuum. Martin, J. R. and White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English, NY, Palgrave Macmillan. Vygotsky, L. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, Cambridge Mass, Har‐ vard University Press. Yu‐Shiang Jou1 and Mary Schleppegrell2 1,2 University of Michigan 1
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[email protected]Analyzing Engagement in academic discourse with attention to Graduation The Engagement framework of Appraisal theory (Martin & White, 2005) has made important contribu‐ tions to the analysis of evaluative language in different discourses. According to our review, as many as 78 studies to date (excluding unpublished doctoral dissertations and Master’s theses) have drawn on the Engagement framework, and 32 of these have contributed to our understanding of dialogism in written academic discourse. In making these contributions, however, analysts have reported coding challenges and raised important issues about how the framework’s constructs are defined and applied (e.g., Chang & Schleppegrell, 2011; Fryer, 2013; Lancaster, 2014). This paper will report on issues we faced in our own coding as well as those we identified in our review, and will offer two proposals for applying the framework in analysis of published academic discourse. Two issues that emerge in coding for Engagement include identifying the extent of the unit of analysis (see Hunston, 2011, for related discussion) and reconciling contradictory dialogic meanings within a clause or clause complex. In this paper we propose recognizing multiple and seemingly contradictory Engagement meanings as an interplay of Engagement and Graduation, proposing an “anchoring” per‐ spective for describing dialogistic functionality in clause simplexes and complexes. In clause simplexes where multiple Engagement resources are present, we demonstrate that an anchoring perspective allows identification of the dominant (anchoring) resource and the subordinate (graduating) re‐ source(s). In clause complexes where multiple Engagement resources are present, an anchoring per‐ spective allows us to see how Engagement resources in the dominant clause define the dialogistic orientation (either contraction or expansion), while Engagement resources in dependent clauses can be seen as Graduation resources that fine‐tune the degree of contractiveness or expansiveness. We demonstrate that, for example, a dominant dialogically contractive resource anchors the contrac‐ tiveness of the clause complex while expansive resources in dependent clauses make the entire clause complex less contractive but more rhetorically cautious. Overall, then, we show that Engagement meanings are sharpened and softened not only at the lexical level (e.g., Martin & White, 2005) but also at clausal and discursive levels. This builds on the perspective of Hood (2006), who argues that the prosody of negative/positive values is “reinforced and amplified” (p. 41) across stretches of text. Providing a complementary view, our anchoring perspective describes how prosodies of dialogic con‐ traction and expansion are formed, how graduation is realized at the textual level, and how values contradictory to the dominant prosodic meaning fine‐tune the degree of contractiveness (or expan‐ siveness) and enable nuanced calibration of evaluative force and focus, an essential aspect in the ne‐ gotiation of dialogic space in academic discourse. References: Chang, P., & Schleppegrell, M. (2011). Taking an effective authorial stance in academic writing: Making the lin‐ guistic resources explicit for L2 writers in the social sciences. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 10(3), 140‐151. Fryer, D. L. (2013). Exploring the dialogism of academic discourse: Heteroglossic Engagement in medical research articles. In Gisle Andersen & Kristin Bech (eds.), English corpus linguistics: Variation in time, space and genre, 183–207. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISFC 2015 85 July 27‐31, 2015 Hood, S. (2006). The persuasive power of prosodies: Radiating values in academic writing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 5(1), 37‐49.Hunston, S. (2011). Flavours of corpus linguistics. Paper presented at Corpus Linguistics 2011, the ICC Birmingham, UK. Lancaster, Z. (2014). Exploring valued patterns of stance in upper‐level student writing in the disciplines. Written Communication, 31(1), 27‐57. Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. (2005). The language of evaluation. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Martin Kaltenbacher University of Salzburg
[email protected]What makes a comment a comment? Orientation as an indicator of genre in newspapers Newspapers host a range of different genres that all contribute to the papers' coverage of a particular piece of news. These include, e.g., reports, analyses, comments, editorials, columns and letters. The more important the news is, the higher the number of different articles that deal with it. Within the overall semiotic construal of the media coverage of an event, each text takes up a particular place within a distinct "web of text types" contributing to the coverage (Adamzik 2011). Within this web, many interdependencies unfold across the individual texts with varying degrees of interconnected‐ ness. As the landscape in the printed press has undergone considerable changes over the past dec‐ ades, so have the boundaries between the different genres been modified, shifted or even abolished. Generally, objective, factual reporting of hard news has considerably declined, while at the same time persuasive, opinionated commenting has been proliferating (Ward 2007, Williams 2010). While many broad genres have been studied in terms of categories like generic stages, process types, or appraisal categories, the more subtle boundaries between closely related text types are far from being understood. The present paper will therefore aim at setting the boundaries for the three per‐ suasive news genres editorial, comment and letter/email in terms of authorial Orientation (Halliday / Matthiessen 2014: 692ff.) and contrast these to the information based genres news report and analy‐ sis. Orientation reveals how much responsibility an author is willing to take for a proposition. By se‐ lecting modal expressions out of a set of four different configurations (subjective‐explicit, subjective‐ implicit, objective‐explicit, objective‐implicit), each author construes his personal level of modal com‐ mitment to and responsibility for the displayed line of argumentation (Martin 1995, Thompson 1996). For this purpose, I will analyze a range of texts collected from the Guardian covering the bank crises in Cyprus in March 2013 and investigate them in terms of the authorial Orientation encoded within them. Expectations for the outcome of this investigation are that letters/emails will primarily exhibit a subjective‐explicit orientation, editorials and comments will adopt a subjective‐implicit stance, while reports will mainly be objective. Expectations for the text type analysis are that authors will employ both subjective as well as objective settings with a clear inclination toward implicitness. References: Adamzik, Kirsten (2011) "Textsortennetze." In: Habscheid, S. (Hrsg.) Textsorten, Handlungsmuster, Oberflächen. Linguistische Typologien der Kommunikation. Berlin / New York: de Gruyter, S. 367‐385 Halliday, Michael A.K. / Matthiessen Christian M.I.M. (2014) Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar. (4th ed.) London: Routledge. Martin, Jim R. (1995): Interpersonal meaning, persuasion and public discourse: packing semiotic punch. In: Australian Journal of Linguistics 15, 33‒67. Thompson, Geoff (1996): Introducing functional grammar. London: Arnold. Williams, Kevin (2010) Read all about it! A history of the British newspaper. London: Routledge. Ward, Geoff (2007) "UK National Newspapers." In: Anderson, P. and Ward, G. (Hrsg.) The Future of Journalism in Advanced Democracies. Aldershot: Ashgate, 73‐87. ISFC 2015 86 July 27‐31, 2015 Mersini Karagevrekis University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece
[email protected]A Multimodal Analysis of two Economics Texts from Different Eras in EAP Text evolution is closely associated with social evolution and technological development. This is clearly reflected in the way economics texts communicate meaning in different time periods. The economics text, being a scientific text, has always relied on a combination of linguistic and visual semiotic re‐ sources to create meaning. Under the influence of technological advances, however, the modern eco‐ nomics text is primarily multimodal. It employs a wider range of visual/graphical displays (diagrams, graphs, charts, tables) that allow it to communicate meaning in a more abstract and compressed way than was previously possible. A comparative examination of contemporary and historically prior texts to show the evolution in the use of resources in the economics text is an important aspect of a multi‐ modal EAP (English for Academic Purposes) course. It can increase students’ awareness of the way technological innovations have affected the form and function of the typical genres they encounter in the specialist field of their studies. Since economics texts (traditional and modern) make meaning in specific social contexts through the combined use of diverse resources from different semiotic sys‐ tems (language, depiction, graphics, etc.) they can be analysed, as previous work on multimodality in EAP has shown (Baldry 2000; Baldry and Thibault 2006; Karagevrekis in press), within a social semiotic metafunctional framework. The framework combines Halliday’s (2014) metafunctional theory with Bakhtin’s (1986) views on genre and intertextuality. The same analytical approach is employed for the comparative multimodal analysis of two extracts from textbooks of different ages, Marshall’s ‘Princi‐ ples of Economics’, Chapter XII, Book 5 (1st ed. 1890) and Sloman and Wride's ‘Economics’, Chapter 2 (7th ed. 2009), within an EAP context, in this paper. Both extracts describe the same economic rela‐ tion, i.e. the relationship between supply, demand and value, but they resort to different means of representation. The analysis, which is in the form of open‐ended questions, encourages interpretation of the extracts according to metafunctional and genre theory. Halliday’s theory of metafunctions (ide‐ ational, interpersonal and textual), extended to other semiotic resources, specifies the ways in which various semiotic resources intertwine to make meaning in its totality (Halliday 2014; Kress and van Leeuwen 2001, 2006). Bakhtin’s distinction between primary (mini‐genres) and secondary genres, also applied to multimodal genres (Bakhtin 1986; Baldry 2000; Baldry and Thibault 2006), shows how the basic prefabricated primary genres (verbal and visual) combine to form the more complex secondary genre, i.e. the economics text. In addition, Bakhtin’s notion of social heteroglossia (intertextuality) explores the way the principle of intertextuality integrates with the metafunctions and the multimodal genres (visual and verbal) to produce a unified text meaning. The metafunctional genre analysis em‐ ployed in this paper, then, aims to help EAP students better understand the functional organisation of resources in the economics text and the typical ways diverse resources with specialised functions combine in a particular genre in the specialist field of their studies in different eras. It thus encourages students to realise that texts are not static products of social conventions but they are constantly evolving to adapt to changes in the way society makes meaning in different historical periods. References: Bakhtin, Mikhail. 1986. "The Problem of Speech Genres." In Speech Genres and Other Late Essays, edited by Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist, 60‐102. Translated by Vern W. McGee. Austin: University of Texas Press. Baldry, Anthony. 2000. “English in a Visual Society: Comparative and Historical Dimensions in Multimodality and Multimediality.” In Multimodality and Multimediality in the Distance Learning Age, edited by Anthony Baldry, 41‐89. Campobasso, Italy: Palladino Editore. Baldry, Anthony, and Paul J. Thibault. 2006. Multimodal Transcription and Text Analysis. London: Equinox. Halliday, M.A.K and C.M.I.M. Matthiessen. 2014. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 4th ed. London: Routledge. ISFC 2015 87 July 27‐31, 2015 Karagevrekis, Mersini. (forthcoming). “A Multimodal Analysis of Genres of Economics Representation in EAP/ESP.” In Meaning Making in Text: Multimodal and Multilingual Functional Perspectives, edited by Carys Jones, Arianna Maiorani and Sonja Starc. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Kress, Gunther, and Theo van Leeuwen. 2001. Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication. London: Arnold. Kress, Gunther, and Theo van Leeuwen. 2006. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. 2nd ed. London: Routledge. Neda Karimi Macquarie University
[email protected]Patient‐centredness in Australia’s institutional and professional discourse of palliative care Patient‐centred care is a fuzzy concept that lacks a commonly recognized definition. This is because different individuals and institutions want varied things under the title of patient‐centred care (Frank, 2010). This paper looks into the patients’ and clinicians’ roles represented in today’s Australia’s institu‐ tional and professional discourse of palliative care in order to find out how the notion of patient‐ centred care is operationalized linguistically in policy and practice and how different meanings of ‘pa‐ tient‐centred care’ are situated institutionally. The professional discourse can be defined as “a set of linguistic practices and conventionalised behaviour and values that the professional has to acquire mastery over” (Roberts, 2011, p. 83) and the institutional discourse “is characterised by rational, legit‐ imate accounting practices which are authoritatively backed up by a set of rules and regulations gov‐ erning an institution” (Sarangi & Roberts, 1999, p. 15). The institutional discourse and the professional discourse can be located along the cline of instantiation in Matthiessen’s (2013) account of healthcare as a contextual motif. In pursuing the above objective the paper takes a systemic functional approach to analyse a corpus of Australia’s key palliative care policy documents, and a corpus of Australian oncology consultations with patients identified as likely to have less than 12 months to live. The study builds on the idea that changes in the parameters of a particular medical context: the activities, the division of labour and the persons taking part in these activities (as a result of taking a patient‐centred approach) can be system‐ atically related to the linguistic parameters in text (Matthiessen, 2013). Following this line of reason‐ ing, the study aims to analyse the linguistic choices made by institutions, doctors, and patients in terms of the grammatical roles and processes (experiential meaning) to explore and compare their world views and to investigate how medical experience is represented in palliative care policy and practice. Comparison will be made between the two data sets to explore the similarities and differ‐ ences between palliative care policy documents and oncology consultations as instances of institu‐ tional discourse and professional discourse respectively and to empirically examine Matthiessen’s (2013) account of the instantiation relationship between the institution (healthcare) and the text (medical consultation). Although the focus of the study is on experiential metafuction, an analysis of the textual and interper‐ sonal metafunctions will also be performed to provide a more valid picture as “the three metafunc‐ tional lines are unified within the structure of the clause” (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014, p. 211). Na‐ tional strategy documents of any kind bear the hallmarks of bureaucratic discourse working at that scale (textual and interpersonal meaning), and may therefore display quite a different linguistic ‐ and ideological ‐ framing from those documents and conversations that constitute the day‐to‐day work of clinicians. Therefore, in examining the connection between institutional and professional discourse of palliative care concepts of field, tenor, and mode will also be utilised when interpreting the different types of linguistic elements that make up and represent a social practice such as ‘patient‐centred care’. ISFC 2015 88 July 27‐31, 2015 References: Clayton, J. M., Butow, P. N., Tattersall, M. H. N., Chye, R., Noel, M., Davis, J. M., & Glare, P. (2003). Asking ques‐ tions can help: development and preliminary evaluation of a question prompt list for palliative care patients. British journal of cancer, 89(11), 2069 – 2077. Clayton, J. M., Hancock, K. M., Butow, P. N., Tattersall, M. H. N., & Currow, D. C. (2007). Clinical practice guide‐ lines for communicating prognosis and end‐of‐life issues with adults in the advanced stages of a life‐limiting illness, and their caregivers. The Medical journal of Australia, 187(8), 77‐108. Foucault, M. (1973). The Birth of the Clinic. London: Tavistock. Frank, A. W. (2010). Patient‐centered care as a response to medification. (Symposium: Patient‐Centered Law and Ethics). Wake Forest Law Review, 45(5), 1453‐1459. Gott, M., Small, N., Barnes, S., Payne, S., & Seamark, D. (2008). Older people's views of a good death in heart failure: Implications for palliative care provision. Social Science & Medicine, 67(7), 1113‐1121. Hertogh, C. M., The, B. A., Miesen, B. M., & Eefsting, J. A. (2004). Truth telling and truthfulness in the care for patients with advanced dementia: an ethnographic study in Dutch nursing homes. Social Science & Medicine, 59(8), 1685‐1693. James, N., & Field, D. (1992). The routinization of hospice: Charisma and bureaucratization. Social Science & Medicine, 34(12), 1363‐1375. Marshall, A., Kitson, A., & Zeitz, K. (2012). Patients' views of patient‐centred care: A phenomenological case study in one surgical unit. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(12), 2664‐2673. Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2013). Applying systemic functional linguistics in healthcare contexts. Text & Talk: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies, 33(4‐5), 437‐467. McCormack, B. (2003). A conceptual framework for person‐centred practice with older people. International Journal of Nursing Practice, 9(3), 202‐209. Roberts, C. (2011). Institutional discourse. In J. Simpson (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics (pp. 81‐95). London: Routledge. Sarangi, S., & Roberts, C. (1999). The dynamics of interactional and institutional orders in work‐related settings. In S. Sarangi & C. Roberts (Eds.), Talk, Work and Institutional Order: discourse in medical, mediation and management settings (pp. 1‐57). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Walczak, A., Butow, P. N., Clayton, J. M., Tattersall, M. H. N., Davidson, P. M., Young, J., & Epstein, R. M. (2014). Discussing prognosis and end‐of‐life care in the final year of life: a randomised controlled trial of a nurse‐led communication support programme for patients and caregivers. BMJ open, 4(6), 1‐11. Yeatman, A. (2009). Individualization and the Delivery of Welfare Services: Contestation and Complexities. Ba‐ singstoke Palgrave Macmillan. Neda Karimi1 and Alison Moore2 1 Macquarie University, 2University of Wollongon 1
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[email protected]The linguistic correlates of person‐centredness in end‐of‐life and palliative care contexts This paper presents a critical review of research on person‐centredness in health care, especially in palliative care (also ‘patient‐centredness’, ‘client‐centredness’). We focus on the extent to which the concept has been operationalised in terms of language and interaction. In other words, we are asking ‘Does research on palliative care see person‐centredness as having linguistic correlates and, if so, how has this relation been depicted? Person‐centredness emerged as a psychological notion around the mid‐20th Century. The first publi‐ cation on patient‐centredness was probably Kaplan’s (1945) approach to hebephrenic schizophrenia, characterized by a noncritical acceptance of the patient, through which the patient articulates her or his problems. Since then an enormous range of work has been published offering theoretical frame‐ works, or exploring how the notion is operationalised, but the linguistic/semiotic practices involved in person‐centred care seem yet to be given systematic attention (cf. Matthiessen 2013). The paper will: i) identify existing research on person‐centredness and language in palliative care; ISFC 2015 89 July 27‐31, 2015 ii) identify the language events and features examined, theoretical frameworks used, and descriptive techniques deployed to study language in palliative care; iii) critically examine the connections such research makes between language variation on the one hand, and variation in professional practice/therapeutic style on the other. (E.g., Are such relations seen as fixed, or is the effect of one linguistic feature seen as contingent on some other linguistic or contextual factor?) Preliminary results suggest that the literature falls into two clusters, “praxis literature” and “discourse literature” (cf. Ainsworth‐Vaughn 2001). Praxis literature includes psychology‐based theoretical ac‐ counts, and empirical studies where the data takes the form of talk but its linguistic texture and struc‐ ture are not scrutinised. Linguistic behaviours are reported in general terms, allowing quantitative associations with desired outcomes to be made. For instance, giving patients a question‐prompt book‐ let has been associated with greater patient use of questions, implying greater patient‐centredness (Clayton et al., 2003; Clayton, Hancock, Butow, Tattersall, & Currow, 2007; Walczak et al., 2014). Other behaviours discussed include avoiding euphemism (Levin, Kissane, Moreno, & Silvester, 2010), using open‐ended questions, and an “ask‐tell‐ask” technique (Back et al., 2008). In the smaller yet growing discourse‐based literature on palliative care, tools come from conversation analysis, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, and systemic functional linguistics. Although limited in other ways, these studies depict contingent relationships between linguistic features and their valeur, and they have the capacity to bring context of culture in addition to situation into their explanations. For instance, (Moore, in press) argues that doctors’ use of confirm, probe, and prefaced questions (Hasan, 2009) helps construe patient ‘individuation’ in end‐of‐life discussions, but links this to seman‐ tic individuation that characterises western middle‐class discourses more generally. Other studies examine topic initiations and the speech act of request on the part of the patient (Chou, 2004), and discuss generic structure and the construal of purpose as “comfort care” ((Aldridge & Barton, 2007). The details of how such language phenomena are used in arguments about patient‐centredness in the two clusters of research, and the possibility for a more integrated view, will be critically examined in the full paper. References: Ainsworth‐Vaughn, N. (2001). The Discourse of Medical Encounters. In D. Schiffrin, D. Tannen & H. E. Hamilton (Eds.), The handbook of discourse analysis (pp. 454‐469). Oxford: Blackwell. Aldridge, M., & Barton, E. (2007). Establishing terminal status in end‐of‐life discussions. Qualitative health re‐ search, 17(7), 908‐918. Back, A. L., Anderson, W. G., Bunch, L., Marr, L. A., Wallace, J. A., Yang, H. B., & Arnold, R. M. (2008). Communi‐ cation about cancer near the end of life. Cancer, 113(7), 1897‐1910. Chou, W. (2004). End‐of‐life discourse: an analysis of agency, coherence, and questions. Unpublished PhD thesis, Georgetown University. Clayton, J. M., Butow, P. N., Tattersall, M. H. N., Chye, R., Noel, M., Davis, J. M., & Glare, P. (2003). Asking ques‐ tions can help: development and preliminary evaluation of a question prompt list for palliative care patients. British journal of cancer, 89(11), 2069 – 2077. Clayton, J. M., Hancock, K. M., Butow, P. N., Tattersall, M. H. N., & Currow, D. C. (2007). Clinical practice guide‐ lines for communicating prognosis and end‐of‐life issues with adults in the advanced stages of a life‐limiting illness, and their caregivers. The Medical journal of Australia, 187(8), 77‐108. Hasan, R. (2009). Semantic variation: Meaning in society and in sociolinguistics. The collected works of Ruqaiya Hasan Vol. 2. Edited by J. J. Webster. London: Equinox. Kaplan, L. K. (1945). A coordinated therapeutic approach to schizophrenia ‐ Analysis of techniques used in one case. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 19(1), 90‐121. Levin, T. T., Kissane, D. W., Moreno, B., & Silvester, W. (2010). End‐of‐life communication in the intensive care unit. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32(4), 433‐442. Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2013). Applying systemic functional linguistics in healthcare contexts. Text & Talk: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Language, Discourse & Communication Studies, 33(4‐5), 437‐467. Moore, A. R. (in press). Can semantic networks capture intra‐ and inter‐registerial variation? Palliative care dis‐ course interrogates Hasan’s message semantics. In W. Bowcher and J. Y. Liang (Eds), Society in Language, Language in Society: Essays in Honour of Ruqaiya Hasan. London: Palgrave. ISFC 2015 90 July 27‐31, 2015 Walczak, A., Butow, P. N., Clayton, J. M., Tattersall, M. H. N., Davidson, P. M., Young, J., & Epstein, R. M. (2014). Discussing prognosis and end‐of‐life care in the final year of life: a randomised controlled trial of a nurse‐led communication support programme for patients and caregivers. BMJ open, 4(6), 1‐11. Monika Kavalir University of Ljubljana
[email protected]Post‐Deictic and Grounding The notion of post‐Deictic as proposed in Systemic Functional Linguistics comprises elements of the Nominal Group that make further contributions (in addition to Deictic elements) to the identification of a subset of the Thing. The nature of their contribution might have to do with the familiarity or tex‐ tual status of the subset, or its similarity to some other subset. Halliday and Matthiessen (2013), for instance, include a number of subcategories such as identity, exemplification, extension, space‐time, comparison, probability, usuality, obligation, readiness, locution and idea. In the last decade, the process of dynamic change resulting in lexical items drifting from Epithet to Deictic uses has received a lot of attention outside of Systemic Functional Linguistics. A number of new insights into the nature of deictification as a special form of grammaticalization have been suggested (e.g. in special issues of journals such as English Language & Linguistics and Transactions of the Philo‐ logical Society) and the development of individual post‐Deictics (or postdeterminers) – e.g. old, com‐ plete, same, regular, necessary – has been traced with the help of historical corpora. Typically, these studies have been linked to ideas espoused by proponents of cognitive linguistics and have shown that the items in question represent a link between nominal deixis, which is primarily related to issues of space, and verbal/clause deixis, which is associated with temporality and modality. The paper takes a look at how the notion of post‐Deictic as proposed in the Hallidayan tradition can be related to the core tenets of grounding theory as defined by cognitive linguists such as Langacker (2002). Although post‐Deictics are not included in the fairly strictly defined list of items which mediate between a noun on its own and a nominal as a grounded instance of a thing, they can be seen as ele‐ ments that coordinate the mental reference of the speaker and the addressee so as to apply to a par‐ ticular instance of the type denoted by the noun. The interpersonal dimension inherent in the Systemic Functional approach to the use of post‐Deictic can thus be fruitfully combined with the cognitive idea of grounding and a semantic account of such elements as involving “reference to the speech event and ultimately to the speech participants” (Da‐ vidse, Breban, Van linden 2008: 497). As a result, the delimitation of grounding elements in cognitive linguistics can be seen as too narrow and the theory can be enriched by insights from Systemic Func‐ tional Linguistics, but the Systemic Functional understanding of post‐Deictic can at the same time gain an additional component quite in line with its general semantic orientation. References: Davidse, Kristin, Tine Breban and An Van linden (2008) “Deictification: The development of secondary deictic meanings by adjectives in the English NP” English Language and Linguistics 12(3), pp. 475–503. Halliday, Michael A.K. and Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen (2013) An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Routledge. Langacker, Ronald W. (2002) “Deixis and Subjectivity” In Brisard, Frank (ed.) Grounding: The Epistemic Footing of Deixis and Reference. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1–28. Bahram Kazemian1 and Somayyeh Hashemi2 1,2 Islamic Azad University 1
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[email protected]ISFC 2015 91 July 27‐31, 2015 Grammatical Metaphor, Rhetoric and Critical Discourse Analysis Revisited: Barack Obama's 2013 and 2014 Speeches Drawing on the overarching methodological frameworks of Hallidayan grammatical metaphor, Fair‐ clough's perspective on critical discourse analysis and rhetoric, this study posits a novel integrated analytical and practical approach to political and the media discourses to unveil how language is ma‐ nipulated and distorted by orators and the press in order to convey seamlessly the intended messages and political creeds to the audience, provoke, emphasize, conceal, signify differentiation, and even to call their heed to burst into rapturous applause at the right time. Revising the recent annals of litera‐ ture, no research has conducted a rigorous and integrated analysis applying these disciplines in an individual paper. On the basis of the frameworks, this study also critically and eclectically dissected three speeches, delivered by Mr. Obama, to reveal how and why different types of strategies and tropes are distributed and to pinpoint their inter‐related functionalities, effectiveness and frequencies. The analysis depicted that the speeches abound with nominalizations, modal verbs, parallelism and antitheses. Furthermore, there are some passive voices, three‐part listing, expletives, rhetorical ques‐ tions and modality metaphors in the speeches. Therefore, the tendency to utilize more nominaliza‐ tions, parallelism and other devices by the orators are fundamental reasons for making their language powerful, impressive, persuasive and ambiguous as well. David Kellogg Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
[email protected]Expanding Realizations: Logico‐semantic relations in the transition from written to spoken mode and from student to scientist This paper has both a theoretical purpose and a practical one. Theoretically, we want to try to bridge the apparent gap between the important contributions that systemic functional linguistics has made in understanding expansion at the level of the clause complex (e.g. through the use of taxis and embed‐ ding) and the ways in which expansion is realized at the level of the text as a whole (in ways which are, strictly speaking, not grammatical at all and owe more to lexical cohesive devices like conjunction, synonymy, hyponymy, and collocation). We try to do this by considering first of all, the relationship between taxis and embedding within the clause complex and lexical cohesion between clause com‐ plexes, seeing both as forms of expansion. The practical purpose is to see if the proficiency of a stu‐ dent is related to particular choices in expansion, i.e. to see if less proficient learners of English make substantially different choices in their selection of expansive devices than more proficient students, and to see how these measure up against an expert performing the same task as well. Three high school students are asked to take notes on a short reading text (originally a text in test preparation material) on the Huygens landing on Titan, a moon of Saturn. They then have the task of writing up these notes as the script for an oral presentation. Finally, they deliver the written script as an oral presentation at a mock scientific conference. At each point (the note‐taking, the speech writing, and the actual speech itself) we look within the clause complex at taxis and embedding, and between clause complexes at cohesive links. Not surprisingly, we find that the less proficient learner is much less fluent, and that he also uses significantly less embedding and significantly more parataxis. We also find that as the less proficient student approaches the moment of presentation, these tendencies become more pronounced, while the more fluent students increase their use of embedding. But the most striking finding is between clause complexes: the more proficient students use far more elabora‐ tion and far less enhancement, and their use of elaboration increases as they approach the moment of presentation. Simplifying somewhat, we might conclude that novices enhance, but experts elaborate, at least in this type of oral presentation. In conclusion, we try to explain this result using Vygotsky's cultural‐historical psychology‐‐as an instance of the same "genetic law" that has widely been inter‐ ISFC 2015 92 July 27‐31, 2015 preted, in the work of the Sydney School at least, as "scaffolding", and we also draw some practical conclusions for pedagogy. References: Halliday, M.A.K. & Martin, J.R. (1993). Writing Science. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Halliday, M.A.K. (2004). The Language of Science. London: Continuum. Halliday, M.A.K. with Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (2014). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Fourth Edition. London and New York: Routledge. Lemke, J. (1990) Talking Science. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Vygotski, L. (1997). Pensée et langage. Paris: La Dispute. Выготский Л. С. (1983) Собрание Сочинений Т.З. М.: Педагогика. Elma Kerz RWTH Aachen University
[email protected]‐aachen.de Cohesive Devices in Second Language Writing The establishment of textual cohesion constitutes an important landmark in the development expert‐ level proficiency in second (L2) language writing (cf., e.g., Hinkel, 2001; Tanko, 2004; Chen, 2006). While the expert‐like use of cohesive devices increases general text quality, inadequate usage of such devises leads to a reduction in the overall quality of otherwise advanced L2 writers’ texts. Although a considerable number of studies have investigated the use of cohesive devices in written production of advanced L2 learners of English, the empirical situation regarding their target‐like use of these devices is still unresolved: Previous research has produced mixed results with respect to the over‐ and un‐ deruse of particular cohesive devices and its effects on the perceived quality of L2 texts. This is espe‐ cially the case with learner‐corpus studies (cf., e.g., Milton & Tsang, 1993; Granger & Tyson, 1996; Altenberg & Tapper, 1998; Bolton, Nelson & Hung, 2002; Narita, Sato, & Sugiura, 2004; Heino, 2010; Leedham & Cai, 2013) on the type of explicit cohesive devices variously referred to as “linking adverbi‐ als” (Biber et al., 1999), “logical connectors” (Celce‐Murcia & Larsen‐Freeman, 1999), or “connective adverbs” (Huddleston & Pullum, 2002) (for a comprehensive overview, see Liu, 2008, p. 492f). These previous studies of L2 learners’ usage of investigated these indicators in isolation and were thus una‐ ble to disclose potential compensatory effects between different types of cohesive devices that may account for the over‐ and underuse for these explicit devices in L2 writing. In their pioneering work on cohesion in English, Halliday and Hasan (1976) identified five cohesive relations that signal relationship between texts: reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction and lexical cohesion. Based on this classifi‐ cation, to make visible previously undetected patterns of deviation from target‐like usage, the present study sets out to provide a multifactorial assessment of the use of cohesive devices in L2 written pro‐ duction. The study is based on an analysis of advanced learner corpus (Nwords ~ 200,000) and a same‐ sized control corpus of expert writing. The L2 learner corpus consisted of 50 term papers written by German advanced L2 learners of English. All term papers concerned a linguistic topic. The L2 learners of English were 2nd or 3rd year students of English linguistics at RWTH Aachen University. The meth‐ odological aim of this study is first and foremost to contribute to a better understanding of the empiri‐ cal reality of L2 use of cohesive devices and thus pursues mainly descriptive goals and issues that con‐ cern corpus‐based methodology. ISFC 2015 93 July 27‐31, 2015 Kristin Khoo Macquarie University
[email protected]Cohesion and Self in the Therapeutic Conversation This paper explores the role of linguistic evidence in the concepts of cohesion and self in psychothera‐ py discourse. The research and discussion will be anchored within the Conversational Model of psy‐ chotherapy (CM), where thereapeutic conversation is used for complex traumatic disorders to target a lack of cohesion or coherence in the self (cf. Meares, 2012; Meares et al, 2012). The self is a form of consciousness that is evidenced through language, where cohesion is the “principal characteristic” of self (Meares et al, 2012:36). Linguistic analysis of therapeutic conversation responds to a demand for the measurement of self through language (Meares et al, 2005). In psychotherapy and related disciplines, language is both a primary mode of treatment and the evidence on which therapists draw for clinical assessment and monitoring change (Ferrara, 1994; Fine, 2001; 2006). Language and interpersonal relatedness also form core components of theoretical models such as the CM. A large number of linguistic studies in psychotherapy discourse (patient‐therapist interactions) have been seen since Labov & Fanshel’s (1977) analysis, including discourse analysis (eg. Ferrara, 1994; Chaika, 2000); conversation analysis (eg. Perakyla, 2008; McCarthy et al, 2011); systemic‐functional analysis (eg. Henderson‐Brooks, 2006) and combined approaches (eg. Muntigl, 2004; Muntigl & Horvath; 2013 – SFL & CA). Within a number of studies applying SFL to conversational dialogue within psychotherapeutic and psychiatric registers (eg. Fine, 1991; Muntigl, 2004), studies within the CM framework include Garbutt (1996), Henderson‐ Brooks (2006; 2010), Butt et al (2010), Khoo (2013) & Korner (2014). In this paper, an examination of the therapeutic conversation will be shown through a Cohesive Har‐ mony Analysis (Hasan, 1984; 1985) of excerpts from a psychotherapy session transcript. This extends work from Butt et al (2010) and Khoo (2013) in the application of CHA to therapeutic conversation during a dissociative instance and recount of fragmentation, respectively. Examining the analysis of one session, the linguistic tool of CHA and the patterns of cohesive harmony will be discussed as a means of evidence for the textual realization of cohesion, continuity, integration, fragmentation and expansion of meaning potential—clinical concepts relevant to the self in Meares (2012) and Meares et al (2012). CHA is built upon a foundation of cohesion, where linguistic cohesion is a resource for tex‐ ture, “in order for the discourse to come to life as a text” (Halliday & Hasan, 1976:299). The interac‐ tion of identity and similarity chains (& complex chain patterns) will be examined for topical consisten‐ cy and change, the focal chains and (experiential) grammatical roles that connect chains and the bunchings of tokens within chains. The quantitative counts of coherence will be shown against the iconic representation of semantic continuities for differences in global coherence and local disturb‐ ances in coherence. The contribution of each participant to the interaction will also be viewed, with implications for measuring change in cohesion and self and the mapping of therapeutic technique. The ability to examine therapeutic concepts of cohesion and self, and to demonstrate therapeutic change through descriptive, iconic and quantitative means will be discussed using these results. References: Butt, D.G., Moore, A.R., Henderson‐Brooks, C., Meares, R., & Haliburn, J. (2010). Dissociation, Relatedness, and “Cohesive Harmony”: A linguistic measure of degrees of “fragmentation”? Linguistics and the Human Scienc‐ es, 3(3) Chaika, E. (2000). Linguistics, Pragmatics and Psychotherapy: A Guide for Therapists. London and Philadelphia: Whurr Publishers. Ferrara, K. W. (1994). Therapeutic Ways with Words. New York: Oxford University Press. Fine, J. (2001). Using Language in Psychiatry. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 46(10): 916‐922. Fine, J. (2006). Language in Psychiatry: A Handbook of Clinical Practice. London & Oakville: Equinox. Garbutt, M. D. (1996). Figure talk: reported speech and thought in the discourse of psychotherapy. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University. Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman Group. ISFC 2015 94 July 27‐31, 2015 Hasan, R. (1984). Coherence and Cohesive Harmony. In J. Flood (Ed.), Understanding Reading Comprehension: Cognition, Language and the Structure of Prose (pp. 181‐219). Newark, Delaware: International Reading As‐ sociation. Hasan, R. (1985). The texture of a text. In M. A. K. Halliday & R. Hasan (Eds.), Language, context and text. Gee‐ long, Vic: Deakin University Press. Henderson‐Brooks, C. K. (2006). "What type of person am I, Tess?" the complex tale of self in psychotherapy. Unpublished PhD Thesis. Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University. Henderson‐Brooks, C. (2010). ‘Words being its marker’: a linguistic study of self as shifting state in three types of psychotherapeutic conversation. In E. Swain (Ed.), Thresholds and Potentialities of Systemic Functional Lin‐ guistics: Multilingual, Multimodal and Other Specialised Discourses (pp. 229‐267). Trieste: EUT Edizioni Uni‐ versità di Trieste. Khoo, K.M. (2013) Cohesive Harmony: Exploring a linguistic measure of cohesion and coherence in psychothera‐ py. Unpublished Honours Thesis. Macquarie University, Sydney. A.J. Korner (2014) Analogical Fit:dynamic relatedness in the psychotherapeutic setting (with reference to langug‐ age, autonomic response and change in self state). Unpublished PhD thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney. Labov, W., & Fanshel, D. (1977). Therapeutic Discourse: Psychotherapy as Conversation. Florida: Academic Press. McCarthy, K. L., Mergenthaler, E., Schneider, S., & Grenyer, B. (2011). Psychodynamic change in psychotherapy: cycles of patient: therapist linguistic interactions and interventions. Psychotherapy Research, 21(6), 722‐731. Meares, R., D. Butt, C. Henderson‐Brooks., & H. Samir. (2005). A Poetics of Change. Psychoanalytic Dialogues 15(5): 661‐680. Meares, R. (2012). A Dissociation Model of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Co. Meares, R., Bendit, N., Haliburn, J., Korner, A., Mears, D., & Butt, D. (2012). Borderline Personality Disorder and the Conversational Model: A Clinician’s Manual. New York and London: W.W. Norton Muntigl, P. (2004). Narrative Counselling: Social and linguistic processes of change Amsterdam and Philadelphia, John Benjamins Publishing Company. Muntigl, P., & Horvath, A. O. (2013). The therapeutic relationship in action: How therapists and clients co‐ manage relational disaffiliation. Psychotherapy Research, 1‐19. Peräkylä, A., Antaki, C., Vehviläinen, S., & Leudar, I. (Eds.). (2008). Conversation Analysis and Psychotherapy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Haeyeon Kim1 and Sang Rae Cho2 1,2 Chung‐Ang University 1
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[email protected]Really as a Marker of Interactional Functions One of the main functions of language is to share information between speaker and hearer to have a common ground for communication. Systemic functional grammar (SFG) has investigated the multi‐ dimensional nature of human experience and interpersonal relations, working on Halliday’s proposal on the functions of language: the ideational, the interpersonal and the textual (Halliday & Matthiessen 2014). The purpose of this research is to characterize the interpersonal meanings of the free‐standing really by investigating its use in a range of interactional contexts. This research explores interactional func‐ tions of really based on an analysis of e the Santa Barbara Corpus of American English, doing quantita‐ tive and qualitative analyses of the conversational data. In traditional grammar, really has been treat‐ ed as an adverb functioning as a modifier, termed ‘a style disjunct of modality’ (Quirk et al. 1985) or ‘stance adverbial of actuality/reality’ (Biber et al. 1999). As a single phrase, really has been treated as an exclamatory marker, a discourse marker (Schiffrin 1987), or a reactive token (Jefferson 1981). Bear‐ ing these prior studies in mind, this research tries to characterize really in terms of information status and interactive functions, as shown in (i). (i) DOLORES: ... Your daddy, remember when he was, ... (H) % ‐‐ ISFC 2015 95 July 27‐31, 2015 ... suspended from practice and all that, ~Tony never called, .. @never. SHANE: ... Oh really? <‐‐‐ I didn't know [that]. DOLORES: [Nev]er. ... (H) When your daddy was real sick, and getting accused of everything, he never called. (three lines deleted) In (i), (oh) really functions as a news‐mark for the prior utterance, showing that the information pro‐ vided is not assimilated into the hearer’s mind. In response to Shane’s utterance, Dolores provides additional information for her prior turn. Based on this observation, this research first examines the free‐standing really in terms of information status (cf. Heritage’s(1984) study of oh‐prefaced construc‐ tions), exploring the interpersonal functions manifested in the negotiation process of sharing infor‐ mation to have a common ground for the communication between speaker and hearer. This study claims that really is used to indicate that the recipients have not assimilated into their knowledge sys‐ tem the information provided by the prior speaker (cf. Prince 1981, Chafe 1994). Second, this research explores the interactional sequence of really when it functions as a news‐mark that indicates the need for specification or more information for the information to be confirmed. Examination shows that the typical conversational sequences that really constitutes can be summarized as follows: (i) news an‐ nouncement, (ii) (oh) really? (iii) re‐confirmation, and (iv) additional information. This exploration shows that consideration of the sequential organization of talk is important in charac‐ terizing the interpersonal meanings of really, in the sense that it functions as an indicator of unassimi‐ lated information, which often requires interactional sequences for seeking more information. In this regard, this research of the free‐standing really shows that we need to explore the interpersonal func‐ tions of a particular word or phrase in question for proper characterization of functions of language. References: Halliday, M. A. K. & C. Matthiessen. 2014. Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Routledge. Heritage, John. 1998. Oh‐prefaced responses to inquiry. Language in Society 27.3, 291‐334. Jefferson, Gail. 1981. The abominable "Ne?": a working paper exploring the phenomenon of post‐response pur‐ suit of response. Univ. of Manchester, Occasional Paper 6. Alex Matthew Kunst University of Helsinki
[email protected]The Potentiality of Sub‐Genres within Political Discourse. Case Study: Obama and Christmas This paper examines contextual boundaries and investigates how ‘context of situation’ influences the construct of such boundaries of written‐to‐be‐spoken language of political discourse (Wilson 1990; Chilton and Schaffner 2002; Wodak and Chilton 2005; Fairclough 2003; van Dijk 2008; Cap et al 2013). Specifically, the study postulates that sub‐genres do exist within the genre of political discourse and that the possibility of sub‐genres can be revealed in varying context of situation by investigating the generic structure of political speeches of similar registers, and thus, as a result are able to’ move up’ the cline of instantiation (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004: 27). To define genre, this study takes the standpoint that genre is “a staged, goal‐oriented social process. Social because we participate in gen‐ res with other people; goal‐oriented because we use genres to get things done; staged because it usually takes us a few steps to reach our goals” (Martin & Rose 2007: 8). Therefore, in order to reveal the genre, this study examines the staging, the generic structure (Martin 1992; Christie and Martin 1997; Martin and Rose 2007; Coffin et al 2009) of such speeches by way of Theme/Rheme, which is ISFC 2015 96 July 27‐31, 2015 part of the textual metafunction of systemic functional linguistics (SFL) (Halliday 1994; Halliday and Matthiessen 2004; Eggins 2004; Thompson 2004). Therefore, in order to realize the possibility of sub‐genres within written‐to‐be‐spoken language of political discourse, this study investigates the genre of the American Presidential radio address of Pres‐ ident Barack Obama during his first term as President, 2009‐2012. It focuses primarily on his four Christmas addresses delivered during his first term, thus, a repertoire of similar registers. The generic structure of each address will be analysed by way of Theme/Rheme in order to postulate that they are similar in structure and thus possibly become a ‘sub‐potential instance type’ within the established genre of the radio address. To further highlight the possibility that sub‐genres do exist, previous re‐ search regarding another repertoire of similar registers, four addresses concerning national tragedy also delivered by Obama (Kunst 2014), will be briefly reviewed as a backdrop to the four Christmas addresses. Ultimately, the study will demonstrate that the generic structure of these addresses do vary according to context of situation, and can then ‘move up’ the cline of instantiation, this can then lead to a possible sub‐genre within an already established genre. The benefits from the analysis fur‐ ther demonstrate that language does function and is dependent on the context in which it was con‐ structed and produced, and therefore, stresses the importance of context of situation when analysing text. References: Cap, Piotr et al. 2013. Analyzing Genres in Political Communication. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Coffin, Donohue and North .2009. Exploring English Grammar: From Formal to Functional. London: Routledge. Chilton, Paul and Schaffner, Christina. 2002. Poltics as Text and Talk: Analytic Approaches to Political Discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Christie, Frances and Martin, J.R. 1997. Genre and Institutions. London: Cassell. Eggins, Suzzane. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics, 2nd edition. London: Continuum. Halliday, M.A.K., and C.M.I.M. Matthiessen (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rdedition). London: Hodder Education. Kunst, A.M. 2014. “Obama, Tragedies and Generic Structuring”. Paper presented at 25th European Systemic Functional Linguistic conference, Universitè Paris Diderot, Paris, France, July 10 – 12. Martin, J.R. 1992. English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Martin, J.R. 2002. Meaning Beyond the Clause: SFL Perspectives. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 22: Discourse and Dialogue: 52‐74. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. 2007. Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause (2nd edition). London: Con‐ tinuum. Thompson, G. 2004. Introduction to Functional Grammar, 2nd Edition, London: Hodder Arnold. van Dijk, Tuen. 2008. Discourse and Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Wilson, John. 1990. Politically Speaking: The Pragmatic Analysis of Political Language. Oxford: Blackwell. Wodak, R. and Chilton, P. 2005. A New Agenda in (Critical) Discourse Analysis. London: Sage. Farida Larry University of Cambridge
[email protected]The discursive construction of 'disabled' identities in an Arabic‐speaking special school Practice of classifying children and adolescents identified with a disability is loaded with assumptions about relevant knowledge domains, imbedded value systems and power relations between the classi‐ fier and the classified. Therefore, it is not surprising that researchers in the past two decades or so have turned to critical theory as a potential approach for addressing a variety of topics within the field of special education. Scholars who are interested in challenging prevailing deficit discourses have ex‐ tensively drawn on critical discourse analysis (CDA) to examine policy texts and discursive practices in schools or other alternative educational settings. ISFC 2015 97 July 27‐31, 2015 Critical scholars argue that assessment discourses in the field of special education such as “normal curve” did nothing but limit opportunities for children and young people concerned. Well‐intended as they may be, such critiques, however, have done little to change practices. In fact, after over twenty years of research on the construction of the learning‐disabled identity, Mehan (2014) argues that the psychological/medical mode of representation is strongly supported by sophisticated measurement techniques such as IQs. Therefore, it is no surprise that such discourses continue to dominate despite continuous arguments against them. A critical question to pose here is: given prolonged and hard to resist knowledge bases informing the scholarship in the field, why should researchers continue to in‐ vestigate discursive practices if critical‐oriented studies have been generating similar outcomes? While the technologies of assessment enabled particular discourses and discouraged others from flourishing, there is reason to believe that alternative methodologies may yield significant results. Re‐ markably, Hanson (2000) argues that even if we had the option to turn the clock back so as not to have classification systems that create – by default of their design – disabled identities, we should not wish to do so because ‘if the growth of knowledge about the individual has created spaces for coer‐ cion, it has also encouraged human liberation’ (p. 80). Therefore, one may wish to consider analytic approaches that are both emancipatory and applicable. Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), according to Matthiessen (2012), has the potential to be applied to various settings that seek to solve everyday problems or to improve practice. The three meta‐functions of ideation, interpersonal and textuality enable researchers to unmask experiential realities manifested in text, examine social relations enacted by participants and reveal the level of coherence generating such social realities and relations (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004). Therefore, this paper argues that SFL is a powerful tool for examining the discursive construction of disabled identities in school settings. The study combines SFL and corpus linguistics in an attempt to address the following question: How do discursive practices of assessment shape the identities of young girls identified with a disabil‐ ity in a special school at an Arabic‐speaking setting? Through the system of transitivity, the most dominating processes involved in the representation of disabled child/adolescent identity in an Arabic‐speaking school will be demonstrated and the implica‐ tions of these processes in shaping the trajectory of the target group will be discussed. Inger Lassen Aalborg University
[email protected]Challenging boundaries and clashing contexts Departing from seminal work by Halliday (1977/2002) and Hasan (1996) this paper discusses the fuzzi‐ ness of boundaries between text, context and what Hasan (1996) has referred to as “the material situ‐ ational setting” understood as the actual physical setting in which a text unfolds. In SFL the contextual parameters of situation and culture are well described (e.g. Halliday and Matthiessen 1999; Martin 1992; 2014). However, as suggested by Wegener (2011) “the idea that context is an actual thing that has boundaries and an independent existence causes problems for those trying to use context mod‐ els”. A discussion of contextual boundaries thus calls for reflections about the nature of context. Does con‐ text have causal effect? To what extent should context, understood as “what surrounds whatever is being studied” (Wegener 2011: 41), hold a central or peripheral status in analysis? To what extent might knowledge of context influence how we apply context models when we analyze texts and gen‐ res? This in turn raises questions about how we may interpret context on the basis of configurations at the levels of situation and culture identifiable in texts and the role played by contextual knowledge in determining our interpretation of situation (Halliday 1977/2002) and culture (Martin, 1992). For a discussion of fuzzy boundaries within SFL, I am also inspired by the moderate social‐ constructionist view expressed in Fairclough (2005) and Fairclough, Jessop and Sayer (2004), where ISFC 2015 98 July 27‐31, 2015 the authors suggest supplementing Critical Realism with semiotic analysis, a point of view that is also interesting from an SFL perspective. A further source of inspiration for a discussion of text‐context relations is Bhatia (2008) who has pointed out the importance of doing ethnography and paying more attention to interdiscursivity in text and genre studies as a way of gaining access to knowledge about “text‐external constraints” (Bhatia, 163). (For analysis of text‐internal and text‐external features, see also Lassen 2006). Seeing that there is a close relationship between text, context and genre, my dis‐ cussion of fuzzy boundaries thus naturally touches upon the concept of genre and the relationship between different contexts and how contextual knowledge may determine “the defining characteris‐ tics of text genres” (Hasan, 1996). Analytically, I will address these issues by applying the stratified context model on data relating to a multinational pharmaceutical company based in Switzerland. More specifically, I will analyze a Code of Conduct, which is known as an institutionalized genre with a rather stable configuration of contextual parameters and moves. For the sake of comparison of the contexts construed, I will analyze a text published on a website about the same company. The website is owned by a vigilant organization called ‘big brother awards’. Through analysis of the texts along contextual parameters, I will illustrate how two contexts may clash, thus bringing to the fore the vulnerability of one‐sided context analysis and the need for critical analysis. References: Bhatia, V.K. (2008) Genre analysis, ESP and professional practice. English for Specific Purposes, 27, 161‐174. Fairclough, N. (2005) Peripheral Vision: Discourse Analysis in Organization Studies: The Case for Critical Realism. Organization Studies, 26(6), 915‐939. Fairclough, N., Jessop, R. & Sayer, A. (2004) Critical realism and semiosis, in J.M. Roberts and J. Joseph, eds., Realism, Discourse and Deconstruction. London: Routledge 23‐42. Halliday, M.A.K. (1977/ 2002) Text as semantic choice in social contexts, 23‐81. In Linstistic Studies of Text and Discourse (edited by Jonathan Webster), Volume 2 in the Collected Works of M.A. K. Halliday. London, New York: Continuum. Halliday, M.A.K. and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (1999) Construing Experience through Meaning. London and New York: Cassell. Hasan, R. (1996) What’s going on: a dynamic view of context in Language, 37‐51. In Ways of saying: ways of meaning (edited by Clorran, C., Butt, D. and Williams, G), New York: Cassell. Lassen, I. (2006) Is the press release a genre. A study of form and Content. Journal of Discourse Studies, 8(4), 503‐530. Martin, J.R. (2014) Evolving systemic functional linguistics: beyond the clause. Functional Linguistics 1:3. Martin, J.R. (1992) English Text. System and Structure. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins. Wegener, R. (2011) Parameters of Context: From Theory to Model and Application. Unpublished PhD‐thesis, Department of Linguistics, Macquarie University, Sydney. Eva Leiliyanti1, Hamdani2 and Aprina Murwanti3 1,3 Universitas Negeri Jakarta, 2UIN Syarif Hidayatullah 1
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[email protected]Language, Power and Knowledge in the Presidential Election of 2014 Indonesia: the Image contestation of Jokowi Widodo and Prabowo Subianto During the campaign of the Presidential Election in 2014, Indonesian voters were fragmented into sharp polarisation between Joko Widodo‐Jusuf Kalla and Prabowo Subianto‐Hatta Rajasa. The fierce rivalry between these two groups was marked by the competing movement of the respective sup‐ porters to construct and contest the image of supported and detested candidates either with positive or negative connotation. This image contestation cannot merely be perceived from the political lens, but more importantly also from the cultural realm where the Islamic and Nationalist strands in the political realm meet, synthesise and contest within and against themselves. This nested case study aims to investigate how the symbolic synthesis and contestation of Islamic and Nationalist strands are ISFC 2015 99 July 27‐31, 2015 represented on the language of Jokowi’s and Prabowo’s supporters expressed and the visual artefacts they produced in the social media. Deploying Critical discourse analysis (CDA) proposed by Norman Fairclough, the analysis is divided into three stages. The first stage examines the written expressions of Widodo’s and Subianto’s supporters and the visual artefacts they produced. Hallidayean transitivity system is deployed to examine the written expressions whilst social semiotics is deployed to examine the visual artefacts. The second stage scrutinises the discourse practices, i.e. investigating the text production and consumption. The focus of the second stage lies on how the visual artists, politicians and students as Widodo’s and Subianto’s supporters articulated their political dispositions and con‐ sumed the political and cultural image constructions and contestation. The third stage investigates the socio‐cultural practices, i.e. integrating the results of the textual analysis, the discourse practices and the habitus of Joko Widodo‐Jusuf Kalla and Prabowo Subianto‐Hatta Rajasa and their supporters. This is conducted to dismantle the ideology behind the correspondence between the written expressions and the language of the visual artefacts they employed in the social media. The preliminary result shows that the linguistic and artistic expressions of the image constestation on the social media marks the pristine and growing political and cultural trend of public participation in today’s Indonesia democ‐ racy. Fang Li Hankuk University of Foreign Studies
[email protected]Laughing at Samuel Johnson: What Systemic‐functional Grammar Can Tell Us about Jane Austen’s “Shapely” Sentences In A Room of One’s Own, Virginia Woolf remarks that clauses laden with nominalized processes, which Halliday has explained as a form of grammatical metaphor, were current at the end of the eighteenth century. She calls such a clause complex “a man’s sentence, .unsuited for a woman’s use,” and she tells us that “Jane Austen looked at it and laughed at it and devised a perfectly natural, shapely sen‐ tence proper for her own use and never departed from it.” In order to test Woolf’s claim, I use a sim‐ ple count of nominalized Processes to examine the use of grammatical metaphor in the narrative por‐ tion of Jane Austen’s novel Northanger Abbey and I compare it to the use of grammatical metaphor within the dialogues. Within the dialogues, I also compare the use of nominalized processes ending in “~tion” by men and by women and I discover that, for the most part, Woolf’s claim is fully justifiable. We then explore the effect of this juxtaposition of a ponderous, heavily nominalized, narrative sen‐ tence with a much more canonical, straightforward dialogic style. I explore the contrast between narration and dialogue, and the contrast between male dialogue and female dialogue, in three ways: according to the “Tenor” (that is, the way in which interpersonal roles are enacted and the stance the author takes towards other authors), the “Field” (that is, the way in which figures of experience are construed and the appropriation of representations from other texts), and “Mode” (that is, the role which language itself plays and the way in which it enables Tenor and Field). In each case, I look at how the text can be related to other, more Gothic, texts but also how the text unfolds; that is, how the beginning of Northanger Abbey relates to its denouement. I find that the relationship between Jane Austen and the Gothic Imagination is neither one of slavish obedience to genre, nor one of filial disobedience. Instead, it is one of loving irony, and it is this ironical detachment from one genre and reattachment to the genre of the plot of attachment and marriage which enables a truly new exploration of how intra‐mental consciousness must emerge from interpersonal interac‐ tions and from nowhere else. ISFC 2015 100 July 27‐31, 2015 Manliang Li School of Foreign Languages, Inner Mongolia University
[email protected]A Contrastive Study of the Functional Structure of the English and Chinese Nominal Group: A Systemic Functional Approach This paper aims to conduct a contrasive study of the functional structure of the Chinese and English nominal group, and to do so within the theoretical framework of systemic functional linguistics (Faw‐ cett 2000, 2008;Halliday 1994/2000;Halliday 2002/2007;Halliday and Matthiessen 2004; Thompson 1996/2000;)According to the scale and category grammar (Halliday 1961/2007),on the rank scale, group is a significant grammatical unit between word and clause, both in Chinese and English. In terms of the class, both the English and Chinese nominal groups have various syntactic and discourse func‐ tions in the two languages. Meanwhile, the nominal group has tremendously complex internal struc‐ ture. However, the functional structure of the English and Chinese nominal group has similarities and differences. From the theoretical perspective, systemic functional linguistics as a general linguistic theory can be applied in analyzing the two languages, English and Chinese.Our research method adopted in this re‐ search is qualitative, descriptive and explanatory. We explore certain constructions on the premise that similar constructions can be depicted in an identical way. The basic purpose animating our re‐ search is to determine how meaning is realized through varieties of options or forms. Thus, our study not only describes the functional structure of particular nominal groups but also explains why the functional analysis is as it is. This paper begins with the review of the theory of grammatical scale and category by Halliday. This is to be followed by a contrastive exploration of the internal functional structures, and to do so in the theoretical framework of systemic functional linguistics. The typical functional structure of the English nominal group is Premodifier, Head, and Qualifier, and the typical structure of the Chinese nominal group is Premodifier followed by the Head. The contrastive study of the functional structure of the nominal groups in the two languages has great significance in studying the syntactic and discourse functions of the two grammatical units in the two languages. In addition, the study may also contrib‐ ute to the study of the translation between English and Chinese nominal groups. References: Fawcett, R. P., 2000. A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Fawcett, R. P., 2008. Invitation to Systemic Functional Linguistics through the Cardiff Grammar: An extension and simplification of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar (3rd edition). London: Equinox. Halliday, M. A. K., 1961/2007. Categories of the Theory of Grammar. In M. A. K. Halliday. 2002/2007, On Gram‐ mar. London: Continuum. / Beijing: Peking University Press, 37‐94. Halliday, M. A. K., 1994/2000. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (2nd edition). London: Arnold. / Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Halliday, M. A. K., 2002/2007. On Grammar. London: Continuum. / Beijing: Peking University Press. Halliday, M. A. K. and C. M. I. M. Matthiessen, 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd edition). Lon‐ don: Arnold. ISFC 2015 101 July 27‐31, 2015 Tzu‐I Liao University College London
[email protected]Rhetoric on the border: De Corona as both judicial and deliberative speech The Aristotelian division of speech genres in the ancient political sphere is based on two criteria: ex‐ pectation of the addressee to take action[1] and the time of the topic issue[2] (Aristotle Rhetoric 3.14). While generations of rhetoricians and scholars ascribe to this paradigm on which the studies of ancient speech acts have their basis, the communicative dynamism presented by surviving classical speeches appears to be much more vigorous and complex than Aristotle claimed. Borders between the speech genres were never rigid as theoreticians presented—in fact, the crossing and the manipu‐ lation of the borders between speech genres are common practices of ancient orators. This paper examines how De Corona, the best‐known judicial speech by Demosthenes, transcends generic borders as an example of the communicative dynamism in ancient political context. The speech plays on the boundary line not only in its discussion of themes of statesmanship (which is con‐ sidered of the deliberative genre) in the judicial context, as Usher (1999:270) points out, but also in its structure as well as it formal profile. Subscribing to the Systemic functional linguistic theories on genre study, I understand the speech construction as an ongoing process of selection of features in simulta‐ neous systems, which create patterns as the speech unfolds (Matthiessen 2002; Martin & Rose 2012). For the investigation of this specific variance, the contextual values are discussed briefly in the paper, and based on Hasan’s work on contextual configuration (1984b/1996), I compare the structure of the speech to the Generic Structure Potential of deliberative speeches. This paper then focuses on how on three stratas of language— experiential, interpersonal and textual (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004)—the speech exemplifies the interactions between the judicial and the deliberative genres. I examine the realisations of the three metafunctions from the following perspectives: 1) experientially, how the organization of experiences reflects the deliberative formulae in a judicial context; 2) interpersonally, how the use of personal references, narrating modes and registers demonstrates the similarities be‐ tween this particular judicial speech and the deliberative corpus; 3) textually, how the transitioning of argumentation and narratives in this judicial speech resembles a typical deliberative speech. This pa‐ per concludes with a comparison between similar practices in the classical deliberative corpus (De‐ mosthenes’ Philippics) and shows how through such manipulation of generic borders Demosthenes amplifies his apologia against a political enemy to a national issue. [1] When the addressee is expected to take action, the speech is either judicial (associated with law courts) or deliberative (associated with the public assembly); when he is not, performative (i.e.funeral speeches). [2] When the issue is about something in the past, the speech is judicial; something in the future, de‐ liberative; something present, performative. Cassi Liardét Macquarie University
[email protected]‘As we all know’: Decoding Chinese EFL learners’ use of interpersonal grammatical metaphor This paper analyses Chinese EFL learners’ overuse of obligation and subjectivity when evaluating meanings in academic texts and presents an elaborated theory for mapping interpersonal grammatical metaphors (GM). The data presented here is drawn from the Chinese Longitudinal Learner Corpus (CLLC), a two‐year diachronic study into Chinese university EFL learners’ development of academic literacy (Liardét, 2013) . As part of a larger study into learners’ development of academic literacy through their use of GM, the present study focuses on their deployment of interpersonal GM. ISFC 2015 102 July 27‐31, 2015 In his initial early identification of interpersonal GM, Halliday (1985, 1994) maps modality along axes of explicitness (i.e., congruency) and objectivity (i.e., subjective personal reference, objective imper‐ sonal reference; e.g., It is evident, I believe). He further accounts for ‘intermediate implicit‐explicit’ GMs, realised as prepositional phrases functioning as circumstances. These intermediate realisations can similarly be construed subjectively (e.g., in my opinion) or objectively (e.g., in all probability; see also, Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). In the analysis of the CLLC, it became evident that an additional description of interpersonal GM is required to account for the widely used ‘as we all know’ construction (e.g., it is known to all, we know that, as is known to all, etc.). To account for these variations of interpersonal GM deployment, an ad‐ ditional axis has been mapped across Halliday’s (1985) model. This axis of ‘expansion and contraction’ is used here to distinguish expressions that expand the space of negotiation (i.e., the certainty of an expression; e.g., it is evident; see Hyland, 2000, 2002, 2008) from those that contract the space of negotiation. In these ‘as we all know’ constructions, the author refers to an ‘in group’ or exclusive circle of knowledge (‘all know’). If the reader is not privy to this exclusive information, a sense of ex‐ clusion is construed, contracting the space of negotiation to only those with the shared knowledge. By referencing this body of shared knowledge, these metaphorical expressions are not inviting input or discussion from a wider community of readers; instead, it is effectively obligating anyone external to this ‘knowledge’ to adhere to it (i.e., if you didn’t already know or agree with this assertion, then you should now). When examining interpersonal GM as a marker of academic literacy development, it is important to distinguish which metaphors of modality achieve the registers valued in academic discourse (Hyland, 1998; Schleppegrell, 2002). Namely, subjective metaphors (e.g., I believe, I hope) explicitly position the author as the source of the evaluation and construe a tentativeness rather than authority (Schleppegrell, 2004: 183‐184). Similarly, contracting metaphors infuse obligation into the text, disal‐ lowing any discussion or room for argument. Thus, in the analysis of Chinese EFL learners’ develop‐ ment of academic literacy, these expressions are similarly mapped with subjective metaphors that are less valued in academic registers. The paper discusses Chinese EFL learners’ reliance on subjective and contracting metaphors and maps the participants’ ‘pathway of development’ across the two‐year study. These discussions conclude with pedagogical recommendations for guiding learners to appropriately integrate modality in aca‐ demic texts. References: Halliday, M.A.K. (1985). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Arnold. Halliday, M.A.K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar. 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold. Halliday, M.A.K. & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar. 3rd Ed. London: Arnold. Hyland, K. (1998). Hedging in scientific research articles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Hyland, K. (2000). Hedges, boosters and lexical invisibility: Noticing modifiers in academic texts. Language Awareness, 9 (4), 179‐197. Hyland, K (2002). Genre: Language, context and literacy. ARAL, 22, 113‐135. Hyland, K. (2008). Academic clusters: Text patterning in published and postgraduate writing. International Jour‐ nal of Applied Linguistics, 18, 41‐62. Liardét, C. L. (2013). An exploration of Chinese EFL learners' deployment of grammatical metaphor: Learning to make academically valued meanings. Journal of Second Language Writing, 22: 161‐178. Schleppegrell, M.J. (2002). Challenges of the science register for ESL students: Errors and meaning‐making. In M.J. Schleppegrell & M.C. Colombi (Eds.), Developing advanced literacy in first and second languages: Mean‐ ing with power. Schleppegrell, M.J. (2004). Technical writing in a second language: The role of grammatical metaphor. In L.J. Ravelli & R.A. Ellis (Eds.), Analysing academic writing: Contextualised frameworks. New York: Continuum. ISFC 2015 103 July 27‐31, 2015 Cassi Liardét1 and Sharyn Black2 1,2 Macquarie University 1
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[email protected]‘So and so’ says, states and argues: An engagement analysis of university learners’ use of reporting verbs Academic texts are inherently heteroglossic and tertiary students are required to effectively integrate the voices of established scholars into their writing (Hood, 2008; Martin & White, 2005; White, 2000). However, as learners develop their ‘academic voice’, many struggle to employ appropriate ‘voice’ markers or over‐rely on one choice (e.g., ‘says’ or ‘argues’; Hendricks & Quinn, 2000). This presentation reports on a corpus‐assisted engagement analysis of university learners’ use of re‐ porting verbs when explicitly integrating research into their assignments. The texts collected for this project are selected from the Macquarie University Longitudinal Learner Corpus (MQLLC), a diachronic corpus of learner texts gathered from across consecutive semesters of university study. All partici‐ pants for this corpus are recruited in their first year academic communication unit that provides ex‐ plicit instruction into referencing practices and specifically, reporting verb structures (e.g., argues, states, suggests, etc.). The present study examines learners’ use of indirect voice to explicitly name the source of the evi‐ dence in the text (e.g., Martin argues…, Halliday concludes…, etc.; Brick, 2009; Hyland, 2008; Swales, 1990; Thompson, 1994). Specifically, it analyses the engagement resources learners’ use to position or situate outside evidence through the deployment of reporting verbs (e.g., the difference between ‘Martin suggests’, ‘Martin claims’ and ‘Martin says’). This research project was initiated from a previ‐ ous study into university learners’ development of in‐text referencing conventions (i.e., indirect, direct quotation and ‘external’ backgrounded referencing devices; Liardét & Black, In Development). This study revealed that when learners deploy indirect voice and use reporting verbs to situate the refer‐ enced material, they appear to choose reporting verbs arbitrarily, failing to account for the different options to position the assertions. Namely, learners tend to deploy ‘empty’ or neutral verbs such as states or says in their earlier work before deploying more meaningful constructions in later assign‐ ments (e.g., argue, demonstrate, conclude). Furthermore, some students demonstrate difficulty with the certainty of their reporting verbs, employing overly confident reporting verbs such as proves. Using a combination of manual corpus tagging and keyword analysis, this study will explore the report‐ ing verb choices learners make in contrast to those found in an expert corpus of peer‐reviewed journal articles. These findings and discussions conclude with recommendations for teaching evidence inte‐ gration and the necessary skills for effectively positioning referenced evidence through appropriate and meaningful reporting verb selection. References: Brick, J. (2009) Academic writing: a student’s guide to studying at university. South Yarra, Victoria: Macmillan. Hellqvist, B. (2010) Referencing in the humanities and its implications for citation analysis. Journal of the Ameri‐ can Society for Information Science and Technology. 61 (2) 310 – 318. Hendricks, M., & Quinn, L. (2000). Teaching referencing as an introduction to epistemological empowerment. Teaching in higher education,5 (4). 447‐457. Hood, S. (2008). Summary writing in academic contexts: Implicating meaning in processes of change. Linguistics and Education, 19. 351‐365. Hyland, K. (2008). English for professional academic purposes: Writing for scholarly publication. In D. Belcher (Ed.) Teaching language purposefully: English for specific purposes in theory and practice. New York: Cam‐ bridge University Press. Liardét, C.L., & Black, S. (In development). “According to…” Analysing learner development of referencing con‐ ventions and evidence integration. Martin, J.R., & White, P.R.R. (2005). The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. Palgrave Macmillan, Lon‐ don. Swales, J.M. (1990). Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge UK: Cambridge Uni‐ versity Press. Thompson, G. (1994). Collins COBUILD English Guides 5: Reporting. London: Harper Collins. ISFC 2015 104 July 27‐31, 2015 White, P.R.R. (2000). Dialogue and Inter‐Subjectivity: Reinterpreting the Semantics of Modality and Hedging. In Working With Dialog, Coulthard, M., Cotterill, J., & Rock, F. (Eds.). Neimeyer. Cassi Liardét and Sharyn Black 1,2 Macquarie University 1
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[email protected]An analysis of learners’ Theme patterns as an indicator of academic success The flow of information in the paragraphs of an academic text is determined by the choice of the ini‐ tial thematic element in each clause and their relation to contiguous Themes. Theme in this paper is construed in the systemic function description (see Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004: 64), where it is re‐ garded as the “point of departure of the message” in a clause. Theme choices and organisation in a paragraph (e.g., Given New patterns; Liardét, 2013; Martin & Rose, 2003; 2008; Schleppegrell, 2001; 2004) are vital resources for achieving text coherence and are typically analysed in relation to the Rheme (i.e., the remaining clause elements). This paper explores Theme choice, variation, organisation and progression in academic essays, focus‐ ing on how learners develop their points for coherence through thematisation and to what extent success in their essay can be attributed to observable thematisation patterns. Thematisation in the essays is analysed using the SFL framework (Fries, 1995; Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004) to address the question: Does the pattern of Theme choices and organisation differ between the successful and un‐ successful students’ writing? The texts analysed in this study represent the top and bottom 10% achievers in a first year academic literacy unit at Macquarie University. They were collected as part of the Macquarie University Longi‐ tudinal Learner Corpus (MQLLC), a diachronic learner corpus of tertiary students’ assignments. Over 50 essays were collected from students representing four different disciplines. Namely, the study ex‐ amines how learners stage information in the paragraphs to communicate a cohesive message to their potential readers. The study is motivated by the observation that academic communication essays of university students are characterised by different orientations in terms of thematisation. While most successful essays in different sub‐genres such as reports and persuasive essays appear to show some consistency in the‐ matisation pattern, less successful essays tend to show greater randomness and variety. Few system‐ atic studies are known to have been carried out that investigate the role of thematic structure in aca‐ demic communication achievement. The indications at the early stages of the study are that there is a significant disparity in the organisation of theme between highly successful learners’ academic com‐ munication and those of average learners. References: Fries, P.H. (1995). Theme development and texts. In R. Hasan & P.H. Fries (Eds.), On subject and theme: A dis‐ course functional perspective (pp. 317‐359). Amsterdam: Benjamins. Halliday, M.A.K. & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar. 3rd Ed. London: Arnold. Liardét, C.L. (2013). An exploration of Chinese EFL learners' deployment of grammatical metaphor: Learning to make academically valued meanings. Journal of Second Language Writing, 22. 161‐178. Martin, J.R. & Rose, D. (2003). Working with discourse: Meaning beyond the clause. London: Continuum. Martin, J.R. & Rose, D. (2008). Genre relations: Mapping culture. London: Equinox. Schleppegrell, M.J. (2001). Linguistic features of the language of schooling. Linguistics and Education, 12. 431‐ 459. Schleppegrell, M.J. (2004). Technical writing in a second language: The role of grammatical metaphor. In L.J. Ravelli & R.A. Ellis (Eds.), Analysing academic writing: Contextualized frameworks. New York: Continuum. ISFC 2015 105 July 27‐31, 2015 Kwok Ling Lau University of Hong Kong
[email protected]Applying Appraisal Theory to analyse the concept of International Mindedness in the International Bac‐ calaureate Diploma Programme in Hong Kong Second language Chinese classrooms The aim of this study is to apply Appraisal Theory analysing the concepts of international mindedness in the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) in Chinese second language classrooms in a Hong Kong international school. The IB programme advocates international mindedness in educa‐ tion and it is worthy to explore how international mindedness is implemented in second language Chinese classrooms in Hong Kong. The framework of international mindedness includes global citizen‐ ship, intercultural understanding and values education. The research questions are as follows. (1) How do the teacher of Chinese as a second language of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Pro‐ gramme teach the concepts of international mindedness in Chinese lesson? (2) How do the students of Chinese demonstrate concepts related to international mindedness in class work in the teaching and learning cycle? I applied Appraisal Theory (Martin and White 2005) and Systemic Functional Lin‐ guistics (SFL) (Halliday, 1994), UNESCO (2002), Hill (2012) to analyse teacher of Chinese and students’ attitudes of international mindedness through the application of Appraisal Theory. There were 14 students of Year 12 international school students were aged 17 on average involved. I conducted 5 lessons classroom observation. Four student oral presentations and 2 student written texts were ana‐ lysed using Appraisal Theory. One teacher and two students were interviewed after classroom obser‐ vation. The findings show that teacher and students developed international mindedness, global citi‐ zenship, intercultural understanding through inquiry based learning, research skills and critical reflec‐ tion by making moral judgments and applying interdisciplinary knowledge of social issues. This study will contribute to Chinese language education pedagogic practice using Systemic Functional Linguistics in International Baccalaureate (IB) curriculum development and teacher training in language educa‐ tion. References: Halliday, M.A.K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar. Australia: Edward Arnold (Australia) Pty Ltd. Hill, I. (2012). Evolution of education for international mindedness. Journal of Research in International Educa‐ tion 11(3): 245‐261. Martin, J.R. & White, P.R.R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English: New York: Palgrave Macmil‐ lan. UNESCO (2002). Learning to be: A holistic and integrated approach to values education for human development: Core values and the valuing process for developing innovative practices for values education toward interna‐ tional understanding and a culture of peace. Bangkok: UNESCO Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Educa‐ tion, 2002. 183p. (UNESCO‐APNIEVE Sourcebook, No. 2). http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001279/127914e.pdf Shizhu Liu Shandong University
[email protected]Closing Down Dialogic Space in Academic Discourse Academic communication is dialogic in nature. This dialogism is realized by the choice from a variety of linguistic resources to take a stance and create a space to negotiate meanings with various value posi‐ tions referenced in the discourse. The aim of this study is to provide linguistic evidence (both lexically and syntactically) about academic writers’ ability to engage in deep cognitive alignment or disalign‐ ment with other voices presented in or outside the texts and to put forward a way in which we can ISFC 2015 106 July 27‐31, 2015 critically discuss “dialogic space” exhibited in academic writing by pointing to specific linguistic choices evident in their texts. This investigation explores the expressions of dialogic space in academic discourse by focusing on how different types of negation are used to close down the dialogic space in academic discourse. According to Martin and White (2005), negation is typically dialogic, i.e. it “places one voice in relation to a po‐ tential opposing one. Two voices are implicated” (Martin and Rose, 2003:49). By rejecting this affirma‐ tive proposition, the negation contracts the dialogic space in the discourse (White, 2003:261, Martin & White, 2005:118). Within the system of dialogic contraction, they are maximally contractive, i.e. they close down discussion by rejecting these alternative positions altogether (Martin and White 2005:118). The data used in the investigation are drawn from a corpus of 180 academic texts constructed by the author. The selection is targeted on six distinguished journals in the field of Humanities. Wordsmith Tools is used to generate concordance and patterns of use. The study confirms that, through negation, academic writers set up a dialogistic relationship with a directly opposing affirmative proposition which has either been stated earlier in the context or which the writer believes is inferable from the context. By negating this proposition, the writers contract the heteroglossic space in the text. This may be on the propositional information content level of the text or on the writer‐reader level, where writers monitor the attitudinal orientation of the text, mark tran‐ sitions between chunks of information by denying the exclusivity of the preceding information or the consequential relations between them, and clarify their intended meanings. References: 1. Martin, J. R. & White, P. R. R. The Language of Evaluation: APPRAISAL in English . London: Palgrave. 2005. 2. Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. Working with discourse: Meaning beyond the clause [M]. London: Continuum, 2003. 3. Liu, Shizhu. Linguistic Features of Evaluation. Shandong Foreign Language Teaching. 2007. 4. Liu, Shizhu. Structural Potential of Attitude. Beijing: Social Science Press. 2007. Yi Liu Shenzhen University
[email protected]Commitment resources as scaffolding strategies in the Reading to Learn classroom The Reading to Learn (hereafter R2L) program (Rose 2005a, 2005b) is a Sydney School approach to genre pedagogy, grounded in a functional model of language founded by Halliday (1994) and a theory of genre developed by Martin and his colleagues (Martin and Rose 2008). Drawing from Martin’s (2008, 2010) commitment theory and Maton’s (2009) semantics, this paper examines the teachers’ use of commitment resources for scaffolding academic readings in the Reading to Learn pedagogy adapted in a tertiary setting. The data for analysis come from Rose’s (2003) demonstration lesson and two audio‐taped classroom lessons given respectively by the two English teachers, using the approach at a center for English teaching in an Australian university. The analysis identifies three types of com‐ mitment resources, namely metadiscourse, preparation cues and demetaphorization. The discussion of metadiscourse focuses on the pedagogical functions of graphological nouns and abstract nouns. Graphological nouns are discussed in the light of topicalization and projection. As re‐ gards abstract nouns, the way they are specified in the teacher talk functions as exemplification. Three types of exemplification are identified and found to interact with one another, contextualizing abstract nouns with increasing commitment to lower the semantic wave for students. Preparation cues are discussed with reference to the use of wh‐interrogative and generalization. In the R2L classroom, wh‐questions are prepared with commitment ranging from the most general to the most specific, depending on the difficulty of the wordings to be identified. They may be used with positional cues only, but more often they are used with both positional and meaning cues. There is a continuum of commitment varying from no‐support generalized wh‐questions to specialized support‐ ISFC 2015 107 July 27‐31, 2015 ive ones. The variation corresponds with the movement of semantic gravity and semantic density. Meaning cues may also take the form of generalization, a type of commitment relationships within a sentence or/and between sentences where one entity more general is related to something more specific. Classification and composition are the two types of generalization examined in the thesis. The paper also examines teacher’s use of demetaphorization to unpack abstraction in the R2L peda‐ gogy. Demetaphorization refers to pedagogical treatment of grammatical metaphor. It is a process of shifting from vertical discourse to horizontal discourse. Three types of demetaphorization are identi‐ fied and analyzed. In theory, the R2L pedagogy focuses on the unpacking of grammatical metaphors. However, Rose’s demonstration class shows that his way of demetaphorization also involves the use of synonyms and paraphrases. The two teachers treat grammatical metaphors as new words. They may demetaphorize the same metaphor differently in different steps of teaching. Teacher A’s ways of demetaphorization are more varied while Teacher B tends to use grammatical metaphors himself and immediately demetaphorizes them. Both seem to depend largely on their teaching experience and pedagogical intuition in demetaphorzation. The discussion of pedagogical implications is concerned with the importance of teacher directions, the problem of co‐text and the possibility of repacking abstraction in the R2L classroom. References: Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold. Martin, J. R. (2008). Innocence: realisation, instantiation and individuation in a Botswanan town. In N. Knight and A. Mahboob eds.), Questioning Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 27‐54. Martin, J. R. (2010). Semantic variation: modeling realisation, instantiation and individuation in social semiosis. In M. Bednarek and J. R. Martin (eds.), New Discourse on Language: Functional Perspectives on Multimodality, Identity and Affiliation. London: Continuum. Martin, J. R. and Rose, D. (2008). Genre Relations: Mapping Culture. London: Equinox Maton, K. (2009). Cumulative and segmented learning: exploring the role of curriculum structures in knowledge‐ building. British Journal of Sociology of Education 30(1): 43‐57. Rose, D. (2005a). Literacy across the Curriculum. Teacher Resource Booklet. Sydney: Learning to Read:Reading to Learn. Rose, D. (2005b). Democratising the Classroom: a Literacy Pedagogy for the New Generation. Journal of Educa‐ tion. 37:127‐164. Timo Lothmann1 and Tatiana Serbina2 1,2 RWTH Aachen University 1
[email protected]‐aachen.de,
[email protected]‐aachen.de “Meaning beyond What We See”: On the Overlap of Grammatical Metaphor and Conceptual Metaphor in Political Discourse Grammatical metaphor has become a major topic of interest in the recent years. Studies within the systemic‐functional framework have particularly focussed on nominalisation as a common type of ideational metaphor. In this paper, we want to examine nominalisation as it occurs for distinct pur‐ poses in political speech. In particular, we consider those uses where the grammatical category noun represents process and action (which are incongruent uses compared to the more congruent repre‐ sentation of thing and state). Moreover, we seek to include a cognitive view in order to discuss exam‐ ples where instantiations of grammatical metaphor (according to Halliday et al.) and conceptual meta‐ phor (according to Lakoff et al.) coincide on the word, phrase, and clause level. We claim that such double metaphor packing, and thus doubling of meaning shifts involved, contributes to the strategic functions of political discourse (Chilton and Schäffner 1997). Our text corpus is a selection from US Presidents’ inaugural speeches. This micro‐register shares fea‐ tures of both spoken and written discourse modes (Charteris‐Black 2014), which should show in met‐ aphor frequency and functionality, including nominalisation patterns and realisations of conceptual metaphor types. An example which qualifies for analysis is: ISFC 2015 108 July 27‐31, 2015 […] drifting has eroded our resources, fractured our economy, and shaken our confidence (Clinton I) Here, the noun ‘drifting’ realises a combination of two metaphor levels, namely grammatical and lexi‐ cal. This is in line with previous studies that have shown that lexical metaphors have grammatical im‐ plications and that both domains are linked in a lexicogrammatical organisational stratum (Simon‐ Vandenbergen 2003; Halliday/Matthiessen 2006). Our study corroborates the hypothesis that there are additional degrees of complexity which call for an inclusion of cognitive perspectives into the anal‐ ysis. Briefly put, it is the underlying conceptual metaphor which strengthens a particular function of the nominalisation in context, for instance the concealment of agency in the example above where some elusive ‘drifting’ is held responsible for the ills of the American society. The cognitive component of the analysis thus rests on the assumption that (lexical) metaphors are basic structures within our individual cognitive system. Metaphorical conceptualisations are pervasive in all life contexts and are manifested through metaphorical linguistic expression (cf. Lakoff/Johnson 2011). In the examples under investigation, we further assume blending mechanisms at work. Both lexical and grammatical metaphor thus can, when they co‐occur, be regarded as input spaces for an abstract blend (Fauconnier/Turner 2003) by which new or additional meaning is realised. Finally, we consider these conceptual approaches reconcilable with systemic‐functional views. Our analysis shows that social function and mental conceptualisation complement one another within a framework of contextual pressure of the register and the semogenic force attributed to the architecture of language in general (Halliday 1998; 2004; 2013). Using corpus analysis tools, we investigate frequency distributions of the examples and offer function‐ ality categories which hint at ‘the meaning extra’ which combinations of grammatical and lexical met‐ aphor transport. To that end, studies on the ideological power of grammatical and lexical metaphor (Lakoff 1991; Sušinskienė 2008) are considered. Ultimately, we present an integrative working model for metaphor analysis which highlights the gradual nature of congruency, but also the lacking bounda‐ ries between lexicogrammar as a system and abstract conceptualisations of the mind (Holme 2003). This work affords potential for future studies covering diachronic dimensions of metaphor usage, spe‐ cific strategies by different political parties, and comparison across registers. References: Charteris‐Black, Jonathan. 2014. Analysing Political Speeches: Rhetoric, Discourse and Metaphor. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Chilton, Paul, and Christina Schäffner. 1997. “Discourse and Politics.” In Teun A. van Dijk (ed.). Discourse as Social Interaction. Vol. 2: Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction. London: Sage, 206‐230. [Clinton I] Clinton, William J. 2014. Inaugural Address, 20 January 1993. In John Woolley et al. (eds.). The Ameri‐ can Presidency Project. <http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=46366>. 05/12/2014. Fauconnier, Gilles, and Mark Turner. 2003. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind’s Hidden Complexities. New York: Basic Books. Halliday, M.A.K. 1998. “Things and Relations: Regrammaticising Experience as Technical Knowledge.” In J.R. Mar‐ tin et al. (eds.). Reading Science: Critical and Functional Perspectives on Discourses of Science. London et al.: Routledge, 185‐235. Halliday, M.A.K. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Rev. by Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen. 3rd ed., London: Hodder Education. Halliday, M.A.K. 2013. “Meaning as Choice.” In Lise Fontaine et al. (eds.). Systemic Functional Linguistics : Explor‐ ing Choice. Cambridge et al.: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 15‐36. Halliday, M.A.K., and Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen. 2006. Construing Experience through Meaning: A Language‐ based Approach to Cognition. (Open Linguistics Series.) Repr., London et al.: Continuum. Holme, Randal. 2003. “Grammatical Metaphor as a Cognitive Construct.” In Anne‐Marie Simon‐Vandenbergen et al. (eds.). Grammatical Metaphor: Views from Systemic Functional Linguistics. (Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science: Series IV, 236.) Amsterdam et al.: Benjamins, 391‐415. Lakoff, George. 1991. “War and Metaphor: The Metaphor System Used to Justify War in the Gulf.” In Peter Grzybek (ed.). Cultural Semiotics: Facts and Facets. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 73‐92. Lakoff, George, and Mark Johnson. 2011. Metaphors We Live by. Repr., Chicago et al.: Univ. of Chicago Pr. ISFC 2015 109 July 27‐31, 2015 Simon‐Vandenbergen, Anne‐Marie. 2003. “Lexical Metaphor and Interpersonal Meaning.” In Ibid. et al. (eds.). Grammatical Metaphor: Views from Systemic Functional Linguistics. (Amsterdam Studies in the Theory and History of Linguistic Science: Series IV, 236.) Amsterdam et al.: Benjamins, 223‐255. Sušinskienė, Solveiga. 2008. “Grammatical Metaphors as Ideological Micro‐components of Political Discourse.” Filologija 13, 129‐138. Kristina Love1, Mary Macken‐Horarik2 and Stefan Horarik3 1 Australian Catholic University, 2,3University of New England 1
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[email protected],
[email protected]Grammatical knowledge and its application: Troubling Teachers’ Avowed Knowledge Across the Anglophone world, there has been a renewed focus on the teaching of and about language in school curricula. The motivation for Australian teachers of English to expand their expertise in grammar has been sharpened by the introduction of the Australian Curriculum: English (AC:E), whose knowledge base is deeply informed by SFL (see ACARA, 2012). The requirement for teachers to under‐ stand ‘the structures and functions of word and sentence‐level grammar and text patterns and the connections between them’ (Commonwealth of Australia, 2009. p.7) presumes confident grammatical knowledge, what Myhill et al, 2013 call Linguistic Subject Knowledge (LSK). When mobilized effective‐ ly, such LSK potentially enables English teachers to engage more powerfully in the practical tasks of planning, teaching and assessment, drawing on what Myhill et al, 2013 refer to as Linguistic Pedagogic Subject Knowledge (LPSK). However, little current evidence is available about the profession’s levels of understanding of, and confidence to teach the language of this new curriculum in the Australian con‐ text. In 2014, a national survey sought to provide this evidence. Drawing on both quantitative and discur‐ sive responses from 373 English teachers across the years of schooling, it provides a national snapshot of teachers’ beliefs about what is important in teaching language; their confidence in their own levels of knowledge about language; challenges they face in implementing knowledge of language; and pro‐ fessional learning they need to teach students effectively about language. The quantitative and quali‐ tative data offers a complex picture of Australian teachers’ beliefs and their preparedness to teach what the curriculum now demands of them from early to later years of schooling in English. This paper will focus on a key problematic arising from the survey, that of a disjunction between teachers’ avowed LSK as expressed in the quantitative sections of the survey and the reality of their experience and professional learning needs as expressed in more elaborated discursive responses. We relate this disjunction to findings in the UK context suggesting that teacher confidence markedly out‐ strips knowledge, as measured in tests of grammatical knowledge (Sangster et al, 2012, p.19) and explore the possibility that teachers’ expressions of confidence with LSK may indicate a misrecognition of aspects of the knowledge base required. We further compare the expressions of confidence in LSK in the survey responses with reports from teachers who have undertaken intensive workshops in LSK as part of the larger project in which this survey was situated. It may be that access to specialized LSK drives ‘easy confidence’ levels down as teachers come to terms with the need for precision about workings of language at different levels of organization. References: Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA) (2012). Australian Curriculum: English. Ver‐ sion 3.0. Sydney: ACARA. Retrieved from http://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/English/Curriculum/F‐10 Commonwealth of Australia, (2009). The shape of the Australian Curriculum. National Curriculum Board: ACT, Australia. Myhill, D., Jones, S. & Watson, A. (2013). Grammar matters: How teachers' grammatical knowledge impacts on the teaching of writing. Teaching and Teacher Education, 36, 77‐91 Sangster, P., Anderson, C. & O'Hara, P. (2012). Perceived and actual levels of knowledge about language amongst primary and secondary student teachers: do they know what they think they know? Language Awareness, 22 (4), 1‐27. ISFC 2015 110 July 27‐31, 2015 Kathy Luckett University of Cape Town
[email protected]Making the Implicit Explicit: Unpacking inferential reasoning in the Humanities and Social Sciences This paper reflects interdisciplinary work in an embedded literacy project in a faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in a research‐intensive South African university. The first aim of the paper is to report on the theoretical framework employed and how this informed training seminars for Teaching Assistants and Tutors across six departments. This framework begins with Bernstein’s code theory and its recent elaboration is Maton’s (2014) Legitimation Code Theory (Specialisation and Semantics). In addition, I employed Brandom’s (2000) work on making inferential reasoning explicit to unpack the specialised but implicit interactional practices involved in working with knower codes, a cultivated gaze and predominantly a discursive lens. Brandom claims that grasp‐ ing a concept involves mastering the inferential reasoning entailed in its use, which he describes as ‘part of the fine structure of rationality’ (2000:204). The second aim of the paper is to report on the methodology I used to make explicit the ‘recognition and realisation rules’ for this type of reasoning in knower codes. For this I turned to SFL – in particular Halliday and Martin’s work on logico‐semantic relations within and beyond the clause. This includes an analysis of how the lexico‐grammar of facts, abstraction, knowledge claims and their justification works (e.g. nominalisation, grammatical metaphor, expansion and projection). SFL was used in my own preparation work, but the TAs and Tutors were inducted into the method by using Martin’s (2013) terminology, ‘power words’ and ‘power grammar’. The effectiveness of the intervention will be assessed on the basis of TA and Tutor evaluation feedback and more importantly through demonstrating exemplars of the tutorial materials developed. These will be based on exercises on prescribed readings developed for a new Historical Studies course and a new Social Studies foundation course. The exercises are intended to force students to undertake a close reading of the texts and to unpack how authors set up facts, make knowledge claims give rea‐ sons for why readers should accept them. Later (after the conference) it will be possible to look at the performance of students on the intervention programme to see if there is any quantitative evidence of improvement. References: Bernstein, B. (2003), Class, Codes and Control: the structuring of pedagogic discourse. Vol.4. New edition. Lon‐ don: Routledge. Bernstein, B. (2000) Pedagogy, Symbolic Control and Identity: theory, research, critique. 2nd edition. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. Brandom, R. (2000) Articulating Reasons: An introduction to Interferentialism. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard Univer‐ sity Press. Halliday, M.A.K. and Christian M. 2013. Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. 4th Edition. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Luckett, K. & Hunma, A. (2014) Making gazes explicit: facilitating epistemic access in the Humanities. Higher Education. 67: 183‐198. Maton, K. (2014) Knowledge and Knowers: Towards a realist sociology of education. London: Routledge. Martin, J.R. (2008) Contruing Knowledge: a functional linguistic perspective in Christie, F. & Martin, J.R. Lan‐ guage, Knowledge and Pedagogy: Functional linguistics and sociological perspectives. Continuum: London Martin, J.R. (2013) Embedded literacy: Knowledge as meaning. Linguistics and Education 24: 23‐37 Wignell, P. (2008) Vertical and horizontal discourse in the social sciences in Christie, F. & Martin, J.R. Language, Knowledge and Pedagogy: Functional linguistics and sociological perspectives. Continuum: London ISFC 2015 111 July 27‐31, 2015 Sanna Machaal University of Vaasa
[email protected]Direct speech and corporate social responsibility in the annual reports of exchange‐listed companies The annual report is one of the most important channels of external communication and investor rela‐ tions of exchange‐listed companies. These reports consist of two parts: the so‐called narrative part and the financial statement. The narrative part consists of different texts: strategy, operational envi‐ ronment, industry, research, and corporate responsibility. So far, studies have focused on defining the genre rules of annual reports by exploring the lexical choices of the reports (Rutherford 2005), or veri‐ fying the promotional purposes of the reports by exploring the linguistic choices and semantic content (Malavasi 2005), but there has been no research on direct speech, which I focus on in my presenta‐ tion. The aim of my presentation is to describe what kinds of linguistic choices has been made in quotations and what kinds of meanings these choices construct. I also examine the functions of these quotations at the level of the structure of text. The data consists of the annual reports of 17 exchange‐listed com‐ panies. In total, these annual reports contain 352 quotations. The reports were published in 2011. The theoretical background of this study is based on systemic functional grammar (Halliday & Matthiessen 2004) and rhetorical structure theory (Mann & Thompson 1988). By using rhetorical structure theory it is possible to analyse relations that hold between parts of text. In my presentation these parts are body text and direct speech. Direct speech is indicated by quotation marks. I will demonstrate that linguistic choices construct meanings, for example, ‘we take into account the environment’, ‘employees are important for us´ and ‘we take care of employees´. It is a question of corporate social responsibility and image of the company. In the structure of text the functions of these quotations are to elaborate and to evidence. Thus it can be said that direct speech, in this genre, is a resource whereby can be built the reputation of company. References: Halliday, M. A. K.. – C., M. I. M. Matthiessen (2004). An introduction to functional grammar. 3.rd ed. Lontoo: Arnold. Malavasi, Donatella 2005. Banks’ Annual Reports: An Analysis of the Linguistics Means used to Express Evalua‐ tion. http://businesscommunication.org/wp‐content/uploads/2011/04/19ABCEurope05.pdf (6.2.2014). Mann, W. C. – S.A. Thompson (1988). Rhetorical Structure Theory: Toward a functional theory of text organiza‐ tion. Text 8: 3, 243–281. Rutherford, Brian A. 2005. Genre analysis of corporate annual report narratives. A corpus linguistics‐based ap‐ proach. Journal of Business Communication 42: 4, 349–378. Ulrika Magnusson Stockholm University
[email protected]Highly educated adult second language users' literacy in their first and second language Adult second language writing is a complex phenomenon, which is influenced by literacy and previous experiences of text, formal education, general command of the second language (L2) and genre con‐ ventions in L1 and L2. How these aspects interrelate is not elucidated. Therefore, this study aims to analyze how first language literacy in adults, one of the influencing factors, is used and manifested in an L2, with a focus on writing. The study also has pedagogic motivations, as knowledge of adults’ utilization of L1 knowledge may help develop favorable classroom practices. Also, the paper aims to contribute to the SFL framework ISFC 2015 112 July 27‐31, 2015 on ontogenetic language development by investigating L2 development and use, a less investigated area, with SFL based analyzes and in relation to SFL theory. The data consist of texts written by L2 users of Swedish who are late learners of the L2 but highly edu‐ cated in their L1, during a two‐year university program aimed at immigrants with a foreign teacher qualification. The writers are assumed to mirror the complexity of adult L2 writing, by being highly literate, and thus having clear advantages regarding reading, writing and text use in L2 (Cummins 1979), and at the same time late learners of the L2, facing high linguistic challenges in the new coun‐ try. The texts were analyzed using the SFL framework, and special focus was put on the use of traits shown in previous research to be important in L2 writing: features typical of academic registers and of writ‐ ten, specialist representations of experience; the degree of distinction between different genres; and the degree of decontextualization in the texts (Coffin & Donohue 2014). Quantitatively, features stud‐ ied as typical of academic registers were e.g. grammatical metaphor and passive, whereas genre dis‐ tinctions were investigated as clause combining strategies. Decontextualization was investigated quali‐ tatively with a focus on whether language was used for describing personal experiences or for de‐ tached reflection. The particular L2 writers of the present study do not seem to fall in completely with previous L2 writ‐ ing studies, which have shown L2 texts to be informal and spoken in style, and to make small distinc‐ tions between genres (Silva 1993). Without exception, the highly educated writers of the present in‐ vestigation used grammatical metaphor and other features studied for reasoning, text structure and a generalizing stance towards the subjects treated. They also made distinctions between genres, i.e. recounts and conceptual genres. Text analyses were combined with interviews with the writers on text conventions in L1 and L2 and on their lexicogrammatical choices. The study was informed by SFL theory on ontogenetic language development (Derewianka 1995; Hal‐ liday 1993), and utilizes insights from studies on L2 use and learning within the SFL framework (cf. Schleppegrell 2004a, 2004b; on heritage language Colombi 2006; on foreign language Byrnes 2009; Ryshina‐Pankova 2010) to analyze highly educated adults’ writing, and the use of L1 proficiency in L2 writing, that has hitherto principally been investigated in other traditions (cf. Cumming 1988). References: Byrnes, Heidi 2009. Emergent L2 German writing ability in a curricular context: A longitudinal study of grammati‐ cal metaphor. Linguistics and Education, 20(1). 50–66. Coffin, Caroline & Jim Donohue 2014. A language as social semiotic‐based approach to teaching and learning in higher education. John Wiley & Sons. Colombi, Cecilia 2006. Grammatical metaphor: academic language development in Latino students in Spanish. In Byrnes, Heidi (ed.), Advanced language learning. The contribution of Halliday and Vygotsky, 147–163. Lon‐ don: Continuum. Cumming, Alister. 1988. Writing Expertise and Second Language Proficiency in ESL Writing Performance. (PhD. Dissertation.) Toronto: University of Toronto. Cummins, Jim. 1979. Cognitive/academic language proficiency, linguistic interdependence, the optimum age question and some other matters. Working Papers on Bilingualism 19. 198–205. Derewianka, Beverly 1995. Language development in the transition from childhood to adolescence: The role of grammatical metaphor. PhD Thesis, Sydney: Macquarie University. Halliday, M.A.K. 1993. Towards a language‐based theory of learning. Linguistics and Education 5(2). 93–116. Ryshina‐Pankova, Marianna 2010. Toward mastering the discourses of reasoning: Use of grammatical metaphor at advanced levels of foreign language acquisition. The Modern Language Journal 94 (2). 181–197. Schleppegrell, Mary. 2004a. The language of schooling. A functional linguistics perspective. Mahwah, NJ: Law‐ rence Erlbaum. Schleppegrell, Mary 2004b. Technical writing in a second language: the role of grammatical metaphor. In Ravelli, Louise & Robert Ellis (eds.), Analysing academic writing. Contextualized frameworks. 174–189. London: Con‐ tinuum. Silva, Tony 1993. Toward an understanding of the distinct nature of L2 writing: The ESL research and its implica‐ tions. Tesol Quarterly 27(4). 657–677. ISFC 2015 113 July 27‐31, 2015 Arianna Maiorani Loughborough University
[email protected]The textuality of expressive movement: a Systemic Functional Grammar of Dance and its applications. One of the most valuable features of the model of Functional Grammar is its epistemological nature, which is also what makes it a model for developing analytical tools and theoretical frameworks to study how semiotic systems other than verbal language realise texts. The flexibility, adaptability and versatility offered by the Systemic Functional framework and the various analytical tools that have been developed to study ever changing forms of communication in the last two decades explain why Systemic Functional Linguistics has become one of the key theories of language and communication that can support interdisciplinary research in contemporary meaning making practices. Systemic Functional Multimodal discourse analysis has also approached architecture, fine arts, film, design, animation as meaning making practices that realise complex texts through the interplay of several semiotic systems, thus shedding a very innovative light on the very notion of text and prepar‐ ing the ground for new interdisciplinary research on textuality and intertextuality. The aim of this paper is to take another step into the study of textuality and the investigation of mean‐ ing making practices and propose a Systemic Functional model of analysis for dance movement. The model of analysis, that has so far been developed in its basic levels (contextual, semantic and lexico‐ grammatical) uses Hallyday’s idea of the three Metafunctions of language to create a Functional Grammar of dance based on the relationship between body parts in movement and the space where movement takes place and is performed. The paper also proposes an example of analysis performed following this model and focused on classical ballet positions and figures in space, on their dynamic quality, and on the way body parts moving in combination interact with the performance environ‐ ment. The model draws theoretically on Halliday’s Functional Grammar of verbal language, Kress and Van Leeuwen’s grammar of visual design, and O’Toole’s model of analysis of displayed art. The exam‐ ple of analysis is set in a specific context and shows how the results can provide an objective explana‐ tion – not a critical appreciation ‐ of how dance movement means and how the semiotic system of dance uses space as a semiotic dimension. Classical ballet positions, which are at the basis of every form of dance or dance‐based performance in Western culture, are the units on which all types of choreographies are based, the units from which Western ballet, dance theatre and – to an extent – physical theatre as forms of art and entertainment have developed during centuries. The example proposed by this specific paper is taken from the choreography created by the author of the paper herself for Michael Pinchbeck’s new play Bolero, which was premiered at the Nottingham Playhouse of Nottingham in May 2014 and funded and promoted by the British Council. T The application foreseen for this type of analysis are not circumscribed only to the study of human physical expressive and communicative behaviour: this paper will also show some possible applica‐ tions of the grammar of movement in collaborative research with system engineers and the explora‐ tion of the possibility of performing an experiment in robotics. References: Blom, Lynne Anne and L. Tarin Chaplin. 1989. The Intimate Act of Choreography. London: Dance Books. Brennan, Mary Alice. 1999. “Every little movement has a meaning all its own.” In Researching Dance: Evolving Modes of Inquiry, ed. by Sondra Horton Fraleigh and Penelope Hanstain, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 283‐308. Halliday, M.A.K. and Christian M.I.M Matthiessen. 2013. Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar, 4th edition. London – New York: Routledge. Hanstain, Penelope. 1999. “Models and Metaphors: Theory Making and the Creation of New Knowledge”. In Researching Dance: Evolving Modes of Inquiring, ed. by Sondra Horton Fraleigh and Penelope Hanstain, Ptts‐ burgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 62‐88. Kress, Gunther and Theo van Leeuwen. 1996. Reading Images. The Grammar of Visual Design, 2nd edition. Lon‐ don – New York: Routledge. ISFC 2015 114 July 27‐31, 2015 Ladewig, Silva H. and Jana Bressem. 2013. “New isights into the medium hand: Discovering recurrent structures in gestures”. Semiotica, 197: 203‐231. Lecoq, Jaques. 2007 (1997). “Movement technique”. In Physical Theatres: A Critical Reader, ed. by John Keefe and Simon Murray. London‐New York: Routledge, 187‐192. Oida, Yoshi and Lorna Marshall. 2007. “Moving”. In Physical Theatres: A Critical Reader, ed. by John Keefe and Simon Murray. London‐New York: Routledge, 196‐198. Karen Malcolm University of Winnipeg
[email protected]Communication Linguistics as a Social Semiotic In the last few years there have been some significant advances in the development of a theory of humour. In her dissertation Laughing our bonds off: Conversational humour in relation to affliation using Halliday's systemic functional grammar, Martin and White's (2005) appraisal and affiliation theo‐ ry and Strenglin's theory of bonding (2004), Knight explores the way friends negotiate their personal and social identities through their humourous exchanges of casual conversation. Her insights, while significant, are unable to handle some of the wider social and cognitive concerns relative to the study of humour beyond the texts of convivial humour which were her focus. Although she used the dynamic descriptive framework of Communication Linguistics known as phasal analysis in her research very fruitfully, she did not use the valuable distinction Gregory and Malcolm make be‐ tween instantial planes of experience and non‐instantial realizatory code. Communication Linguistics is a development of Halliday's systemic functional model, with insights from Pike's tagmemics and Flem‐ ing's communicative model. Inspired by Knight’s work, in this paper I use Communication Linguistic's socially‐oriented planes of experience: situation, discourse and manifestation, and cognitively‐oriented tri‐functionally and tri‐ stratally organized realizatory code in order to explore the process involved in encoding and decoding humour. This is used as a point of reference from which to revise Communication Linguistics as a so‐ cial semiotic that can describe not only the social and cognitive dimensions of linguistic phenomenon, but also non‐verbal forms of communication like American Sign Language (cf. Janzen). With Communi‐ cation Linguistic's distinction between instantial social planes and non‐instantial cognitive code, the framework offers a valuable descriptive framework to all forms of communicative behavior. References: Knight, Naomi. 2010. Laughing our bonds off: Conversational humour in relation to affliation. Unpublished Ph.D. Manuscript. University of Sydney: Sydney, Australia. Gregory, M. & Malcolm, K. 2001/1981. “Generic Situation and Discourse Phase.” In Communication in Linguistics R. Stainton & J. deVilliers (eds).Toronto, Canada: Editions du Gref. Janzen, T. 2012. “Two Ways of Conceptualizing Space: Motivating the Use of Static and Rotated Vantage Point Space in ASL Discourse.” University of Manitoba. Winnipeg, Canada Malcolm, K. 2010. Phasal Analysis. London: Continuum. Martin, JR & White. P. 2005. The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Stainton, R. & De Villier, J. 2001. Communication in Linguistics. Toronto, Canada: Editions du Gref. Stenglin, MK. 2004. Packaging Curiosoties. Towards a Grammar of three dimensional space. Sydney: University of Sydney Doctoral Dissertation. ISFC 2015 115 July 27‐31, 2015 Ana Elina Martinez‐Insua1 and Javier Perez‐Guerra2 1.2 University of Vigo 1
[email protected],
[email protected]On content{ful/light} themes in English historical medical texts, ‘as shall serue to giue content to the vnderstander’ This paper reports on our ongoing investigation of Theme in early Modern English medical texts. The first stage of the project was designed to investigate the relation between the target audience of the text and the thematic choices made by the writer, Theme being conceived as in Halliday and Matthies‐ sen (2014), among others (i.e. the first constituent with some function in the experiential structure of the clause). In this new stage of the investigation, the discussion is broadened by focusing on Subject Themes, Theme being regarded as the opening lexical material up to, and including, the Subjects (Ber‐ ry 1995, 2013; Banks 2008, among others). Side by side with this, Berry’s (2013) distinction between contentful and contentlight Subject Themes is considered here, and the Themes attested are accordingly classified. Taking as a basis Berry’s (2013: 259) hypothesis that most Subject Themes are contentful (New Topics and Resumed Topics) in formal written texts, while most of them are contentlight (Given Topics) in informal spoken texts, this study is an attempt to test to what extent the target audience may be also a factor affecting the content weight of the thematic position or what the Subject Themes refer to. Previous stages of the investiga‐ tion have evinced differences in how the medical texts under analysis represent the world and organ‐ ize the messages, depending on whether they are addressed to learned, unlearned or intermediate target audiences. The high frequency of textual elements that was attested in texts addressed to un‐ learned audiences, for instance, seems to be the result of the writer’s choice to use their linking and explanatory nature so as to make the message as clear as possible. The hypothesis this new stage of the investigation aims to test is that Subject Themes in early Modern English medical texts addressed to unlearned audiences tend to be contentlight, while texts addressed to learned audiences contain contentful Subject Themes more frequently. Framed within a larger project on the variation and textual characterisation of English in its recent history, the present study takes data from the electronic corpus of Early Modern English Medical Texts (over two million words of medical writing from 1500 to 1700; see Taavitsainen & Pahta 2011). Cor‐ pusTool (O’Donnell 2013) is used for the annotation of the texts and subsequent quantitative analysis of the annotated corpus. This new stage of the investigation, pivoting on the consideration of a differ‐ ent notion of Theme, enriches the analysis of early Modern medical texts and helps in the attempt to shed light on the connection between target audience and thematic distribution. References: Banks, David. 2008. The development of scientific writing. Linguistic features and historical context. London: Equinox. Berry, Margaret. 1995. Thematic options and success in writing, in Ghadessy, Mohsen (ed.). Thematic develop‐ ment in English texts. London: Pinter. 55‐84. Berry, Margaret. 2013. Contentful and contentlight subject themes in informal spoken English and formal writ‐ ten English, in O'Grady, Gerard, Tomm Barlett & Lise Fontaine (eds.). Choice in language. Applications in text analysis. Sheffield: Equinox. 243‐268. Ghadessy, Mohsen. 1995. Thematic development and its relationship to registers and genres, in Ghadessy, Mohsen (ed.). Thematic development in English texts. London: Pinter. 129‐146. Halliday, M.A.K. & Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen. 2004. An introduction to Functional Grammar. 3rd edition. London: Arnold. Halliday, M.A.K, revised by Christian M.I.M. Matthiessen. 2014. Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. 4th edition. London: Routledge. Taavitsainen, Irma & Päivi Pahta. 2011. Medical writing in Early Modern English. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. UAM CorpusTool 3.0. Created by Michael O’Donnell. http://www.wagsoft.com/CorpusTool ISFC 2015 116 July 27‐31, 2015 Daniela Matos Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo
[email protected]Adolescents: voices and repression‐ an analysis on the Ideational Metafunction. This research is part of a wider one carried out during a Masters studies at Applied Linguistics. Its focus is on Systemics Functional Linguistics (SFL) and its boundaries with different areas such as Education and Social Psychology. It aims at showing the resuts of a research developed with the newspapers Folha de São Paulo and Agora São Paulo (both published in São Paulo State but with different social aspects): the first focuses on people from high classes; the second, people from low classes. First, it had been noticed a high number of news in which teenagers were involved in violence in both news‐ papers. Based on this, working with this social group and getting to understand this phenomenom was the initial motivation for this analysis. In order to verify which are the most accessed voices, how they are organized and which contents in speeches are in hard news focusing adolescents in a social vul‐ nerability situation, it regarded aspects such as‐1) social: a high index of teenager murders, the media focus on the situation of youth involved in violence, 2) personal: my work in a community vulnerable to violence, and my extensive work with this agegroup 3) theoretical ‐ the expansion of research in SFL focusing on adolescents. The theme of this work is supported specifically by the ideational metafunc‐ tion of SFL, since it is through that metafunction that speakers talk about the their inner and external world. Considering that the media has a crucial social, political and educational role, the discussion has attempted to consider these aspects. The methodology consists of 120 news from the newspaper Folha de São Paulo and 120 from Agora São Paulo newspaper, both published between January and December 2009. The analysis were carried on with the computer programWordSmith Tools 5.0 (SCOTT, 2009) with the tools Concordance and Worlist, in order to optimize the data analysis. Since the focus is on the voices of the participants mentioned above, the analysis focused on the sayer, the organization of the projections that were most frequent in the corpora, and the content of the mes‐ sages of verbal sentences. The results indicate that there are two most accessed voices: 1) voices from representatives of institu‐ tions like the police and the justice, held mostly on parataxis projections, accompanied with verbs of speech with a high degree of assertiveness, and 2) voices of less accessed groups of speakers‐ teens, families, adult victims, who had their speeches, mostly conducted in hypotactic mode with verbs of speech with low assertiveness‐neutral verbs. A content analysis of the verbal sentences showed that although adolescents are the focus of news, they are seldom mentioned as sayer and as participants in the experiential projections. Thus, it was observed that there is an emphasis on highlighting the crime, especially in the police action, without considering the teenager as being a socio‐historical, active, and highly influenced by the context. This study has also highlighted that the more teenagers are repre‐ sented in violent contexts, the more society has to attempt to this age group as citizens in need of high Educational level. Erika Matruglio University of Wollongong
[email protected]Cultivating a gaze: how knowers are made in Community and Family Studies and Ancient History. This paper presents ongoing research into the cultivation of knower gazes (Maton 2014) in Australian senior secondary humanities subjects. The presentation has a two‐fold purpose. The first is to explore one aspect of variation within knower code subjects in the senior secondary curriculum. The second is to reflect a dialogic approach between Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) (Christie, 2007; Hasan, 2005; Martin, 2011; Matruglio, Maton & Martin, in press; Rose & Martin, 2012). Humanities subjects have been broadly understood to represent knower codes (Wig‐ ISFC 2015 117 July 27‐31, 2015 nell 2007, Maton 2014), however differences between subjects within the humanities in how knower codes are construed have been less explored. This paper explores fine‐grained difference in interper‐ sonal meaning making in two humanities subjects, Community and Family Studies (CAFS) and Ancient History (AH) with reference to Appraisal Theory and LCT. It adds to an understanding of both discipli‐ nary difference within a general field (the humanities) and illustrates the complexity of interpersonal meaning‐making for secondary school students. Differences in the relative strength of Social Relations in writing for high stakes examination in the two subjects are first briefly summarised. Analysis of linguistic choices draws on the ENGAGEMENT system from SFL (Martin & White, 2005) to demonstrate both similarities and differences in how students manage competing perspectives in the same knowledge space. While student writing is highly hetero‐ glossic in each subject, there is variation in the visibility of knowers in the texts of CAFS and AH. Re‐ interpretation of the data from the perspective of LCT adds to the linguistic evidence to suggest writ‐ ing in CAFS is more tied to the subjectivity of student knowers than AH (Matruglio, 2014a; Matruglio, 2014b). Textbooks in each subject are then analysed using both linguistic and sociological approaches to explore one possible contribution to the cultivation of these student gazes. While some analysis of textbooks has been previously undertaken in History (Coffin 2006, Martin 1993, Martin, Maton & Matruglio 2010), and in other social studies subjects such as Geography (Humphrey 1996), represen‐ tations of academic knowledge in textbooks for CAFS have to this date remained unexplored. In this paper, analysis is particularly focussed on how the linguistic choices in the textbook mirror or contrast with linguistic choices in the student texts in order to begin to answer the question of how students may appropriate the knower gazes revealed in the student writing. I conclude with a brief discussion of the pedagogic implications for the development of advanced academic literacy (Schleppegrell & Columbi, 2002) in CAFS and AH. References: Christie, F. (2007). Ongoing Dialogue: functional linguistic and Bernsteinian sociological perspectives on educa‐ tion. In F. Christie & J. R. Martin (Eds.), Language, Knowledge 267 and Pedagogy: Functional Linguistic and Sociological Perspectives (pp. 3‐13). London, New York: Continuum. Coffin, C. (2006). Historical Discourse: the language of time, cause and evaluation. London: Continuum. Hasan, R. (2005). The collected works of Ruqaiya Hasan Volume 1: Language, Society and Consciousness. Lon‐ don: Equinox. Humphrey, S. (1996). Exploring Literacy in School Geography. Sydney: Metropolitan East DSP. Martin, J. R. (1993). Life as a Noun: Arresting the universe in science and humanities. In M. A. K. Halliday, Martin, J.R. (Ed.), Writing Science: Literacy and discursive power (pp. 221‐267). London: Falmer Press. Martin, J. R. (2011). Bridging troubled waters: Interdisciplinarity and what makes it stick. In F. Christie & K. Maton (Eds.), Disciplinarity: Functional linguistic and sociological perspectives (pp. 35‐61). London: Continuum. Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. Hampshire: Palgrave. Martin, J., Maton, K., & Matruglio, E. (2010). Historical cosmologies: Epistemology and axiology in Australian secondary school history discourse1. Revista Signos, 43(74), 433‐463 Maton, K. (2014). Knowledge and Knowers: towards a realist sociology of education. London: Routledge. Matruglio, E. (2014a). Varyingly visible knowers: Legitimation in Community And Family Studies and Ancient History. Paper presented to the Legitimation Code Theory Roundtable, University of Sydney, May 2014 Matruglio, E (2014b). Humanities Humanity: Construing the social in HSC Modern and Ancient History, Society and Culture, and Community and Family Studies, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Technology, Sydney. Matruglio, E., Maton, K., & Martin, J. R. (in press). LCT and systemic functional linguistics: Enacting complemen‐ tary theories for explanatory power. In K. Maton, S. Hood & S. Shay (Eds.), Knowledge‐building: Educational studies in Legitimation Code Theory. London: Routledge. Rose, D., & Martin, J. R. (2012). Learning to Write, Reading to Learn: Genre, Knowledge and Pedagogy in the Sydney School: Equinox. Schleppegrell, M. & Columbi, M.C. (Eds.), (2002) Developing Advanced Literacy in First and Second Languages: Meaning with power. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Wignell, P. (2007). Vertical and horizontal discourse and the social sciences. In F. Christie & J. R. Martin (Eds.), Language, Knowledge and Pedagogy: Functional linguistic and sociological perspectives (pp. 184‐204). Lon‐ don, New York: Continuum. ISFC 2015 118 July 27‐31, 2015 Corinne Maxwell‐Reid The Chinese University of Hong Kong
[email protected]Challenging disciplinary boundaries: mapping a science education framework onto a functional theory of language to investigate bilingual classrooms This paper combines two complementary perspectives to investigate how teachers use language to mediate the learning of school science in English. The classroom sequences studied come from junior secondary classes in Hong Kong, where the increased use of English to teach science has left teachers unsure of their role. Central to the secondary science class is the reworking of students’ everyday knowledge into scientific knowledge. The resemanticised knowledge requires resources such as expanded nominal groups and grammatical metaphor, which the teacher has to ‘unpack’ and ‘repack’ (Halliday, 1998; Maton, 2013; Young & Nguyen, 2002). Science educators recognize the importance of language in the learning of science (Wellington & Osborne, 2001). However, reliance on traditional conceptualisations of lan‐ guage that are unable to theorize content knowledge has limited the understanding of the role that language plays in science education. This paper illustrates how researchers from science education and SFL have approached the learning of secondary science, and combines their tools to give greater insight into the workings of the secondary science class. The classroom sequences are analyzed at macro level using a five‐part framework developed to expli‐ cate the role of the science teacher (Mortimer & Scott, 2003). Mortimer and Scott (2003) establish the stages involved in the movement between commonsense knowledge and school science, along with the type of teacher interventions and teacher‐student interactions common to each stage. Aspects of this framework have already been used to discuss the role of language in bilingual education (Llinares, Morton & Whittaker, 2012). The current study extends the use of the Mortimer and Scott framework. It analyses their macro‐level stages and the strategies involved in terms of the language resources which realise them, drawing on systemic work in pedagogy and knowledge (e.g. Love, 2009; Rose & Martin, 2012). The analysis reveals, for example, the language used by teachers to move from the specific example to the general rule, to lead students through logical reasoning and co‐construct knowledge, and to move between the dense nominal groups of science knowledge and the linked clauses of everyday language. References: Halliday, M.A.K. (1998). Things and relations: regrammaticising experience as technical knowledge. In J. R. Martin & R. Veel (eds.). Reading science: critical and functional perspectives on discourses of science, pp. 185‐235. London & New York: Routledge. Llinares, A., Morton, T. & Whittaker, R. (2012). The roles of language in CLIL. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. Love, K. (2009). Literacy pedagogical content knowledge in secondary teacher education: reflecting on oral lan‐ guage and learning across the disciplines. Language and Education 23, 541‐560. Maton, K. (2013). Making semantic waves: A key to cumulative knowledge‐building. Linguistics and Education, 24, 8‐22. Mortimer, E. & Scott, P. (2003). Meaning making in secondary science classrooms. Maidenhead: Open Univ. Press. Rose, D. & Martin, J. R. (2012). Learning to write, reading to learn: Genre, knowledge and pedagogy in the Syd‐ ney School. London: Equinox. Wellington, J. & Osborne, J. (2001). Language and literacy in science education. Buckingham: Open Univ. Press. Young, R. & Nguyen, H.T. (2002). Modes of meaning in high school science. Applied Linguistics, 23, 348‐372. ISFC 2015 119 July 27‐31, 2015 Anne Mccabe Saint Louis University – Madrid Campus
[email protected]Engaging Knowledge in On‐Line Discussions in Spanish This paper analyzes data collected from online courses taught in Spanish by the same teacher to stu‐ dents whose first language is mainly English, using tools from Appraisal theory (Martin and White, 2005) and from Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) (Maton, 2013a; 2013b). The students are all at an advanced level (B2‐C1), and the courses providing the data are taught at an American university in Madrid, centering on topics of Spanish language, sociolinguistics, and language teaching. This paper provides the results of analysis of 6 on‐line discussions, of around 3000 words each, in order to reveal how students are engaging the voices of others, both scholarly and those of their classmates, as well as the course knowledge through their postings to the discussion board, and to compare these find‐ ings to the teacher’s interview comments about what she values in discussions. To this end, the texts were analyzed for their use of engagement resources (Martin and White, 2005) and of semantic density/gravity of the knowledge included (Maton, 2013a & b; Macnaught, et al, 2013). Preliminary results show that the more “productive” discussions include more examples from the students' lived experience to bridge the more specialized knowledge, while the less successful discussions have in some cases a high amount of semantic density and in others semantic gravity, showing the difficulty these students face in unpacking the more specialized knowledge. These less successful discussion also have far more attributions to scholarly sources, punctuated by linguistic expressions highlighting their subjective positioning (creo que 'I think', me parece ‘it seems to me’, en mi opinión ‘in my opinion’). Taken together, these findings demonstrate the difficulty these students are having in confidently recontextualizing the material (i.e. in lowering the semantic density) for real interaction to take place about the topic. These students seem to see the role of discussions more as one of knowledge display rather than of interaction, a feature which, when interviewed, the teacher highlighted as important to her in the on‐line discussions. This paper adds to understandings of the role of language in knowledge building in education, specifi‐ cally at advanced undergraduate/postgraduate levels, in terms of creating semantic waves that allow students to move between everyday and theoretical understandings (Maton, 2013a & b). The talk will end with implications for teachers in on‐line courses, to provide suggestions for prompts for on‐line discussion which provide frameworks to help participants feel more prepared to negotiate course knowledge in interaction. Throughout the paper, applications to Spanish of Appraisal Theory and LCT will be highlighted. References: Macnaught, L., Maton, K., Martin, J. R., & Matruglio, E. (2013). Jointly constructing semantic waves: Implications for teacher training. Linguistics and Education, 24 (1), 50‐63. Martin, J.R. & White, P.R.P. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. New York: Palgrave Macmil‐ lan. Maton, K. (2013a) Knowledge & Knowers: Towards a Realist Sociology of Education. Maton, K. (2013b). Making semantic waves: A key to cumulative knowledge‐building. Linguistics and Education, 24(1), 8‐22. ISFC 2015 120 July 27‐31, 2015 Daniel Mcdonald1 and Jens Zinn2 1,2 University of Melbourne 1
[email protected],
[email protected]Discourse‐semantics of risk in the New York Times, 1963–2014: a corpus linguistic approach Since the 1980s and 1990s, the notion of risk has become increasingly influential in societal discourses and scholarly debate (Skolbekken, 1995). From early work on risk and culture (Douglas, 1986, 2013) to the risk society thesis (Beck, 1992, 2009; Giddens, 2002), from governmentality theorists working in the tradition of Foucault (Dean, 2010; O’Malley, 2012; Rose, 1999) to modern systems theory (Luh‐ mann, 1989, 1993) all have built their work around the notion of risk and implicitly or explicitly refer to linguistic changes. However, none of these approaches provides a detailed account of linguistic changes in recent history. Although Beck assumes an increase in risk debates after World War Two, he does not support his claims with detailed empirical analysis. Luhmann and Giddens provide anecdotal historical evidence of the shift towards risk, but deliver no detailed account of the linguistic dynamics after World War Two. In contrast, linguists have provided lexicographic descriptions of risk utilising corpus linguistic methods (Hamilton, Adolphs, & Nerlich, 2007) and have sketched out a cognitive‐semantic frame for risk within frame semantics theory (e.g. Fillmore & Atkins, 1992). Lacking thus far, however, has been a functional linguistic account of longitudinal changes in the way risk is instantiated in written texts. Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) provides a well‐articulated framework for both analysing language in use and the link between texts and their context (Halliday, 1994), and is increasingly being used alongside corpus linguistic methods (Hunston, 2013). Accordingly, our project aimed to use corpus linguistics and SFL to augment existing sociological understanding of risk. To achieve this, we con‐ structed a cloud‐based corpus of New York Times articles published between 1963 and mid 2014 (ap‐ prox 1.9 million articles & 240,082 risk tokens). The corpus was parsed for grammatical structure and divided into annual subcorpora to facilitate longitudinal analysis. Our interrogation proceeded according to the conceptualisation of the transitivity system and experi‐ ential metafunction provided by SFL. At the lexicogrammatical stratum, our interest was in both in the frequency of risk words within various grammatical constructions (e.g. as Actor in active/passive clauses) and in the lexis that typically co‐occurs alongside risk words (e.g. heads of nominal groups modified by risky/riskier/ riskiest). Further areas of interest included: 1. When risk is a participant, what kinds of processes is it involved in? 2. When risk is a participant in a relational process, what is its corresponding Token/ Value? 3. When risk is a process (i.e. a predicator), what are its most common arguments? 4. Can we observe shifting preferences for the different risk processes (e.g. risking, taking risk, running risk, putting at risk)? At the discourse‐semantic stratum, we interpret the results of the querying to explain the changing role of risk within the activity sequences (Martin, 1992) of different semantic fields (e.g. economics, health, politics). Preliminary findings reveal (e.g.) a shift from post‐head modification (children at the risk of illness) to pre‐head (at‐risk children), reflecting reduced arguability of the attachment of risk to people. In terms of semantic fields, we also observe trends toward instantiation of risk in (e.g.) health and lifestyle fields. Discussion centres on the connection between these shifts and real‐world events and movements. References: Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity (Vol. 17). Sage. Beck, U. (2009). World at risk. Polity. Dean, M. (2010). Governmentality: Power and rule in modern society. SAGE Publications, Inc. Douglas, M. (1986). Risk acceptability according to the social sciences. Russell Sage Foundation. Douglas, M. (2013). Risk and blame. Routledge. Fillmore, C. J., & Atkins, B. T. (1992). Toward a frame‐based lexicon: The semantics of RISK and its neighbors. Frames, fields, and contrasts: New essays in semantic and lexical organization, 103. Giddens, A. (2002). Runaway world: How globalisation is reshaping our lives. Profile Books. ISFC 2015 121 July 27‐31, 2015 Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). Language as Social Semiotic. In Language and Literacy in Social Practice: A Reader (p. 23). Hamilton, C., Adolphs, S., & Nerlich, B. (2007). The meanings of ‘risk’: a view from corpus linguistics. Discourse & Society , 18 (2), 163–181. doi: 10.1177/0957926507073374 Hunston, S. (2013). Systemic functional linguistics, corpus linguistics, and the ideology of science. Text & Talk, 33, 617. doi: 10.1515/text‐2013‐0028 Luhmann, N. (1989). Ecological communication. University of Chicago Press. Luhmann, N. (1993). Communica‐ tion and Social Order: Risk: A Sociological Theory. Transaction Publishers. Martin, J. R. (1992). English text: System and structure. John Benjamins Publishing O’Malley, P. (2012). Risk, uncertainty and government. Routledge. Rose, N. (1999). Powers of freedom: Reframing political thought. Cambridge University Press. Skolbekken, J.‐A. (1995). The risk epidemic in medical journals. Social Science & Medicine, 40(3), 291–305. Daniel Mcdonald1 and Robyn Woodward‐Kron2 1,2 University of Melbourne 1
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[email protected]Lexicogrammatical and discourse‐semantic change over the course of membership in an online support group Systemic functional linguistics (SFL) has recently been used to both investigate and typologise the var‐ ious kinds of interactions that take place within healthcare institutions (Matthiessen, 2013). To date, however, most research has focussed on communication between health professional(s) and consum‐ er(s) (e.g. Slade et al., 2008), or on intra‐professional settings (e.g. Moore, Butt, Ellis‐Clarke, & Cartmill, 2010). Despite the move from doctor‐centred to patient/relationship‐centred healthcare, and despite the fact that patient journeys often do not begin within hospitals or clinics, little research has centred on health consumer–health consumer communication. Accordingly, we sought to use SFL to investi‐ gate the ways in which healthcare consumers make meanings about health issues with one another, absent the presence of health professionals and traditional healthcare institutions. Given the increasingly prominent role of the internet in both health information and social support provision, we centred our investigation on an online support group for bipolar disorder. We harvested each post to the community as well as available metadata (timestamps, usernames, genders, loca‐ tions, etc.) to create a grammatically annotated corpus of approximately 10 million words, with posts from over 6000 users over the span of 12 years. Exploratory preliminary interrogation of the corpus led to our focussing on longitudinal changes in mood and transitivity choices over the course of mem‐ bership within the community. We formulated this as two research questions: Which components of members’ lexicogrammar are typically at‐risk over the course of membership? and How can we map these longitudinal changes to discourse‐semantic meanings? In line with earlier observations of online support groups (e.g. Smithson et al., 2011), we observed longitudinal changes in member roles. Lexicogrammatically, these were realised by both mood (i.e. interpersonal) and transitivity (i.e. experiential) choices. In terms of mood, imperatives became more frequent with membership length, as members shift from information seeking to information provid‐ ing. Modalisation and modulation also become more frequent, with contextualised analysis revealing that modals are commonly used to mark incongruently realised commands (I would suggest you see a specialist/Could you tell us more?). Within the transitivity system, vague language emerges as a strat‐ egy for providing information to both specific interactants and the more general group of “lurkers” who read but do not contribute to threads. The community itself, as well as its features, also becomes a common participant within veteran members’ talk: veterans discuss the discursive orientation of the board amongst each other, and explain these orientations to newcomers. A final feature of interest is that members’ language becomes increasingly jargonised. This final finding straddles interperson‐ al/appraisal and experiential systems. In terms of interpersonal/appraisal meaning, jargon functions as a display of contact/solidarity (e.g. Martin & White, 2005). At the same time, jargon can reflect in‐ creased knowledge of the field of discourse, with the various jargon terms demonstrating the devel‐ ISFC 2015 122 July 27‐31, 2015 opment of more elaborate taxonomies of key participants, configurations and activity sequences (Martin, 1992). Discussion centres on strategies for furthering our understanding of intra‐consumer healthcare dis‐ course via corpus linguistics and SFL. Additions to typologies of healthcare communication articulated by Slade et al. (2008) and Matthiessen (2013) are also proposed. References: Martin, J. R. (1992). English text: System and structure. John Benjamins Publishing. Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The language of evaluation: appraisal in English. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Matthiessen, C. M. (2013). Applying systemic functional linguistics in healthcare con‐ texts. Text & Talk, 33(4‐5), 437–466. Moore, A., Butt, D., Ellis‐Clarke, J., & Cartmill, J. (2010). Linguistic analysis of verbal and non‐verbal communica‐ tion in the operating room. ANZ journal of surgery, 80(12), 925–929. Slade, D., Scheeres, H., Manidis, M., Iedema, R., Dunston, R., Stein‐Parbury, J., ... McGregor, J. (2008). Emergency communication: the discursive challenges facing emergency clinicians and patients in hospital emergency departments. Discourse & Communication, 2(3), 271–298. Smithson, J., Sharkey, S., Hewis, E., Jones, R. B., Emmens, T., Ford, T., & Owens, C. (2011). Membership and boundary maintenance on an online self‐harm forum. Qualitative Health Research, 21(11), 1567–1575. Anna‐Vera Meidell Sigsgaard Aarhus University, Department of Education
[email protected]What does recess have to do with democracy? Exploring connections between language, knowledge and knowing in practices of DSL in a fifth grade History class With recent public school and teacher training reforms in Denmark, focus has been increased on stu‐ dents’ language and literacy development as a way of increasing all students’ academic potential. Mi‐ nority students, however, continue to be considered as particularly at risk because of their divergent cultural and linguistic backgrounds, where the school subject Danish as a second language (DSL) is intended to aid these students within the subjects of mainstream classrooms. Recent research shows that teachers, nonetheless, have difficulty incorporating DSL in content classes, resulting in lessons where both the subject‐matter and language learning are downplayed to the point of near absence, ‐ leaving students to fend for themselves in terms of what they are expected to learn (Meidell Sigsgaard, 2013). The apparent stranding of students in the everyday domain (Macken‐Horarick, 1996), can perhaps be explained in terms of who the ideal knower (Maton, 2014) in the observed classroom seems to be, and the value put on the social relations rather than the epistemic relations of the content being taught (Meidell Sigsgaard, 2012). This paper focuses on how teachers in a fifth grade History class attempt to help DSL students to un‐ derstand the concept democracy – apparently without luck. Lexical string analysis (Martin & Rose, 2007) of a teacher‐led whole‐class discussion explains the difficulty, by showing that teachers spend more time on the everyday domain with little to no expansion to and within the more valued special‐ ized and reflexive domains (Macken‐Horarick, 1996). This, combined with the perspective of the ideal knower, helps to make visible expectations to students and points out opportunities for increasing their understanding of the subject being taught. References: Macken‐Horarick, M. (1996). Literacy and Learning Across the Curriculum. In R. Hasan & G. Williams (Eds.), Liter‐ acy in Society (pp. 232–278). New York: Addison Wesley Longman. Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2007). Working With Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause (2nd ed., p. 363). London: Continuum. Maton, K. (2014). Knowledge and Knowers ‐ Towards a realist sociology of education. Abingdon: Routledge. ISFC 2015 123 July 27‐31, 2015 Meidell Sigsgaard, A.‐V. (2012). Who Has the Knowledge if not the Primary Knower ? ‐ Using exchange structure analysis to cast light on particular pedagogic practices in teaching Danish as a Second Language and History 1 Introduction – What Are We Going To Learn Today ? In J. S. Knox (Ed.), To Boldly Proceed: Papers from the 39th International Systemic Functional Congress. 39th ISFC Organising Committee ‐ Sydney Meidell Sigsgaard, A.‐V. (2013). Who Knows What? The teaching of knowledge and knowers in a fifth grade Dan‐ ish as a second language classroom. University of Aarhus. Jose Mario De Oliveira Mendes FESPSP
[email protected]The Genre Pedagogy in a reading/writing ESP class This paper aims at presenting the results of the use of the Genre Pedagogy (Hyland, 2007) combined with Genre, Knowledge and Pedagogy in the Sydney School (Martin & Rose, 2012) and based on the Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 1985/94 and Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004) in the course of Library and Science Information during ESP classes focused on reading/writing skills in L2. According to Hyland (2007), “for teacher educators, genre‐based pedagogies offer a valuable resource for assisting both pre and in service writing instructors to assist their students to produce effective and relevant texts”. For Martin & Rose (2012), the collaboration between Functional Linguistics and litera‐ cy education has transformed linguistics and pedagogy theory into a powerful, comprehensive meth‐ odology for embedding literacy teaching in educational practice. Hyland also says that instead of focusing on the process of composition or only on prescription of dis‐ embodied grammar, the genre pedagogy can provide ground for the production of meaningful texts. And we believe that this pedagogy can be extended to reading comprehension of texts written in L2. It is intended here in this paper to bring examples of application of the genre‐based pedagogy theory in the context above pointed out showing productions of reading/writing activities before and after the students have been exposed to this theory. Based on the SFL, focusing its Transitivity System and using the computational program WordSmith Tools 5.0 (Scott, 2008) we compare and present the results obtained from this research, comparing what the students could produce before and what was achieved after the students´ exposure to the Genre‐Based Theories. References: HALLIDAY, M. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold, 1994. HALLIDAY, M.; MATTHIESSEN, C. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold, 2004. HYLAND, K. (2007). Genre pedagogy: Language, literacy and L2 writing instruction. Journal of Second Language Writing, 16, 148–164. ROSE, M.; MARTIN, J.R. Learning to Write, Reading to Learn: Genre, Knowledge and Pedagogy in the Sydney School. Equinox, 2012. SCOTT, M. WordSmith Tools 5.0. Software for text analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. Donna R. Miller1 and Antonella Luporini2 1,2 University of Bologna 1
[email protected],
[email protected]Social Semiotic Stylistics and the corpus – Step 2: Appraising tru* in J.M. Coetzee’s Foe This paper reports recent findings in our ongoing research into the limits of incorporating the meth‐ ods/tools of corpus linguistics (CL) in the analysis of ‘verbal art’ (Miller forthcoming b; Miller and Lu‐ porini 2015), using Hasan’s Social Semiotic Stylistics framework (SSS; Hasan 1989 [1985]; 2007) (1), a working knowledge of which will need to be presumed. ISFC 2015 124 July 27‐31, 2015 The boundary between SSS and CL is challenging, not only due to the limitations inherent in ‘high‐ level’ (i.e., semantics‐ and context‐oriented) corpus‐assisted meaning analysis in general (Halliday and Matthiessen 2004; Miller et al. 2014), but also considering the framework’s holistic and admittedly ‘uncompromising’ nature (Miller 2010; Miller and Luporini 2015; Miller forthcoming a). Indeed, in contrast to the claims of mainstream stylisticians (e.g. Simpson 2014) – for whom literature is no dif‐ ferent from any other register and does not require any specific analytical approach – SSS posits that literature is a ‘special’ text‐type, requiring a descriptive‐analytical model of ‘double articulation’, where the semiotic system of language analysis is complemented by that at the higher‐order semiotic system of verbal art to arrive at the text’s Theme. In Step 1 of our project (Miller and Luporini 2014; 2015), CL techniques were applied to the analysis of Coetzee’s novel Foe (1987 [1986]) – a post‐colonial rewriting of Robinson Crusoe (RC) – to empirically test and illustrate potential benefits/costs of software‐assisted SSS. Using RC as reference corpus, comparative word‐ and keywordlists were compiled (Wordsmith 6.0, Scott 2012), revealing potentially relevant lexical items subsequently analyzed in concordances for meaningful patterns, often involving MOOD, MODALITY and POLARITY. Preliminary findings confirmed our initial hypothesis that CL meth‐ ods play a valuable instrumental role in SSS: a means for identifying significant features which, in turn, require further ‘armchair’ scrutiny (Fillmore 1992). In addition, since SSS ultimately aims at unveiling the Theme in verbal art, analysis led us to formulate this as a conflict between silence and words in Foe, also linked to its context of creation: Apartheid South‐Africa. This paper focuses on the second stage of the project, examining evaluation of truth in Foe (Martin and White 2005), using tru* as search node in Wordsmith. The word had already emerged as ‘key’ in the first stage, mainly within the environment of interrogative/negative polarity structures, thus con‐ struing the notion’s relativity in the novel. This study: 1. reinforced our hypothesis about the instrumental role of CL in SSS. If need to expand concordances, well beyond the ‘classic’ 9‐word window (Sinclair 1991; Louw 2007), was vital to investigating logo‐ genesis of wording in our first study, in this one it became inescapable: to identify appraisers, ap‐ praisees/eds, assessment basis (Jordan 2001) and to take into account the ‘Russian Doll’ dilemma (Thompson 2014) and the ‘Piecemeal Puzzle quandary’ (Miller forthcoming b), all to be illustrated; 2. brought us closer to the Theme, tentatively re‐formulated, on the basis of new evidence, as the complex and relative connection between silence/words, authorship (in fiction and history) and verac‐ ity. As Louw (2005) notes, the meaning of ‘Truth’ concerning Apartheid South‐Africa wants careful scrutinizing indeed. (1) To date there are no published instances of the term/acronym’s use. References: Coetzee, J.M. (1987 [1986]) Foe. London: Penguin Books; London: Secker & Warburg. Fillmore, C.J. (1992) ‘“Corpus linguistics” or “Computer‐aided armchair linguistics”’, in J. Svartvik (ed) Directions in Corpus Linguistics. Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 82. Stockholm, 4‐8 August 1991. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 35‐60. Halliday, M.A.K. and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 3rd edn. London: Arnold. Hasan, R. (1989 [1985]) Language, Linguistics and Verbal Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press; Geelong, Vic.: Deakin University Press. Hasan, R. (2007) ‘Private pleasure, public discourse: reflections on engaging with literature’, in D.R. Miller and M. Turci (eds) Language and Verbal Art Revisited. Linguistic Approaches to the Study of Literature. London: Equinox, 13‐40. Jordan, M.P. (2001) ‘Some discourse patterns and signalling of the assessment‐basis relation’, in M. Scott and G. Thompson (eds) Patterns of Text: In Honour of Michael Hoey. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 159‐192. Louw, B. (2005) ‘Dressing Up Waiver: A Stochastic Collocational Reading of “The Truth and Reconciliation Com‐ mission (TRC)”’, in D.R. Miller (ed) Quaderni del CeSLiC. Occasional Papers. Bologna: AMS Acta – ALMA DL, 1‐ 78. Online: http://amsacta.unibo.it/1142/ Louw, B. (2007) ‘Collocation as the determinant of verbal art’, in D.R. Miller and M. Turci (eds) Language and Verbal Art Revisited. Linguistic Approaches to the Study of Literature. London: Equinox, 149‐180. Martin, J.R. and White, P.R.R (2005) The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISFC 2015 125 July 27‐31, 2015 Miller, D.R. (2010) ‘The Hasanian framework for the study of “verbal art” revisited… and reproposed’, in J. Douthwaite and K. Wales (eds) Stylistics and Co. (Unlimited) – The Range, Methods and Applications of Stylis‐ tics. Textus, XXIII (1), 71‐94. Miller, D.R. (forthcoming a) ‘Language and Verbal Art’, in T. Bartlett and G. O’Grady (eds) Routledge Handbook of Systemic Functional Linguistics. Abington, Oxon: Routledge, chapter 32. Miller, D.R. (forthcoming b) ‘On negotiating the hurdles of corpus‐assisted appraisal analysis’, in S. Alsop and S. Gardner (eds) SFL in the Digital Age. London: Equinox. Miller, D.R. and Luporini, A. (2014) ‘Social Semiotic Stylistics and the corpus: How do‐able is an automated analy‐ sis of verbal art?’, Paper delivered to the 25th European Systemic Functional Linguistics Conference. Paris: Université Paris Diderot, 10‐12 July. Miller, D.R. and Luporini, A. (2015) ‘Social Semiotic Stylistics and the corpus: How do‐able is an automated analy‐ sis of verbal art?’, in A. Duguid, A. Marchi, A. Partington and C. Taylor (eds) Gentle Obsessions: Literature, Linguistics, and Learning. In honour of John Morley. Rome: Artemide. Miller, D.R., Bayley, P., Bevitori, C., Fusari, S. and Luporini, A. (2014) ‘Ticklish trawling: the limits of corpus‐ assisted meaning analysis’, in S. Alsop and S. Gardner (eds) Language in a digital age: Be not afraid of digitali‐ ty. Proceedings from the 24th European Systemic Functional Linguistics Conference and Workshop. Coven‐ try: CURVE, 100‐111. Online: http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/7b5b94aa‐6984‐48ad‐b29a‐ 9a8e9483fa2d/1/ Scott, M. (2012) WordSmith Tools Version 6. Liverpool: Lexical Analysis Software. Simpson, P. (2014) Stylistics, 2ndedn. Abington, Oxon: Routledge. Sinclair, J. (1991) Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Thompson, G. (2014) ‘Affect and emotion, target‐value mismatches, and Russian dolls: refining the appraisal model’, in G. Thompson and L. Alba‐Juez (eds) Evaluation in Context. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benja‐ mins, 47‐66 Saki Mohamed Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest
[email protected]An interdisciplinary analysis of Barack Obama’s 2009 Cairo speech: Integrating SFL, Appraisal and Rheto‐ ric The aim of this paper is to investigate Barack Obama’s 2009 Cairo speech from an interdisciplinary perspective. This speech is a highly symbolic and important address since it was given in the most in‐ fluent Arab and Muslim capital, just a few months after Obama had been sworn into office. It was intended as a new beginning in the Muslim‐American relationship after what was considered as the much debated and contested Middle East policy of the Bush administration. I will analyse it by adopt‐ ing an interdisciplinary approach that combines SFL, Appraisal theory and rhetoric, namely such no‐ tions as ethos, Ch. Perelman’s redefinition of audience, K. Burke’s refinement of identification and argumentation. By challenging the theoretical boundaries, this paper seeks to insist on the fecundity of an integrative approach that highlights different aspects and dimensions of the same object of in‐ vestigation. As far as SFL is concerned, I will analyse how Obama constructs his self image, or ethos, and the image of his targeted Muslim audience, by accounting for the processes and the participant roles he respectively associates with himself and with his Muslim audience. The analysis of the transi‐ tivity pattern in this speech will help demontrate how agency is evenly distributed between America and the Muslim world and how the latter is positively depicted. Besides, the analysis of the transitivity pattern of this speech will bring to the fore the ethos of modesty B. Obama adopts and what K. Burke calls identification by consubstantially associating Muslims and Americans. With the help of Appraisal, I will bring to fore the nature of the intersubjective relation that B. Obama enacts and maintains be‐ tween himself and what he stands for metonymically –i. e. the United States and the West‐ and his targeted Muslim audience. Appraisal will give more insight of how the Muslim audience is intersubjec‐ tively positioned and the position it is assigned. More specifically, I will show that this intersubjective relation is staged as balanced and open, casting thus on the Muslim other the status of an equal. Fur‐ thermore, Appraisal will demonstrate that in spite of the ethos of modesty he adopts, B. Obama takes ISFC 2015 126 July 27‐31, 2015 a stance in his speech; he frames and stages an alignment strategy reinforced by the process of identi‐ fication to show how America reaches out to the Muslim world in a movement of empathy. Finally, combining Appraisal and argumentation will help to show how dissensus is expressed in a seemingly consensual speech. To do so, I will, first, shed light on when and why the dialogic space is contracted and expanded, what is presented as open to challenge and questioning and what is stated as unmiti‐ gated facts. Second, I will pay close attention to what and how Obama refutes and disagrees with, what syntactic and rhetoric devices he uses to downplay dissensus and negotiate it. The analysis will show that B. Obama both admits and refutes much of what is reproached to America, while trying not to jeopardy the harmonious intersubjective relationship he stages with his targeted Muslim audience. Tawffeek Mohammed Taiz University & UWC
[email protected]Translating Arabic cartoons into English: A Systemic Functional Linguistics Approach The present paper deals with the problems involving translating Arabic cartoons into Englsih and the strategies that can be adopted by a translator to make them more accessible and more target‐ audience friendly. It uses an approach based on Haliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics as proposed by M.A.K. Halliday, (Halliday 1985/1994; Halliday & Matthiessen 2004). The concept of equivalence will be revisited within the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics to include the three strands of meaning or metafunctions. The study is based on a number of Yemeni cartoons that have been translated in different English Yemeni newspapers. A questionnaire has also been used as a triangulation tool. The cartoons along‐ side their translations as they appear in the newspapers and our suggested translations, which are based on our model have been given to a number of foreigners who have recently arrived in the coun‐ try. They were asked to choose the translation that appeals most to them and give possible reasons for their choice. The study concludes that the translator of this genre should take into account the metafunction(s) involved in the source cartoon and tries to render it/them as far as possible in the target language. In addition, a cartoon is a multi‐semiotic genre in which both text and image go hand in hand. Undoubt‐ edly, the image‐text semantic relation in this multi‐model discourse can facilitate the comprehension of the context and the interpretation of the schemata of the cartoons more clearly. The translation of a cartoon cannot be achieved unless the two codes are rendered. Language and images complement each other across the expression plane, the content plane (i.e., grammar and discourse strata) and the context plane (i.e., register and genre) (O’Halloran 2005,2007). Sonja Molnar University of Salzburg
[email protected]Sweet … Sweeter … Sweets – re‐inventing the genre conventions of confectionary advertisements Contrary to a variety of other genres, which have remained relatively stable in style and structure since their origin, advertisements have been continuously challenging and changing their textual boundaries (Cook 2001; Phillips/McQuarrie 2002; Garrington 2008; Stöckl 2010, 2014). The “restless discourse type”, as it was coined by Cook (2001, 221), has diverged greatly from its original late seven‐ teenth century form, re‐shaping its layout, its use of visual imagery as well as the amount of verbal information (Stöckl 2010). Thereby, the genre’s “distinctive and recognizable patterns” have been altered profoundly (Richards/Schmidt 2010, 245). While early advertisements featured long‐winded, ISFC 2015 127 July 27‐31, 2015 explicit product descriptions, today’s copies favour implicit argumentations paired with pictorial dis‐ plays. That these textual transformations were not solely motivated by social, political or technological changes seems self‐evident. In “trespassing outside th[e] defined” norms of the genre, copy writers have developed an effective method to attract and retain consumer attention (Cook 2001, 224). Nev‐ ertheless, there appear to be some generic constraints which must be observed at a particular period in time. Which linguistic boundaries need to be maintained, which may be breached and how these genre conventions have changed diachronically will be presented in this paper. In spite of the wealth of advertising research, few studies have applied a systemic functional approach on a diachronic corpus (Stöckl 2014, Starc 2014). A semiotic analysis according to SF‐MDA has so far merely been conducted on 20th‐ and 21st‐century advertisements (Kress/van Leeuwen 1996, 2006; Royce 1998; Cheong 2004; O'Halloran 2008; Liu/O'Halloran 2009). Following the principles of Halli‐ dayan functional grammar (Halliday 1994; Halliday/Matthiessen 2014; Thompson 2014), this research, as part of a larger dissertation project, hence explores the verbal and visual evolution of print adver‐ tisements since their early beginnings in the mid‐1600s. The primary aim is thereby to outline the lin‐ guistic metamorphoses of this dynamic text type as well as to identify their potential cause(s). A dia‐ chronic multi‐semiotic examination based on Royce (1998), Cheong (2004) and Liu/O'Halloran (2009) will further specify these innovational processes with particular focus on the ideational representation of the product. Amongst other results, the present study, analysing chocolate and biscuit ads from three culturally diverse markets, i.e. Great Britain, the United States and Australia, will illustrate the products’ move from a more passive to a more active role. Simultaneously, the genre has re‐modified its outer shape by constantly re‐setting the boundaries between language and other semiotic systems (particularly pictures, typography and layout). The most direct proof thereof is the increasing use of visual devices as a means to create textual cohesion. This practice has been facilitated by the genre’s linear transition from text‐oriented to image‐oriented copies. The enhanced presence of rhetorical figures (e.g. puns, metaphors, ellipsis) in modern advertisements, however, rather serves to mask the highly evaluative nature of the product descriptions. Besides filling the gaps apparent in the current research situation, this empirical study will thus provide deeper insights into the promotional strate‐ gies for confectionary across cultures. References: Cheong, Yin Yuen (2004) The construal of ideational meaning in print advertisements, in: O'Halloran, Kay L. (ed.) Multimodal discourse analysis: systemic functional perspectives. London: Continuum, 163‐195. Cook, Guy (2001) The discourse of advertising. London: Routledge. Garrington, Abbie (2008) Counter discourse: advertising technologies and textual impact, The Space Between: Literature and Culture, 1914‐1945 9 (1), 83‐99. Halliday, M.A.K. (1994) An introduction to functional grammar (2nd ed.) London: Arnold. Halliday, M.A.K. and Matthiessen, Christian (2014) Halliday's introduction to functional grammar (4th ed.) Lon‐ don: Routledge. Kress, Gunther and van Leeuwen, Theo (1996) Reading Images: the grammar of visual design. London: Routledge. Kress, Gunther and van Leeuwen, Theo (2006) Reading Images: the grammar of visual design (2nd ed.) London: Routledge. Liu, Yu and O'Halloran, Kay L. (2009) Intersemiotic texture: analysing cohesive devices between language and images, Social Semiotics 19 (4), 367‐388. O'Halloran, Kay L. (2008) Systemic functional‐multimodal discourse analysis (SF‐MDA): constructing ideational meaning using language and visual imagery, Visual Communication 7 (4), 443‐475. Phillips, Barbara and McQuarrie, Edward (2002) The development, change, and transformation of rhetorical style in magazine advertisements 1954‐1999, Journal of Advertising 31 (4), 1‐13. Richards, Jack and Schmidt, Richard (2010) Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics (4th ed.) Harlow: Longman. Royce, Terry (1998) Synergy on the page: exploring intersemiotic complementarity in page‐based multimodal text, JASFL Occasional Papers 1 (1), 25‐48. Starc, Sonja (2014) Multimodal advertisement as a genre within a historical context, in: Maiorani, Arianna and Christie, Christine (eds.) Multimodal epistemologies: towards an integrated framework. New York: Routledge, 94‐108. ISFC 2015 128 July 27‐31, 2015 Stöckl, Hartmut (2013) Ästhetik und Ästhetisierung von Werbung – Begriffliche, forschungsmethodische und medientheoretische Überlegungen, in: Stöckl, Hartmut (ed.) Werbung – keine Kunst!? Phänomene und Pro‐ zesse der Ästhetisierung von Werbekommunikation. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter. Stöckl, Hartmut (2014) “He begs to inform every person interested” – a diachronic study of address and interac‐ tion in print advertising, Anglistik: International Journal of English Studies 25 (2), 81‐106. Thompson, Geoff (2014) Introducing functional grammar (3rd ed.) London: Routledge. Vanubia Moncayo Manaus State University, Amazonas, Brazil
[email protected]A Sustainability Cosmology: An analysis of a “Green” Company’s text in their Sustainability Report Based on cosmologies and constellations within Legitimation Code Theory (LCT) interfaced with ap‐ praisal framework within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), this research aims at analyzing sustain‐ ability knowledge management by a “Green” Company in their Annual Sustainability Report by means of their constellations of meanings. As conceptualized by Maton (2008), constellations refer to clusters of stances condensing social actors’ practices, ideas and beliefs related to a given field of science. These clusters are what build cosmologies. Through the lens of SFL, the hierarchy individuation, situ‐ ated in between the hierarchies of instantiation and realization, provides an open space for the activa‐ tion of the LCT model. As regards the methodological framework, the inscriptions of attitude and graduation are the tools applied in one text of the six texts comprising the report in order to identify the constellations upon which Maton’s knowledge‐knower structure resources rely to characterize the type of knower existing in the text “Sustainability”. The results have shown that by means of apprecia‐ tion and graduation within appraisal theory all the stances in the cited text are observable within the reservoir of meanings of sustainability, which announces that in the major text of the report social actors privilege the epistemic relations over the social relations, proving that that these social actors are inclined towards the specialist knowledge. A. Jesús Moya Guijarro1 and José María González Lanza2 1,2 University of Castilla‐La Mancha 1
[email protected], 2JoseMaria.GLanza.uclm.es Processing reality in picture books. A Multimodal Systemic Functional and Cognitive Study This paper aims to determine the extent to which the age factor exerts an influence on the choices made by writers and illustrators to convey representational meaning in both the verbal and visual components of nine picture books designed for children from three different stages of cognitive de‐ velopment (Piaget, 1981, 1984): the sensory‐motor stage (0‐2 years old), the pre‐operational stage (3‐ 6 years old) and the concrete operations stage (7‐9 years old). More specifically, the paper attempts to explore how visual metonymies in picture books contribute to children’s understanding of stories and, in turn, draw their attention towards relevant aspects of the plot. Metaphor and metonymy are two fundamental concepts within cognitive linguistics and are consid‐ ered as phenomena of thought used to conceptualise reality by means of the relationships that are established between a source and a target domain. While cognitive scholars like Barcelona (2000) and Taylor (2002), among others, have been interested essentially in verbal manifestations of language, Forceville (2009, 2010) has elaborated extensive studies into the potential of visual metonym in mul‐ timodal discourses like advertising and film, giving way to tropes of non‐verbal nature. A multimodal systemic‐functional and cognitive perspective is adopted here to apply the non‐verbal trope of visual metonymy to the nine picture books that form the sample texts, three within each cog‐ nitive stage. Within the frameworks of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics, Kress and van Leeu‐ ISFC 2015 129 July 27‐31, 2015 wen’s Visual Social Semiotics and Cognitive Linguistics (Forceville 2009, Forceville and Urios‐Aparisi 2009), we try to identify the strategies available to the writer and illustrator to convey representation‐ al meanings. This is achieved by identifying and analysing the ideational choices available to the writer to make meaning in picture books designed for children in the three different stages of cognitive de‐ velopment, and comparing them to the corresponding representational choices made by the illustra‐ tor. The results of the analysis show that visual metonymies are essentially used in children’s tales to cre‐ ate narrative tension in certain stages of the plot and, in turn, to establish a bond between the repre‐ sented participants and the child‐viewer. The age factor seems to play an important role in the utiliza‐ tion of visual metonymies in children´s picture books. References: Forceville, Charles. 2009. Metonymy in Visual and Audiovisual Discourse. In E. Ventola and J. Moya (eds.) The World Told and The World Shown. Multisemiotic Issues, 56‐74. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Halliday, MAK. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Third Edition. Revised by Christian M.I.M. Mat‐ thiessen. London: Edward Arnold. Kress, Günther and Theo van Leeuwen. 2006 [1996]). Reading Images. The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge. Moya, A. Jesús. 2013. Visual Metonymy in Children’s Picture Books. Maria J. Pinar (ed.) Review of Cognitive Lin‐ guistics 11 (2): 336‐352. Moya, A. Jesús. 2014. A Multimodal Analysis of Picture Books for Children. A Systemic‐Functional Approach. London: Equinox. Piaget, Jean. 1981. Psicología y pedagogía [Psychology and Pedagogy] (8ª edición). Barcelona: Ariel. Piaget, Jean. 1984. La Representación del Mundo del Niño [The Child’s Conception of the Word]. (6 Edición). Madrid: Morata. Ruth Mulvad Inquam
[email protected]Social semiotic analysis of student texts and academic assessment Learning a subject is learning how to construe meaning in a specific disciplinary manner. As functional linguists, we can analyse students' linguistic choices, for example in their written representations of an academic subject (Christie & Derewianka 2008), however, looking at e.g. the density of students’ nom‐ inalisations from the perspective of both the semantic and the lexicogrammatic strata can provide useful insights in terms of subject matter assessment. In other words, how can we judge a student’s linguistic choices in terms of the academic assessment in a given subject? This was the problem that surfaced during work on a teacher development project in Køge Kommune (in progress), which looks at evaluation of students’ texts: teachers of e.g. Physics could not recognize their subject in the as‐ sessments made using linguistic analyses, leaving the question, what relationship is there between students' choice of language resources and assessment criteria in a subject? As a way to approach an answer to the question, register analyses of students' meaning making (semiosis) were conducted on the semantic stratum with a point of departure in analysis of the lexico‐ grammatical stratum and the cultural context. Such semantic description provides a picture of how a disciplinary 'world' of a particular student is construed. In my presentation I will give examples of how the 'gap' could be reduced in a social semiotic way, thus ensuring a higher degree of validity and relia‐ bility in the academic assessment (Mulvad in progress). References: Christie, Frances & Beverly Derewianka (2008): School Discourse. Learning to write across the school years. Con‐ tinuum. ISFC 2015 130 July 27‐31, 2015 Jacobsen, Grethe Kjær & Ruth Mulvad (in progress): Hvorfor skriver man i skolen? Evaluering af elevtekster efter første projektår: Sprogbaseret undervisning i Køge Kommune. Mulvad, Ruth: Hvornår er en elevtekst god?, in: Golden, Anne & Elisabeth Sejl (eds) (in progress): Skriftkyndighet. Cappelen Damm Akademisk Isaac Nuokyaa‐Ire Mwinlaaru The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
[email protected]Grammaticalization in Dagaare: From Demonstratives, Copula Verbs, Relational Pronouns to the Focus Particle This study explores grammaticalization processes among a set of lexicogrammatical resources that are used for identification in Dagaare (Niger‐Congo, Gur), a West African Language. Language evolution has been part of systemic functional research agenda from the very start (see e.g. Halliday, 1957). Halliday (e.g. Halliday 2009) characterises language as a semogenic system; a system that constantly extends its potential by creating new meaning. Analogous to evidence from studies in ontogenesis (e.g. Halliday, 1973; Painter, 2009), it has been assumed that, in the evolution of languages, grammar evolves from a proto‐grammatical stage to construe specialised, general meaning. This observation is corroborated by evidence from grammaticalization studies by functional typologists (e.g. Heine, Claudi & Hunnemeyer 1991; Bybee, Perkins & Pagliuca 1994; Hopper & Traugott 2003). Within SFL theory, however, little attention has been given to the systematic analysis of grammaticalization. The present study is valuable in this respect. It situates grammaticalization research within SFL as a general linguis‐ tic theory. Specifically, the study will demonstrate how four classes of lexicogrammatical resources, namely, demonstratives, copula verbs, a set of relational pronouns and the focus particle evolved in a linear order of grammaticalization chain. Given the lack of diachronic data on Dagaare, the corpus for the study is naturally‐occurring synchronic texts (written and spoken), which were collected from a range of communicative contexts in Dagaare speech communities in Ghana and Burkina Faso, specifi‐ cally among speakers of the Lobr dialect. The study emerges from the quest to resolve descriptive problems in a larger project on systemic functional description of Dagaare lexicogrammar. These prob‐ lems related to (i) lexicogrammatical forms that do not fit into identification criteria distinguishing one systemic feature from the other and (ii) forms with multiple discourse meanings. These forms were hypothesised to be reactances to diachronic changes in the system. Thus, contextual analysis was fur‐ ther carried out on these forms, drawing on the directionality of documented changes recorded by cross‐linguistic studies on grammaticalization (e.g. Harris & Campbell 1995; Heine & Kuteva 2002; Pustet 2003). The findings will be presented in three stages. The first stage will examine the origin of four sets of Dagaare copula verbs: the identifying verbs “nɛ” and "lɛ", the attributive verb “ɩ” and the existential verbs “be” and “ka”. These classes of copula verbs respectively derive from the distal demonstrative markers (“nɛ” and "lɛ"), the activity verb "ι" (meaning “do","make” or "happen") and locative adverbs ("be" and "ka") mainly through the mechanism of ‘reanalysis’ (see e.g. Hopper & Traugott 2003). The second stage will discuss how the identifying verb "nɛ" fused with two personal pronouns (“ʋ”, third person singular; “a”, third person non‐human plural) to derive a set of relational pronouns (“nʋ” and “na”). This grammaticalization process results in verbless identifying clauses in which the pronoun conflates the functions of Token and Predicator. The third stage will show how these relational pronouns (i.e. "nʋ" and "na")further fused with the attributive verb "ι" to derive the focus marker, “nɩ”. This fusion has produced intermediary identifying clauses in which the particle “nɩ” conflates the functions of Focus and Predicator, thus retaining some of its verbal features. It should also be noted that these findings corroborate descriptive generalisations on the directionality of grammaticalization paths (e.g. Heine & Kuteva 2002; Caffarel, Martin & Matthiessen 2004). The study shows how descriptive problems can be resolved by reconstructing diachronic changes in a language and motivates grammaticalization research within SFL typology. ISFC 2015 131 July 27‐31, 2015 References: Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins, & William Pagliuca. 1994. The evolution of grammar: Tense,aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Caffarel, Alice, Martin Jim R. & Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen (eds.). 2004. Language typology: A functional per‐ spective. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Halliday, Michael A. K. 1957. Some aspects of systematic description and comparison in grammatical analysis (54‐67). In Studies in linguistic analysis, special volume of the Philosophical Society. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Halliday, M.A.K. 1973 Explorations in the functions of language. London: Edward Arnold. Halliday, Michael A. K. 2009. Methods – techniques ‐ problems. In Michael A. K. Halliday & Jonathan J. Webster (Eds.), Continuum companion to systemic functional linguistics (59‐86). London & New York: Continuum. Harris, Alice & Lyle Campbell. 1995. Historical syntax in cross‐linguistic perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. Heine, Bernd, Ulrike Claudi & Friederike Hünnemeyer. 1991. Grammaticalization: A conceptual framework. Chi‐ cago: University of Chicago Press. Heine, Bernd & Tania Kuteva. 2002. World lexicon of grammaticalization. Cambridge, New York, Madrid, Mel‐ bourne, Cape Town: Cambridge University Press. Hopper, Paul & Elizabeth C. Traugott. 2003. Grammaticalization (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. Painter, Clare. 2009. Language development (87‐103). In Michael A. K. Halliday & Jonathan J. Webster, Continu‐ um companion to systemic functional linguistics (59‐86). London & New York: Continuum. Pustet, Regina. 2003. Copulas: Universals in the categorization of the lexicon. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Carman Ng The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
[email protected]Among the Gamic, Graphic, and Filmic: Analyzing Intermediality in Digital Graphic Novels and Illustrated Films Boundaries among contemporary media forms are increasingly porous. Progressing at an unparalleled rate, videogames frequently connect with such (audio‐)visual narratives as graphic novels and illus‐ trated films as franchises of tremendous economic impact, educational potential (Entertainment Software Association 2013), and high inter‐media permeability. This presentation, driven by the social‐ semiotic theory of multimodality (Kress 2010), examines the multimodal configurations of a video‐ game‐adapted war‐themed digital graphic novel Metal Gear Solid 2: Bande Desinée (Kojima 2008, 2013) and a comics‐based apocalyptic illustrated film Godkiller: Walk Among Us (Pizzolo 2010) through the method of systematic multimodal annotation. Research within Systemic Functional Lin‐ guistics (multimodality) has involved producing sequential scene‐by‐scene description of televised animation episodes (Gaines 2010) and developing frameworks on theorizing metamodal relations to discuss dramatic and cinematic continuities in films as moving image media (Burn 2013); increased endeavors in linguistics‐based comics research have been conducted in investigating the visual lan‐ guage of comics (Fei 2007), cognition and visual literacy (Cohn 2013), semiotic resources in comics and film (Bateman and Veloso 2013), and comics as critical discourses tied with languages, identities, and politics (Bramlett 2012). The proposed presentation connects with such research in identifying how Metal Gear Solid 2: Bande Desinée re‐mediates the eponymous videogame into a cinematic digital graphic novel; while Godkiller adapts a web‐comics series, incorporating production techniques of videogames, anime (Japanese animation), radio drama, and motion comics. In particular, the presen‐ tation elaborates how movement in graphics, linguistic texts, panels, and lighting functions as a semi‐ otic mode selectively utilized and constrained to co‐create meanings with other semiotic resources and systems (including visuals, speech/sound/music, and camera) and organize the spatial layout of the screen, reflecting heightened inter‐connections among metafunctions and audiovisual media. Investigating the multimodal complexities and aesthetics of the two texts, the analyses discuss the transposition process, from videogame to digital graphic novel and from comics to illustrated film, by (a) identifying what and how semiotic modes are used; (b) discussing the affordances of videogames in ISFC 2015 132 July 27‐31, 2015 creating hybridized (textual‐)visual‐auditory ensembles to realize meanings (Ryan 2004); and (c) how such affordances interact with semiotic conventions of other (audio‐)visual media in generating ways that construct and animate narratives differently from conventional graphic novels or comics. The presentation aims to contribute to the critical discussion of the increasing interactions among the medial configurations and rhetoric of popular media (Brummet 2011); and the understanding of in‐ termediality through systematic multimodal annotation of media texts representative of recent ad‐ vancements in visualization/digitalization technologies, situated in the broader contexts of expanding production technologies and distribution networks of creative cultural industries. Such dialog can po‐ tentially facilitate discussions of intermediality as a productive theoretical category in analyzing multi‐ modal artifacts and forms of narratives (Grishakova and Ryan 2010; Rajewsky 2010), through the at‐ tempt of empirically decomposing the range and design of semiotic resources feasible for meaning‐ making, grounded in the materiality of the medium and sociocultural contexts. The critical under‐ standing derived from multimodal analyses in turn builds knowledge on intermedial practices, which are increasingly used in contemporary media to critically engage socio‐ethical issues and build media literacy. References: Bateman, J. A. and Veloso, F. O. D. (2013). The Semiotic Resources of Comics in Movie Adaptation: Ang Lee’s Hulk (2003) as a Case Study. Studies in Comics, 4(1), 135‐157. Bramlett, F. (Ed.) (2012). Linguistics and the Study of Comics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Brummett, B. (2011). Rhetoric in Popular Culture. Los Angeles: Sage Publications. Burn, A. (2013). The Kineikonic Mode: Towards a Multimodal Approach to Moving Image Media. National Centre for Research Methods (NCRM) Working Paper. Retrieved June 2, 2013 from http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/3085/. Cohn, N. (2013). The Visual Language of Comics: Introduction to the Structure and Cognition of Sequential Imag‐ es. India: Bloomsbury. Entertainment Software Association. (2013). Essential Facts about the Computer and Video Game Industry. Re‐ trieved July 14, 2013 from http://www.theesa.com/facts/pdfs/ESA_EF_2013.pdf. Fei, V. L. (2007). The visual semantics stratum: making meaning in sequential images. In T. D. Royce and W. L. Bowcher (Eds.) New Directions in the Analysis of Multimodal Discourse. (Chapter 6) Mahwah: Lawrence Erl‐ baum, 195‐213. Gaines, E. (2010). Media Literacy and Semiotics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Grishakova, M. and Ryan, M‐L. (Eds.) (2010). Intermediality and Storytelling. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Kress, G. (2010). Multimodality: A Social Semiotic Approach to Contemporary Communication. London: Routledge. Rajewsky, I. O. (2010). Border Talks: The Problematic Status of Media Borders in the Current Debate about In‐ termediality. In L. Elleström (Ed.). Media Borders, Multimodality and Intermediality. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 51‐68. Ryan, M‐L. (2004). Narrative across Media: The Languages of Storytelling. Lincoln and London: University of Ne‐ braska Press. [Digital graphic novel] Kojima Productions. (2008; 2013). Metal Gear Solid 2: Bande Desinée. In Metal Gear Solid: The Legacy Collection. Konami Digital Entertainment Co. Ltd. [Illustrated film] Pizzolo, M. (2010). Godkiller: Walk Among Us. Retrieved from http://godkillerseries.com/godkiller‐walk‐among‐us‐complete‐film/. Thu Ngo University of New England
[email protected]Evaluative meaning realised by gesture: implications for multi‐modal literacy and TESOL education Gesture has been very widely researched in many fields of study for its significant inseparable role in face‐to‐face interactions. Gesture has attracted attention from anthropologists, sociologists, psychia‐ trists, biologists, physiologists, social psychologists, educators and linguists in recent times (Gentilucci & Volta, 2008; Hostetter & Alibali, 2008; Kendon, 2004; Willems, Özyürek, & Hagoort, 2007). In the ISFC 2015 133 July 27‐31, 2015 linguistics field, there have been a variety of approaches to classifying gesture, with the two repre‐ sentatives of the non‐SFL approach and the SFL approach being respectively McNeil’s Kendon contin‐ uum (Kendon, 2004; McNeill, 2012) and Clerigh’s classification of body language (Hood, 2011; Martin, Zappavigna, Dwyer, & Cléirigh, 2013). The Kendon continuum of gesture ranges from most language‐ like gesture (i.e. sign language) to least language‐like gesture (gesticulation). In the SFL approach, ges‐ ture is understood as part of the more holistic system of body language being classified into the three groups of proto‐linguistic gesture, linguistic gesture, and epi‐linguistic gesture. SFL studies have out‐ lined gesture in relation to the metafunctions. Hood (2011) explored the textual and interpersonal functions of gesture in classroom contexts with a focus on the development of a framework outlining the evaluative meaning potential of gesture. This presentation aims at contributing to a further devel‐ opment of the framework describing evaluative gestural resources. The presentation will start with a critical review of SFL and other classifications of gesture and a proposal for a refined SFL classification of gesture. Based on the refined SFL classification, the presentation will discuss the three meta‐ functions of the linguistic and epi‐linguistic gesture deployed by Vietnamese speakers in semi‐casual oral discussions and outline associated evaluative meanings that these gesture realise in tandem with their experiential, interpersonal and textual meanings. The presentation will conclude with a discus‐ sion of the role of gesture as a significant complementary mode in face‐to‐face communication, em‐ phasizing the importance of the incorporation of teaching gesture in teaching speaking, listening, viewing and representing skills in multimodal literacy and TESOL education. References: Gentilucci, M., & Volta, R. D. (2008). Spoken language and arm gestures are controlled by the same motor con‐ trol system. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(6), 944‐957. Hood, S. (2011). Body language in face‐to‐face teaching: A focus on textual and interpersonal meaning. Semiotic margins: Reclaiming meaning, 31‐52. Hostetter, A. B., & Alibali, M. W. (2008). Visible embodiment: Gestures as simulated action. Psychonomic bulletin & review, 15(3), 495‐514. Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible action as utterance: Cambridge University Press. Martin, J. R., Zappavigna, M., Dwyer, P., & Cléirigh, C. (2013). Users in uses of language: embodied identity in Youth Justice Conferencing. Text & Talk, 33(4‐5), 467‐496. McNeill, D. (2012). How language began: Gesture and speech in human evolution: Cambridge University Press. Willems, R. M., Özyürek, A., & Hagoort, P. (2007). When language meets action: the neural integration of gesture and speech. Cerebral Cortex, 17(10), 2322‐2333. Tam Nguyen Vietnam National University, Hanoi
[email protected]The expression of hierarchy in faculty communication and its effects on the working environment – a case in a Vietnamese educational institution Vietnamese culture has been described by many scholars to be heavily characterized with the value of hierarchy, which is defined by Schwartz (1999: 27) as a cultural emphasis on the legitimacy of an une‐ qual distribution of power, roles and resources such as social power, authority, humility, wealth. Hier‐ archy is the cultural value underpinning various social processes in Vietnam (Trần Ngọc Thêm, 1997). As cultural values influence the meanings that members of different societies attribute to work (Schwartz, 1999), it is certain that hierarchy expressed through language in communication can have certain impact on the working environment. In Vietnam, hierarchy is obviously demonstrated through the Vietnamese addressing systems (with different ways to address someone older and someone younger than the speaker themselves), through the ways many parents are making decisions for their children, or the way people of the inferior level comply to the orders from those of the superior level at work. To figure out how hierarchy is expressed through the appraisal language choices in communi‐ cation, and how expression of hierarchy through these language choices could influence the working ISFC 2015 134 July 27‐31, 2015 environment, a case study was conducted in a department of a Vietnamese educational institution. Records of the language used in communication were collected from work emails among people in the faculty (not with and among the staff), observation and fieldnotes. Then, Appraisal theory (Martin and White 2005), with the focus on two out of three systems of appraisal language: attitude and engage‐ ment, was used as the theoretical framework to analyze appraisal language in these linguistic data. The purposes of this analysis are to describe the sub‐systems of affect, judgment, and appreciation, monogloss and heterogloss at work, and to explore the possible contribution of these categories of appraisal language to the demonstration of hierarchy. Individual interviews were then conducted with 5 people in the department (one is the vice‐dean, one is the head of a division in the department, and the others are three lecturers of three different age groups: 25 – 35, 35 – 45, over 45). The purpose of conducting these interviews is to look for evidence (from the perspectives of people from diferent positions and age groups) of the effects of hierarchy, which is expressed through the use of appraisal language, on the working environment here. Trinh Nguyen1 and Hoa Phan2 1 College of Transport II, 2University of Da Nang 1
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[email protected]A Study of Topology Of Behavioral Clauses in English and Vietnamese in the Light of Functional Grammar The study of the relation between human behavior and language is probably the most fascinating in‐ terests that an investor can undertake. Actually, human behavior and language have very close, mutu‐ al and complex relationships which need exploring more. This paper reports on an ongoing Ph.D re‐ search in the light of functional grammar raised by Halliday M.A.K. It aims at presenting (i) the theoret‐ ical background of experimental meaning: the system of transitivity and especially behavioral clauses, (ii) the identification of English and Vietnamese verbs that realize Process in behavioral clauses with a corpus of English and Vietnamese literary work of the late 20th century and the early 21st century, (iii) a topology of behavioral clauses in English and Vietnamese literary work. When we look at the exper‐ imental metafunction, we are investigating the grammar of the clause as representation. To achieve the set goals, descriptive method and functional analysis are thoroughly chosen. Finally, this paper also employs the framework of Martin, Matthiessen & painter (1997), Bloor & Bloor (1995) and Eggins (1994) to find out more about the subtypes of behavioral processes in English and Vietnamese literary genre. Neslihan Onder Ozdemir Uludag University
[email protected]The Effects of Culture and Social Problems on Comics: A Contrastive Study Drawing upon systemic functional linguistic theory (Halliday&Hasan, 1985; Martin, 1992) and its appli‐ cation to multimodal texts, in this preliminary contrastive study, as PhD candidates, we aimed to find out the communicative purposes of medical comics as a part of ‘social semiotics’ to signify the ideas and values associated with different cultures following Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) categories for visual analyses, particularly social relations in which understanding the “social meanings in images derives from the visual articulation of social meanings…” (p. 121). Thus, we attempted to model the functionality and grammarfor semiotic resources. In the present context, comics as visual images were the focus to contribute to the theoretical and practical approaches to the systemic functional linguistic theory. Specifically, the case which is explored in this research is the construction of ideational mean‐ ing through the use of language and visual imagery in Turkish and English comics. To build our corpo‐ ISFC 2015 135 July 27‐31, 2015 ra, we searched google with keywords in Turkish and English for images i.e., Türkçe TIP karikatürleri (in English, Turkish medical comics) and English medical comics (n=50). We tried to achieve near‐ equivalence of sources across the languages concerned for our analysis. Given the literature, the role of systemic which focuses on systems of choices in language that are significant for the realisation of meaning in a context of the comics considering choices for field (social context; communicative pur‐ pose), tenor (participants in the interaction; shared cultural values), and mode (channel of communi‐ cation, i.e., spoken/written, visual‐contact) as well as the context of culture (Malinowski, 1935), we interpreted the discourse practices to account for the message through focusing on communicative purposes of each comic to contextualize. The preliminary findings revealed that Turkish comics tend to arise from social problems associated with medicine, such as problems between doctors and patients, i.e., the attacks of patients towards doctors and a variety of key messages regarding the patients or doctor’s experiences in Turkey which provide food for thought. However, English language medical comics in our corpora tended to deal predominantly with socio‐economic issues relevant to different cultures, e.g., health insurance in the US or the privatisation of the NHS in the UK, often exploring the impact of these issues on patients and practitioners through dark humour or irony. The findings suggest that comics can be a reflection of society with short but big lessons to laugh and think. The sample analyses and frameworks for analys‐ ing ideational meaning of the online comics will be presented and discussed to shed light into the cross‐cultural aspects in different social contexts. References: Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1985). Language. Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social‐semiotic Per‐ spective. Geelong, Australia: Deakin University Press. Hasan, R. (1995). The conception of context in text. In P. Fries & M. Gregory (Eds.), Discourse in Society: Systemic Functional Perspectives (pp. 183–283). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Kress, G. & Van Leeuwen, T. (2006) Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. London: Routledge. Malinowski, B. (1935). Coral Gardens and Their Magic (Vol. 2). London: Allen & Unwin. Martin, J. R. (1992). English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Waleed Othman University of Bermingham
[email protected]Explicitational Enhancement in Translation Explicitation in translation is a term that was first introduced and defined by Vinay and Darbelnet (1958/1995) as “the process of introducing information into the target language (TL) which is present only implicitly in the source language (SL), but which can be derived from the context or situation”. In this paper, I draw on SFL’s account of the relation of enhancement within the logical and experiential modes of the ideational metafunction to examine explicitation as a feature of translated language in three Arabic translations of William Golding's Lord of the Flies (1954). The paper is informed by recent Translation Studies research into two themes: features of translated language and the use of SFL as theory of meaning organized around systems, or choices to describe translation shifts and categorize them into optional or obligatory. By examining random samples from the translated data, I aim to identify recurrent patterns of option‐ al explicitational lexicogrammatical shifts involving enhancement, and eventually determine to what extent translators differ in their tendencies toward explicitation. Preliminary analyses provide primary evidence for shifts that lead to explicitating ST’s less explicit meanings, though with varying tendencies among the three translators. ISFC 2015 136 July 27‐31, 2015 Lakshmi Narasa Dasu Pallam EFL University
[email protected]Some Facets and Perspectives of Intonation This paper aims at exploring some language specific facets and perspectives of intonation. The study is based on my ongoing doctoral research. The viewpoints to be presented through this paper are ob‐ servable in many Indian languages. In this paper, Telugu (an Indian language of Dravidian family) has been taken as the object for the analysis. The English grammatical system has the operation of content and grammatical difference at word level; but languages like Telugu show the very operation at morpheme level. This aspect is realised in the system of tonicity of Telugu intonation. This language has no particular rule governed system of word accent like that of English. Hence, the potentiality of tonic accent is on any syllable of every meaningful unit according to the demand of its context. Being morphologically rich, Telugu has com‐ plex verb groups. As tonicity operates at morpheme level, there is the possibility of ambiguity of meaning linked with tonicity and tonality in these complex verb groups. In some cases, even vowel length is tonic potential since this kind of vowel length contributes to meaning when qualified by cer‐ tain context. In such cases, the syllable, in which the vowel length is present, is accented if it is the speaker’s meaningful importance of the message. Another interesting point is the connection between tonicity and attitudinal function. Intonation has several functions as a meaning making resource. System of tonicity deals with new and given aspects of meaning. Various tone patterns of falling and rising are related with attitudinal meaning in accord‐ ance with context. In a Telugu tone group, when some marked attitudinal meaning is present, an extra tonic accent with its specific pattern is necessary. This tonic accent is generally used on the last sylla‐ ble in a tone group. Various rising and/or falling patterns of this particular tone construe various corre‐ lations of attitudinal meanings such as irony, surprise, willingness, unwillingness etc. This special tonic accent is not connected with new and given aspects of meaning. In English, the function of tonicity and the function of attitudinal meaning are operated by a single tonic accent in a tone group; but in Telugu, these functions are dividedly shared by two tonic accents ( in most of the cases) in a single tone group. The earlier studies of intonation of Telugu language have not described these instances at all. The present study negates some earlier concepts of network of intonation of Telugu. The results of the study are based on auditory and acoustic evidence. For this project, some samples of recorded data of Telugu spontaneous conversations and context based isolated sentences have been analysed through PRAAT spectrographic observation. Along with context and auditory perception, acoustic properties like frequency, intensity, duration etc have been examined to determine pitch movements and tonic syllables. The semantic, lexico‐grammatical and phonological strata have been described in relation to intonation within context. The paper will present the method of study and the results with all the sci‐ entific evidence. References: Eggins, S., & Slade. D. (1997). Analysing casual conversation. London: Cassell. Halliday, M. A. K. (1970). A course in spoken English: Intonation. London: Oxford University Press. Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar (2nd ed.). London: Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K., & Greaves, W. S. (2008). Intonation in the grammar of English. London: Equinox Publishing. Krishnamirthy, B.(2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Krishnamirthy, B.(1985). A Grammar of Modern Telugu. Delhi: Oxford University Press. Krishnamirthy, B.(2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ladefoged, P. (1996). Elements of acoustic phonetics (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Ladefoged, P. (2003). Phonetic data analysis: An introduction to fieldwork and instrumental techniques. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Prabhakar Babu, B.A. (1974). A Phonological Study of English Spoken by Speakers in Andhrapradesh. (Osmania University Ph.D . thesis, unpublished). ISFC 2015 137 July 27‐31, 2015 Prakasam, V. (1972). A Systemic Treatment of Certain Aspects of Telugu Phonology. University of York. Sailaja, P. (1985). Some Aspects of the Vowel Phonology of Telugu and Telugu‐English. Unpublished. M. Litt The‐ sis, CIEFL. Tench, P. (1996). The intonation systems of English. London: Cassel Academic Alex Peng Beijing Normal University
[email protected]On the Scope of Grammatical Metaphors: Incongruent realisations from WORD through TEXT Halliday constructed the theory of Grammatical Metaphor (GM) in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) in terms of selection from semantic options to lexicogrammatical configurations, namely, incon‐ gruent way of realisation “from above”, contrary to the traditional approach “from below” that sees Metaphor and other related rhetorical devices to a large extent as lexical phenomenon (Halliday 1994). So far, GM is illustrated with cases of clause and clause complex (e.g. Halliday 1994; Simon‐ Vandenbergen et al 2003), with a sketch on GM in compound words (Hallilday & Webster 2015: 153‐ 4). That is prone for one to think that GM is but realised with no other linguistic unit than such lexi‐ cogrammatical units. Logically speaking, however, the instantiation process may deploy any extent of formal rank units for construal. Against that hypothesis, this paper first elaborates the concept of GM within the SFL paradigm as, in addition to the classical conceptualisation as one dimension, a socio‐ semiotic process of “cross‐coupling” of two or more than two wording constitutions, ‘socio‐semiotic’ in the sense of GM’s social function of being either Ideational, Interpersonal or Textual in interaction (see Goatly 2011: 153‐77; the relevant metaphor to be shortened as IdM, InM, TxM). Then the thesis analyses that GM can be typically coded in either (i) word (e.g. congratulate [IdM], jailbird [InM] and headquarter [IdM]); (ii) word group (“her single sorrow” [IdM], ‘my vegetable love’ [InM] and an hon‐ our of yours [TxM]) or phrase (out of my sight [IdM] and in high spirit [IdM]); (iii) clause or clause com‐ plex (“would you like this teapot?” and “can you pass me the salt?” [InM]); (iv) passage (“In came a fiddler ... In came Mrs Fezziwig... In came the three Miss Fezziwigs... In came the six young followers ... In came all the young men and women ... In came the housemaid... In came the cook... In came the boy ... In they all came… in they all came... Away they all went… and back again the other way; down the middle and up again; round and round in various stages of affectionate grouping...” from Christ‐ mas Carole; TxM); and (v) even text as a whole (You fit into me, /Like a hook into an eye, /A fish hook, /An open eye, InM of BLAME). The concept of ‘text’ here is understood as what Halliday has re‐ explicated as both meaning and wording (Halliday 1995 / 2005; cf. Halliday 1978). This attempt is able to supply sufficient evidences for the relevant theory; and most importantly, it may also serve a basis for a systematic description of the phenomenon per se throughout different text types, which may set up a comprehensive framework for the teaching instruction. References: Goatly, A. 2011. The Language of Metaphor. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. Lon‐ don: Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 2nd edition. London: Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K. 1995. Computing meaning: some reflections on past experience and present prospects. Paper presented at the 2nd Conference of the Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics, Brisbane, 19‐22 April, 1995. Reprinted in J. R. Webster (ed.) Computational and Quantitative Studies, Volume 6 in the Collect‐ ed Works of M. A. K. Halliday. London: Continuum, 2005, pp. 239‐267. Halliday, M. A. K. & J. Webster. 2015. Text Linguistics: The HOW and WHY of Meaning. London: Equinox. Simon‐Vandenbergen, A. M., M. Taverniers and L. Ravelli. 2003. Grammatical Metaphor: Views from Systemic Functional Linguistics. Amsterdam: Benjamins. ISFC 2015 138 July 27‐31, 2015 Miriam Perez‐Veneros University of Salamanca
[email protected]How ‘human’ are scientists in different cultures? Naming participants in popularizations from the Span‐ ish and the British press This paper addresses the question of the presence of external sources of information in science popu‐ larizations in comparison with the use that the journalist makes of his/her own voice, presenting the results of a contrastive study of participants in verbal processes in this text‐type. In popularizations, science journalists make reference to authorized sources of information in order to give credibility (Martin and White 2005) to the scientific knowledge transmitted. Halliday and Matthiessen differenti‐ ate between human and material participants (2004). In the case of science popularizations, human participants are either scientists or other stakeholders, whereas material participants are typically studies, journals, reports, or other scholarly publications. The readers of popularizations expect sci‐ ence correspondents to act as mediators of the information given. Some authors (Iedema et al. 1994; Martin and White 2005) have dealt with the notion of appraisal in relation to journalistic voice. Yet, studies on the role that the participant type has in the higher or lower foregrounding of the journalists in their narrations have been neglected so far. In this presentation it will be argued that where human participants are used for referring to external sources of attribution, journalists can be said to act as real mediators, because the external source of information is foregrounded in the text thanks to rhe‐ torical strategies including nominalization. However, the voice of the journalists can be said to be at the foreground when material entities are used, since the identity of those outer participants is hidden behind labels such as ‘reports’ or ‘studies’. Within the system of projection, the role of nominalization can be analyzed in relation to the use of reported speech. Journalists have a range of available options for (re)presenting others’ speech, which may range from ‘narrator’s representation of voice’ to ‘free direct speech’ (Semino et al. 1997; Semino and Short 2004). A study of the use of human and material participants in relation to the use of differ‐ ent speech presentations was carried out in a corpus of 40 popularization articles (20 from The Guard‐ ian and 20 from El País newspapers). The corpus was tagged and analyzed by means of WordSmith Tools (Scott 2012) to study the presence of participants in relation to the type of speech (re)presentation and the reporting verbs used in projection. The results indicate that, in both newspa‐ pers, scientists are more “human” in the sense that their presence through nominalization is much higher when "speaking" in both direct and indirect speech presentations than the journalists’ voice foregrounding through the use of material participants. In spite of that, both The Guardian and El País present more material participants with indirect speech presentations, with a higher presence (10%) of them in the Spanish articles. In addition, the range of indirect forms of speech presentation indi‐ cates that the voice of the journalist is not only more present because of the use of material partici‐ pants, but also because these entities “speak” indirectly, so that the journalist’s voice is heard over the scientists’. References: Halliday, M.A.K. and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd revised edition). London: Edward Arnold. Iedema, R.; Feez, S. and White, P.R.R. 1994. Media Literacy. Disadvantaged School Program, NSW, Department of School Education, Sydney. Martin, J.R. and White, P.R.R. 2005. The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Scott, M. 2012. WordsSmith Tools Version 6. Liverpool: Lexical Analysis Software. Semino, E.; Short, M. and Culpeper, J. 1997. “Using a Corpus to Test a Model of Speech and Thought Presenta‐ tion.” Poetics 25: 17‐43. Semino, E. and Short, M. 2004. Corpus Stylistics: Speech, Writing and Thought Presentation in a Corpus of Eng‐ lish Writing. London: Routledge. ISFC 2015 139 July 27‐31, 2015 María Cecilia Pfister1, Cecilia Britos2 and Gabriel Caligaris3 1,2,3 ENSLV Sofía B. de Spangenberg 1
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[email protected]An SFL approach to the teaching of grammar courses at Teacher Training Colleges This paper presents the results of a project that tries to work within the framework of SFG in Argentin‐ ian Teacher Training Colleges of English as a Foreign Language in the Grammar subjects and more specifically in the first Grammar course. What motivated this project was the belief that an intercon‐ nection has to be established between the writing and reading processes that are carried out in other subjects such as Language, for instance, and the teaching of Grammar. This interconnection, we claim, can not be established if the teaching of Grammar is based on a prescriptive and descriptive approach that focuses on rules and patterns that are disconnected from the text that generates them. Moreo‐ ver, when students are faced with the task of writing a text, the writing process is open to a number of choices that are not analysed when the teaching of grammar focuses on patterns and rules. For this reason, we decided to move away from traditional or generative approaches to the teaching of Grammar at TTC to work on the design and implementation of a syllabus that followed a Systemic Functional approach to the teaching of Grammar. A selection of the contents was carried out with the aim of giving the students a trinocular view on language and to pave the way for a more complex anal‐ ysis as the students move forward in their course of studies. The main objective was to develop in the students the idea that language is a complex system of choices that construes three types of meaning. This was a central aim, as students who attend TTCs tend to view the process of language production as a combination of knowledge of words and knowledge of patterns. This belief makes it impossible for them to reflect upon their writing, as they see it as a matter of producing the correct versus the incorrect lexical or grammatical selection at sentence level, and therefore cancelling the social dimen‐ sion of language. We present the contents selected and the type of activities that the students had to carry out throughout the year. An analysis of the results are presented. The introduction of the differ‐ ent metafunctions provided students with some of the tools that enabled them to assess their own writing processes. These results show that exposing students to an SFG approach from the very begin‐ ning is highly beneficial for them because they start a process of analysis that takes them away from the rule into an understanding of the system as a whole. Further research is needed to see how these students cope with other subjects and how they are able to deal with more complex requirements. References: Butt, D., Fahley,R., Feez,S., Spinks,S. & Yallop, C. (2000) Using Functional Grammar. Halliday, MKA (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 3rd edn, revised by Christian Matthiessen. Lon‐ don: Arnold. Martin, J.R. (2013) Systemic Functional Grammar: a next step into the theory‐ Axial relations. Beijing: Higher Education Press. Stanley Porter1 and Hughson Ong2 1,2 McMaster Divinity College 1
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[email protected]Can a Single Model Suffice to Analyze Discourse Structure? A Proposal for Analyzing Discourse Structure within SFL One of the continuing, recognized limitations of SFL analysis at the discourse level (so Butler 2003; Martin 1992) is its focus on semantics at the clausal level (e.g. statement, command, etc.). Discourse structure, however, encompasses meanings beyond the clausal level. At present, SFL’s explanation of the relationship between the various meanings that comprise a discourse is largely based upon infer‐ ence and interpretation gleaned from analysis of the individual clauses and their speech functions or is ISFC 2015 140 July 27‐31, 2015 gleaned from the application of the notion of congruence (Halliday 2014). However, these approaches to explaining clausal relationships within larger discourses are inadequate to account for meanings at the discourse level, not least because there is no clear mechanism to link discourse‐level speech func‐ tions and clausal semantics. We argue that, if human conversation or discourse is naturally structured, it then follows that there is a semantic structure beyond clausal semantics that encompasses it. And this semantic structure must be detectable at the discourse level. Such semantic structure may reveal patterns of sequential organization that enables access to the meanings of particular clauses and the overall message of a particular conversation at the discourse level. In other words, analysis of seman‐ tic structure at the discourse level entails analysis of, first, the meaningful relationships between the individual clauses, and second, their individual and cumulative relationship to the overall message of the discourse. This paper focuses upon identification and characterization of this semantic structure. In order to do so, our paper compares and evaluates two discourse‐analytic models to determine their capacity and usefulness for analyzing discourse semantic structure. Conversation Analysis, a theoretical model for analyzing discourse first developed by a group of ethnomethodologists (Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Scheg‐ loff, and Gail Jefferson), continues to be widely practiced, perhaps because it early on established its analytical criteria and procedures. Conversation Analysis attempts to discover and explain why mun‐ dane conversations make sense by identifying the structure, patterns, and sequences of conversations (Sacks 1972; Sacks et al. 1974). The second is Exchange Structure, first introduced by John Sinclair and Malcolm Coulthard (1975) but developed by others within SFL up to the present (e.g. Burton and Stubbs early on, and Martin and Rose and especially Berry more recently). Whereas Conversation Analysis was formalized early, Exchange Structure has never commanded as widespread ascent, re‐ sulting in competing models attempting similar solutions even within SFL (e.g. Rhetorical Structure Theory). Sinclair and Coulthard applied the “rank scale” of units to analyze classroom discourse, with the goal of identifying the structure and types of discourse transactions. More recently Martin and Rose (2003) have developed principles of negotiation realized by the interpersonal metafunction, but which is still limited in its scope. Berry’s work (forthcoming) addresses all three metafunctions and shows more promise towards an integrative discourse‐analytic model for conversation analysis. The strengths and usefulness of these two models for analyzing discourse semantic structure are many, because of both their distinct differences (e.g. procedure) and similarities (e.g. prototypical situations). We attempt to suggest a way forward as to how the insights gleaned from study of the two models can provide a theoretical basis for analyzing discourse within an SFL framework, in particular by dealing with the problems of examining data from an epigraphic language (e.g. the limitations of implicit knowledge). We provide a sample analysis of the dialogical text of Romans 3:1–8 from the Greek New Testament. This hypothetical dialogue created by the author of the ancient letter, Paul, evidences the major challenges of such discourse analysis, including determination of dialogue alter‐ nation, conceptual continuity and discontinuity, formal structuring patterns beyond the clause, and clausal discourse semantic functionality. By use of an ancient text, we attempt to formulate a theory of discourse semantic structure that encompasses both clausal and discourse features. Cecilia Fk Pun Hong Kong Community College, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University fkpun@hkcc‐polyu.edu.hk Periodicity in post‐secondary students’ writing This study explores the organization of information waves in academic texts produced by non‐English speaking background (NESB) in their post‐secondary education. The organization of information waves is one of the important aspects contributing to the successful academic writing (Hood, 2008; Ravelli, 2004). To enrich students’ writing potential, this study aims to investigate the resources, in particular the “abstract entities” (resource for building Periodicity), for building a successful periodic structure in academic text. Taking Periodicity (Martin, 1992; Martin & Rose, 2007) as the theoretical basis, the ISFC 2015 141 July 27‐31, 2015 hierarchical delivery of meanings in students’ writing is unfolded. The focus is on how the use of “ab‐ stract entities” helps the construal of higher level Themes and News (i.e. macroTheme, hyperTheme, and macroNew). The data include the model texts used in class and students’ writing from an EAP course designed for associate degree students with Business major in Hong Kong. The students learnt the organization of an academic text in class, including the macroTheme (i.e. introduction, with a highlight on thesis statement and plan of development), macroNew (i.e. conclusion), and hyperTheme (topic sentence(s) in body). The students’ writing was gathered from an assignment of the first semester of their study, in which the organization of an academic text was taught before submission. The data are analyzed through Periodicity, the use of abstract entities and the possible intersection of the two. A preliminary result shows that most of the students are able to construe a periodic structure in their texts; however, they demonstrate difficulties in using “abstract entities” to build higher level Themes and News which leads to further pedagogical investigation. References: Halliday, M.A.K. & Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (1999). Construing Experience through Meaning: a language‐based approach to cognition. London, New York: Continuum. Hood, S. (2008). Summary writing in academic contexts: Implicating meaning in processes of change. Linguistics and Education, 19, 351‐365. Humphrey, S., Martin, J.R. Dreyfus, S., & Mahboob, A., (2010). The 3x3: Setting up a Linguistics tools for teaching academic writing. In A. Mahboob & N. Knight (Eds.) Appliable Linguistics: Texts, contexts and meanings, (pp. 185‐199). London: Continuum. Martin, J.R. (1992). English Text: System and structure. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Martin, J.R. (2006). Genre, ideology and intertextuality: a systemic functional perspective. Linguistics and the Human Sciences (Special Issue on Genre edited by J Bateman), 2(2), 275‐298. Martin, J.R. (2007). Construing knowledge: a functional linguistic perspective. In F. Christie & J.R. Martin (Eds.), Language, knowledge and pedagogy: Functional linguistics and sociological perspectives (pp. 34‐64). London: continuum. Martin, J.R. (2008). Boomer dreaming: the texture of re‐colonisation in a lifestyle magazine. In G. Thompson and G. Forey (Eds.) Functional Linguistics: Text type and texture (pp. 252‐84). London: Equinox. Martin, J.R. (2010). Discourse Semantics (Vol. 2). Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press. Martin, J.R. (2014). Evolving Systemic Functional Linguistics: Beyond the clause. Functional Linguistics, 1:3, 1‐24. (http://www.functionallinguistics.com/content/pdf/2196‐419X‐1‐3.pdf) Martin, J.R. and Rose, D. (2007). Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the clause (2nd edition). London, New York: Continuum. Matruglio, E. (2010). Knowledge, Knowers, Language and Legitimation: How to mean in school. Paper presented at LCT Roundtable, University of Technology, Sydney, 22 October 2010. Matruglio, E., Maton, K. and Martin, J.R. (2013). Time Travel: the role of temporality in enabling semantic waves in secondary school teaching. Linguistics and Education, 24(1), 38‐49. Pun, C.F.K. (2013). Unpacking Periodicity in Academic Writing of NESB Undergraduate Students. Unpublished PhD’s Thesis, City University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, and the University of Sydney, Australia. Ravelli, L.J. (2004). Signalling the organization of written texts: HyperThemes in management and history essays. In L. Ravelli and R. Ellis (Eds.), Analyzing Academic Writing: Contextualized frameworks (pp. 104‐130). Lon‐ don: Continuum. Marie Quinn1 and Barbara Thornton2 1 Ministry of Education and Human Resource Development, 2Independent 1
[email protected],
[email protected]It’s for the big people: a confusion of purpose and audience in reports in the field of international devel‐ opment The texts that proliferate in aid‐recipient countries are the reports compiled by donors, consultants and research entities, often with the purpose of providing governments with advice on how to pro‐ ISFC 2015 142 July 27‐31, 2015 ceed in areas of development. However, often difficulties arise when such reports typically share fea‐ tures of academic research, those which realize a very different purpose to that of the Ministries. These reports often do not take into account the academic, linguistic or practical situations of the readers. Ministry staff at middle management level report being discouraged from reading such re‐ ports, assuming they were meant for a more academic or learned audience than themselves, the “big people” of a Ministry. This presentation analyses recent reports compiled for the education sector in two neighbouring Pacif‐ ic nations, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, to explore the way they have been written and the problems they pose for intended readers. Register and Genre theory of the “Sydney School” (eg. Halliday, 1994; Christie & Martin, 1997) and complementary theories from other discourse analysis traditions (eg. Bhatia, 1993; Paltridge, 2006; Swales, 1990) are used to examine how difficulties in reports stem from linguistic choices at various text levels, for example at context, staging and word levels. The presenters suggest that the linguistic construction often mitigates the use of content – research findings, recom‐ mendations for future work – by those for whom it is intended. They will also suggest some early work they are undertaking with Ministry staff in these countries to define report requirements/frameworks for researchers to use in order that their work by read by the intended audience. References: Bhatia, VK (1993). Analysing genre: Language use in professional settings. London and New York: Longman. Christie, F., & Martin, J. R. (Eds.). (1997). Genre in institutions: Social processes in the workplace and school. New York: Continuum. Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar (2nd ed.). London: Edward Arnold. Paltridge, B (2006) Discourse Analysis: An Introduction. London: Continuum. Swales, J. (1990). Genre Analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rahmah1 and Silvana Sinar2 1 State University of Medan, 2University of Sumatera Utara 1
[email protected],
[email protected]Multimodal Modality Meanings in a Deli Malay Traditional Wedding Text (DMTWC) This paper is aimed at analyzing the multimodality of the practices as reflected in a Malay traditional wedding ceremony in Medan, in which the verbal and visual aspects are intermingled in thirteen se‐ quential activities throughout the event. The data primary sources of this study were a unified whole DMTWC conducted by Lala and Iqbal in their wedding ceremony in 2012 and its related materials as the secondary sources. The data were verbal and visual expression units occurring in the data sources. The techniques and instruments of data collection were through observation and its field‐notes, audi‐ ovisual recording and its recordings, documentation and its official documents, and 13 photographs. The focus of analysis on the verbal data was on the modality analyzed by applying Halliday’s conceptu‐ al model (Halliday, 2004: 106‐158), whereas the focus of analysis on the visual data were on the inter‐ actional meaning of the visual representations analyzed by employing Kress and van Leeuwen’s model of visual design grammar (1996, 2006). The results of the verbal analysis show that in the DMTWC the modality is distributed in modalization and modulation with the total number amounting to 101 oc‐ currences. In this respect the probability including the hedging and appearance is more prominent than the modalization indicated by 31 occurrences. Furthermore, the obligation including the causality is more prominent than the modulation indicated by 47 occurrences, followed by the inclination indi‐ cated by 23 occurrences. Dealing with visual interpersonal meaning, the findings of the research show a high scale of modality on the visual images. Visual colour saturation and differentiation display a scale of beige, yellow, gold, orange, red, and blue colour on the dress worn by the actor, goal, and reactors. Colour differentiation also shows the actively interacted colours between red, orange and yellow as well as the contrasted colours between yellow and red, yellow and orange, yellow and blue, ISFC 2015 143 July 27‐31, 2015 and other less dominantly passive colours. Viewed from the setting illustrated by visual images, the findings also show the high modality through the visual appearance of full setting involving the partici‐ pants and thirteen sequences of the traditional ceremony held both inside and outside the house. Viewed from the representation, modality shows two variations of foreground and background. In the first variation, the maximum scale of the foreground indicates the increased modality; and in the sec‐ ond variation, the maximum scale of the background and the foreground creates crowded and exag‐ gerated visual colours. The overall use of depth shows low modality due to the object taken from the angular isometric perspective. The highest modality accrues only to the use of central perspective, i.e. displaying the bridegroom sitting on the dais. With regards of illumination, participants in the visual frame are naturalistic due to the clearly visible objects in almost all photographs. The visual object inside the house, despite being covered by the curtain, remains visible due to the day sunlight while the ceremony outside the house is very clear through direct sunlight. The brightness value used inside the house aims at showing the emphasis on room lighting while outside the house at clearing up the object focus due to the sunlight. The results of the modality analysis show the factors of colour emo‐ tion and interactively diversified colours of the images when connected to the culture. The colours of Malay culture related to wedding ceremony are dominated by yellow spiritually containing positive meanings – in bearing energy and spirit – and active impressions. The other colour, red dominating orange, contains the aggressiveness meaning and happy message, cheering up and attracting the at‐ tention of Malay societies who are, in fact, still obsessed to highly appreciate the Malay kings repre‐ sented through yellow colour. References: Gujarro, J.Moya and Sanz, M.J.Pinar. 2008. Compositional, interpersonal and representational meanings in a children’s narrative. A multimodal discourse analysis. Science Direct. Journal of Pragmatics 40. www.elsevier.com/locate/pragma. (accessed January, 13. 2010). Halliday, M.A.K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold. Halliday, M.A.K. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar 3rd ed. London. Edward Arnold. Halliday, M.A.K and Martin J.R. 1993.Writing Science: Literacy and Discoursive Power, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburg. Halliday, M.A.K and Matthiessen, C. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 3rd edition. London: Arnold. Kress and van Leeuwen. 1996. Reading Images The Grammar of Visual Design, London and New York: Routledge. Kress and van Leeuwen. 2006. Reading Images The Grammar of Visual Design, London and New York: Routledge. Emmanuel Henrique S. Rodrigues Universidade de Brasília – UnB
[email protected]Brazilian “natural” Family?: A critical analysis of parliamentary discourses In Brazil, the interference of religious practices in political spaces is common. The type of seculariza‐ tion in the country and the relationship between public and private allow this to happen. During the 54th Legislature of the Chamber of Deputies, from 2010 to 2014, it became clear with the advance of the called Bancada Evangélica, a religious group inside the parliament that during this period broke several guidelines related to sexual rights and LGBT citizenship (VITAL & LOPES DA CUNHA 2012 ). From its lobby, they even required setbacks in rights already conquered. The notion of family is one of the guidelines that suffers more attacks. We can see in its definition a huge fight between both reli‐ gious and activists, at various times. I chose, for this research, parliamentary speeches about equal marriage made in plenary during the 54th Legislature by the deputy Ronaldo Caiado. Besides being one of the leaders of the Evangelical bench, he is rapporteur of the Estatuto da Família, which is one of the most controversial projects on moral circulating in Congress currently, in order to promote the traditional family institution formed by father, mother and children as the only one acceptable accord‐ ing to Brazilian Law. The epistemology I used to observe this object is the Critical Discourse Analysis ISFC 2015 144 July 27‐31, 2015 (Chouliaraki & Fairclough, 1999; Fairclough, 2003), anchored in a base of Systemic Functional Linguis‐ tics (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014), with focus on Appraisal and Modality Systems. From Appraisal, which is developed by Martin & White (2005), I used the subsystems of Attitude and Engagement. The subsystem Attitude allowed me to systematize the observation of how the deputy Ronaldo Caiado evaluates relationships between people of the same sex, while the Engagement allowed me to ob‐ serve how and in what situations the deputy's speech is opened or closed to other possibilities on the topic, to see when he accepts others visions about it. Modality, in turn, allowed a systematic look at the possibilities that are among the poles Yes and No on the clauses. I made this description based on Systemic Functional Linguistics interpreted from the Critical Discourse Analysis with the assumptions by Fairclough (2003) about interdiscursivity. With the development of the look on the corpus, in the description from the Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, it was possible to make an explanation by sociological reading from the relationship between public and private existing in Brazil and its secularization. The results of this explanation, based on data processed by Systemic Functional Linguistics and the Critical Discourse Analysis, showed that the family representation guid‐ ed by religious views and the determination of only one type of family make certain portion of the population as privileged with social rights – traditional families – and other family arrangements with no recognition. Thus, the interpretation of the linguistic data that these discourses suggest points on a proposal to limit democracy in the contemporary Brazilian political spaces. Emmanuel Henrique S. Rodrigues Universidade de Brasília – UnB
[email protected]Theoretical developments in Critical Discourse Analysis: for a Linguistic about Brazil The proposition of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is to make a linguistically oriented sociological analysis (CHOULIARAKI & FAIRCLOUGH, 1999; FAIRCLOUGH, 2003). This approach has to be adequate to each object and reality or, in Systemic‐Functional Linguistics (SFL) (HALLIDAY & MATTHIESSEN, 2014), to both situation and culture context. This presentation aims to discuss about the multiple mo‐ dernities (EISENSTADT, 2001) associating it with CDA. According to the notion of multiple modernities, in order to work properly about Brazil (TAVOLARO, 2005), as this presentation proposes, it is essential to use specific appropriated tools, not regarding a single model of modernity, in which some nations would be more adequate than others. The tool we propose to use is to consider the multiplicity of conditions that exists inside the modernity in its singularities in every society. Among the characteris‐ tics of modernity there are secularization and the form of separations between public and private (TAVOLARO, 2005). In Brazil, the interference of religious practices in politic environments are com‐ mon. The type of secularization of the country and its relations between public and private allow it to happen. It became clear with the growth of the religious oriented group of parliamentarians called Bancada Evangélica, from 2010 to 2014. In this period, this group fought against the advance of sexual rights and LGBT citizenship in Brazil (VITAL & LOPES DA CUNHA 2012). For this research, I chose the parliamentary speeches about equal marriage made in plenary during this period by the deputies Pas‐ tor Marco Feliciano and Pastor Eurico. The epistemology I used to observe this object was the CDA, anchored in a base of SFL, with focus on Appraisal (MARTIN & WHITE, 2005) and Modality Systems. The subsystem Attitude allowed me to systematize the observation of how deputies evaluate relation‐ ships between people of the same sex, while the Engagement one allowed me to observe how and in which situations the deputies' speeches are opened or closed to other possibilities of comprehension about the topic, to see when they accept others visions about it. Modality, in turn, allowed a systemat‐ ic look at the possibilities that are among the poles Yes and No on the clauses. I made this description based on SFL interpreted from the CDA with the assumptions by Fairclough (2003) about interdiscur‐ sivity. With the development of the look on the corpus and the description from the SFL and CDA, it was possible to make an explanation by sociological reading from the relationship between public and private existing in Brazil and its secularization. The results of this explanation based on the data ana‐ ISFC 2015 145 July 27‐31, 2015 lyzed by SFL and CDA point that the construction of the religious positions, as in speeches, build a proposition in which part of the population do not have the same civil rights, proposing the repeal of the rights already conquered by LGBT. In conclusion, the sociological view of the analyzed linguistic data suggests that in these speeches there is a proposal to limit the democracy inside contemporary Brazilian political spaces. Kerstin Rumpeltes Saarland University info@rumpeltes‐uebersetzungen.de ‐ing‐nominalizations in translations from English into German Previous research on translations of the language‐pair English‐German in different registers (Hansen‐ Schirra & Steiner, 2012: 262) has shown that German is more nominal than English in terms of PoS (if pronouns and adjectives are taken into account). The present study takes the concept of "grammatical metaphor" as it has been defined by Halliday and Matthiessen 1999 as well as Halliday/Martin 1993 as a starting point, and investigates nominalizations in English and German and their translations in texts of different registers (ESSAY, POPULAR SCIENCE, SHARE) in GeCCo corpus (http://www.gecco.uni‐saarland.de/GECCo/en.Home.html), to find out if and how the degree of metaphoricity changes in translations of (complex) nominalizations from German into English and English into German. Can the often cited hypothesis that German texts tend to be more nominal than English texts, which has been corroborated by the research of Hansen‐Schirra et al. (2012), be maintained if we look at instances of ideational grammatical metaphor (here: ‐ing‐nominalizations) in the GECCo‐Corpus? Are there differences with regard to the degree of metaphoricity in the different investigated registers between translated and original texts of these registers? To answer these questions and to investigate the transformations ing‐nominalizations undergo in translations from German to English and English to German in essays, popular scientific texts and shareholder texts, quantitative analyses were carried out first, i. e., frequencies of a certain translation variant (respectively the fact whether the grammatical metaphor was metaphorized, demetaphorized, remetaphorized or deleted in the translation) have been measured. In a second, qualitative step, mi‐ croanalyses of the nominalizations and their translations have been conducted, i.e. special attention was given to the cotext in which the nominalizations occured, to find out which language‐typological factors concerning information structure, and/or coherence or cohesion of the cotext have trigged (or constrained) a specific translation variant. The literature on which this microanalysis of the nominaliza‐ tions and their translations is based on include Rohdenburg (1974), Hawkins (1986) and König and Gast (2007) for language‐specific aspects, Doherty (2002), Doherty (2006) for information structure as well as Halliday and Hasan (1976) and DeBeaugrande/Dressler (1981) for cohesion and coherence. The preliminary results of the quantitative and qualitative analyses carried out so far show that there seems to be a tendency to use a "prototypical" form in the translation (phenomenon of normaliza‐ tion), i.e. for ing‐nominalizations appearing in the syntactic function of subject, object, prepositional object and predicative a metaphorized, nominalized form will be used in the German translation. Thus, the grammatical metaphor of the original text will be preserved in the translation, irrespective of the register of the text. However, there is a certain percentage of cases in which the prototypical variant is not taken up in the translation. The microanalysis of the nominalization, its translation and its preced‐ ing and following cotext has shown that these "deviations" from prototypical translations are mainly due to information‐structural or language‐typological constraints or due to cohesion and coherence. In the presentation, an overview of the preliminary findings achieved so far will be given, including an outlook as to what the next steps in the project will be. References: De Beaugrande, R. / Dressler, W. U. 1981. Introduction to Text Linguistics. New York: Longman ISFC 2015 146 July 27‐31, 2015 Doherty, Monika, 2002. Language Processing in Discourse: A Key to Felicitous Translation. London: Routledge Doherty, Monika, 2006. Structural Propensities. Translating nominal word groups from English into German. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Halliday M.A.K. and J.R. Martin, 1993. Writing Science: Literacy and Discursive Power. The Falmer Press: Lon‐ don/Washington Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, R. 1976. Cohesion in English. London: Longman Hansen‐Schirra, S./Neumann, S./Steiner, E. 2012. Cross‐Linguistic Corpora for the Study of Translations: Insights from the Language Pair English‐German. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter Hawkins, John. A. 1986. A comparative typology of English and German. Unifying the Contrasts. London & Syd‐ ney: Croom Helm König, Ekkehard und Gast, Volker, 2007. Understanding English‐German Contrasts. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag Lemnitzer / Zinsmeister, 2010. Korpuslinguistik. Eine Einführung. Tübingen: Narr Rohdenburg, Günter 1974. Sekundäre Subjektivierungen im Englischen und Deutschen. Vergleichende Untersu‐ chungen zur Verb‐ und Adjektivsyntax. Bielefeld: Cornelsen. Steiner, Erich, 2004. Translated Texts: Properties, Variants, Evaluations. Frankfurt am Main: Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften. Teich, Elke, 2003. Cross‐linguistic Variation in System and Text. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter Marianna Ryshina‐Pankova Georgetown University
[email protected]What can the analysis of discourse structure and appraisal choices in online course‐based chats by ad‐ vanced foreign language learners and native speakers tell us about telecollaboration as a venue for in‐ tercultural and linguistic learning? Telecollaboration as a means of interacting with geographically distant partners with the goal of de‐ veloping linguistic and intercultural competence has been mostly assessed through the analysis of two types of evidence: student questionnaires (e.g., Schenker, 2012) and student online interactive dis‐ course like in chats or Skype conversations primarily investigated in terms of specific pragmalinguistic features like pronominal address forms (e.g., Kinginger & Belz, 2005), modal particles (e.g., Belz & Vyatkina, 2008) or turn‐taking strategies (e.g., Leone, 2012). Focusing on student discourse, specifical‐ ly in online chats, the current study contributes to the exploration of telecollaboration as a new tool for enhancing foreign language and culture learning by moving away from the focus on specific lan‐ guage forms and making sense of the data through an SFL‐grounded semantically‐based analysis. Such an analysis helps connect meaning making in online chat interactions to both linguistic manifestations and facets of contextually determined interpersonal relationships, thus enabling the researcher to gain insight into language and intercultural engagement aspects associated with this pedagogical tool. This presentation focuses on two chats that are part of a larger study of telecollaboration exchanges conducted for 7 weeks within a course‐based theme of soccer patriotism between advanced learners of German in a US University and future teachers of German at a Pädagogische Hochschule. Drawing from the SFL‐grounded approach to dialogic interaction and evaluation (Eggins & Slade, 1997; Martin & White, 2005), the presentation aims to achieve three goals. First, the study identifies some salient patterns of telecollaboration chats as a genre by considering their semantic and discourse structure in terms of speech functions and types of appraisal used to develop this exchange of opinions on the potentially controversial topic of patriotism and national identity. Second, it reveals some salient lin‐ guistic realizations of speech roles through congruent and incongruent mood choices and particular expressions of attitude and compares these realizations in language use of the learner and native speaker partners. And finally, the study draws the following twofold connections: between the dis‐ course‐semantic categories identified in the chats and aspects of intercultural engagement; and be‐ tween the realizations of these categories through linguistic resources and aspects of language learn‐ ing at the advanced level of language acquisition. The presentation ends with some implications of the ISFC 2015 147 July 27‐31, 2015 findings and this approach to analysis for the research on telecollaboration exchanges and for foreign language pedagogy. Anke Schulz University of Bremen anke.schulz@uni‐bremen.de A corpus‐based, contrastive study of English and German computer‐mediated communication Each new type of media, like paper, radio or telephone, has opened new channels for communication, and so has the Internet. Physical borders are no longer relevant for Internet communication. What impact does this have on the language people use? Can we still find differences in the use of two closely related languages, English and German, even though Internet communication may have blurred boundaries? The aim of this contrastive study is to show the similarities and differences of language use in a bilin‐ gual corpus of computer‐mediated communication (CMC). The Englische und deutsche Newsgroup Texte – Annotiertes Korpus (EDNA) holds 2 x 10.000 words of newsgroup texts in which people write about either eating disorders or relationship problems. The entire EDNA corpus is manually annotated based on Systemic Functional Grammar theory. The annotation was carried out with the help of the UAM Corpus Tool (O’Donnell 2008). The manual annotation covers four systems representing the three metafunctions; transitivity, modality and negation, and theme‐rheme structure (Halliday 1994, Fawcett forthcoming). The analysis is twofold: the first part is a qualitative analysis, including a test for statistical significance. The second part is an analysis of the lexical items which are most frequently used to express the systems described in the first part. The results suggest that the German writers use significantly more modality and negation than the English writers. Relational processes are the most frequent ones in both sub‐corpora. Following these, German writers prefer action processes to mental processes, whereas English writers use more men‐ tal than action processes. The first and main participant roles, usually serving as the subject, are al‐ most exclusively realized by pronouns, most commonly I / ich, and thus say little about the content of the text. In the newsgroup texts by German writers, there are more marked topical themes, i.e. con‐ stituents other than subjects stand in the first position of a declarative clause. In the English texts, these marked topical themes are mainly temporal circumstances, while in the German texts, writers refer to themselves with words like mir, mich, für mich. The paper presents results of a comprehensive contrastive analysis of a new register, CMC, in English and in German. It does not limit itself to selected grammatical or lexical features but gives an extensive description and comparison of the language systems and language use in a corpus of CMC by using SFG as linguistic model. There are differences in the language systems, and differences in the frequen‐ cies of using the available options. The similarities, however, outnumber the differences. References: Fawcett, Robin P. forthcoming. The Functional Semantics Handbook: Analyzing English at the Level of Meaning. London: Equinox. Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 2nd ed. London: Arnold. O’Donnell, Michael. 2008. “The UAM Corpus Tool: Software for Corpus Annotation and Exploration.” In Applied Linguistics Now: Understanding Language and Mind, edited by Carmen M. Bretones Callejas. Almería: Univer‐ sidad de Almería, 1433‐1447. ISFC 2015 148 July 27‐31, 2015 David Schönthal Cardiff University
[email protected]The cohesive landscape of English of‐NPs: A co‐textual analysis This paper aims to investigate English of‐NPs (e.g. 'that idiot of a man', 'the front of the house', 'or a box of kittens') from a textual rather than structural point of view. Specifically, it goes beyond the boundaries of these expressions’ internal structure and investigates their role within the textual meta‐ function by the means of a cohesion analysis. Most notably, it argues that of‐NPs often function as a textual transition point between two entities that are cohesively embedded in the expression’s co‐ text. It is well established in the literature that of‐NPs are problematic (e.g. Fontaine forthcoming). So far, previous accounts on of‐NPs have predominantly focused on the notion of ‘headedness’. Different types of of‐NPs and their distinctive features have been discussed structurally and functionally (e.g. Keizer 2007); notably also in different strands of SFL (e.g. Fawcett 2007; Halliday and Matthiessen 2014). There is, however, considerable disagreement among these different accounts on the internal structure of these expressions. This paper distances itself from this formal discussion and offers an alternative, semantically oriented analysis of of‐NPs, which sheds light on their textual metafunction. The data used for this textual anal‐ ysis consists of 200 text files, each containing an of‐NP and its surrounding co‐text of approximately 1,000 words extracted from the BNC. Using Halliday and Hasan’s (1976, 1989) theory of cohesive ties and cohesive relations (co‐referentiality, co‐classification and co‐extension), each of‐NP has been ana‐ lysed within its corresponding co‐text in terms of all the identity chains and similarity chains it is in‐ volved in, i.e. its ‘cohesive landscape’. Fundamentally, this cohesion analysis is based on the notion that English of‐NPs consist of three con‐ ceptual entities (see Fawcett’s (2000) ‘entity’), namely an entity that precedes the relator of, one that follows it, and an entity that consists of the expression as a whole. For example, the of‐NP 'a box of kittens' consists of the three entities 'a box', 'kittens' and 'a box of kittens'. For the 200 of‐NPs, each of these three conceptual entities has been analysed in terms of their individual cohesive chains. This allows for a distribution analysis of the different chains across the of‐NP’s co‐text, which yields results in terms of the expression’s textual function. Consequentially, a set of different textual functions of of‐NPs has been identified: While some of‐NPs merely function as a fixed entity, which is introduced to the co‐text as a whole, others are a means to link a new feature with an already established entity. Most strikingly, however, of‐NPs often function as a textual transition point between two different conceptual entities, where there is a shift in focus from one entity to another (i.e. the two entities are prevalent in the of‐NP’s preceding and following co‐text respectively). Thus, this paper identifies the different textual functions of of‐NPs by combining a semantic approach with a co‐textual analysis of the different cohesive chains involved, thereby offering a new perspective on the nature of English of‐NPs and their contribution to the textual metafunction. References: Fawcett, R. P. 2000. A Theory of Syntax for Systemic Functional Linguistics. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Fawcett, R. P. 2007. Modelling 'Selection' between Referents in the English Nominal Group. In: Butler, C.S. et al. eds. Functional Perspectives on Grammar and Discourse: In Honour of Angela Downing. Vol. 85. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 165‐204. Fontaine, L. forthcoming. The English Nominal Group: The Centrality of the Thing Element. In: Bartlett, T. and O'Grady, G. eds. Routledge Systemic Functional Linguistic Handbook. London: Routledge. Halliday, M. A. K. and Hasan, R. 1976. Cohesion in English. Harlow: Longman. Halliday, M. A. K. and Hasan, R. 1989. Language, Context, and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social‐Semiotic Perspective. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. 2014. Halliday's Introduction to Functional Grammar. 4th ed. Lon‐ don: Routledge. ISFC 2015 149 July 27‐31, 2015 Keizer, E. 2007. The English Noun Phrase: The Nature of Linguistic Categorization. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer‐ sity Press. Akila Sellami Baklouti Faculty of Letters and Humanities
[email protected]Challenging Language Boundaries: An SFL Approach to the Translation of Language Varieties in M. Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer into Arabic and French This study aims to show SFL contribution to Translation Studies through applying an SFL framework in the analysis and discussion of the strategies adopted by different translators when faced with lan‐ guage varieties in a literary text. To this end, three French translations and an Arabic translation of M. Twain’s novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer are compared in the way they rendered in the Target Text (TT), language varieties used by Twain in the Source Text (ST). The central position of Text in SFL and its definition as “any instance of language in any medium” (Hal‐ liday and Hasan, 1976; cited in Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014: 3), has led to the recognition of user‐ related varieties, i.e. dialects linked to geographical, temporal, social and (non‐) standard or idiolecti‐ cal factors, (Hatim and Mason, 1990: 39). This variation is relevant to the novel under study, The Ad‐ ventures of Tom Sawyer, where Twain makes different characters belonging to different social classes, age and ethnic groups speak different varieties, using this variation as a characterization technique (Sellami‐Baklouti, 2005). According to Hatim and Mason (1990: 41), dialectical equivalence is difficult to achieve in translation, especially in literary translation – as is the case in the present study‐, where “there is added consideration of aesthetic effect”. Therefore, translators face the challenge of choos‐ ing a variety in the TL to render ST variety. Based on Hatim and Mason (1990), Manfredi (2008: 79‐80) enumerates three possible strategies: 1) using a standard variety, with the risk of losing ST effect , 2) selecting a TL dialect, with the possibility of causing unintended effects, and 3) seeking functional equivalence, resulting thus in a marked effect. This choice, however, is not independent of the socio‐ cultural context in which translators operate; it is rather related to the ‘ideology of translating’ be‐ cause “the translator acts in a social context and is part of that context” (Hatim and Mason 1997: 121). Based on this theoretical framework, the present study undertakes a comparative study of the strate‐ gies adopted in dealing with language variation in four different translations of Twain’s novel belong‐ ing to different historical and socio‐cultural environments. The three French translations are: William‐ L. Hughes (Paris, 1884); François de Gaïl (Paris, 1904) and B. Hoepffner (Tristram, 2008), and the Ara‐ bic translation is by Maher Nassim (Cairo, 1964). The study is based on Munday’s (2002) Systemic Model for Descriptive Translation studies for the analysis of ST‐TT pairs, which “locates and compares both texts in their socio‐cultural context” (p. 78). First a description of the dialects and their function in the original novel is presented; then the four translations are compared in the way they rendered this variation. This linguistic comparison makes it possible to deduce the strategies chosen by the translators. Finally, a discussion follows of 1) how these strategies are affected by the socio‐cultural context and the ideology of translating in which each translation was operated; and 2) the extent to which the four translations managed to render in the TT, the meanings ‘evoked’ by the linguistic varieties in the ST. References: Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. 2014. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 4th ed. Lon‐ don/New York: Routledge Hatim, B. & I. Mason (1990) Discourse and the Translator, London/New York: Longman. Hatim, B. & I. Mason. 1997. The Translator as Communicator, London/New York: Routledge. ISFC 2015 150 July 27‐31, 2015 Munday, J. 2002. Systems in translation: A systemic model for descriptive translation studies. In T. Hermans (Ed.), Crosscultural transgressions. Research models in Translation Studies II: Historical and ideological issues (pp. 76‐92). Manchester: St Jerome. Sellami‐Baklouti, A. 2005. The ‘Clue‐bearing’ Function of Language: The Politics of Dialect in Twain’s “The Adven‐ tures of Tom Sawyer”, Journal of Language and Literature, Vol.3, N° 1, pp. 40‐67. Corpus: 1) Source Text Twain, M. 1876. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Penguin 2) Target Texts ‐ Les Aventures de Tom Sawyer, traduction de William‐L. Hughes, 1884 ‐ Les Aventures de Tom Sawyer, traduction de François de Gaïl, Paris, Mercure de France, 1904 ‐ Les Aventures de Tom Sawyer, traduction de B. Hoepffner, Tristram, 2008 ‐ mughamarat tom sawyer ( مغامرات ت وم )س وير , translated by Maher Nassim, Cairo, 1964. Masaki Shibata University of New South Wales
[email protected]Praising and criticizing in academic book reviewing: how stance, evaluative disposition and authorial voice are conditioned by positivity and negativity The styles and voices operating in academic writing have been examined in many linguistic studies. One common observation is that academic authors manage relations with their readers in rather spe‐ cific ways: for example acknowledging and engaging with other voices and alternative positions at some points in the text while at other points closing down the dialogic space and taking up positions more categorically. This managing of writer‐reader relations seems to be particularly important when authors are dealing with material which is likely to be contentious in the current discourse community, when, for example, authors are taking sides in a current scholarly debate or are passing judgement on the work of other scholars in the field. This paper will explores the ways in which academic authors manage this ‘dialogistic’ positioning in the context of book reviews published in linguistics journals, Discourse and Society. Academic book re‐ views are of interest because they almost always involve the reviewer in being positive or negative about the work under consideration, meaning that the reviewer is often required to align or dis‐align with the author of the work and thereby giving rise to certain interesting issues of interpersonal posi‐ tioning. More specifically the paper reports on a study directed at exploring whether there might be patterns in reviewers’ use of evaluative meanings which might distinguish reviews which are broadly positive from those which were broadly negative. That is to say, does being broadly positive about a work tend to influence a reviewer to write in one way and being broadly negative tend to influence a reviewer to write in a different way? In particular the study was interested in patterns of use and of interaction between what the Appraisal framework (Martin and White, 2005) has termed ‘Attitude’ and ‘Engage‐ ment’ To address these questions, 10 reviews from the journal which were broadly positive and 10 reviews which were broadly negative were selected and closely analysed. The findings which will be discussed in the paper strongly suggest that the ‘valency’ of a review (whether it is positive or negative) is highly likely to influence the style of stance adopted by the reviewer. The following more specific findings will be discussed. It was found that much greater use was made of bare, categorical assertion and in‐ scribed attitude in reviews which are positively disposed towards the work being reviewed. In contrast, the authors of negative reviews tended to prefer to use invocation: indirect ways of con‐ veying their negative assessments and made much more frequent use of Engagement meanings by which alternative viewpoints and voice are actively recognized and legitimized. Another interesting ISFC 2015 151 July 27‐31, 2015 finding related to what might be termed ‘attitudinal targeting’ – the ways in which the author identi‐ fies or references the phenomenon which is the target of the current attitudinal assessment. The au‐ thors of negative reviews were more often vague about the exact attitudinal target. That is to say, there was ambiguity with respect to just who or what was being ‘appraised’. Mark Shiu‐Kee Shum1 and Stella Dan Shi2 1,2 University of Hong Kong 1
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[email protected]Effectiveness of R2L Pedagogy in Teaching Practical Chinese Writing to South Asian Ethnic Minority Stu‐ dents in Hong Kong This paper examines the effectiveness of “Reading to Learn, Learning to Write, R2L” pedagogy (Rose, 2012) in teaching Chinese practical writing to South Asian ethnic minority students in Hong Kong. In post‐colonial Hong Kong, learning Chinese is important for ethnic minority students to participate in mainstream society and for their upward mobility. Yet second language Chinese pedagogy is not well developed there. The R2L pedagogy is applied to teach students Chinese practical writing of different genres in junior secondary Chinese after school classes for a year. Students were asked to write a composition before and after each genre teaching cycle respectively. During the teaching cycle the teachers adopted the procedure from preparing for reading, detailed reading, joint re‐writing, sen‐ tence‐making, to joint construction in order to provide sufficient scaffolding to the students before they write they own composition. To determine the effectiveness of the R2L pedagogy, this paper will randomly select writings from students representing high, medium and low achievers respectively. Their pre‐test and post‐test writings will be analyzed using Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 1994, 2004) framework on the aspect of transitivity, modality, cohesion, etc. Besides, semi‐structured interviews will be conducted to collect opinions from the teachers and the students on this pedagogy. A preliminary observation of the pre‐test and post‐test writings suggests that after the teaching, stu‐ dents can write longer texts with better text organization. Since learning Chinese as a second language is flourishing globally, it is hoped that the findings can provide insights to second language Chinese teaching in Hong Kong and beyond. References: Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthissen, C. (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 3rd Edition. London: Arnold. Rose, D. & Martin, J. (2012). Learning to Write, Reading to Learn. Sheffield: Equinox Ian Sieborger Rhodes University
[email protected]APPRAISAL and axiological Semantic Density: using Systemic Functional Linguistics and Legitimation Code Theory to investigate political positioning In recent years, there has been strong dialogue between SFL and Legitimation Code Theory (LCT), pro‐ ducing a variety of studies investigating how the (re)production and recontextualization of knowledge is enacted in semiosis (see e.g. Martin, Maton, & Matruglio, 2010; Martin & Matruglio, 2013). The most recent stage of this dialogue is concerned with the construal of identity and building of commu‐ nity through discourse (Martin, 2011). Crucial to this stage is LCT’s concept of axiological Semantic Density, the extent to which “affective, aesthetic, ethical, political and moral stances” (Maton, 2014, p. 130) are condensed into words and symbols. For example, the word democracy has strong axiological Semantic Density in most societies. Our knowledge of how axiological Semantic Density can be enact‐ ed in discourse is still developing (Martin, 2011). In this paper I present a tentative model showing ISFC 2015 152 July 27‐31, 2015 how the APPRAISAL system can be used in an external language of description (Bernstein, 2000) for axiological Semantic Density. The process by which signifiers gain in axiological Semantic Density is known as axiological condensa‐ tion (Maton, 2014). In this process, signifiers are often clustered into groups known as constellations (Maton, 2014). For instance, democracy may be clustered with freedom and equality. This clustering is often enacted through coupling (Knight, 2010). Signifiers are also charged with a positive or negative axiological value, frequently through coupling with resources from the Attitude sub‐system of AP‐ PRAISAL (Martin & White, 2005). For example, in the phrase a healthy democracy, the signifier democ‐ racy is charged positively through coupling with healthy. The more signifiers become charged with meaning, the more semantically dense they become, engaging in iconization (Stenglin, 2004). The Semantic Density of signifiers may also decrease through axiological rarefaction; in fact, axiological Semantic Density may fluctuate in semantic waves (Maton, 2014). Axiological condensation and rare‐ faction may happen over a phylogenetic, ontogenetic or logogenetic scale. While this paper is focused on tracing axiological Semantic Density on a logogenetic scale, it also reflects on how it fluctuates across larger scales. Heteroglossia also plays a significant role in changes in axiological Semantic Density. Almutairi (2014) has examined the role that heteroglossia plays, through the Engagement sub‐system of APPRAISAL, in negotiating ideational‐Attitude couplings. My tentative model develops on his work by exploring the contribution of Engagement to axiological Semantic Density. This model is being developed for use in a study investigating the positioning of political parties in two South African newspapers: Business Day and the Daily Sun. Examples from these two newspapers are drawn on to illustrate the model. The aim is to observe how these newspapers, targeting opposite ends of the socio‐economic spectrum, use axiological and epistemological Semantic Density to con‐ strue the identities of political parties and their places on the political landscape. South African politi‐ cal parties tend to be identified more often by their positions relative to different social groupings than by their position on the ideological spectrum, making South African political discourse a produc‐ tive arena in which to investigate changes in axiological Semantic Density. References: Almutairi, B. A. A. (2014). Visualizing Evaluative Language in Relation to Constructing Identity in English Editorials and Op‐Eds. University of Sydney. Bernstein, B. (2000). Pedagogy, Symbolic Control and Identity: Theory, Research, Critique (Revised.). Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield. Knight, N. K. (2010). Wrinkling complexity: Concepts of identity and affiliation in humour. In New Discourse on Language: Functional Perspectives on Multimodality, Identity and Affiliation (pp. 35–58). Martin, J. R. (2011). Bridging troubled waters: interdisciplinarity and what makes it stick. In Disciplinarity: Func‐ tional Linguistic and Sociological Perspectives (pp. 35–61). Martin, J. R., Maton, K., & Matruglio, E. (2010). Historical cosmologies: Epistemology and axiology in Australian secondary school history discourse. Revista Signos, 43(74), 433–463. Martin, J. R., & Matruglio, E. (2013). Revisiting mode: Context in/dependency in Ancient History classroom dis‐ course. In H. Guowen, Z. Delu, & Y. Xinzhang (Eds.), Studies in Functional Linguistics and Discourse Analysis, Volume 5 (pp. 72–95). Beijing: Higher Education Press. Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. Melbourne: Palgrave Macmillan. Maton, K. (2014). Knowledge and Knowers: Towards a realist sociology of education. London: Routledge. Stenglin, M. (2004). Packaging curiosities: towards a grammar of three‐dimensional space. University of Sydney. ISFC 2015 153 July 27‐31, 2015 Nicole Siffrinn1 and Xiaodong Zhang2 1,2 University of Georgia 1
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[email protected]Beyond Clause: Using SFL to Support a Non‐native Graduate Student's Writing For non‐native graduate students whose L2 is English, writing academic papers is both challenging and stressful, as it often acts as a gatekeeper to achieving academic success within and beyond their pro‐ grams of study (Flowerdew, 2000). For non‐native Asian graduate students in particular, these chal‐ lenges are exacerbated by a lack of cultural and contextual knowledge (Wang, 2005), an unawareness of writing‐genre expectations (Qian & Krugly‐Smolska, 2008), and unfamiliarity with Western concep‐ tions of coherence (Mullins et al., 1995). To date, however, few researchers have highlighted the con‐ nection between these three factors, which is surprising since coherence is contextually driven (Eg‐ gins, 2004). That is, to be a successful writer in the academy, one must not only have knowledge about the social and cultural context in which the writing is being produced, but also be able to convey that knowledge by creating a text that relates to a specific situation (e.g., registerial coherence) as well as a specific genre (e.g., generic coherence). It is thus coherence that supplies this semantic meaning, and what makes communicating it so difficult is that the writer must move beyond the clausal level to do so. The purpose of this case study is therefore to show how a writing center tutor scaffolded a non‐ native Asian graduate student’s academic writing development by focusing on discourse coherence, as the few researchers who have highlighted coherence in non‐native graduate students’ writing (e.g., Hinkel, 2011; Petchprasert, 2013) have failed to show how these students can be supported at the discourse semantic level. Data collection includes the non‐native graduate student’s pre‐ and post‐tutoring writing, the writing center tutor’s comments on that writing, and a narration of their one‐semester teaching and learning experiences. Using analytical constructs from Vygotsky’s (1978) sociocultural theory and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) (Eggins, 2004; Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004; Martin & White, 2005), the analysis shows that 1) despite the non‐native graduate student’s mastery of traditional grammar, he had trouble with discourse cohesion, which led to discourse incoherence; 2) by embedding SFL‐based writing instruction (e.g., explicit verbal and written feedback) within the student’s zone of proximal development, the student was able to appropriate and apply the strategies used to achieve discourse coherence; and 3) the tutor’s positive stance towards his writing as well as his internalization of the discourse coherence strategies aided him in gaining more independence and confidence with academ‐ ic writing. The study concludes that SFL is a useful tool for developing non‐native graduate students’ writing competency at the discourse semantic level by revealing the close link between form, meaning, and context. Implications for writing instruction for advanced non‐native English learners are discussed, including how to support writing teachers’ awareness of discourse semantic features through SFL‐ based professional development so that they can better support student writers beyond the clausal level. References: Eggins, S. (2004). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics (2nd edition). London: Continuum. Flowerdew, J. (2000). Discourse community, legitimate peripheral participation, and the nonnative‐English‐ speaking scholar. TESOL Quarterly, 34(1), 17‐150. Halliday, M. & Matthiessen, C. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Arnold. Hinkel, E. (2011). Matters of cohesion in L2 academic text. Applied Language Learning, 12, 111–132. Martin, J. R. & White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave. Mullins, G., Quintrell, N., & Hancock, L. (1995). The experiences of international and local students: Three Aus‐ tralian universities. Higher Education Research and Development, 14(2), 202‐231. Petchprasert, A. (2013). A Study of Cohesive Markers Used in L1 and L2 Essay Writing: Translation versus Direct Composition. Southeast Asian Journal Of English Language Studies, 19(1), 19‐33. Qian, J. & Krugly‐Smolska, E. (2008). Chinese graduate students’ experiences with writing a literature review. TESL Canada Journal, 26(1), 68‐86. ISFC 2015 154 July 27‐31, 2015 Wang, Y. (2005). Experiences of Asian‐Chinese students in the United States: A case study. Research in the Schools, 12(1), 20‐31. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Edna Cristina Muniz Da Silva1 and Leila Barbara2 1 Universidade de Brasília, 2Pontifical Catholic University of São Paulo 1
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[email protected]Theme in Standard Texts of Scientific Papers The study of the Theme is relevant for a number of reasons as an element that contributes to the or‐ ganization of ideational and interpersonal meanings as information flow in discourse; as such it is a semiotic resource that assigns the local context of informational prominence for the rest of the clause to be interpreted (Matthiessen 1995; Halliday & Matthiessen 2014; Thompson 2014). This article, part of research in progress, analyzes the textual metafunction resources – thematization, information and identification – in the introductory parts of 200 scientific articles in the areas of anthropology, cardiol‐ ogy, education and geosciences from the Systemic Functional Linguistics perspective (Halliday, 1976; Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014; Fries, 1981/1983, 1995; Thompson 2014), downloaded in 2011 from Scielo – Scientific Electronic Library Online (www.scielo.org). According to Halliday (1976), the choice of information can refer to given‐new, the system of theme constructs the theme‐rheme structure and is carried out by the sequence of elements in the clause, with the system of identification giving the information the status of known‐unknown (since the identifying clause is a favorite clause type in scientific discourse). Halliday and Matthiessen (2014) define theme as “the element that serves as the starting point of the message” and show the kinds of meanings that it builds. Although languages have different structures in the textual organization of clause, the Theme, in Portuguese, is realised in clause initial position. The thematic position is the growth point of a clause, from which new elements are added, and represents the speaker/writer's point of view. The succession of growth points on the Theme system corresponds to the notion of thematic progression in the syntagmatic perspective, if Rhemes are taken up and, then, they are given thematic status (Danes 1974; Matthiessen 1995). The sequence of clauses in a complex is also textually significant in a thematic perspective (Fries 1981/1983; Halliday & Matthiessen 2014). In scientific texts, which follow a more standard organiza‐ tion, the information in the theme is responsible for the pattern of development of the text and for the thematic progression. This presentation starts analysing the thematic structures in the introducto‐ ry parts of scientific articles. The description of the thematic choices took into account: (1) which idea‐ tional and interpersonal meanings are placed in thematic position; (2) what is the status of the infor‐ mation on the assignment of given‐new and known‐ unknown; (3) how the selection of Themes builds the thematic maintenance or progression in the introductions; (4) which textual development pattern is created by the thematic choices. Preliminary results show the predominance of lexical chains in thematic position by cohesive use of lexical items (meronymy and collocation) and, in the thematiza‐ tion of clause complexes, with multiple instances, there was a predominance of initiating clauses 1 in the presentation of information by means of extension and elaboration. The aim of the contribution of this research is to explain how the features of textual metafunction are significant in the writing of scientific papers. References: DANEŠ, F. Functional sentence perspective and the organisation of the text. In F. Daneš (ed.) Papers on function‐ al sentence perspective. The Hague: Mouton. 106‐128, 1974. FRIES, P. H. (1981/1983) On the status of theme in English: arguments from discourse. Forum Linguisticum 6.1:1‐ 38. [Repr. in J.S Petöfi and E. Sozer (eds.) Micro and macro connexity of texts. Hamburg: Buske. 116‐152.] FRIES, P.H. (1995) Themes, methods of development, and texts. In R. Hasan and P. H. Fries (eds.) On subject and theme: a discourse functional perspective. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 317‐359. ISFC 2015 155 July 27‐31, 2015 HALLIDAY, M.A.K. Theme and information in the English clause. In Halliday: system and function in language. Selected papers edited by G.R. Kress. London, Oxford University Press, 1976, chapter 12, p. 174‐188. HALLIDAY, M.A.K. e MATTHIESSEN, C.M.I.M. An introduction to functional grammar. 4. ed., Oxford, Londres: Arnold, 2014. MATTHIESSEN, C.M.I.M. Theme as a resource in ideational ‘knowledge’ construction. In Thematic development in English texts, London: Pinter Publishers, 1995. THOMPSON, G. Introducing functional grammar. 3. ed., London: Edward Arnold, 2014. Igor Silva1, Gleiton Malta2 and Adriana Pagano3 1 Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, 2Universidade de Brasilia, 3Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais 1
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[email protected]Tapping translation task logs for insights into understanding processes Drawing on SFL’s construct of grammatical metaphor, Steiner (2001:187) argues that source text un‐ derstanding in translation can be modelled as “the relating to each other by the understander of more or less metaphorized lexicogrammatical expressions of maximally similar meanings”. Source text un‐ derstanding is thus assumed to leave traces in target text production, as shown by evidence gathered from translated text and translation process data (cf. Alves, Pagano, Neymann, Steiner, Hansen‐ Schirra, 2010; Alves, Pagano, Silva, 2011, 2014a,b). While most studies have focused on translated text production under the constraints of a single input, a source text within a bilingual bitextual relation, little is known about text production under the constraints of multiple input texts, as is the case of retranslation tasks. In order to probe understanding in the performance of a retranslation task, a re‐ search design was developed whereby participants were presented a source text in Spanish and two of its published translations into Brazilian Portuguese and were asked to produce a new translation of the Spanish original. The two published translations presented contradicting renditions of meanings in one of the source text clause complexes ‐‐ temporality vs. causality ‐‐ with implications for the narra‐ tive flow of events. For analytical purposes this clause complex was defined as a micro Area Of Interest (mAOI) within the four large Areas Of Interest (AOIs) , namely the source text, the first translated text, the second translated text and the target text to be produced by the participant. Thirty college lectur‐ ers and thirty students of Spanish as a foreign language were recruited to participate in the study, their performance during task execution being recorded through keylogging (Translog) and eyetrack‐ ing software (Tobii Studio), together with recall protocols gathered upon task completion. Eyetracking data was retrieved on number of fixations overall and per AOI and mAOI, mean fixation duration over‐ all and per AOI and mAOI, number of visits overall and per AOI and mAOI and scanpath (saccade‐ fixate‐saccade sequences). Keylogging data was also analysed in terms of number of renditions per translation unit, with special regard to the units pertaining to the clause complex in focus (mAOI). Re‐ sults showed that among the metrics used for eyetracking data collection, the number of visits to the mAOI and, in particular, to the mAOI in source text (the clause complex in focus) was higher when compared to the number of visits to other AOIs and overall. Keylogging data provided insights into the way participants dealt with the conflicting interpretation of the source clause complex in focus, inter‐ im renditions revealing how participants decided to opt for one of the two meanings (temporality vs. causality) construed in the two published translations serving as input texts. Recall protocols further illuminated participants’ decision making regarding the clause complex. References: Alves, F., Pagano, A., Neumann, S., Steiner, E., Hansen‐Schirra, S. Translation units and grammatical shifts: To‐ wards an integration of product‐ and process‐based translation research In: Translation and cognition. Am‐ sterdam : John Benjamins, 2010, p. 109‐142. Alves, F., Pagano, A., Silva, I. Effortful text production in translation: A study of grammatical (de)metaphorization drawing on product and process data. TRANSL INTERPRET STU. , v.9, p.25 ‐ 51, 2014a. ISFC 2015 156 July 27‐31, 2015 Alves, F., Pagano, A., Silva, I. Evidence of de‐metaphorization in target text unfolding In: Caught in the Middle. Language Use and Translation. A Festschrift for Erich Steiner on the occasion of his 60th birthday. 1 ed. Saar‐ bruecken : Universaar, 2014b, v.1, p. 89‐. Alves, F., Pagano, A., Silva, I. Modeling (Un)Packing of Meaning in Translation: Insights from Effortful Text Pro‐ duction. Copenhagen Studies in Language., v.41, p.153 ‐ 163, 2011. Hvelplund, K. T. Allocation of Cognitive Resources in Translation: An Eye‐Tracking and Key‐Logging Study. Copen‐ hagen: Copenhagen Business School, 2011. Unpublished Thesis. Sjørup, A. C. Cognitive effort in metaphor translation: An eye‐tracking and key‐logging study. Copenhagen: Co‐ penhagen Business School, 2013. Unpublished Thesis. Steiner, E. Intralingual and interlingual versions of a text . how specific is the notion of translation. In: Steiner, E. and Yallop, C. (eds) Exploring translation and Multilingual Text Production: Beyond Content. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2001. Vania Soares Barbosa1 and Maria Eldelita Franco Holanda2 1 Universidade Estadual do Ceara, 2Universidade Estadual do Piauí 1
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[email protected]Comics to Read, Read to Comics: applying comic strips to enhance Visual Literacy Advances in Communication and Information Technologies (CITs) have lead important changes in the field of Education by providing a variety of tools to be used in the learning/teaching process. As a re‐ sult, and in accordance to social, economic, political and cultural transformations, new literacies have been required so that students can feel fully part of this globalized world. Under the umbrella of these multiliteracies, Digital and Visual literacy have been discussed by theorists, who have offered some guidance that can be used as pedagogical practices to help students to use, read and interpret visual and digital information in a response to a multimodal context demand. However, the applicability of such guidance in an English as a foreign language (EFL) teaching and learning process is far from being completely found and has led researchers to investigate the adop‐ tion of multimodality as an approach to teaching, in order to identify profitable ways to use that tool as well as whether students’ visual literacy can be enhanced by that adoption. The aim of this study is to contribute to that investigation by suggesting two different multimodal reading activities and diag‐ nose their possible implications for the teaching and learning EFL in a Multimodal environment, through an experiment with Letras/Inglês undergraduate students at two universities from Brazil. This investigation will be especially ground on Kress and Van Leeuwen’s Grammar of Visual Design (2006), in which, following Halliday’s LSF, the authors have proposed ideas to explain the meaning‐ making process of visual information; Callow’s (2008) model which can be used not only to assess, but also to promote Visual Literacy; and Klein & Shinas (2012) guiding principles of new literacies in school; just to mention a few. As for the methodological procedures, this research adopts a qualitative method to investigate stu‐ dents’ responses to the two reading activities. Considering the multimodal nature of comic strips, six samples from garfield.com (4) and monicasgang.com (2) were selected to prepare those activities on which aspects such as the use of the quality of action, the distance between represented and interac‐ tive participants, the angle, the colors, etc. were highlighted. These activities have been sent to the participants by using a Google Drive tool (Google Form), which allows them to answer the activities and send their answers to the researchers online. Based on the analysis of those answers, we expect to identify some possible reading improvement and paths chosen by the readers/students when reacting to images and integrating it with text in meaning‐ making process. Since it is an ongoing study, no previous conclusions on the participants reading can be reached right now, however, they will be by the time of this particular presentation. Meanwhile, we can reassure that the multimodal aspect of comic strip makes it a potential material for English Language teaching and learning. ISFC 2015 157 July 27‐31, 2015 References: CALLOW, J. Show Me: Principles for Assessing Students’ Visual Literacy. The Reading Teacher, 61(8), 2008, p. 616‐626 .KARSCHMER‐KLEIN, R.; SHINAS, V. H. Guiding principles for supporting new literacies in your classroom. The Reading Teacher. Vol. 65, issue 5, 2012, p. 288‐293. KRESS, G. VAN LEEUWEN, T. Reading Images. London: Routledge, 2006. Sonja Starc University of Primorska, Faculty of Education
[email protected]Multimodal representation of grammar notions in textbooks for Slovene as first language This paper deals with the multimodal representation of metalanguage by focusing in particular on two grammatical terms – word and noun, and presents the results of a case study (2 groups of 30 pu‐ pils/students each) on pupils'/students' comprehension of such representation. In the first part, the two grammatical terms have been analysed in a sample of 13 Slovene language textbooks used in primary (age 7−15) and secondary school (age 16−18; 6 textbooks) published over the last two dec‐ ades. The purpose of this study is to try to understand to what extent the transduction (the changing of the semiotic representation of a notion in a text from one semiotic mode to another (Bezemer, Kress 2010: 175)) is used in the related textbooks, how it facilitates pupils'/students' comprehension of the two terms and whether it brings loss and/or gain in the perception of the two abstract notions. The analysis of the textbooks' samples is based on the theoretical frame of visual grammar (Kress, van Leeuwen[1996]2004), transduction (Bezemer, Kress 2010), the interaction between verbal and picto‐ rial in text (Kress, van Leeuwen [1996]2004, Unsworth (2006), and on the ideational, interpersonal and textual metafunctions (Halliday, Matthiessen 2004, Kress, van Leeuwen [1996]2004) to understand the interrelation and interaction between the modes used. The analysis revealed that in the early 90s of the 20th century texbooks explain grammatical structures within language as a system. Not many pictures are used, instead, the typographical salience and tables emphasize the important rules. Due to new technologies, the use of images in the language textbooks are becoming extensive. Some text‐ books (on the primary level) are construed as stories with a represented accompanying character – child(ren) of the pupil's age so that he/she identifies with the character and establishes a more per‐ sonal relationship with the Subject contents. The two grammatical terms (word and noun) are ex‐ pounded by words, drawings, pictures, diagrams, tables, and colour. When the terms are semiotically realised by transduction (Bezemer, Kress 2010: 175), the move goes from word − term to image in order to explain the meaning of the metalanguage involved, and from verbal instructions (demand) to image. In primary school textbooks, transduction is aimed at making abstract meanings more con‐ crete, with detailed, additional information (on the ideational metafunction), sometimes also adding humour. However, multimodal representation offers additional information to mere verbal, but it loses generality. Colour becomes a sign for proficiency levels, skills and competences. While in sec‐ ondary school textbooks, transduction enhances meaning more on the interpersonal metafunction. The pictorial (drawing or photo) usually supplements the verbal source, by adding humour. The most frequent non‐verbal semiotic sources in representing relations between grammatical terms are dia‐ grammatic tree structures, and vectors showing the direction of derivation of meanings or word for‐ mation. The second part discusses the results of the survey carried out among pupils/students on the use of transduction in the selected textbooks: the difference in understanding the related terms when using transduction or verbal signs only, and the students' awareness of loss and gain of the representation and perception of the related notions. ISFC 2015 158 July 27‐31, 2015 References: Bezemer, Jeff, Kress, Gunther. 2008. Writing in Multimodal Texts: A Social Semiotic Account of Designs for Learn‐ ing. Written Communication 25.166−195. Halliday, M. A. K. and C. M. I. M. Matthiessen. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold. Kress, G. and T. van Leeuwen. [1996]2004. Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. London‐New York: Routledge. Starc, Sonja. 2009. Večkodnost in zgradba učbeniškega besedil [Multimodality and the structure of textbooks]. In: Vintar, Jelka (Ed). Razmerja med slikovnimi in besednimi sporočili. Ljubljana: ZRSŠ, BDS. 45−62. Unsworth, Len. 2006. 'Towards a metalanguage for multiliteracies education: Describing the meaning‐making resouorces of language‐image interaction. English Teaching: Practice and critique. 5/1:55−76. http://education.waikato.ac.nz/research/files/etpc/2006v5n1art4.pdf (Accessed March 14, 2013) Erich Steiner1, Kerstin Kunz2, Ekaterina Lapshinova‐Koltunski3, José Martinez Martinez4 and Katrin Menzel5 1,3,4,5 Saarland University, 2 Saarland University/Universität Heidelberg 1
[email protected]‐saarland.de,
[email protected]‐saarland.de,
[email protected]‐saarland.de, 4
[email protected]‐saarland.de,
[email protected]‐saarland.de Lexical cohesion in a contrastive perspective (English ‐ German) This talk contrasts lexical cohesion between English and German. After a discussion of lexical cohesion and its role in establishing coherence against the background of existing (monolingual) studies (Halli‐ day/ Hasan 1976, 1980/1985, Martin 1992, Tanskannen 2006), some basic concepts will be critically discussed and resulting methodological clarifications attempted for an empirical approach to lexical cohesion. This will be followed by a discussion of systemic contrasts between English and German relevant for an investigation of lexical cohesion: lexical resources of the two languages and available mechanisms for lexical cohesion. A group of assumptions will then be formulated about differences between the two languages, but also language internally between different registers, and within those between written and spoken mode in particular (for English cf. Leisi and Mair 2008, Leech et al. 2009, for contrastive studies Eng‐ lish‐German cf. Hansen‐Schirra et al. 2012, Degaetano et al. in press) with a focus on differences rele‐ vant for lexical cohesion. One of the assumptions postulates a globally stronger registerial differentia‐ tion within German compared to English. Another one is that in English texts, and particularly in cer‐ tain registers, the breadth of variation in instantiated lexis is less than in German. Further assumptions relate to the level of generality of lexical items in chains, the types of sense relations preferred as links in chains, and different preferences between etymologically Germanic vs. Romance vocabularies in textual instantiation. The types of data to be investigated are lexical frequency lists of types and to‐ kens, lexical density and type‐token‐relationships, part‐of‐speech profiles, and classifications of the instantiated lexis into Romance vs. Germanic. It will be shown how the languages (English and Ger‐ man) and different registers and modes within them are ranked in terms of these data, and what these rankings tell us about lexical cohesion. Additionally, we shall look at the breadth/ strength of variation between our various sub‐corpora. We are also interested in how texts are statistically dis‐ tributed/ scattered in these terms within their registers, and how registers are scattered in their lan‐ guage. Other dependent variables include the relative textual importance of core vs. non‐core vocabu‐ lary. Finally, an initial view will be attempted at the length and density of lexical chains in our corpus as another measure of lexical cohesion. The empirical base of the investigation is a corpus of English and German which allows contrastive work on the languages, on registers, and on written vs. spoken mode within them (http://www.gecco.uni‐saarland.de/GECCo/Home.html). The corpus is annotated with linguistic infor‐ mation about lexicogrammar, but additionally about cohesion. It can be queried automatically and results are statistically evaluated and interpreted against the background of models of cohesion and of ISFC 2015 159 July 27‐31, 2015 Systemic Functional Linguistic accounts in particular. Initial results seem to indicate greater variation within German than within English in terms of lexical cohesion. They also indicate that in spite of a possibly larger systemic vocabulary of English, the textually instantiated vocabulary may well be more varied in German texts, but differently so dependent on registers and modes. It also appears as if Eng‐ lish registers by and large rely more on core lexis than their German registerial counterparts. References: Degaetano‐Ortlieb, Stefania; Kunz, Kerstin; Lapshinova‐Koltunski, Ekaterina; Menzel, Katrin; Steiner, Erich. in press. „GECCo ‐ an empirically‐based comparison of English‐German cohesion“. In: Gert De Sutter, Isabelle Delaere & Marie‐Aude Lefer. (eds) in press. New Ways of Analysing Translational Behaviour in Corpus‐Based Translation Studies. Berlin et al: Mouton De Gruyter Halliday, M. A. K. & R. Hasan (1976). Cohesion in English. London, New York: Longman. Halliday/ Hasan 1980/ 1985 Text and context: aspects of language in a social‐semiotic perspecive. Sophia Linguis‐ tica VI. Tokyo: Sophia University (re‐published several times elswhere) Hansen‐Schirra, S., S. Neumann, and E. Steiner (2012). Cross‐linguistic Corpora for the Study of Translations. Insights from the language pair English – German. Series Text, Translation, Computational Processing. Berlin / New York: Mouton de Gruyter Leech, G., M. Hundt, C. Mair, and N. Smith (2009). Change in Contemporary English. A Grammatical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Leisi, Ernst and Mair, Christian. 2008. Das heutige Englisch: Wesenszüge und Probleme. 9. Auflage. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter Martin James R. 1992. English Text. System and Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Tanskannen Sanna‐Kaisa. 2006. Collaborating towards Coherence. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Strax Stepanov Faculty of Philosophy, Department for Serbian Language and Linguistics
[email protected]The Discursive Construction of Socio‐Political Identities in Election Slogans This study examines the representation of socio‐political actors in one of the most visible political practices ‐ namely in the pre‐election (presidential and parliamentary) elections. The author sets out to investigate the role that pre‐election slogans assume in the (broader) political actions concerning political parties and their candidates. Using De Beaugrande's and Halliday's approach and central no‐ tions of lexicogrammar and systemic‐functional linguistics, the author explores a correlation between lexical and grammatical structures and two notions that are (most/very) important for the construc‐ tion of political and party identity: responsiveness and competence. To achieve this goal, I analyzed the role of transitivity in the excerpted slogans, using the theoretical model of systemic functional linguistic. This means that ‐ as far as the monadic and elliptic structure of slogan allows it ‐ the investi‐ gates the relational, material, mental, behavioral and verbal process and its participants in the slogans (describing and interpreting the functions of this process in the representation of political parties and their candidates). The results contribute to the exemplification of how analysis of certain type of dis‐ courses and genres can be based on the systemic functional linguistics, and, specially, how using SFL one can critically judge and evaluate certain types of discourses. ISFC 2015 160 July 27‐31, 2015 Claudia Elena Stoian1 and Rachel Whittaker2 1 University Autonoma de Madrid; University Politehnica Timisoara, 2University Autonoma de Madrid 1
[email protected],
[email protected]Multimodality in Tourist Websites: Challenging Cultural Patterns This paper presents a research study in the field of online tourism promotion. It focuses on the na‐ tional online promotion of UNESCO World Heritage Sites of institutional websites from three coun‐ tries, Great Britain, Spain and Romania. The study analyses the way each country presents its national landmarks and combines various modes to create a virtual brochure with a promotional message from an institutional position. For this, it studies the organization of the websites and their webpages, as well as the lexico‐grammatical and visual features of the promotional messages. Results of the differ‐ ent analyses are interpreted from a cultural perspective, in order to see if the national online promo‐ tional strategies follow the expected cultural pattern. The theoretical framework for the analysis is Systemic Functional Linguistics. The linguistic text is ana‐ lysed following Halliday’s theory of the metafunctions (1985, 1994; Halliday and Matthiessen 2004). Thus, the analysis focuses on the ideational, interpersonal and textual meanings of the verbal mes‐ sage. Analysis of the visual text applies Kress and van Leeuwen’s model (1996, 2006), studying the same types of meanings realised visually. The results of the different analyses are compared from a cultural perspective. First of all, the national characteristics of web promotion are identified for each website in order to see if a common pattern can be established. These are then compared. The findings are further interpreted from a cultural point of view, showing that they can be accounted for by theories of cultural variability. The cultural dimension chosen is that of context (Hall 1976, 2000; Hall and Hall 1990) as it seemed more relevant to the type of message and its function. This situates cultures along a continuum, having at one end low‐context cultures and at the other end high‐context cultures. The analyses show that the British and Spanish sets of websites are, in general, consistent with the literature on intercultural communi‐ cation consulted (Hall 2000; Würtz 2005; Neuliep 2006; Şerbănescu 2007). On the other hand, the Romanian set combines features of both low‐ and high‐contexts and, so, does not comply with its usual classification as a high‐context culture. The consistencies seem to indicate the stability of British and Spanish cultures, as they adapt to online promotion. Nonetheless, departure from the cultural contextual patterns exists in all the cases analysed. These inconsistencies can be explained by cultural changes and influences due to globalization, and internal changes in terms of politics, economy and society. They also indicate that cultural patterns can be affected by the medium of communication (Internet) and the context of communication (types of promotion). Findings from the study show that the Systemic Functional model offers a useful tool to analyse online tourism promotion, both theoretically and practically. They also emphasize the importance of Internet for tourism promotion and point out its influence on communicative acts and cultural patterns. None‐ theless, the results also indicate the frequent presence of traditional print‐page layouts and the stabil‐ ity of cultural patterns (Stoian 2014). Hang Su University of Birmingham
[email protected]Refining JUDGEMENT: Typological and Topological Perspectives This paper mainly reports a corpus study of adjectives associated with Judgement and proposes an adaptation of the JUDGEMENT system (Martin & White 2005) from a typological perspective. A topo‐ logical representation of attitudinal meanings with respect to the refined JUDGEMENT system is dis‐ cussed accordingly. ISFC 2015 161 July 27‐31, 2015 Thompson notes that some emotion words (e.g. cheerful, confident) “can be used to describe more or less permanent character traits that are not a response to a specific stimulus” and further argues that such items should be considered “as part of JUDGEMENT resources” (Thompson 2014: 55‐56). In a similar vein, Hunston (2011: 140‐142) has observed that some lexical items (e.g. fanatical about, com‐ placent in) may realise multilayered evaluation which refers to cases where an emotional reaction is attributed to the Emoter (Affect) but, at the same time, a judgement of the Emoter is also made (Judgement). Simply put, these studies suggest that emotional state may be construed as an ethical quality, i.e. Judgement in terms of appraisal. However, it has to be pointed out that neither Thompson (2014) nor Hunston (2011) has further addressed the question as to into which Judgement subcatego‐ ry such lexical resources should be grouped. It is in this respect that this study attempts to refine the JUDGEMENT system so as to enable it to deal with comprehensively judgement resources. In short, this study argues that JUDGEMENT should be extended to cover those resources which construe attitudes towards the “emotional types of person‐ ality” (Johnson‐Laird & Oatley 1989: 97). Supportive evidence for this argument will be drawn from both personality psychology and corpus linguistics. Like Thompson (2014), research in personality psychology suggests that emotion terms (e.g. shy, jeal‐ ous) can be used to describe personality traits (Johnson‐Laird & Oatley 1989; Saucier & Goldberg 1996, 2001; Revelle & Scherer 2009). In terms of appraisal, this means that lexical items which are used as descriptors of emotional types of personality traits should be characterised as Judgement resources, because only JUDGEMENT in the APPRAISAL model is concerned with human character. Researchers in this tradition also argue that the more frequent an attribute is represented in language, the more important the attribute is (Saucier & Goldberg 2001: 849). Then the question at hand is: is the evaluation of emotional types of personality traits frequently represented in language. This study thus further reports a corpus study of adjective‐in‐pattern exemplars (e.g. confident about, jealous of) in a corpus compiled of biographical discourse. The corpus analyses show that there are a considera‐ ble number of lexical items occurring in various linguistic patterns (e.g. ADJ about/of) which are used to construe attitudes towards emotional types of personality traits. This indicates that the evaluation of emotional types of personality traits is indeed frequently represented in language and thus can be reasonably considered as an important aspect of Judgement, which further suggests that resources construing attitudes towards emotional types of personality traits should be accounted for in the de‐ scription and characterisation of Judgement. Bringing together the two pieces of supportive evidence, this study proposes Emotivity, i.e. attitudes construed towards emotional types of personality traits, as a new sub‐type of Judgement. Issues such as the systematisation of Judgement resources and a topological description of attitudinal meanings will be discussed accordingly. Yinghui Sun Beijing Normal University
[email protected]Generic Structure of Chinese M.A. Thesis Literature Reviews: A SFL‐based Contrastive Analysis Being the foundation for the whole paper writing, Literature Review section (LR) plays a vital role in creating research rationale and constructing research perspectives. Some studies were carried out on the generic features of LR and how to write it well (e.g. Kwan, 2006; Krishnan and Kathpalia, 2002) with insightful findings. Chinese MA students of English are not only learners who are just stepping into the academic field but also practice writing in a language other than their mother tongue. They have great problems and much research work is needed to help them. LR is expected to accomplish some important communicative objectives as manifested through its generic structure. Do Chinese MA students follow the structure as the genre required? This study aims to investigate this issue. In order to help identify Chinese MA students’ generic features and existing problems, a comparison was conducted with some English native students. The analysis is based on two corpora of MA theses ISFC 2015 162 July 27‐31, 2015 written in English in the field of applied linguistics from the year of 2000 to 2010: 20 Chinese students’ texts (CSs) from a Full‐text Database of a university library in China and 20 English native students’ texts (NSs) from PQDD, the world largest and one of the most authoritative databases for master and doctoral theses. Grounded in SFL, an analytical framework was constructed, which was mainly situated within Martin’s model (1992, 2003, 2009), with reference to Hasan’s model (1985). According to Martin (1992; Martin and Rose, 2003), a genre is a staged, goal‐oriented social process. To paraphrase the definition, a gen‐ re comprises a series of phases which fulfill a general communicative function. These phases unfold as the social interaction pushes forward. Each phase is composed of elements, which accomplish a more specific communicative function as so to back up the general function of the phase. Based on the framework, the two corpora were compared to examine how their LRs are similar or different and what writing problems the Chinese learners of English have. Findings reveal that both groups have much in common in genre structure. Four phases are identified in both corpora, Making introductory statements → Establishing a thema c territory → Evalua ng the state of the field → Occupying the research niche. Both groups resort to a variety of elements for con‐ structing each phase, suggesting that they could construct their phase patterns from different per‐ spectives. However, differences exist in the choice of elements. NSs possess a much more abundant reservoir of element resources than CSs; the elements are not evenly distributed in each group either. Deviations also exist in the choice of elements chosen for each phase. With some problems identified, the paper concludes with a few pedagogical implications for teaching LR in Chinese background. References: Bunton, D. (2002) Generic moves in Ph.D. thesis introductions. In J. Flowerdew (Ed.), Academic Discourse (pp. 57–75). Harlow: Pearson Education. Bunton, D. (2005) The structure of PhD conclusion chapters. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 4, 207– 224. Burton, J. (2011) Book reviews: literature reviewing. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 10, 61‐69. Bruce, I. (2014) Expressing criticality in the literature review in research article introductions in applied linguistics and psychology. English for Specific Purposes, 36, 85‐96. Gil‐Salom, L. & Soler‐Monreal, C. (2014) Writers’ positioning in literature reviews in English and Spanish compu‐ ting doctoral theses. Journal of English for Academic Purposes,16, 23‐39. Halliday, M.A.K., Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (2004) An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed). Oxford: OUP. Hasan, R. (1985) Lending and borrowing: From grammar to lexis. Beiträge zur Phonetik und Linguistik, 48, 56–67. Hyon, S. (1996) Genres in three traditions: Implications for ESL. TESOL Quarterly, 30, 693‐722. Junqueira, L. (2013) A genre‐based investigation of applied linguistics book reviews in English and Brazilian Por‐ tuguese. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 12, 203‐213. Krishnan, L. A. and Kathpalia, S. S. (2002). Literature reviews in student project reports. IEEE Transaction on pro‐ fessional communication. 45, 187‐197. Kwan, B. S. C. (2006) The schematic structure of literature reviews in doctoral theses of applied linguistics. Eng‐ lish for Specific Purposes, 25, 30‐35. Kwan, B. S. C. (2008) The nexus of reading, writing and researching in the doctoral undertaking of humanities and social sciences: implications for literature reviewing. English for Specific Purposes, 27, 42‐56. Kwan, B. S. C., Chan, H. & Lam, C. (2012) Evaluating prior scholarship in literature reviews of research articles: A comparative study of practices in two research paradigms. English for Specific Purposes, 31,188‐201. Martin, J. R. (1992) English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Martin, J. R. (2009) Genre and language learning: A social semiotic perspective. Linguistics and Education, 20,10– 21. Martin, J. R.& Rose, D. (2003) Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the Clause. London: Continuum. Miller, C. R. (1994) Rhetorical community: The cultural basis of genre. In A. Freedman & P. Medway (Eds), Genre and the New Rhetoric (pp.67‐79). London: Taylor and Francis Ltd. Nwogu, K. N. (1997) The medical research paper: structure and functions. English for Specific Purposes, 16, 119‐ 138. O’Donoghue, T. A. & Haynes, F. (1997) Preparing Your Thesis/Dissertations in Education: Comprehensive guide‐ lines. Perth: The University of Western Australia, Social Science Press. Peacock, M. (2002) Communicative moves in the discussion section of research articles. System, 30, 479‐497. Swales, J. (1990) Genre Analysis: English in Academic and Research Settings. Cambridge:Cambridge Univ. Press. ISFC 2015 163 July 27‐31, 2015 Susanto Susanto1 and Deri Sisnanda2 1,2 Bandar Lampung University, Indonesia 1
[email protected],
[email protected]An Acoustic Analysis of Tonicity in Speech Data of English News Program in Indonesia Tonicity is one of the intonation systems in Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) perspective which describes the location of a tonic element in a tone group (Halliday, 1970; Halliday & Greaves, 2008). This paper describes an initial attempt at analyzing Tonicity in speech data from a corpus of English news. It is mainly concerned with the acoustic cues for identifying the tonic syllables in the data such as major pitch movement, pitch jump, pitch range, intensity, and duration. The analysis is conducted by using Praat (Version 5.3.18), a speech analyzing software (Boersma & Weenink, 2012). The speech data is derived from the program of English News Service produced by the Television of Indonesian Republic (TVRI). The study provides an empirical evidence to investigate the most helpful acoustic cues and the context influence in Tonicity. Further, since Bahasa Indonesia (BI) is a syllable‐timed language (Susanto, 2012b) the study also looks at the rhythm interaction (stress‐timed and syllable‐timed) in Tonicity. References: Abercrombie, D. (1967). Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Boersma, P. and Weenink, D. (2012). Praat: Doing phonetics by computer [Computer program]. Version 5.3.24, retrieved 9 September 2013 from http://www.praat.org/ Halliday, M. A. K. (1970). A Course in Spoken English: Intonation. London: OUP. Halliday, M. A. K. & William S. Greaves. (2008). Intonation in the Grammar of English. London: Equinox. Stevens, K. N. (1998). Acoustic Phonetics. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT. Susanto. (2011). Instrumental Analysis on Rhythm: A systemic functional orientation in the study of phonetics. International Conference on Sino‐Tibetan Languages & Linguistics, Mysore, India. Susanto. (2012a). Tonicity in English and Indonesian Declaratives Spoken by Indonesian: An SFL Approach. Inter‐ national Congress of English Grammar, Tamil Nadu, India. Susanto. (2012b). Is Bahasa Indonesia a Syllable‐timed Language?: An Instrumental Analysis on Rhythm Using Systemic Functional Orientation in Phonetics. International Conference on Austronesian Languages, Denpasar, Indonesia. Susanto. (2012c). Phonetic Features of English Spoken by Indonesian: A Systemic Functional Orientation. In D. Murali Manohar (ed.). Phonetics and Spoken English. (pp 63‐75). New Delhi: Atlantic. Tench, P. (ed.) (1992). Studies in Systemic Phonology. London: Pinter Publishers. Eszter Szenes The University of Sydney
[email protected]“How do texts get bigger than a page?” revisited: construing ‘depth’ in long business reports The extensive volume of SFL work on elemental genres students are required to write throughout their primary and secondary education shows that most of these texts fit neatly on half a page to a page (Martin, 1994; Martin & Rose, 2008). However, tertiary students are generally required to write much longer texts stretching across many pages. That this seems to be a challenging task is indicated by the large number of students failing the major assessment task (a 3500‐word Country Report) of an interdisciplinary unit, Business in the Global Environment, at a metropolitan Australian university. In order to understand the nature of these long business reports, this talk based on the results of an ongoing PhD study draws on genre theory from Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) (Christie & Mar‐ tin, 1997; Martin, 1992; Martin & Rose, 2008) and Halliday’s types of structure (1981) to revisit Mar‐ tin’s question of how texts “get bigger than a page” (1994, p. 29). ISFC 2015 164 July 27‐31, 2015 Existing work on ‘big texts’ has established that longer texts grow bigger than a page by combining elemental genres into genre complexes or ‘macrogenres’ (Christie, 1997, 2002; Jordens & Little, 2004; Jordens, Little, Paul & Sayers, 2001; Martin, 1994, 1995; Martin & Rose, 2008; Muntigl, 2004, 2006). These macrogenres, whose ‘parts’ are linked together in a sequence by the logico‐semantic relation‐ ships of expansion and projection (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004), unfold in a univariate serial struc‐ ture. However, this presentation will argue that not all ‘big texts’ are macrogenres made up of ele‐ mental genre complexes. Analogising from grammar and the structure of the clause, this talk will illus‐ trate through analyses of High Distinction business Country Reports that some ‘big texts’ are genre simplexes whose ‘depth’ is built by embedding elemental genres as stages in a multivariate structure. The talk will also show that embedded genres, while considered a “relatively rare phenomenon” in current SFL research (Martin, 2012, p. 002), play a fundamental role in enabling texts of the length of business Country Reports to grow bigger than a page. By complementing and extending existing re‐ search on macrogenres this research aims to provide the missing link in the theoretical conceptualisa‐ tion of the “nature of big texts” (Martin, 1994, 1995) in Systemic Functional Linguistics. [WC 381] References: Christie, F. (1997). Curriculum macrogenres as forms of initiation into a culture. In F, Christie. & J.R. Martin (Eds.), Genre and institutions: Social processes in the workplace and school (134‐160). London: Continuum. Christie. F., & Martin, J.R. (Eds.). (1997). Genre and institutions: Social processes in the workplace and school. London: Continuum. Christie, F. (2002). Classroom discourse analysis: a functional perspective. London: Continuum. Halliday, M.A.K. (1981). Types of structure. In M.A.K. Halliday & J. R. Martin (Eds.), Readings in Systemic Linguis‐ tics (29‐41). London: Batsford Academic and Educational Ltd. Halliday, M.A.K. & Matthiessen, C. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Hodder Education. Jordens, C. F. & Little, M. (2004). ‘In this scenario, I do this, for these reasons’: narrative, genre and ethical rea‐ soning in the clinic. Social Science & Medicine, 58(9), 1635‐1645. Jordens, C. F., Little, M., Paul, K. & Sayers, E. J. (2001). Life disruption and generic complexity: A social linguistic analysis of narratives of cancer illness. Social Science & Medicine, 53(9), 1227‐1236. Martin, J. R. (1992). English Text: System and structure. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Martin, J. R. (1994). Macro‐genres: The ecology of the page. Network, 21(1), 29‐52. Martin, J. R. (1995). Text and clause: Fractal resonance. Text, 15(1), 5‐42. Martin, J. R. (2012). Genre Studies (Vol. 3 in the Collected Works of J. R. Martin, edited by Wang Zhenhua). Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press. Martin, J. R. & Rose, D. (2008). Genre relations: Mapping culture. London: Equinox. Muntigl, P. (2004). Narrative counselling: Social and linguistic processes of change (Discourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture). Amsterdam: Benjamins. Muntigl, P. (2006). Macrogenre: A Multiperspectival and Mutifunctional Approach to Social Interaction. Linguis‐ tics and the Human Sciences, 2(2), 233‐256. Namala Tilakaratna University of Sydney
[email protected]Reviving the nation: National Identity in English Language Textbooks in Sri Lanka Since the 30 year long ethnic civil war in Sri Lanka ended with the defeat of the separatist group the Liberation Tamil Tigers of Eelam (LTTE), the government has placed great emphasis on ‘reviving the nation’ (Rajapakse, 2009 as the island has become unified under central role. Modeled on the post‐ colonial nationalist movement, the current postwar Sri Lankan identity is synonymous with Sinhala Buddhist supremacy (de Votta, 2007; Wickramasinghe 2006). This study uses a sociosemiotic theory of identity to draw attention to the way in which Sinhala Buddhist nationalism is projected through the locally produced Grade 11 English Language textbooks. ISFC 2015 165 July 27‐31, 2015 In order to explore how national identity is construed through texts, this study draws on genre theory (Martin and Rose, 2008) and iconography (Tann, 2010a) from Systemic Functional Linguistics. Genre theory is a widely explored framework for examining text types in secondary schools in Australia in‐ cluding the identification and mapping of a number of elemental genres which realize ‘staged, goal oriented social processes’ in a number of different fields such as history and science (Martin and Rose, 2008). The socio‐semiotic approach to identity research in SFL emerged out of Stenglin’s work on ‘bonding icons’ which function as ‘powerfully evocative symbols of social belonging’ with the potential for ‘rallying’ people as a community (Stenglin, 2004, p. 504). This was developed into a more compre‐ hensive socio‐semiotic theory of national identity by Tann (2010a), who proposes that national identi‐ ty is created through a selection of valued people and things and cherished values or ‘icons’, which construe a sense of community in texts. Using genre theory and iconography, this talk will show how the texts in national English language textbooks use powerful genres with which to construe national identity. The texts produced exclude minorities, promote a majoritarian understanding of the nation and enact the ideologically motivated and symbolic disempowerment of minority groups in the con‐ text of post‐war Sri Lanka. By examining national identity and its ‘orchestration’ (Tann, 2010b) in the context of the English language syllabus in post‐war Sri Lanka, this study also contributes to existing Identity‐based research in SFL (Martin and Bednarek 2008). References: Bednarek, M. and J. Martin. 2010. New Discourse on Language: Functional Perspective on Multimodality, Identi‐ ty and Affiliation., London, New York Continuum De Votta, N. 2007. Sinhalese Buddhist Nationalist Ideology: Implications for Politics and Conflict Resolution in Sri Lanka. Washington: East‐West Center Washington. Martin, J. and Rose, D. 2008. Genre relations: mapping culture. London; Oakville, CT: Equinox Publishers. Martin, J. and M. Zappavigna. 2013. "Youth Justice Conferencing: Ceremonial redress." International Journal of Law, Language and Discourse no. 3 (2):103‐142. Perera, S. 1991. Teaching and learning hatred: the role of education and socialization in Sri Lankan ethnic con‐ flict, Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara. Rajapakse, M. 2009. Address by President Mahinda Rajapakse at the victory day parade and national tribute to the security forces following the defeat of terrorism. Retrieved 3rd march, 2014, from http://www.president.gov.lk/speech_New.php?Id=75 Stenglin, M. 2004. Towards a grammar of three dimensional space. PhD, University Sydney, Sydney. Tann, K. 2010a. Semogenesis of a nation: an iconography of Japanese Identity. PhD, University of Sydney, Syd‐ ney. Tann, K. 2010b. Imagining communities : a multifunctional approach to identity management in texts. In M. Bednarek & J. Martin (Eds.), New discourse on language: functional perspectives on multimodality, identity and affiliation. London, New York: Continuum. Wickramasinghe, N. 2006. Sri Lanka in the modern age: a histroy of contested identities. London: Hurst & Co. Eveliina Tolvanen University of Turku
[email protected]SFL perspectives on pension authorities’ texts in Swedish and Finnish in Sweden and Finland The paper presents results from an ongoing PhD project in Scandinavian languages. The project con‐ sists of several studies within the theoretical framework of SFL (mainly Halliday & Matthiessen 2004, also Halliday 1998, Thompson & Thetela 1995; in Swedish Holmberg & Karlsson 2006, Holmberg, Karlsson & Nord 2011). The results show that there are differences between texts published in Finland and Sweden: for example, texts produced in Finland tend to favor nominal structures and be more authoritative than texts produced in Sweden. Swedish and Finnish are used in both Finland and Sweden. Finnish and Swedish are the national lan‐ guages of Finland, with Finnish being spoken by the majority, whereas the main language of Sweden is ISFC 2015 166 July 27‐31, 2015 Swedish and Finnish has the status of a national minority language. Because of historical and cultural differences between the countries, there are, however, some differences between the varieties spo‐ ken in the two countries. For example, public language use has become more informal in Sweden in than Finland (see Mårtensson 1988, Lassus 2010). The motivation for the project arises from the fact that the authorities in both Finland and Sweden use both Swedish and Finnish in their texts to the public. The aim of the project is to examine similarities and differences between these texts. The project focuses on written texts about pensions that have been published online by the pension authorities in Finland and Sweden in 2012. The data consists of four groups of texts: texts written in Swedish and Finnish in Finland and texts written in Swedish and Finnish in Sweden. Previous studies in this field within SFL include Lassus’ (2010) study of Swedish welfare authorities’ texts in Finland and Sweden. Firstly, the results show that texts published in Finland favor nominal structures more often than texts published in Sweden, which can partly be explained by the frequent use of ideational grammatical metaphor, e.g. living costs increase > the increase of living costs. Secondly, a study of lexico‐ grammatical choices and ergative roles shows that texts published in Finland tend to construe the relationship between the sender and the intended reader of the texts as more explicitly asymmetrical and authoritative than texts published in Sweden. A third, ongoing study concerns the function of direct address to the intended reader of the texts. The aim of the paper is to present the different studies in the project and discuss the use of SFL in a comparative study. References: Halliday, M.A.K., revised by Matthiessen, Christian M.I.M. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. 3rd edition. London: Arnold. Halliday, M.A.K. 1998. Things and relations. Regrammaticising experience as technical knowledge. In: Martin, J.R. & Veel, Robert. Reading Science. Critical and functional perspectives on discourses of science. London: Routledge, 185–235. Holmberg, Per & Karlsson, Anna‐Malin. 2006. Grammatik med betydelse. En introduktion till funktionell gramma‐ tik. Ord och Stil. Språkvårdssamfundets skrifter 37. Uppsala: Hallgren & Fallgren. Holmberg, Per, Karlsson, Anna‐Malin & Nord, Andreas (eds), 2011. Funktionell textanalys. Stockholm: Norstedts. Lassus, Jannika. 2010. Betydelser i barnfamiljsbroschyrer. Systemisk‐funktionell analys av den tänkta läsaren och institutionen. Helsingfors: Helsingfors universitet. Mårtensson, Eva. 1988. Den familjära myndigheten. Intimiseringen av det offentliga språket. In: Löfgren, Orvar (ed.), Hej, det är från försäkringskassan! Informaliseringen av Sverige. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur, 105–127. Thompson, Geoff & Thetela, Puleng, 1995: The sound of one hand clapping: The management of interaction in written discourse. In: Text 15 (1), 103–127. Asruddin Barori Tou Yogyakarta State University
[email protected]The Monolingual Translational Act in Language Education Context After centuries of semiotic debate and conflict amongst scholars on the question of translation and their continuous attempt and perseverance to come to terms on the question of its systematic knowledge, which finally led to the emergence and ‘success story’ of translation studies as a ‘separate discipline’ in 1980s, translation studies has been developing itself in many respects ever since, in theo‐ retical and applied terms. However, so far studies of human/human‐involved translation in theoretical and applied terms as part of studies of human learning mostly focus on lingual translation with specific reference to so‐called inter‐lingual translation, particularly bilingual translation. Within the semiotic space of lingual translation, little has been done in theoretical and applied terms to study so‐called intra‐lingual translation in reference to monolingual translation. In this paper, as the title suggests I will focus on the question of monolingual translation and its theoretical and practical relations to lan‐ guage education. The aim of this paper is to show that translational practices are not only relevant but ISFC 2015 167 July 27‐31, 2015 also appropriate to learner needs in any language learning in various language education contexts, be the language being learned as a first, a second or a third (foreign) language. With this in mind, in this paper I will propose that translational practices in language education classroom activities are more than just activities representing a kind of so‐called “grammar‐translation method” which is character‐ istic of the contrastive analysis framework of foreign language teaching/learning in particular. In other words, translational practices need to be located in a broader perspective of human learning taking place in language education classroom activities. Furthermore, I will articulate the need to critically review the existing courses in tertiary education institutions in general in terms of teaching/learning contents and materials (the WHAT‐to‐teach/learn aspects), teaching/learning methods (the HOW‐to‐ teach/learn aspects), and the contextual factors surrounding and affecting them (the WHO/WHERE/WHEN/WHY‐to‐teach/learn aspects) with respect to monolingual translational practices (MTPs) in language education representing language teaching/learning that takes place in education institutions,. The framework that lies behind the theoretical and practical statements in this paper is Translatics, an SFL‐inspired framework (Tou 1997, 2004, 2006, 2008) which offers an alternative ap‐ proach to understanding translational phenomena, processes and products interpreted as meta‐ semiotic phenomena, processes and products. In this paper practical instances that illustrate how monolingual translational semiotic communication acts (TSC acts) are realized and instantiated are largely drawn from student research studies of monolingual TSC acts which employed Translatics framework as their theoretical basis and applied TSC model for their analyses of empirical data realiz‐ ing and instantiating monolingual TSC acts. Nesrine Triki University of Carthage/Syflat
[email protected]Definitions in research article introductions: a systemic functional approach. Definitions in scientific and non‐scientific discourse have been the concern of many philosophical (eg: Deslauriers 2007; Sager 2000) and linguistics studies (eg: Barnbrook 2002; Flowerdew 1992; Halliday and Martin 1993; Harvey 1999; Marco 1999; Pearson 1998; Temmerman 2009). Several models and taxonomies have been set to describe this discourse function for prescriptive or descriptive goals. Still, much remains to be done mainly in comparative studies that involve academic discourse across genre, register and language variations. In academic discourse, definitions serve the ultimate purpose of clarifying the wordings academic writers are using. They also help the reader in interpreting them in the unfolding text. They can be used either overtly or covertly. Signals like the copula verb “be”, lexical verbs like “define” “mean” “call” “name” etc… together with typographic markers such as colons, parentheses, dashes, equal sign etc… are commonly deployed to integrate definitional words, groups and clauses (Darian 2003). In Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), they are construed via identifying relational clauses and as forms of elaboration within group and clause expansions (Halliday and Matthiessen 2014; Harvey 1999 and 2001). This paper draws on SFL and other linguistic frameworks to explore the use of definitions in a corpus of academic texts (Research Article Introductions) that belong to two different registers (Applied Lin‐ guistics and Computer Science) covering examples from the soft and hard sciences. The main objective is to examine how writers in the academic field introduce new terms, idea and concepts and how they redefine existing ones and adapt them to serve the communicative purposes of their research. Such an analysis involves ideational, interpersonal and textual metafunctional aspects. Flowerdew (1992, p.215) asserts that “the characteristics of definitions are likely to vary according to subject matter and audience” and it is one of the objectives of this paper to investigate the extent to which register varia‐ tions shape and construe academic writers’ choices. ISFC 2015 168 July 27‐31, 2015 References: Barnbrook, G. (2002). Defining language: A local grammar of definition sentences. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Darian, S. G. (2003). Understanding the language of science. Austin: University of Texas Press. Deslauriers, M. (2007). Aristotle on definition. Leiden: Brill. Flowerdew, J. (1992). Definitions in science lectures: Frequency, distribution, function and form. Hong Kong: City Polytechnic of Hong Kong. Halliday, M. A. K., & Martin, J. R. (1993). Writing science: Literacy and discursive power. London: Falmer Press. Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). Halliday's introduction to functional grammar. Harvey, A. (January 01, 1999). Definitions in English technical discourse. A study in metafunctional dominance and interaction. Functions of Language, 6, 1, 53‐94. Harvey, A. (January 01, 2001). Relational clauses in English technical discourse: Patterns of verb choice. Pragmat‐ ics, 11, 373‐400. Marco, M. J. L. (March 01, 1999). Procedural Vocabulary: Lexical Signalling of Conceptual Relations in Discourse. Applied Linguistics, 20, 1, 1‐21. Pearson, J. (1998). Terms in context. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins. Sager, J. C. (2000). Essays on definition. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Temmerman,M. (2009). Communicative aspects of definitions in classroom interaction Learning to define in class for first and second language learners. Linguistics and Education, 20, 126‐144. Cheung Tsz Mei HKU
[email protected]Analysis of Students’ Chinese Narrative writing in Hong Kong Territory‐wide System Assessment Narrative writing task is frequently used in national assessment, but the criteria to judge the perfor‐ mance of student in Hong Kong Territory‐wide System Assessment (TSA) are difficult to define. This study addresses the need of getting students’ writing performance features reviewed in TSA Chinese writing assessment. The result of the analysis tries to enrich and improve Chinese language teaching and learning in Hong Kong. TSA is similar to the assessments conducted in other countries like the National Assessment Program Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) in Australia. It has been implemented by the Hong Kong Government since 2004. The main purpose is to provide the Government and school management with information on school standards for Primary 3, Primary 6 and Secondary 3 grades. Purpose: This study tested the hypothesis that a good performance Chinese narrative writing in TSA has a more complete narrative schematic structure. It may contain more terms indicating not only material process but also mental processes and reflect in good context cohesion. Methods: The study selected six essays in Chinese language which were written by 2 primary three students, 2 primary six students and 2 secondary three students respectively. The six essays were per‐ ceived by markers and selected by the authority as a sample used in the TSA report which was consid‐ ered reaching the basic competency and having good performance. Three systems in Systemic Functional Linguistics were used in the study. Eggins (1994, p.36) stated that different genre has different schematic structure. The narrative schematic structure (Abstract ^ Orientation ^ Complicating action ^ Evaluation ^ Resolution ^ Coda) was adapted to analyse the essays (Longacre 1976, Martin & Rothery 1980, Hoey 1983). Halliday (1994) stated that language field can be realized through transitivity and speech of the ideational metafunction. The transitivity system was adapted to analyse the essays in terms of percentage occurrence of different process types (i.e. men‐ tal, material, behavioral, verbal, relational and existential). Eggins (1994:87) pointed out that coher‐ ence is different from cohesion. Coherence is related with contextual properties and cohesion is the internal properties of the context. The study adapted cohesion analysis according to Shum (2010)’s definition of cohesion types of Chinese language (i.e. reference, ellipsis, substitution, conjunction and lexical cohesion). ISFC 2015 169 July 27‐31, 2015 Result: High performance essays could use more mental process terms and diversify cohesion in the text. Also, it reflected that they have better schematic structure by choosing the most appropriate wording and arranging the structure. However, those basic competency essays failed to make coher‐ ence among the format, content and the context of the writing task. One of the essays was found writing into recount genre structure instead of narrative schematic structure. It was revealed that high performance students could make awareness on field, tenor and mode of writing task. Conclusion: From the analysis of the six essays, the hypothesis that a good performance Chinese writ‐ ing in TSA contains more terms indicating mental processes is supported and especially true in Sec‐ ondary 3 writing. The result proved that systemic functional linguistics can thus be used as an objec‐ tive framework for assessing the narrative written essays in TSA. Hence, it can serve as a reference for adjusting the assessment standard, and can enrich the feedback for teaching and learning from school reports. References: Christie, Frances. (2002). Classroom discourse analysis: a functional perspective. London; New York: Continuum. Christie, Frances & Martin, J.R. (Eds). (1997). Genre and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School. London; Washington: Cassell. Eggins, Suzanne. (1994). An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Pinter Publishers. Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar (2nd ed.). London: E. Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, Ruqaiya. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman Group Limited. Knapp, P. (1992). Literacy and learning program‐resource Book. Metropolitan West Region: New South Wales Department of School Education. Labov, William, & Waletzky, Joshua. (1967). Narrative Analysis: Oral Versions of Personal Experience In June Helm (Ed.), Essays on the Verbal and Visual Arts:Proceedings of the 1966 Annual Spring Meeting of the AMer‐ ican Ethnological Society (pp. 12‐44). Seattle and London: American Ethnological Society, University of Wash‐ ington Press. Longacre, Robert E. (1996). The Grammar of Discourse (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Press. Rothery, Joan , & Stenglin, Maree. (1997). Entertaining and Instructing: Exploring Experience through Story. In Frances Christie & J.R. Martin (Eds.), Genre and Institutions: Social Processes in the Workplace and School (pp. 231‐263). London; Washington: Cassell. 岑紹基. (2010). 《語言功能與中文教學——系統功能語言學在中文教學上的應用》(2 ed.). 香港: 香港大學 出版社. 胡壯麟. (1994). 《語篇的銜接與連貫》. 上海: 上海外語教育出版社. 徐烈炯. (2003). 功能主義與形式主義. In 錢軍 (Ed.), 《語言學: 中國與世界同步》. 北京: 外語敎學與硏究出 版社. 張德祿. (1998). 《功能文體學》. 濟南: 山東教育出版社. Gordon Tucker Cardiff University
[email protected]Towards a Comprehensive Model of Ellipsis and Non‐realisation in a Systemic Functional Grammar Systemic Functional Linguistics has focussed on ellipsis in respect of the ‘enabling’ textual metafunc‐ tion (Matthiessen 1995), and its role in textual cohesion (Halliday and Hasan 1976:142‐225) and Mar‐ tin (1992:387‐390). The three principal lexicogrammatical domains for elliptical utterances, the clause, the nominal group and the verbal group are comprehensively described in Halliday and Hasan (1976) and summarised in Halliday and Matthiessen (2014). Ellipsis is usually defined as the omission of lexicogrammatical material (wording) that is presumed and can be completely recovered by the addressee, and where, as Halliday and Hasan (1976:144) put it, ‘something that is structurally necessary is left unsaid’. There are cases, however, where a given function, such as a participant role, rather than an actual lexicogrammatical item, is not realised, and which cannot therefore be considered ellipsis proper. An example of this is the non‐realisation of the ISFC 2015 170 July 27‐31, 2015 AGENT in English imperative clauses, e.g. put it here (see Fawcett 1980:61). And although in this ex‐ ample the AGENT corresponds to you, there are other examples of non‐realisation for which no exact lexicogrammatical material is recoverable. An example of this would be ‘fused‐head constructions’ (Huddleston and Pullum 2002), e.g. the rich, the poor, the sublime to the ridiculous (see Tucker 2014 for a fuller discussion). Halliday and Hasan (1976:166) treat these as elliptical (although exophoric), but it is not necessarily obvious which particular lexicogrammatical item is missing. Is it people, folk with rich and poor? And is there any item at all, in fact, that is recoverable for the sublime to the ridic‐ ulous. This presentation re‐visits these various types of ‘omission’ and attempts to provide a clearer categori‐ sation of the differences that would appear to lie on a continuum between ellipsis proper and non‐ realisation, primarily in terms of whether what is recoverable is ‘semantic’ or ‘lexicogrammatical’ con‐ tent. It also addresses other model‐theoretic considerations in respect of ellipsis and non‐realisation. A systemic functional grammar (SFG) must provide both (a) a functional structural description of the phenomena and, importantly, (b) the system networks that set out the feature options available that lead, through the application of realisation rules/statements, to lexicogrammatical structure. A central question here, with regard to ellipsis, in particular, is whether the SFG handles the phenomena in terms of ‘deletion’, where the ‘full’ lexicogrammatical structure is ‘generated’ by the system network and realisation rules, with the recoverable elements of this structure being subsequently ‘deleted. This again raises issues for the appropriate modelling of the system network and realisation rules and of other ‘components’ in the overall linguistic model. I therefore explore and evaluate potential SFG architectural solutions to modelling ellipsis and non‐ realisation, solutions that include specific reference to components or levels of organisation other than the lexicogrammatical level. I then propose an optimal solution, giving concrete descriptions of at least some areas of the overall model. References: Fawcett, R.P. (1980) Cognitive linguistics and social interaction: towards an integrated model of a systemic func‐ tional grammar and the other components of an interacting mind, Heidelberg: Julius Groos and Exeter Uni‐ versity. Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasan, R. (1976) Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Halliday, M.A.K. and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (2004) An Introduc¬tion to Func¬tional Grammar (3rd Edition). Lon‐ don: Arnold. Huddleston, R. and Pullum, G. (2002) The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Martin, J.R. (1992) English text: system and structure. Philadelphia and Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Matthiessen, C.M.I.M (1995) Lexicogrammatical cartography:English systems,Tokyo: International Language Sciences Publishers. Tucker, G.H (2014) ‘Towards a solution to adjective‐noun ‘fused‐head’ constructions in a systemic functional grammar’. In A. Duguid, A. Marchi, A. Partington and C.Taylor (Eds.) Gentle Obsession: Literature, linguistics and learning in honour of … Rome: Artemide*. * This is a Festschrift. At the time of writing this abstract the colleague in question being honoured is not aware of the publication. Claire Urbach1 and Christopher Land2 1 Macquarie University, 2McMaster Divinity College 1
[email protected],
[email protected]An Appliable Linguistics Indeed: SFL and the Structural Potential of Ancient Letters As a text‐oriented discipline, Biblical Studies has a long history of undertaking detailed textual analyses in order to describe either the structure of an ancient text or the structural potential of an ancient register. Yet these analyses have often been under‐theorized and haphazard. This paper presents find‐ ISFC 2015 171 July 27‐31, 2015 ings from the early stages of a project applying systemic‐functional linguistic (SFL) methods and tools to the question of structure in the apostle Paul’s extant epistles. These include the notion of generic structure potential (e.g. Hasan 1978, 1985, 1996) and the multidimensional approach to text in con‐ text (including instantiation, stratification, metafunction, realization, and logogenesis) (e.g. Halliday 2003; Halliday & Matthiessen 2004:20‐31; Martin & White 2005:7‐33). By applying these ideas and methods to Paul’s extant epistles, we hope to provide a rigorous, multi‐stratal account of how Paul 'means' in his letters, which in turn will shed light on some general descriptive issues that continue to surround the genre of the ancient letter. The project itself challenges both disciplinary and textual boundaries, each of which will be touched on in this paper. Firstly, the paper challenges disciplinary boundaries between biblical studies and discourse analysis, bringing the more systematic and theorized tools of systemic functional linguistics to bear on biblical texts in a way that offers new insights into old questions. Traditionally, biblical scholars have made little use of the systematic tools of discourse analysis, although some scholars (e.g. Land 2015; Lee 2010; Reed 1993, 1997; Westfall 2006) have begun to apply systemic‐functional discourse analyses to biblical epistles. We hope to further highlight for biblical scholars the usefulness of this social‐ semiotically oriented theory. Secondly, this paper challenges boundaries of a textual kind as it seeks new ways of describing the generic structure of Paul’s epistles. These epistles instantiate a text‐type that has been studied by both classicists and biblical scholars in myriad ways (e.g. Exler 1923; Klauck 2006; Morello & Morrison 2007; Stowers 1986). A particular point of interest for biblical scholars is the ways in which Paul’s let‐ ters can be better understood when viewed in light of the letter‐writing conventions of the ancient world (Porter & Adams 2010:1). A number of descriptive issues have not been fully resolved, perhaps because few explicit analyses have been performed on ancient letters. We will present the results of a preliminary analysis of clause‐level features in an English translation of the original Greek text, the New American Standard Bible (NASB). The Greek text will be analysed at a later stage in the research project. A corpus of 31,087 words was compiled, comprising five letters to early churches for which there is a general consensus of Pauline authorship (i.e. Romans, 1 & 2 Corinthians, Galatians and Philippians). UAM Corpus Tool was then used to annotate the texts for a range of lexicogrammatical features, in‐ cluding clause status, primary tense, polarity, process type, and Subject selection. A feature of UAM Corpus Tool, text stream visualization, was then used to display the selection of particular features across the text. This was applied to two of the texts (1 and 2 Corinthians) as an exploratory device to identify potential clustering of features that may suggest phase boundaries. References: Exler, F. X. J. (1923). The form of the ancient Greek letter: A study in Greek epistolography. Washington: Catholic University of America. Halliday, M. A. K. (2003). On the architecture of human language. In J. Webster (Ed.) On language and linguistics (The Collected Works of Michael Halliday Vol.3, pp. 1‐31). London & New York: Continuum. Halliday, M. A. K. & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar (3rd ed.). London: Arnold. Hasan, R. (1978). Text in the systemic‐functional model. In W. U. Dressler (Ed.) Current trends in textlinguistics. Berlin: de Gruyter. Hasan, R. (1985). The texture of a text. In M. A. K. Halliday & R. Hasan (Eds.), Language, context and text: Aspects of language in a social‐semiotic perspective (pp. 70‐96). Geelong, Vic: Deakin University Press. Hasan, R. (1996). The nursery tale as genre. In C. Cloran, D. Butt, and G. Williams (eds) Ways of saying, ways of meaning: Selected Papers of Ruqaiya Hasan. London & New York: Cassell. Klauck, H. J. (2006). Ancient letters and the New Testament: A guide to context and exegesis. Waco, Texas: Bay‐ lor University Press. Land, C. D. (2015). Is there a text in these meanings? The integrity of 2 Corinthians from a linguistic perspective. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix. Lee, J. H. (2010). Paul’s gospel in Romans: A discourse analysis of Rom 1:16‐8:39. Leiden: Brill. Martin, J. R. & White, P. R. R. (2005). The language of evaluation: Appraisal in English. Hampshire UK & New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISFC 2015 172 July 27‐31, 2015 Morello, R., & Morrison, A. D. (2007). Ancient letters: Classical and late antique epistolography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Porter & Adams (2010). Pauline epistolography: An introduction. In S. E. Porter & S. A. Adams (Eds.), Paul and the ancient letter form (pp. 1‐7). Leiden & Boston: Brill. Reed, J. T. (1993). To Timothy or not? A Discourse analysis of 1 Timothy. In S. E. Porter & D. A. Carson (Eds.), Biblical Greek language and linguistics: Open questions in current research (pp. 90‐118). Sheffield: Sheffield Academic. Reed, J. T. (1997). A discourse analysis of Philippians: Method and rhetoric in the debate over literary integrity. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic. Stowers, S. (1986). Letter writing in Greco‐Roman antiquity. Philadelphia: Westminster. Westfall, C. L. (2006). A discourse analysis of the letter to the Hebrews: The relationship between form and meaning. London: T. & T. Clark. Bart Van der Leeuw1 and Theun Meestringa2 1,2 Netherlands institute for curriculum development (SLO) 1
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[email protected]Genres and consistency in the curriculum In secondary education, in a variety of subjects, students are confronted with texts of increasing com‐ plexity and abstraction. In oral and written tests they also have to demonstrate that they command the material at a satisfactory level. Research shows that some students have difficulty in reading the texts (Hacquebord et al, 2004), that structural characteristics influence their level of comprehension (Land et al, 2002) and that the learning of genre‐specific language features increases their writing skills (Hoogeveen , 2014). From analysis of a database containing some 2000 student texts in the subjects English, science and history, Christie & Derewianka (2008) illustrate how the writing skills of students from 4 to 18 evolve with the creation of more and more specific genre characteristics. The question now is whether it is possible in the Dutch situation to make a description of genre specif‐ ic characteristics in written and oral language used in different subjects in secondary education. This study concerns an analysis of more than forty texts from various courses in Dutch secondary educa‐ tion. The aim is to identify which genres are typical of secondary education in general, which genres are more applicable to specific individual subjects, and their language features. The underlying goal of this project is to equip teachers of specific subjects with the tools they need to improve the learning achievements of their students, as reflected by their oral and written texts. This research uses the genre classification from Martin & Rose (2008) and the following questions: What is the social purpose of the text? What stages are required to achieve this purpose? Which lan‐ guage resources are used to develop the subject content (field), the perspective of the author (tenor) and the cohesion in the text (mode)? The texts have been selected in dialogue with teachers and pedagogical experts from the relevant school subjects; they include both written texts from textbooks and from student’s work, as well as interactions between teachers and students. After a short course in functional grammar, experts in the subject matter have first analyzed a part of the texts, after which, in consultation with them, we optimized their analyses. Based on these research findings, descriptions were made together with the experts of how language works in about ten different subjects. The results of the completed genre analysis can be seen as a first step towards: raising awareness amongst subject teachers of the specific characteristics of their own tech‐ nical language and teaching them to work with the genre approach; depicting the horizontal and vertical coherence of texts used in Dutch secondary education. References: Christie, F. & Derewianka, B. (2008). School discourse: Learning to write across the years of schooling. London: Continuum. ISFC 2015 173 July 27‐31, 2015 Hacquebord, H., Linhorst, R., Stellingwerf, B. & De Zeeuw, M. (2004). Een onderzoek naar tekstbegrip en woord‐ kennis en naar de taalproblemen en taalbehoeften van brugklasleerlingen in het voortgezet onderwijs in het schooljaar 2002‐2003. Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Expertisecentrum taal, onderwijs en com‐ municatie. Hoogeveen, M. (2012). Writing with peer response using genre knowledge. A classroom intervention study. Enschede: Thesis University of Twente. Land, J., Sanders, T., Lentz, L., & Bergh, H. (2002). Coherentie en identificatie in studieboeken. een empirisch onderzoek naar tekstbegrip en tekstwaardering op het vmbo. In: Tijdschrift Voor Taalbeheersing, 24(4), 281‐ 302. Martin, J. & Rose, D. (2008). Genre relations; Mapping cultures. London: Continuum. Van der Leeuw, B. & Meestringa, T. (2014). Genres in schoolvakken; taalgerichte didactiek in het voortgezet onderwijs. Bussum: Coutinho. Margarita Vidal Lizama Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
[email protected]A “democratic” pedagogy: negotiating roles in the classroom discourse of popular education in Chile Popular education is a socially relevant educative practice in the Latin American context, targeting disadvantaged people of different kinds (Martin, I. 1999; Salazar 1987; Tiana Ferrer 2001). Its general goals are the promotion of organization and participation of popular classes in processes of social change aiming for a more egalitarian society (Bustos 1996; Kane 2001; Salazar 1987; Tiana Ferrer 2011). From a specific pedagogic perspective, popular education is also said to enact a “democratic” pedagogy where knowledge is jointly created by teacher and students (Kane 2001). This characteriza‐ tion is similar to that proposed for critical pedagogy in North America (Giroux 1998, 2004; Kincheloe 2008). Despite the importance that this feature appears to have for the definition of popular education, the question of what constitutes a “democratic” pedagogy remains. In other words, even though literature in both popular education and critical pedagogy consistently refer to this idea, there is no explicit de‐ scription of how would that pedagogy look and, most importantly, how should it be enacted in the classroom. Moreover, in the Chilean context, different authors have pointed to the lack of research and theorization in the pedagogic features of popular education (Amaro Toledo 1996; Cendales & Posada 1993; Martinic 1992, 1999). The aim of this paper is to examine what “democratic” means in the classroom discourse of popular education. This exploration is carried out through the analysis of the negotiation of roles of primary and secondary knower (K1 and K2, respectively) performed by teacher and student. The general theo‐ retical and analytical framework of this study is the pedagogic exchange (Rose & Martin 2012). The roles taken in this exchange are described as typically uneven, i.e. there is a hierarchical relation be‐ tween teacher and students (Bernstein 1990). From the perspective of tenor (Martin & Rose 2008), this hierarchical relation is understood as a differential in the reciprocity of choice (Poyton 1985) of both participants. The discourse semantic analysis of the interaction of teacher and student considers analytical tools from the systems of IDEATION, NEGOTIATION and APPRAISAL, particularly COMMIT‐ MENT (Martin 1992; Martin & White 2005). The analysis shows two main features of the classroom discourse of popular education. First, the ne‐ gotiation of roles appears to follow the expected K1 and K2 structure described for the pedagogic interaction, which problematizes the extent to which popular education can be understood as a “democratic” pedagogy in terms of the participative construction of knowledge in the classroom. However, a second aspect that emerges is the possibility of challenging the position of the teacher as K1 in the interaction. The analysis shows that there are instances in the classroom discourse where the student can position himself as K1, particularly through resources of COMMITMENT. This positioning is interpreted as enacting the supposed “democratic” nature of the pedagogy of popular education. ISFC 2015 174 July 27‐31, 2015 Nevertheless, the differential in the linguistic resources available to each participant continues to manifest hierarchical relation that they establish in the pedagogic exchange. The paper aims to contribute to the pedagogic theorization in SFL, via the examination of an educative practice different from formal, institutional schooling settings. In addition, this paper contributes to open up the question of what defines the pedagogy of popular education and other educative orienta‐ tions akin, making manifest the great explanatory power of SFL as a theory of language. References: Amaro Toledo, J. (1996). Pensar la educación popular, hoy. Última década, 4(Marzo). Bernstein, B. (1990). Class, codes and control (Vol. IV The Structuring of Pedagogic Discourse). London: Routledge. Bustos, L. (1996). Educación popular: lo que va de ayer a hoy. Última década, 4(Marzo). Cendales, L., & Posada, J. (1993). La Cuestión Pedagógica en la Educación Popular. La Piragua(7), 22‐23. Giroux, H. (1988). Teachers as intellectuals: towards a Critical Pedagogy of Learning. Granby, Mass: Bergin & Garvey. Giroux, H. (2004). Critical Pedagogy and the Postmodern/Modern Divide: Towards a Pedagogy of Democratiza‐ tion. Teacher Education Quarterly(Winter), 31‐47. Kane, L. (2001). Popular Education and Change in Latin America. Notthingham: Russell Press. Kincheloe, J. (2008). Knowledge and Critical Pedagogy. An introduction. Montreal: Springer. Martin, I. (1999). Introductory essay: popular education and social movements in Scotland today. In J. Crowther, I. Martin & M. Shaw (Eds.), Popular education and social movements in Scotland today. Leicester: NIACE. Martin, J.R. (1992). English Text. System and structure. Philadelphia/Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. Martin, J.R. (1993). Technicality and Abstraction: Language for the Creation of Specialized Texts. In M. A. K. Halli‐ day & J. R. Martin (Eds.), Writing Science: Literacy and Discursive Power. London: The Falmer Press. Martin, J.R., & Rose, D. (2008). Genre Relations. Mapping culture. London: Equinox. Martin, J.R., & White, P.R.R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation. New York: Palgrave. Poynton, C. (1985). Language and Gender: Making the difference. Geelong, Vic.: Deaking University Press. Martinic, S. (1992). La relación entre Lenguaje y Acción en los proyectos de Educación Popular. Problemas epis‐ temológicos en la sistematización. La Piragua(5), 19‐22. Martinic, S. (1999). El objeto de la sistematización y sus relaciones con la evaluación y la investigación. La Pira‐ gua(16), 44‐51. Rose, D., & Martin, J.R. (2012). Learning to Write, Reading to Learn. Genre, Knowledge and Pedagogy in the Syd‐ ney School. London: Equinox. Salazar, G. (1987). Los dilemas históricos de la auto‐educación popular en Chile. ¿Integración o autonomía rela‐ tiva? Proposiciones, 15, 84‐131. Tiana Ferrer, A. (2011). The concept of popular education revisited ‐ or what do we talk about when we speak of popular education. Paedagogica Historica, 47(1‐2), 15‐31. Siti Wachidah Universitas Negeri Jakarta
[email protected]A Genre‐Based Multiliteracies Pedagogy to Assist Learners to Adapt to the Continuously Changing De‐ mands of Communication Since 1980s, the genre‐based view of language has increasingly influenced literacy education in Eng‐ lish as the first, a second and even a foreign language. The concept of genre as “a staged, goal orient‐ ed social process” (Martin and Rose, 2008) is closely related to Vygotsky’s (1978, 1986) view of lan‐ guage, or to be more precise, ‘text’ (Halliday, 1985), as a primary tool by which human beings solve continually emerging problems they face throughout their lives in order to survive and develop. Based on the conception of genre, a text can be described as consisting of, on the one hand, the social func‐ tion and, on the other hand, the staging of meanings to perform the social function and the lexi‐ cogrammatical features to represent each meaning. As a tool for life, genres are sensitive to the the speakers’ or writers’ consideration about the contextual demands, hence their continuous process of ISFC 2015 175 July 27‐31, 2015 change and evolution. This has led to the proposal made by the New London Group for language edu‐ cators and learners to advocate what they refer to as multiliteracies, which is particularly relevant to the shift of ownership of English from previously belonging only to the ‘native’ speakers, to currently belonging to speakers of other languages in the five continents around the world. “English is ... break‐ ing into multiple and increasingly differentiated Englishes...” (Cope & Kalantzis, 2000: 6). However, despite the strong emphasis on the importance of context of culture and context of situation in pro‐ ducing and creating effective and relevant texts, the literacy pedagogy in many parts of the world is still adopting an authoritarian approach (Cope and Kalantzis, 2012: 5), imposing what are considered to be the ‘valued’ genres, instead of assisting language learners to make sense of the variation and differences and adapt to the contextually changing demands of communication. The purpose of this article is to propose a multiliteracies pedagogy based on a number of prominent psychological theo‐ ries, including Vygotsky’s view of tool‐mediated higher mental function and his concept of the Zone of Proximal Development, Bandura’s Observational Learning theory, and Bloom’s Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing. This is despite The New London Group’s own version of Multiliteracies peda‐ gogy, which consists of Situated Practice, Overt Instruction, Critical Framing, and Transformed Prac‐ tice. The proposed model of multiliteracies pedagogy integrates three ingredients of learner‐centered pedagogy—learner autonomy, collaborative learning, and professional guidance. The learning process is divided into three phases, (1) observing and questioning the Available Design, (2) experimenting with a New Design, and (3) associating with other Available Designs. Depending on the learners’ levels of English proficiency and cognitive development, the cognitive engagement for the learning process is classified into two, (1) those belonging to low order thinking, which consists of remembering, under‐ standing, and applying, and (2) those belonging to high order thinking, which consists of analyzing, evaluating, and creating. References: Anderson, L.W. & Krathwohl, D.R. (Eds.) (2001). A taxonomy for Learning, teaching, and assessing: Arevision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. Cope, B. & Kalantziz, M. (Eds.) (2000). Multiliteracies: literacy learning and the design of social futures. London: Routledge. Derewianka, B. (2003). Trends and issues in genre‐based approaches. RELC Journal 34(2), 133‐154. Gebhard, M. & Harman, T. (2011). Reconsidering genre theory in K‐12 schools: A response to school reforms in the United States. Journal; of Second Language Writing 20, 45‐55. Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). Part A. Dalam M.A.K. Halliday and R. Hasan. Language, context, and text: aspects of language in a social‐semiotic perspective. Geelong, Vic.: Deakin University. Halliday, M. A. K. dan Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar. Third Edition. London: Arnold. Hyland, K. (2007). Genre pedagogy: language, literacy and L2 writing instruction. Journal of Second Language Writing 16,148–164. At www.sciencedirect.com. Martin, J. R. (2009). Genre and language learning: A social semiotic perspective. Linguistics and Education 20(1), 10‐21. Martin, J. R. & Rose, D. (2008). Genre relations: Mapping culture. London: Equinox. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: the development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language. Cambridge: The MIT Press. ISFC 2015 176 July 27‐31, 2015 Pin Wang Shanghai Jiao Tong University
[email protected]A Comparative Study of Experiential Function Between Xuanzang’s Chinese Translation and Conze’s English Translation of Heart Sutra: Based on the Original Sanskrit Text The Prajñāpāramitā‐hṛdaya Sūtra, also known as Heart Sutra, is a very important document of Maha‐ yana Buddhist literature. It is amongst the most popular Buddhist scriptures due to its terseness and expressiveness. The Heart Sutra boasts many versions of Chinese translation, among which Xuanzang’s is the best received and disseminated; on the other hand, the English translation by Edward Conze is generally accepted as the standard. Based on the original Sanskrit text of the scripture, this paper is intended to observe on the characteristics of both translations from the perspective of the experien‐ tial function, and to conduct a comparative study between the two. This paper focuses primarily on the organization of transitivity system in the Chinese and English translations as well as the Sanskrit source text, so as to provide a tentative interpretation of the differences between the original and translated texts, and between the Chinese and English translations. Results show that the Chinese translation is committed to preaching Buddha’s doctrines, whereas the English focuses more on the literal rendering of the scripture. Xi Wang1 and Bing‐Jun Yang2 1 Southwest University, 2Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1
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[email protected]Translation from the Perspective of Individuation in Systemic Functional Linguistics: A Case Study of English Translation of Tao Te Ching Translation studies (TS) based on systemic functional linguistics (SFL) have developed dramatically since the recent thirty or forty years (Li, 2013). However, SFL approach to translation has long been focused on the parameters of translation equivalence and translation shift (Matthiessen, 2001: 78). As we know, the three complementary hierarchies of realization, instantiation and individuation pro‐ posed by Martin (2006, 2008, 2009, 2010) resonate with the three main focuses of language research, i.e., language system, language use and language user. In discussing translation issues in terms of SFL, realization theory is used mostly, while instantiation hierarchy is rarely employed, and the individua‐ tion one has not yet been applied to. Based on the hierarchy of individuation, which became popular just recently in SFL, a new approach to TS can be proposed. In this approach, translation activities can be regarded as a process of regressing to source language (SL) reservoir through de‐individuation of the source text (ST) via alignment with SL author, and then re‐individuate it into target text (TT) through allocation, aligning meanwhile with target language (TL) reader through affiliation. The di‐ mension of individuation in SFL provides a new and more comprehensive systemic functional ap‐ proach to TS from the perspective of language users, making a breakthrough from the long‐lasting model of translation equivalence and shift. In order to illustrate this, we also take the translation of Tao Te Ching as a case study in this research. Western translation theory has experienced a shift from TT‐oriented to translator‐oriented, and thus the application of the individuation theory in SFL to TS echoes and develops the translator‐oriented turn in TS. Individuation, in terms of translation, takes a stance of the translator, focusing on reper‐ toire. Translator’s individuation process involves de‐individuation and re‐individuation, experiencing three steps: i. The translator first align with the SL author to restore ST into SL reservoir through de‐ individuation; ii. Find the intersection of the translator’s SL and TL repertoire, and then re‐individuate it into TT; ISFC 2015 177 July 27‐31, 2015 iii. Meanwhile, align with the TL reader via affiliation, and engage the translator him/herself into the TL culture. We also analyzed the corpus of Tao Te Ching (TTC) established by the present authors to verify the model of individuation translation. We selected English renditions of the TTC from more than 90 Eng‐ lish e‐versions at hand according to factors like the publication time (consider the three climax of the TTC translation in history), the gender of the translator (male, female or cooperation of the two), the nationality of the translator (Chinese, ethnic Chinese or Foreign nationality), and the authority of the version, to first describe the translation process of each translator according to our established indi‐ viduation model, and then do a comparative analysis of each version according to factors of individual‐ ity, such as gender, nationality, ideology, identity, types of reading/TT (either compliant, resistant or tactical), and the macro and micro translation structure. Such detailed analysis has proved the strong explanatory power of the individuation model, which can solve problems of why so many renderings of this ancient Chinese classic (TTC) exist and how the individuality of each version can be analyzed through aspects mentioned above. Masamichi Washitake Aichi Gakuin University
[email protected]Determining Relative Status between Language and Visual Components in Multimodal Text In the discussions of multimodality, relations between (natural) language and visual components have been explored by Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and SFL‐informed multimodal researches (e.g. Martin and Rose, 2007, 2008; Martinec and Salway, 2005; Painter et al., 2013). These researches illus‐ trate the relative status and logico‐semantic relations between language and visual components. For example, Martinec and Salway (2005) asserts that the status between them is either equal or unequal, and that if unequal, either language or visual element is dominant. However, it seems that the clear criteria have not been established as to their relative status. In the same way, the problem of which element expands the other has not clarified. This paper is an attempt to set criteria for determining the relative status between language and visual components. It explores how much experiential meaning is committed in language and visual compo‐ nents following O’Halloran’s (1999, 2003) semiotic metaphor, Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) visual processes, and Halliday and Matthiessen’s (2014) process types. O’Halloran (1999: 348) defines semiotic metaphor as ‘metaphorical expression across semiotic codes […], where potential exists for more dramatic forms of semantic shift than those which occur solely within the one semiotic such as language’. It also introduces two types of semiotic metaphor: parallel semiotic metaphor, which ‘refers to the situation where an overlay in meaning occurs in the more restricted sense of what we understand metaphorical representation to be’ (O’Halloran, 1999: 348); and divergent semiotic metaphor, which ‘refers to the situation where the meaning arising from the reconstrual of elements in a second semiotic are more far‐reaching than those which occur with paral‐ lel semiotic metaphor’ (O’Halloran, 1999: 348). This distinction implies that the relative status of lan‐ guage and visual components depends on how much experiential meaning is included in each compo‐ nent. In order to evaluate this suggestion, this paper examines how language and visual representations are construed by parallels with experiential meaning – specifically process types. Extracts from a biology textbook are used as sample texts because of their intimate verbal‐visual relations (Guo, 2004). As Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) provides exhaustive descriptions of process types of visual images and parts of them correspond to those of language (English), the amount of experiential meaning in both components can be compared by analyzing Process, Participant and Circumstance. If the same experi‐ ential elements are construed in both components, and thus parallel semiotic metaphor is predomi‐ nant, it is highly possible that their status are equal; while different elements emerge in one element ISFC 2015 178 July 27‐31, 2015 and divergent semiotic metaphors can emerge/ happen, it is highly possible that their status is not equal and the one including fewer experiential elements tends to be dependent on the other. This paper concludes that the analysis of semiotic metaphor and experiential analysis serve as criteria to determine the relative status between language and visual components. With respect to logic‐ semantic relations, the element that includes fewer experiential elements is expanded by the other. References: Guo, L. (2004) Multimodality in a biology textbook. In K. L. O’Halloran (ed.), Multimodal Discourse Analysis: Sys‐ temic Functional Perspectives 196‐219. London and New York: Continuum. Halliday, M.A.K and Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. (2014) Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar (Fourth ed.). London and New York: Routledge. Kress, G. and van Leuween, T. (2006) Reading Images: The grammar of visual design (Second ed.). London: Loutledge. Martin, J.R. and Rose, D. (2007) Working with Discourse (Second ed.) London and New York: Continuum. Martin, J.R. and Rose, D. (2008) Genre Relations: Mapping culture. London: Equinox. Martinec, R. and Salway, A. (2005) A system for image–text relations in new (and old) media. Visual Communica‐ tion 4 (3) 337‐371. O’Halloran, K. (1999) Interdependence, Interaction and Metaphor in Multisemiotic Texts. Social Semiotics 9 (3) 317‐354. O’Halloran, K. (2003) Intersemiosis in mathematics and science: Grammatical metaphor and semiotic metaphor. In Vandenbergen, A.M. and Taverniers, M. and Ravelli, L. (eds), Grammatical metaphor: views from systemic functional linguistics 337‐366. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Painter, C., Martin, J.R., and Unsworth, L. (2013) Reading Visual Narratives: Image analysis of children’s picture books. Sheffield and Bristol, CT: Equinox. He Wei1 and Gao Shengwen2 1,2 University of Science and Technology Beijing 1
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[email protected]‘Subject‐predicate predicate sentences’ in modern mandarin Chinese: a Cardiff Grammar approach Up to now, there are few studies of ‘subject‐predicate predicate sentences’ in modern mandarin Chi‐ nese carried out from the three angles of context, semantics and syntax at the same time, which gives rise to many controversies. This study investigates ‘S‐P P sentences’ in modern mandarin Chinese from the perspective of the Cardiff Grammar (CG, hereafter) developed by Robin P. Fawcett (1980, 2000, 2008, etc.) out of Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG, hereafter) initiated by Michael A. K. Halliday (1961, 1985, 1994, etc.). Through a full functional analysis, it aims to answer three specific questions: i. What is/are the functional syntactic structure(s) of the ‘sentences’ in question? ii. What is/are the semantic motivations of the structure(s)? And iii. what are the contextual constraints of the struc‐ ture(s)? The research of the three questions contributes to the revelation of the essence of the lin‐ guistic phenomena highlighted in this paper: there are not so many types of ‘S‐P P sentences’ in Chi‐ nese as listed in much of the literature mentioned in this study; and those that are not are variations of the ‘sentence’ types involving just one ‘predicate’ on account of the development of the text con‐ taining such a ‘sentence’ in question, which means that different types of ‘sentences’ serve different functions in their own context. In other words, this paper is going to carry out a comprehensive study of ‘S‐P P sentences’ by matching semantic features to syntactic elements and by taking contextual factors (i.e. pragmatic factors in much of the Chinese literature) into consideration. Section 2 makes a sketch of previous studies of ‘S‐P P sentences’, where the generally‐acknowledged seven types are presented, and where the main disputed classifying criteria are uncovered. Section 3 specifies three basic linguistic description principles established in CG, and elaborates on the three notions of ‘topic’, Theme and Subject. Observing the three principles, and sticking to the definitions of Theme and Subject presented in section 3, section 4 is focused on the functional analysis of the lin‐ guistic phenomena under discussion, matching the recognized semantic functions to their correspond‐ ISFC 2015 179 July 27‐31, 2015 ing syntactic elements, and accounting for the variations of some basic ‘sentence’ types. Section 5 summarizes the findings of the study. Peter Wenzel RWTH Aachen University
[email protected]‐aachen.de Openings in Fiction: A Hallidayan Approach Comparatively little systematic research has been done so far in openings in fiction, although begin‐ nings of narratives are very important for steering the reader’s perception and interpretation. The purpose of this paper is to provide a fresh view on this field by approaching it from a systemic func‐ tional perspective. The paper proceeds on the assumption that narrative beginnings are systemic because they force their writers to choose from a huge network of alternative opening strategies. Thus, writers must ei‐ ther present the necessary expository information in a concentrated, continuous initial block or scat‐ ter it in smaller units over several pages. They must tell history either ab ovo or make it start in medias res. In addition to that, they must keep in mind that narrative openings have to fulfil three general functions – that of enacting a bond between narrator and reader (= the social function or the “narra‐ tion‐frame”), that of conveying meanings about an outer and/or inner world (= the experience‐ conveying function or the “story‐frame”) and that of suggesting an intended interpretation (= the tex‐ tual function or the “theme‐frame”). While with respect to the general choices, the traditional type of exposition (typical of narratives of earlier centuries) tends to be continuous, told with unambiguous references en bloc and ab ovo, usual‐ ly in the narrative modes of comment, report or description, modern expositions tend to delay and distribute their expository information, often starting in medias res in the narrative mode of speech, sometimes with referentless pronouns so that the opening displays intended “expositional gaps” which serve to make their readers guess and grope for possible meanings. The discrepancy between the traditional and the modern way of providing expository information makes it clear that narrative openings leave room for many different choices. Still it can be claimed that these have always to do with the three above‐mentioned general functions, the filling of the nar‐ ration‐frame, the story‐frame and the theme‐frame of a work of fiction. The narration‐frame (Who speaks? Who is the intended addressee? What kind of story is it and in what way will it be told?) is, however, only discussed explicitly at the beginning of a story when its situational context is not yet sufficiently clear (as sometimes in oral story‐telling) or what the reliability of a story is questionable. In traditional narrations, the story‐frame (Who does what? When? Where? Why?) will soon be filled in a systematic, consecutive manner, often in combination with a ‘zooming in’‐technique that leads from an initial panoramic perspective to the close description of one of the story’s important characters or objects. Modern narrations, in contrast to that, tend to keep many slots of the initial story‐frame open, delaying or refusing to provide the expected information. What is most important in fiction is the initial filling or leaving open of the theme‐frame – a level of symbolic meaning organization which – as Ruquaia Hasan has claimed – is structured with the help of patterns of repetition and other strategies of foregrounding. ISFC 2015 180 July 27‐31, 2015 Rachel Whittaker Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
[email protected]Extending subject boundaries: Reading to Learn in CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) and Foreign Language classrooms This paper reports on the implementation of the Reading to Learn literacy program (Rose, 2014, Rose and Martin 2012) in Spain in the framework of the professional development project Teacher Learning for European Literacy Education (TeL4ELE) (Coffin, Acevedo and Lövstedt 2013) funded by the Euro‐ pean Union 2011‐2013 (tel4ele.eu), which included data collection on teacher and student learning, with pre‐ and post‐ intervention analysed writing samples and pre‐ and post‐ reading comprehension tests. Four languages were used in this part of the project: Spanish and Basque as L1 or L2, and English and French as FL or the language of curricula content (in "bilingual" or CLIL ‐Content and Language Integrated Learning‐ classes). Participants worked in subjects across the curriculum at late primary and early secondary levels in state schools. After presenting the educational context, the principles of the SFL‐based programme for reading and writing across the curriculum, and some results of the external evaluation of the project (both quanti‐ tative and qualitative), the paper focuses on the way R2L pedagogy was adapted to the curriculum, a main aim of the project, and how it opened up possibilities for participating teachers, leading them to select and exploit different genres for their classes. Examples are shown of application of the peda‐ gogy: teachers' analyses of texts and preparation for interaction around the text following the R2L model, and of the written texts produced individually by students at the end of the sequence. The paper discusses teachers' perceptions of the implications of using a genre‐based approach to text discovered as they worked together on subject texts, and student production in different areas, in‐ cluding teacher feedback on student writing based on their newly‐acquired knowledge of the genres and registers of their areas. References: Coffin, C. Acevedo, C., & Lövstedt A‐C. 2013. Teacher Learning for European Literacy Education (TeL4ELE) Final Report, Public Part, http://tel4ele.eu/ Rose, D 2014. Reading to Learn: Accelerating learning and closing the gap, Sydney: Reading to Learn http://www.readingtolearn.com.au Rose, D. & Martin J.R. 2012. Learning to Write, Reading to Learn: Genre, knowledge and pedagogy in the Sydney School. London: Equinox Rachel Whittaker1 and Anne Mccabe2 1 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 2Saint Louis University – Madrid Campus 1
[email protected],
[email protected]Grammatical metaphor, history, writing, development, secondary, Content‐and‐Language‐Integrated‐ Learning (CLIL) This paper presents a longitudinal study of written production by sixteen students learning history through English in a Madrid state school, based on a sub‐set of data from the UAM‐CLIL corpus (Llina‐ res, Morton & Whittaker, 2012). The now 10‐year‐long project aimed to discover the language use and needs of students studying a content subject through a foreign language, by recording class ses‐ sions and collecting unaided in‐class written work on the same topic. The spoken and written corpus built over the four years of obligatory secondary education has been analyzed for different features of student and teacher language using the SF model, with the purpose of informing support for subject teachers, especially necessary in European CLIL contexts in which non‐native teachers have taken the step of using a foreign language as vehicle in their classrooms. ISFC 2015 181 July 27‐31, 2015 Previous studies of the written texts in the project have shown the influence of genre/task on features of the students' production, as well as differences between higher and lower rated texts and between earlier and later years. An especially interesting area, as documented by many SF studies is that of the nominal group in academic texts (Halliday, 1987; 1996, etc.), and its role in history texts (Christie and Deriwianka 2008, Coffin 2006, etc..). Our project has found significant differences between earlier and later texts in the structure of the nominal group, and the students’ ability to use this resource in creat‐ ing ideational, interpersonal and textual meanings. In this study we take a different perspective on the nominal group, that of the incorporation of grammatical metaphor to build the meanings of subject history. This has been found to be an important feature of both history textbooks and higher‐level student texts. In history, concrete happenings and events are packaged into abstract entities, so that information can flow as arguments are developed. In writing about school history, over the years stu‐ dents incorporate more nominalization and generalization/ abstraction through more complex nomi‐ nal groups (Coffin 2006). Thus, the CLIL history data was analysed for use of grammatical metaphor and expression of abstraction through the nominal group. The subset of the corpus 64 texts (16 students over 4 years ) with a total of 12,500 words was coded using an adaption of the scheme for grammatical metaphor from Ryshina‐Pankova and Byrnes 2013 based on Ravelli 2003, Deriwianka 2003, in O’Donnell’s UAM CorpusTool. Just under 1,500 instances of grammatical metaphor were identified. Grouping the texts by cycle (first/second year compared to third/fourth year), we found a significantly higher number of nominalizations and abstractions in the second cycle of secondary school, despite the demands of the writing prompts. We also found a signif‐ icant increase in the use of abstract nouns to encode evaluative meanings from the system of AP‐ PRAISAL (Martin & White 2005) and of expressions of temporal and spatial location. We reflect on the findings in relation to the development of advanced literacy (Ortega & Byrnes 2008) and an integrated focus on meaning‐making. References: Christie, Frances & Derewianka, Beverly. 2008. School Discourse: Learning to Write across the Years of Schooling. London: Continuum. Coffin, Caroline. 2006. Historical Discourse: The Language of Time, Cause and Evaluation. London: Continuum. Halliday, M.A.K. (1996) Literacy and linguistics: A functional perspective. In R. Hasan, and G. Williams (eds) Liter‐ acy in Society. London: Longman, 339–371. Halliday, M. A. K. (1987) Spoken and written modes of meaning. In R. Horowitz and S. Samuels (eds), Compre‐ hending Oral and Written Language. London: Academic Press, 55– 82. Llinares, Ana, Morton, Tom & Whittaker, Rachel. 2012. The Roles of Language in CLIL. Cambridge: CUP. Ortega, Lourdes & Byrnes, Heidi, eds. 2008. The Longitudinal Study of Advanced L2 Capacities. New York: Routledge. Ryshina‐Pankova, M. & H. Byrnes 2013. Writing as learning to know: tracing knowledge construction in German compositions. Journal of Second Language Writing 22. 179‐197. Jamie Williams University of Nottingham
[email protected]The Differing Meanings of 'Abstraction' in Systemic Functional Linguistics The term abstraction is an important one when considering the various dimensions which make up the Systemic Functional Linguistic (SFL) theoretical architecture. The dimensions of realization, instantia‐ tion and delicacy have all been linked to types of ‘abstraction’ relevant to the theoretical study of lan‐ guage from a functional perspective (c.f. Halliday, 1961; Halliday, 1981/2005; Matthiessen, 2012). Although it is clear that these dimensions are orthogonal to one another, it is less clear precisely what is meant by the term in each case. Abstraction is also a crucial theoretical notion in science more generally, and as such has generated much discussion in the philosophy of science. The consensus is that although an intuitive idea of the ISFC 2015 182 July 27‐31, 2015 term is readily available, there is far less agreement on its precise characterization (Godfrey‐Smith, 2009). For instance, Saitta and Zucker (2013) in a discussion of abstraction in a variety of scientific fields highlight five possible meanings, indicating that the same word is used to describe a variety of different processes. The aim of this presentation, therefore, is to draw upon the discussion of abstraction from the philos‐ ophy of science to present a clearer understanding of how the process is linked to the theoretical di‐ mensions highlighted above. To this end, four features of abstraction will be discussed: (1) abstraction as ‘mere omission’, (2) abstraction as generalization, (3) abstraction as decontextualization, and (4) Floridi’s Method of Levels of Abstraction, and the distinction between discrete and nested sets of ab‐ stractions (Floridi 2008). The first describes abstraction as an omission of truth, in contrast to idealization as the proposal of a falsehood, or an intentional misrepresentation of a phenomenon. The second relates abstraction to the identification of similarities between observed objects. The third considers abstraction to involve removing phenomena from their immediate contextual setting. Finally, on Floridi’s model, a level of abstraction is defined as a set of observables: quantitative and qualitative measurements one can make when studying a particular system. Different sets of observables relate to different “perspec‐ tives” a researcher can take when studying complex systems. Different hierarchies of abstraction can then be identified by considering the formal and conceptual relations between these different per‐ spectives. Nested hierarchies exist where levels are “contained” within each other, with each level given an incrementally more detailed description of the system, whereas disjoint hierarchies consists of unrelated levels of abstraction. By considering the points above, this presentation aims to present a typology of abstraction processes as they relate to the hierarchy of stratification, and the clines of instantiation and delicacy. It will be argued that although the same term is used, the meaning of abstraction differs in each case. It is hoped that the work presented here can lead to a more precise understanding of theoretical terms in SFL, as well as making links between functional linguistics, philosophy and the wider scientific context. References: Floridi, Luciano. 2008. ‘The Method of Levels of Abstraction.’ Minds and Machines, 18, pp. 303‐329 Godfrey‐Smith, Peter. 2009. ‘Abstractions, Idealizations and Evolutionary Biology.’ In: A. Baraberousse, M. Morange and T. Pradeu (eds.), Mapping the Future of Biology: Evolving Concepts and Theories. Dordecht: Springer Publishing, pp. 46‐56. Halliday, M.A.K. 1961. ‘Categories of the Theory of Grammar.’ Word, 17(3), pp. 241‐292. Halliday, M.A.K. 1981/2005. ‘Text Semantics and Clause Grammar: how is a text like a clause?’ Reprinted in: Jonathan J. Webster (ed.), The Collected Works of M.A.K. Halliday, Vol 1: On Grammar. London, Continuum, pp. 219‐261. Matthiessen, Christian M.I.M. 2012. ‘Systemic Functional Linguistics as applicable linguistics: social accountability and critical approaches. DELTA [online], 28, pp. 435‐471. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext%pid=S0102‐44502012000300002&lng=en&nrm=iso. ISSN 0102‐4450. Accessed: 24/09/14 Saitta, Lorenze and Jean‐Daniel Zucker. 2013. Abstraction in Artificial Intelligence and Complex Systems. New York: Springer Zhao Xia Jiangsu University of Science and Technology
[email protected]Wittgenstein’s Philosophy of Language and Halliday’s Theory of Meaning Wittgenstein and Halliday are the leading figures of contemporary philosophy of language and system‐ ic functional linguistics, respectively. The present paper aims at comparing the two different schools of theories and trying to find the similarities between them. The study shows that Wittgenstein’s ideas of logic picture, meaning as use, language‐game and the ineffability of meaning are similar to Halliday’s ISFC 2015 183 July 27‐31, 2015 concepts of meaning base, the applicability of meaning, register, and the ineffability of grammatical categories. Additionally, it reveals Halliday’s thought of philosophy of language. References: [1] Halliday,M.A.K. The Context of Linguistics[A]1975. Jonathan J.Webster (ed.).Collected Works of M.A.K.Halliday.Vol.3: On Language and Linguistic[C]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2007:74‐91. [2] Halliday, M.A.K. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning [M]. Lon‐ don: Edward Arnold. 1978 [3] Halliday,M.A.K.On the Ineffability of Grammatical Categories[A],1984. Jonathan J. Webster (ed.) Collected Works of M.A.K. Halliday Vol. 1: On Grammar [C] .Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2007:291‐322. [4]Halliday,M.A.K. Systemic Background[A].1985.JonathanJ.Webster (ed.).Collected Works of M.A.K.Halliday.Vol.3: On Language and Linguistics[C]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2007:185‐198. [5] Halliday, M.A.K. How do You Mean [A] 1992.Jonathan J. Webster (ed.) Collected Works of M.A.K. Halliday.Vol. 1: On Grammar[C]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2007, 352‐368. [6] Halliday, M.A.K. Working with Meaning: Towards an Applicable Linguistics[A]. Jonathan J .Webster (ed.): Meaning in Context[C].London: Continuum. 2008.7‐23. [7] Halliday, M.A.K. & C. Matthiessen. Construing Experience through Meaning: A Language‐based Approach to Cognition [M]. London & New York: Continuum, 1999. [8] Wittgenstein L., Philosophical Investigations [M] 1953. Translated by G. E. M. Aboscombe , Oxford: Basil Blackwell,1986 [9] Wittgenstein L., Tractatus Logico‐Philosophicus [M] 1922.Translated by C. K Ogden,New York, Barnes & Noble Publishing, Inc. 2003. Winfred Wenhui Xuan The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
[email protected]Bilingual Writing Development: Functional Text Analysis Perspective ‐‐‐‐‐A Case Study Employing the theoretical frameworks of text typology (Matthiessen, 2013; Matthiessen, Teruya, & Lam, 2010) and transitivity from systemic functional linguistics (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004, 2013), this longitudinal study seeks to investigate an Australian primary four bilingual girl’s bilingual writing development of English and Chinese in Hong Kong context. The study aims to explore the participant’s English (L1) and Chinese (L2) bilingual writing development from the perspective of functional text analysis, consisting of text types analysis and lexicogrammatical analysis. Specifically, the context‐ based text typology framework, encompassing eight socio semiotic processes, provided the basis for arriving at a text type identification for both English and Chinese. It yielded a comprehensive view of text type distribution along the year‐long developmental trajectory. Beyond that, the transitivity anal‐ ysis provided more details on how the participant used different lexicogrammatical resources in two languages to construe both her L1 and L2 experiential meanings. Multiple sources of data were uti‐ lized, including the participant’s writing portfolios both in English and Chinese in grade 4 from her school learning, weekly tutorial section field notes, interviews with the participant and her mother and email exchange with the participant’s mum on her biliteracy background. The findings show that un‐ paralleled bilingual writing development is found in the participant’s English (L1) and Chinese (L2) writ‐ ing development. L1 English is much more advanced, diversified in terms of text types and lexi‐ cogrammatical resources. Additionally, the learning of Chinese as a second language doesn’t hinder the participant’s English development. Even though the participant is living in a Cantonese‐speaking society, no mother language loss is found in her mother language English. ISFC 2015 184 July 27‐31, 2015 Yanning Yang East China Normal University
[email protected]A Corpus‐based Study of Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphor in Spoken Chinese Grammatical Metaphor (GM) is a phenomenon automatically arising from the interaction between meaning and wording in a language. There are two types of GM occurring respectively in the expres‐ sions of ideational meaning and interpersonal meaning. Ideational GM is mainly deployed in prototyp‐ ical written texts – like scientific, administrative and legal texts, while interpersonal GM is frequently observed in spoken discourses – like casual conversations and service encounters. Within the field of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), many studies of GM have been carried out in the past three dec‐ ades (e.g. Halliday, 1994; Halliday and Matthiessen, 1999; Ravelli, 1985). While these studies provide a wealth of information about different aspects of GM, they have been limited in two aspects. Firstly, these studies investigate the features of GM with the focus on the most thoroughly investigated lan‐ guage of English. There has been relatively less research describing in depth the phenomenon of GM in other languages. Secondly, these studies have not sought to explore systemically the use of inter‐ personal GM. In other words, previous GM research is confined to the analysis of GM in written texts. Despite its greater potential of remapping meaning and wording, spoken discourses have not received as much attention from previous GM studies as written texts. This study fills these gaps by undertaking a comprehensive study of interpersonal GM in spoken Chinese. The study first presents a framework for the identification and categorization of interpersonal GM in Chinese. Based on the framework, the article ascertains how different types of interpersonal GM are distributed in spoken Chinese, revealing the deployment of grammatical resources in the interaction between meaning and wording. The distribution is obtained by analyzing a spoken Chinese corpus composed of various types of dialogues. The realization of semantic meaning in a language must be investigated by considering its social context. This article thus explores the relationship between in‐ terpersonal GM in spoken Chinese and its immediate context of situation (register), demonstrating how the GM deployment in spoken Chinese is affected by the topic of conversation and the social status between speaker and addressee. The exploration of interpersonal GM in spoken Chinese faces two major difficulties. Firstly, there has been very little research on interpersonal GM both theoretically and empirically. This gives rise to the difficulty of discussing the phenomenon on the basis of a less rigid theoretical framework. This study thus develops a framework for the identification and categorization of interpersonal GM in spoken Chinese by examining the semantic and lexicogrammatical systems in the language. Secondly, a re‐ search on interpersonal GM must be carried out by analyzing a corpus of spoken language, which is difficult to collect, transcribe and code. A reliable and manageable corpus of spoken Chinese is thus needed to enable the detailed analysis. This study investigates the profile of GM deployment with Broadcast Media Spoken Chinese Corpus (BMSCC) developed in mainland China. BMSCC is a corpus of spoken Mandarin Chinese consisting of monologues and dialogues recorded from selected television programs broadcasted in mainland China from 2008 to 2010. The corpus comprises about 100 million Chinese characters in 15871 program episodes. The discourses in the corpus can be divided into smaller corpora according to their media form, source channels, communicative mode, discussion topic and even program host. The content of the corpus covers both read speech and spontaneous dialogues and multipart discussions. The discussion topics involved in the corpus includes news, arts, economy and society. In summary, the sub‐corpora of BMSCC cover the major varieties of modern spoken Chinese. Such a design of corpus building allows insights to be developed concerning distinc‐ tions between different registers of spoken Chinese with regards to the use of interpersonal GM. It is noted that certain types of metaphorical expressions are not appropriate for automatic corpus search. This study thus needs a corpus which is smaller and more manageable for a manual analysis which takes the context of relevant expressions into consideration. There are two methods to realize this aim: 1) using the small corpus developed for pilot study and 2) selecting discourses from the large corpus. This research adopts the second method in order to integrate the results of analyzing small ISFC 2015 185 July 27‐31, 2015 and large corpora. According to the register theory of Halliday (1978), there are two considerations that should be borne in mind for the assembly of small corpus from the large one: the topic of dia‐ logue and the relationship between speaker and addressee. This research first uses the relationship between speaker and addressee as a parameter to sample speeches from BMSCC. It is found that in some episodes speakers are equal and in other units they are unequal in social relations. Both dis‐ courses with equal and unequal social relations are selected from the large corpus. In addition, the small corpus covers the full range of discussion topics found in BMSCC, i.e., news, arts, economy and society. The small corpus consists of 40 discourses, 20 involving equal relationship between partici‐ pants and 20 unequal. On the other hand, 10 discourses are collected from each area of discussion. To sum up, the exploration of interpersonal GM deployment in spoken Chinese is based on the analysis of a large corpus with 4182 discourses and a small one containing 40 transcripts of speech. The analysis of large and small corpus shows that interpersonal GM in spoken Chinese has a greater reliance on certain types of metaphorical expressions. In general, metaphor of modality is the major part of interpersonal GM in spoken Chinese. To be more specific, GM instances realized by speech‐ functional formulae, projecting clauses and interrogatives are used more frequently in the language. The metaphorical expressions with the meaning of probability and lower value of modality are highly preferred by Chinese speakers. In order to reveal the relationship between social factors and the meaning creation in spoken Chinese, this study also investigates the use of interpersonal GM in differ‐ ent registers. The investigation focuses on the correlation between the deployment of GM instances and the register variables of Field and Tenor. It is found that the use of interpersonal GM in spoken Chinese is affected by the conversation topic and the social status between speaker and hearer. In particular, the use of metaphor of modality is sensitive to the change of conversation topics which require different degrees of professional knowledge. The deployment of metaphor of mood reflects the variation of social status between speaker and hearer. References: Halliday, M.A.K., 1978. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. Edward Arnold, London. Halliday, M.A.K., 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Edward Arnold, London. Halliday, M.A.K., Matthiessen, C.M.I.M., 1999. Construing Experience through Meaning: A Language‐based Ap‐ proach to Cognition. Cassell, London. Ravelli, L., 1985. Metaphor, Mode and Complexity: An Exploration of Co‐varying Patterns. BA Dissertation, Uni‐ versity of Sydney. Maria Lilian Yared1 and Josenia Vieira2 1,2 Universidade de Brasília 1
[email protected], 2josenia.unb.gmail.com The Relation between the Verbal Language and the Images in a Brazilian Government Advertisement This paper aims to describe and analyze an advertisement (video format) of the Brazilian Government. The main theoretical contributions for our research came from: 1) Systemic Functional Linguistics, created by Halliday; 2) Critical Discourse Analysis, developed by Fairclough (2003); 3) Transcription and multimodal textual analysis proposed by Baldry and Thibault, and 4) Social‐Semiotic Theory of Multi‐ modality, created by Gunther Kress. We will look for some convergences of these theoretical appa‐ ratus with the objective of critically analyzing a governmental advertisement. For us, the Systemic Functional theory and the multimodality answer the question of how the linguistic and semiotics re‐ sources are displayed the way they are – and the Critical Discourse Analysis answer the question of why these semiotic resources are used in this video. Our data are made of a video from the Brazilian Government, which has thirty seconds. The video was acquired from the Propaganda Files, a private institution in Brazil. We made the analysis by using the matrix of transcription proposed by Baldry and Thibault. The matrix has thirty frames, one frame per ISFC 2015 186 July 27‐31, 2015 second. The frames were captured by the software named Capturex. The matrix has six columns and thirty lines. The columns were named as follows: time, visual frame, visual image, text in speech mode and kinesic action. The matrix of description includes texts in speech mode, since we seek for a more accurate description of the relation between verbal language (the utterances of the narrator / partici‐ pant and the utterances of the other participants) and the images in the video analyzed. The relation between image and verbal language in this video is very complex and we argue that the visual image in this case plays the role of a reverse cutline of the verbal language, because the visual image explains, emphasizes and drives the meaning of the verbal text. Usually, a cutline of a photo helps and drives the comprehension of the reader. But in this video, the visual image determines the meaning of the verbal language and leads the viewer to a predetermined world vision. In the video, the visual image expands the meaning of the verbal texts because an image can realize simultaneously many processes (verbal, mental and relational, for example). Processes are categories of human social communication and can be realized by semiotic systems other than the verbal language. We consider the text in speech mode of the narrator‐participant as the verbiage of the Government, despite of not being explicit. The verbiage of the narrator‐participant represents the verbiage of the other participants – this implies a representation of the representation of the representation. This kind of “onions skins” has a role of deleting the author of the propaganda. It’s possible to conclude that the presence of the narrator/participant allows the construction of a common sense of goodness and the erasing of the ideological author of the film, which is the political party of the government. It’s also plausible to say that the images in this video is responsible for de‐ termine the meaning of the verbal text. References: FAIRCLOUGH, N. (2003) Analysing discourse. Textual analysis for social research. London: Routledge. HALLIDAY, M.A.K. (2004) An Introduction to functional grammar. London: Hodder Education. KRESS, G. Multimodality. (2010) A social semiotic approach to contemporary communication. London: Routledge. THIBAULT, P. J. e BALDRY, A. (2010) Multimodal transcription and text analysis – A multimedia toolkit and coursebook. London: Equinox. Hui Yu Beijing Normal University
[email protected]A Systemic Functional Approach to the Recontextualization of Physics Knowledge Over the last fifty years, Bernsteinian sociology and systemic functional linguistics have engaged in fruitful dialogue. This paper attempts to construe Bernstein’s conceptualization of knowledge from a systemic functional perspective. We start by reviewing the dialogue between the two disciplines, fol‐ lowed by a sketch of Bernstein’s discussion of knowledge. According to Martin (2007), knowledge is realized, constructed and reconstructed through ideational meaning and the register variable field provides a social semiotic perspective on the study of knowledge structure. Based on Martin’s discus‐ sion of field and ideation, we propose to explore knowledge structures from the perspectives of tax‐ onomy, grammatical metaphor and activity sequence relations. The focus of this study is to analyze how physics knowledge is construed across different contexts from a systemic functional perspective. Knowledge transmitted in different contexts is recontextualized to accommodate with the immediate contexts. The contexts to be explored include textbooks, classroom discourses, popular science and documen‐ tary on physics.The textbook selected is An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics (Second Edition) which is the classical textbook used for the course of “Astrophysics I” in Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is written by Bradley Carroll and Dale Ostlie, distinguished professors in Weber State University. Classroom discourses are the open course of Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics ISFC 2015 187 July 27‐31, 2015 from Yale University and Exploring Black Holes from MIT. Professors who give lectures have concen‐ trated on astrophysics for many years. The book chosen for popular science is The Grand Design, writ‐ ten by Stephen Hawking who is the famous theoretical physicist around the whole world. His science works are influential in physics and cosmology. All the documentaries are produced by Discovery Channel, including Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking, Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman and How the Universe Works. It is found that textbooks, classroom discourses, popular science and documentary vary in construing physics knowledge. Textbooks, for instance, feature comprehensive, and precise taxonomic relations, abundant use of grammatical metaphors and implication sequences. Knowledge in classroom dis‐ course, popular science and documentary, on the other hand, is presented in a form which is interme‐ diate between hierarchical and horizontal knowledge structure. Our conclusion is that choices of dif‐ ferent forms of knowledge are closely related to the demands of participants in acquiring knowledge. How knowledge is construed depends a lot on specific contexts. Studies on how knowledge is recontextualized to better suit the context enable people to get a better understandings of how knowledgeis constructed in different contexts,which, hopefully, can provide useful implications for teachers on how to build knowledge in different educational contexts. Jojo Yung Wan Shan University of Hong Kong
[email protected]The effectiveness of reading to learn methodology to improve writing skills of non‐Chinese speaking secondary school students in Hong Kong Nowadays in Hong Kong, many educational institutions and scholars were deeply concerned about Non‐Chinese speaking (NCS) students’ learning of Chinese. Although a lot of effort has been put in research, results of these studies have not been able to identify effective methodologies in Teaching Chinese as a Second Language in the field of reading and writing. Hence, this study attempted to fill this research gap and to adopt “Reading to Learn” (R2L) methodology in Chinese classes for NCS stu‐ dents from secondary schools in Hong Kong. R2L was a set of strategies that enabled teachers to sup‐ port all the students in their classes to read and write at the levels they needed to succeed. This methodology has been wildly used in different countries to improve the literacy skills of second lan‐ guage learners. In Hong Kong, R2L was firstly introduced by Dr. David Rose in 2012, so this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of R2L methodology in enhancing Chinese writing skills of all levels of NCS students in a class, and in improving teaching skills of Chinese teachers in their classes. This study involved two types of NCS students from two secondary schools, including secondary one students who were beginners in learning Chinese, secondary three students who were sitting for GCSE and/or GCEAS Chinese examination. Each type of students involved two different groups, one was Experimental group, the other one was Control group. This study also focused on analyzing how Chi‐ nese teachers adopted R2L methodology to teach NCS secondary school students writing in Chinese. The main research tools in this study were Classroom Discourse Analysis which focused on Curriculum Macro‐genre, Semi‐structured interviews with teachers and students which focused on Thematic Cod‐ ing Analysis, Students’ writing texts analysis which focused on the Whole‐Text Level, Sentence Level and Word Level. Moreover, writing texts done by these two types of students would be extracted from the pretest and post‐test and analyzed through the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguis‐ tics, especially in “Schematic Structure”, “Transitivity”, “Modality”, “Theme‐Rheme Structure” and ”Cohesion System”, so as to fully evaluate the effectiveness of R2L methodology in improving writing skills of NCS secondary school students in Hong Kong. The result showed that the students’ posttest essays were much better than their pretest essays. And according to the in‐depth interviews with both the teacher and students, this study confirmed that R2L methodology helped to improve NCS students’ writing skills. ISFC 2015 188 July 27‐31, 2015 References: Christie, F. 2002. Classroom discourse analysis: a functional perspective. London, New York: Cornwall. Christie, F. & Martin, J.R. eds. 1997. Genres and Institutions: Social Practices in the Workplace & School. London: Cassell. Halliday, M.A.K. and J. R Martin, eds. 1981. Readings in systemic linguistics. London: Batsford Academic and Educational. Halliday, M.A.K. 1994. An introduction to functional grammar. Second edition. London: Edward Arnold. Martin, J.R. & Rose, D. 2003, 2nd edition 2007. Working with Discourse: meaning beyond the clause. London: Continuum. Rose, D. 2012. Reading to learn: Accelerating learning and closing the gap. Vol 1‐10. 2012 Edition. Rose, D. 2012. Reading to learn: Accelerating learning and closing the gap. Vol 1‐10. 2012 Edition. Rose, D., Martin, J., 2012. Learning to write, reading to learn: genre, knowledge and pedagogy in the Sydney school. UK: Equinox Publishing Ltd. Jing Zhang University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus
[email protected]Across Affiliation to Individuation through Technicalities: Functional‐semantic Analysis of Disciplinary Identities in an UK‐based University in China In Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), affiliation and individuation are two developing notions in exploring the relationship between semiotic resources allocation and language users in context (Ha‐ san, 1992, 1995, 1996, 2005; Knight, 2010; Martin, 2006, 2007, 2008a, 2008b, 2010; Martin et al., 2013; Matthiessen, 2003, 2007; Zappavigna, 2011). In order to extend these two notions in the litera‐ ture and methodology, the present research aims to explore and materialize the construal of discipli‐ nary identity through the use of technicalities in an UK‐based university in China. Established in 2004, this research site is the first independently running Sino‐foreign Cooperation University in China, with students and staffs from more than 60 countries. This research then is first intrigued to explore how Chinese students discursively negotiate their learning experience across China to British educational context. After gaining preliminary understanding of Chinese students’ collective attitude and linguistic behaviour through free talks with students and staffs from the schools of Science, Social Science and Humanities, this research is further motivated to investigate how Chinese humanities students in dif‐ ferent years construct their similar and different disciplinary identities through the ‘dispersed’ realisa‐ tion of semiotic affiliation. Rather than research on Chinese students from SLA, ESL or ESP orientations like most other identity research do, the present research therefore is interested in interpreting semi‐ otic construal of Chinese students disciplinary identities in particular disciplinary discourse, culture and context. Four sessions of the four years seminars in each year were observed and video recorded. By focusing on the semantic analysis of meaning negotiation around technicalities used in the seminars, each of the four classroom discourse texts was first chunked up to identify the types of the interactants’ speech roles, in accordance with the fundamental natures of commodity exchange in the system of SPEECH FUNCTION – giving or demanding, goods‐&‐services or information, which then was further interpreted in delicacy, with drawing on the negotiation of combined meaning across two logic‐ semantic systems – EXPANSION and PROJECTION. Finally, this ‘dispersed’ realisation of the semantic system of SPEECH FUNCTION was configured into the analysis of ‘semiotic distance’ and ‘agnation’ between wording and meaning, in where the semiotic notion of affiliation was instantiated. Research results of the changeable disciplinary identities from the quantified comparison of the four classroom discourse texts revealed that affiliation can be a semiotic‐interpersonal constitution through class‐ room participation and negotiation over time. This realisation and instantiation of affiliation will be treated as entry condition to expand the notion of individuation from SFL perspective. As such, the construal process of identity in disciplinary discourse, culture and context may raise the awareness of ISFC 2015 189 July 27‐31, 2015 potential semiotic meanings of language users and effective orientation of semiotic resources alloca‐ tion; this will be particularly useful for institutional policy makers and novice non‐Chinese teachers in other similar educational contexts to effectively design institution strategies and curricula. Peijia Zhang The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
[email protected]A Multimodal Corpus‐Based Approach to Interaction of Language and Images in Public Healthcare Post‐ ers The current project is located within the field of research into healthcare communication focusing on a key channel of communication in public health communication – information and education: public healthcare posters, with a comparison of Hong Kong and the US. Such posters communicate infor‐ mation about heath issues to the public using language and images, targeting different segments of the general public. The designers of such posters convey important health‐related messages by com‐ bining text and images in different ways, but little is known about how these semiotic systems work together effectively in public health communication, so I have made this question a central one in my research and aims to develop an account of ways in which both of the semiotic resources interact to construct the health‐related knowledge to inform members of the general public about various health issues and to result in healthy behavior choices or behavior changes as needed. Primarily drawing on the social semiotic approach (Halliday, 1978; Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014; Kress and van Leeuwen, 2006) and the Genre and Multimodality (GeM) model (Bateman, 2008), this project will undertake a corpus‐based multimodal discourse analysis to shed light on the coordination and complementarity of language and images in conveying health‐related information. 74 posters collected in the New York City and Hong Kong have been sampled, annotated for content and rhetori‐ cal organization, and compiled into XML‐based multimodal corpora. Besides exploring what kinds of relations hold between different semiotic resources when they are deployed to represent and dissem‐ inate health‐related information in public healthcare posters, at the same time, this project will also interpret in what ways the intersemiotic communication differs cross‐culturally. Hence, the bottom‐up multimodal discourse analysis will be complemented by the corpus‐based top‐down conceptualization of key patterns of meaning‐making in posters to capture the shared intersemiotic mechanisms and culture‐conditioned variations. References: Bateman, J. A. (2008). Multimodality and Genre: A Foundation for the Systemic Analysis of Multimodal Docu‐ ments. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. Lon‐ don: Edward Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K. and Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th ed.). London and New York: Routledge. Kress, G. and van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design (2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISFC 2015 190 July 27‐31, 2015 Shujie Zhang1 and Cuiping Peng2 1,2 China University of Petroleum 1
[email protected],
[email protected]The Learner Autonomy‐oriented Multimodal Textbook Design Literacy educators and students must see themselves as active participants in social change, as learn‐ ers who can be active designers, i.e. makers of social futures (New London Group, 1996). Boyatzis (2005) holds that learning autonomy is the active process of self‐realization, during which we discover the ideal ego and the real ego, so we can make the practical plan and probe the methods and tech‐ nology to set up the reliable relations with the external world. Learning materials are the direct sources for the educator to scaffold the learner to discover himself and develop their semiotic re‐ sources and meaning potential. The four strata of design are discourse, design, production and distribution (the New London Group, 1996), which can be considered the framework of learning resources design. The learning discourse is decided by the instructional objective, which can make the learner build up the ideal ego and stimu‐ late his learning motivation. In the learning material designing strata, the available learning design resources and the realized situated texts make the learner realize the gap between the ideal ego and the real ego and then he can make more practical plan, which can be realized in the situated and transformed practice. In the former practice, with the educator’s overt instruction and critical framing, the learner probes the method and technology to develop his meaning potential. In the latter practice, the learner, as meaning‐maker, redesigns the formed meaning potential and becomes the designers of social futures, so he sets up the reliable relations with the external world. In the production and distribution strata, the learning material designing, including the textbook, the electronic materials, the online learning system, should be learner‐friendly, which can guarantee the availability and con‐ venience to the learner for their self‐management and self‐monitoring. References: [1] Anthony, Baldry & Paul. J. Thibault. Multimodal Transcription and Text Analysis[M]. London: Oakville, CT Equinox Pub, 2006. [2] Boytzis, R. E. Developing leadership through emotional intelligence [M] // Antoniou, A. G. Research Compan‐ ion to Organizational Health Psychology. Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2005: 656‐667. [3] Dickinson, L. Self‐instruction in Language Learning[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. [4] Halliday, M. A. K. & C. M. I. M. Matthiessen. Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. London: Arnold, 2004. [5] Holec, H. Autonomy in Foreign Language Learning [M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1981. [6] Holec, H. The Learner as Manager: Managing Learning or Managing to Learn[A].In Wenden A & Rubin J (eds.) Learner Strategies in Language Learning[C]. Cambridge: Prentice Hall, 1987. [7] Kress, G. R. A Curriculum for the Future[J]. Cambridge Journal of Education, 30(1), 2000. [8] Kress, G. & Van Leeuwen, T. Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communica‐ tion[M]. London: Edward Armold, 2001. [9] Kress, G. R. Reading Images: Multimodality, Representation and New Media[R].A paper presented at Expert Forum for Knowledge Presentation,2004. [10] Littlewood, W. Autonomy: an anatomy and a framework[J].System, 1996. [11] The New London Group. A Pedagogy of Multiliteracies: Designing Social Futures. in Bill Cope and Mary Kalantzis. Multiliteracies[M]. London: Routledge, 1996. [12] Roland, Barthes. Elements of Semiology[M]. London: Jonathan Cape, 1967. [13] Vansteenkiste, M. Simons, J., Lens, W., Sheldon, K. M., & Deci, E. L. Motivating learning, performance and persistence: The synergistic effects of intrinsic goal contents and autonomy‐ supportive contexts [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2004, 87. ISFC 2015 191 July 27‐31, 2015 Xiaodong Zhang University of Georgia
[email protected]Influence of Novice Chinese EFL Teachers’ Teaching Beliefs on Their Teaching Practices: A Case Study In China, the latest standards for teaching college English writing highlights the importance of develop‐ ing students’ meaning making (e.g., coherence of discourse, contextually appropriate lexical choices). However, due to the lack of professional development, most novice EFL teachers at universities in China have to rely on their own beliefs to teach writing (Xiao, 2001; You, 2004). Given the influence of teachers’ beliefs on their actual teaching practices (Borg, 2006; Zheng & Davison, 2008) and scarce relevant research in the context of China’s tertiary education, it is imperative to explore how novice college EFL teachers’ beliefs influence their actual teaching in preparing students’ writing for meeting the demands of the latest standards. To contribute to the literature, this paper presents a qualitative case study of a novice Chinese college EFL teacher’s writing beliefs and his teaching practices. The novice teacher Huan was chosen because he, similar to many other English instructors in universities in China, started to work in the university upon graduation without any professional training and relied on his teaching beliefs to implement instruction (Cheng & Sun, 2010) Multiple methods were used in data collection, including classroom observations, interviews, and stu‐ dents’ writing artifacts. Informed by Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) (Eggins & Slade, 1997; Halli‐ day & Matthiessen, 2004; Martin & White, 2005), data analyses were conducted in three phases. (1) Phase one is an appraisal analysis of the teacher’s narration of his teaching beliefs. This phase of anal‐ ysis shows that the teacher’s evaluative stance emphasized the role of linguistic forms in writing teaching, and diversity of vocabulary. (2) Phase two is a conversation analysis of the teacher’s interac‐ tion with his students. This phase of data analysis shows that the teacher, through different speech functions, primarily engaged students in noticing structural forms, such as cohesive ties and the gener‐ ic structure. (3) Phase three is a systemic functional analysis of students’ artifacts as intertextual re‐ sources (Bazerman, 2004; Fairclough, 2004). This phase of analysis shows that students demonstrated problems of meaning making (e.g. coherence, lexical words use). By using these SFL‐informed ap‐ proaches (i.e., appraisal analysis, conversation analysis, and intertextual analysis) to examine the data, the study provides an in‐depth investigation of the dynamic relationship among the teacher’s beliefs, instruction and students’ learning. The study concluded that that the EFL teacher’s beliefs about the importance of linguistic forms were realized in his actual teaching practices, which failed to prepare his students for meeting the require‐ ments of the latest national standards. Implications for EFL research in the context of China’s tertiary education are discussed, including using SFL to explore the relationship between teachers’ beliefs and practices, and providing SFL‐based professional development for pre‐service and in‐service English teachers in China so that they can better integrate the meaning with the form in the process of writing teaching, and meet the demands of the latest standards. References: Bazerman, C. (2004). Intertextuality: How texts rely on other texts. In: C. Bazerman & P. Prior (Eds.), What writ‐ ing does and how it does it: An introduction to analyzing texts and textual practices (pp. 83‐96). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. Borg, S. (2006). Teacher cognition and language education: Research and practice. London: Continuum. Cheng, X., & Sun, X. (2010). Issues and challenges with English language teacher education and professional development in China. Foreign Language Teaching and Practice, 3, 1‐6. Eggins, S., & Slade, D. (1997). Analysing casual conversation. London, England: Cassell. Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Malden: Polity. Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. (2004). An introduction to functional grammar (3rd ed). London: Arnold. Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. (2005).The language of evaluation: appraisal in English. Basingstoke: Pal‐ grave/MacMillan Xiao, Y (2011). Applying metacognition in EFL writing instruction in China. Reflections on Eng‐ lish Language Teaching. 6 (1), pp. 19‐33. ISFC 2015 192 July 27‐31, 2015 You, X (2004). “The choice made from no choice’’: English writing instruction in a Chinese University”. Journal of Second Language Writing. 13(2), 97‐100. Zheng, X., & Davison, C. (2008). Changing pedagogy: analysing ELT teachers in China. London/New York: Contin‐ uum. Zheng Zhang Shandong University
[email protected]The Effects of Multiliteracy Assessment on Students' Learning in Chinese EFL Classroom Over the last few decades, we are witnessing major changes in both the ways of communication and the approaches to teaching and learning language in distinctive ways. The emergence of a variety of modes in making meanings results in a necessity to adopt new approaches to learning in relation to preparing learners to engage meaningfully in the world with new ways that forces both teachers and students “to change and reconceptualise what learning is” (Kalantzis & Cope, 2004: 3). This study explores how students employ their Available Design to complete their own multimodal compositions and achieve a better learning outcome. Based on the analysis of students’ multimodal products, this paper proposes a five‐dimentional model of “learning‐centred” multimodal instruction. The study shows that high‐quality development of multiliteracies can be fulfilled through both Instruc‐ tion Design and Learning Design. This study is situated in the framework of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) in education (Halliday, 1994) and within a professional context of multimodal literacies (New London Group, 1996). The pur‐ pose of this study is to provide theoretical and empirical evidence for the design of multimodal and multisemiotic meanings within the context of ESL in China. In exploring students’ use of multimodality, this paper aims to develop a framework for teaching multimodal literacy from a functional perspec‐ tive. The materials investigated in this paper are computer‐based multimodal products (PPT presenta‐ tions) completed by the students, which is typically used in the English classroom in China today. The approach adopted in this research is both qualitative and quantitative. In the quantitative re‐ search, the researcher employed statistical techniques to investigate the students’ multimodal prod‐ ucts in language teaching (students’ meaning potential: Available Design). In contrast with quantitative research, qualitative research examines, analyses and interprets students’ multimodal products for the purpose of discovering patterns of intersemiotic relationships as designed by students. The study resulted in the following findings: (1) designed‐based language learning is effective in achieving students’ overall ability in using multiple signs in communication. (2) The teacher and stu‐ dents drew on Resources of Available Design to create their multimodal composition. (3) Design prin‐ ciples include elements of contexts, modes and media. This paper provides a framework for teaching multimodal literacy in the classroom and a set of princi‐ ples (design elements) which can be used to inform the educational design of teaching and learning resources for university students. It provides a guideline for a better understanding of what kinds of literacies are needed for students learning English as a foreign language. And thence to help students to get better informed of the general information about (related) knowledge of multimodal literacies and to get better prepared for their future career and life. References: [1] Halliday, M. A. K. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning . Maryland: University Park Press. [2] Halliday, M.A.K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar, London: Edward Arnold, 1994. [3] Kalantzis, M. and Cope, B. (2012a) New Learning: A Charter for Change in Education, Critical Studies in Educa‐ tion. Vol.53, No.1, pp.1–12. [4] Kalantzis, M. and Cope, B. (2012b). Literacies. Cambridge UK, Cambridge University Press. [5] Kalantzis, M., & Cope, B. (2004). Designs for learning. ELearning, 1 (1), pp. 38‐93. ISFC 2015 193 July 27‐31, 2015 [6] New London Group. A pedagogy of multiliteracies: Designing social futures. Harvard Educational Review, 66 (1), 1996: 60‐90. [7] Zhang, Zheng. (2010) The Correlation Between Multimodal PPT Instruction and Students’ Learning Achieve‐ ments. Foreign Languages in China (3). ISFC 2015 194 July 27‐31, 2015 COLLOQUIA Gerard O'Grady, Tom Bartlett, Jorge Arús Hita, Margaret Berry, Ben Clarke and Estela Inés Moyano Communicative Dynamism above, below and at clause level: An SFL approach Gerard O’Grady Cardiff University
[email protected]Given New what do the terms refer to? A first (small) step. This study examines a corpus of recorded English speech in order to investigate the meaning of the terms Given and New. Prince (1981) in a systematic review of the literature has identified three over‐ lapping uses of Given and New. The first Given/New (predictability/recoverability) was set out initially in Halliday (1967) and more recently in Halliday and Greaves (2008). Her second use is Given/New (salience). The speaker assumes that a hearer has or could have a particular referent in their con‐ sciousness, (see Chafe 1994). The third use is Given/New (assumed familiarity), the speaker assumes that the hearer knows or can infer a particular referent. Princes’ work focused only on the written features of narrative, but O’Grady (2014) suggested that Given/New recoverability was signalled by tonic prominence and Given/New salience was signalled by pre‐tonic prominence. Lambrecht (1994) has argued that irrespective of the informational status of the elements contained within propositions the entire proposition should be classified as Given or New (assumed familiarity). But as studies such as Brazil (1995), Sinclair & Mauranen (2006) and O’Grady (2010) have shown speech does not unfold in propositions but rather in sequences of tone units whose informational status is signalled partly through the choice of nuclear tone and partly through the satisfaction of grammatical rules, (Brazil 1995, O’Grady 2010). While little work has been done in exploring how Giv‐ en/New (Assumed Familiarity) is encoded in the grammar we suggest that it is marked through the co‐ presence a falling nuclear tone and the satisfaction of linear chaining rules. This study examines the corpus of recorded speech in order to investigate how the co‐occurrence of intonation, referential indefinite and type identifiable lexical items (Gundel, Hedberg and Zacharski (1993), and grammatical structuring were used to project Given and New in the three senses outlined above. I postulate that all items in English which are Given (recoverable) will be Given (salient) but that the inverse is not true. No relationship is predicted to hold between Given (assumed familiarity) and the other two types of Given. Tom Bartlett Cardiff University
[email protected]Phasal dynamism and the unfolding of texts Within the theoretical framework of the Prague School, the concept of communicative dynamism refers to the amount of “new” information that is provided by different forms of reference within a clause, with Theme as the least dynamic element on this scale (Svoboda 1974, Firbaš 1992). Daneš (1974) extends this concept to discuss different types of thematic progression between clauses in terms of the continuity or change of thematic elements. Halliday’s Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) adds to this the concept of the method of development (Fries 1981/83) as the patterning of thematic content and relations across whole texts. However, in a significant shift from the Prague School posi‐ tion, Halliday identifies the topical (or experiential) Theme, which is the basis for both progression and development, as the first element with experiential meaning in the clause (Halliday 1994:37‐39). De‐ veloping this relationship between Theme and clausal positioning, much work in SFL makes reference to “the diminuendo of the thematic wave” (Matthiessen 1992) and the complementary crescendo of ISFC 2015 196 July 27‐31, 2015 newness, while in various works Berry (e.g. 1996) considers the relative advantages of identifying Theme as all clausal content up to and including either the Subject of the lexical verb (ultimately opt‐ ing for the latter). Leaving aside Berry’s formulation for the moment, we can say that for both schools of thought, with very few exceptions, thematicity and thematic development are concerned with nominal reference and that within SFL, and especially Fawcett’s (2003) approach, Theme is interconnected with but not identical to the Subject, as the element that provides the spatiotemporal grounding necessary to con‐ strue an event as a proposition. In this view, thematic progression and method of development are related to the shifting grounding of the propositions made, but are restricted to the spatial orientation to the exclusion of the temporal. But what of languages where thematicity is not based on the Subject, or some equivalent nominal element, but on the temporal orientation of the event, as realised through the Finite? In this paper I will consider Scottish Gaelic, which I argue is just such a language, and discuss what this implies for thematic development across texts in Gaelic as well as for the question of how “the same text” can be developed across languages which take contrasting orientations to thematicity. Following from this discussion I will argue that, while the characterology of different languages priori‐ tises the thematisation of either event orientation (Cloran 2000) or entity orientation, textual dy‐ namicity is best seen as a factor of both, realised through a variety of lexicogrammatical features. Fol‐ lowing Cloran (2000), this combination of spatial and temporal orientation provides the basis for rec‐ ognising units above the clause (Rhetorical Units, or RUs) and the dynamics of the structural relations between them. A recognition of this extended textual unit can also contribute to an explanation of marked Given/New and Theme/Rheme relations in transitional clauses. In conclusion, I will return to Berry’s demarcation of Theme, in conjunction with Gregory’s (1988) con‐ cept of phase, to consider the implications of the extended unit as the site for signalling dynamicity across the three metafunctional areas of meaning (experiential, interpersonal and textual) simultane‐ ously. Jorge Arús Hita Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
[email protected]Communicative Dynamism and textual progression in English and Spanish Michael Halliday once wrote: “the context for understanding the Subject is not the clause, which is its grammatical environment, but the text, which is its semantic environment” (1988: 43). Taking this statement into account, in my contribution to this round table I take a contrastive look at the different ways in which the realization (or not) of pronominal Subjects affects their semantic context. Pro‐drop languages such as Spanish tend not to express pronominal Subject in unmarked instances, i.e. fui ra‐ ther than yo fui for ‘I went’. Languages such as English, on the other hand, typically express the pro‐ nominal Subject in the same unmarked instances, i.e. ‘I went’. This is to a great extent tantamount to saying that low CD (Communicative Dynamism) Subjects – Subjects which are contextually known – are usually pronominalized in English but left unexpressed in Spanish. This phenomenon has already been studied at clause level, both outside SFL (e.g. Posio 2012 for Spanish and Portuguese) and within SFL (e.g. Caffarel et al. 2004, a propos the description of several languages; Moyano 2012 and Quiroz 2008 for Spanish; Arús 2010 in English and Spanish in contrast, inter alia) but more interesting are the implications that expressing or not low CD Subjects may have for dynamicity above the clause. When a participant moves from high CD in one clause to low CD in the following – i.e. linear thematic progres‐ sion – the now Subject participant is normally expressed pronominally in English and, to a lower ex‐ tent, in Spanish. However, whereas the pronoun chosen in English is usually a personal one, as in (1) below, this is often not a preferred option in Spanish, notably in the case of the third person; rather, a demonstrative pronoun is chosen, as in (2). Several corpus‐based examples will be used to illustrate ISFC 2015 197 July 27‐31, 2015 this phenomenon and try to understand the role of the semantic environment in the realization of low CD Subjects. (1) the captain invited Howerd to visit the flight deck. ‘No thanks,’ he replied (BNC CH5) (2) Julia preguntó al gordo. Este respondió: ‐ No, gracias (‘Julia asked the fat one. This answered: No, thanks’; Corpus del Español 19‐F) Margaret Berry University of Nottingham
[email protected]Dynamism in Exchange Structure The term ‘dynamism’ is probably best known in linguistics in collocation with ‘communicative’, through the work of Prague School linguists. However another tradition in which discussion of dyna‐ mism has featured largely is in work on exchange structure in Systemic Functional Linguistics (hence‐ forth SFL). There has been a great deal of discussion as to whether particular approaches are ‘synop‐ tic’ or ‘dynamic’ (e.g. Martin 1985, Ventola 1987, O’Donnell 1999). O’Donnell (2013: 247‐8) distinguishes the two types of approach as follows: “a synoptic description of an exchange would describe the possible move‐sequences that might result, e.g. the feature selection wh‐exchange:compliant:no‐feedback would represent an exchange which consists of a wh‐question, followed by the answer to the question, but no final feedback by the asker. On the other hand, a dy‐ namic description of the exchange might represent the options to open an exchange (statement, question, request for action, etc.), and then the options available to follow each of these openings, and so on.” It would seem then that, to be dynamic, an approach must show how the exchange unfolds move by move, as a result of choices made by the interactants, the choices available at each point being de‐ termined by the choices made in earlier moves. O’Donnell further observes (1999: 68) that a dynamic approach, unlike a synoptic approach, would show “who makes the decisions within the process”, in order that we can see “who is primarily responsible for the shape of the interaction”. He also notes that an exchange does not always proceed smoothly after the manner of what Burton (1978) called the “polite consensus‐collaborative model” of discourse. A dynamic model should allow (O’Donnell 1999: 95) “for participants selecting inappropriate options”. The framework within which these matters will be discussed in the proposed paper will be that of SFL, but the work of Sinclair and Coulthard, Labov, Conversation Analysts such as Sacks, Schegloff and Jef‐ ferson and epistemologists such as Muntigl will be shown also to be relevant. The terms ‘move’ and ‘exchange’ are in fact being used here as in Sinclair and Coulthard (1975). Martin (1985: 261) argues for “the necessity of both a synoptic and a dynamic perspective”. This view will be adopted also in the proposed paper. Indeed the one can shed light on the other; if it is possible to establish certain preferred patterns for exchanges, then any departure from the preferred patterns can be predicted to bring about a change in the discourse dynamics. For instance, it could be said that a preferred pattern for an exchange is for it to become more elliptical as it proceeds; any departure from this pattern would then be predicted to produce special overtones of meaning. Martin (2000: 26) gives an example which does not follow the usual ellipticity pattern; he interprets the move that breaks the pattern as “sarcasm”. After introductory discussion, the proposed paper will first discuss the patterns and choices associated with the polite consensus‐collaborative model. It will be argued that in order to consider these fully it is necessary to recognise three metafunctional layers for the exchange analogous to the metafunc‐ tional layers Halliday has proposed for the clause (e.g. Halliday 1979). This section of the paper will be in part a revisiting of Berry (1981 a, b, c, and 1987), but with revisions in the light of recent work, par‐ ticularly that of Martin and Rose and their colleagues in Australia. ISFC 2015 198 July 27‐31, 2015 The paper will then turn to wayys of going aagainst the polite conse ensus‐collaboorative mode el. It was suggesteed in Berry (1981a: 136) that, at eacch move afte er the initiating move, thhere was a chhoice be‐ tween a supporting m move, a querrying move aand a challen nging move: However this suggesstion was nott developed in 1981. The e paper proposed here w will consider in greater detail wh hat it meanss to support, what it meaans to queryy and what itt means to c hallenge. It w will again be suggeested that a metafunctional approachh is relevant. For instance e one can ch allenge expe erientially – e.g. byy producing aa propositionn which is inccompatible w with the propposition prodduced by thee preced‐ ing speaker – or one can challengge interpersoonally ‐ e.g. b by disputing the roles asssumed by thee preced‐ ing speaker – or one can challengge textually, by refusing tto say anything at all. The disccussion in thee paper will be exempliffied by referrence to English convers ations, conversations where th he interactan equal status and also a conversation between tw o close friends social‐ nts are of une ly equal and academically equal. Ben Clarke Universitty of Portsmo outh
[email protected]Exploringg text‐level ‘rrecoverabilityy’ constraintss for nominal ellipsis Ellipsis iss often invokked as an an nalytical cateegory to explain the occurrence of aa syntactic unit which has one or more of its usually fundamental elements omitted but predictably p sso such that they are recoveraable (Quirk eet al., 1985; Leech, 19922). Such a de efinition mighht imply thatt the study o of ellipsis falls withhin the remitt of syntax, w with the clauuse or the se entence as the primary uunit of analyysis. Para‐ doxicallyy, however, the primary ffunction of e llipsis is to co ontribute to the cohesionn of a text (H Halliday & Hasan, 11976); a textt being a sem mantically deefined unit (H Halliday & Hasan, 1985) almost alwaays struc‐ turally laarger than an ny traditionaally conceiveed syntactic u unit. Yet desspite the asssumed wisdo om of the general point, the deetails of speccifically how ellipsis conttributes to a text’s cohession remain relatively unknown n. Are there,, for example e, text‐level restrictions o on which eleements can bbe ellipted? IIs there a limit on how frequen ntly ellipsis caan occur in ttext? Is ellipsis more likelyy at certain sstages of a teext? If so, how are such stages to be define ed? Etc. In this prroject, my fo ocus is nomin nal ellipsis, c ases where, according to o the syntax of the clause e, a noun phrase u usually occurrs but is absent, and thee real‐world referents which the anttecedents off nominal ellipsis inndex. Specifically, I obse erve how theese referentss otherwise interact acrooss the course of the text. Havve they, for eexample, occcurred in thee text before the antecedent of their elliptical occcurrence? If so, frequently or not? If so, wh hat actions h ave they enttered into an nd, if applica ble, with which other referents in the text?? On the basis of preliminnary analysis (Clarke, 201 12), the workking hypothesis is that recoveraability, which h is largely saaid to define the particular type of grrammatical ‘‘non‐realisation’ ellip‐ sis is (Quuirk et al., 19 985: 884), op perates in ann analogous, macro way a at the level oof the text. TThat is, as well as eellipsis being a local mattter in terms of a recoverrable anteced dent – oftenn in the preceding co‐ ordinateed clause (Claarke, 2012) – – ellipsis apppears to preffer referents well establi shed in the text. This suggestss a connectio on between ttopicality or prominent character porrtrayal (cf. M Martin’s (1992 2) ‘partic‐ ipant traacking’) and eellipsis. ISFC 20115 199 July 27‐‐31, 2015 Estela Inés Moyano Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento, Argentina
[email protected]“Little and bigger waves”: Theme and Periodicity in Spanish academic texts After Halliday’s definition of Theme (Halliday, 1994), the system of choices and structural realizations of the textual function of Theme in languages other than English have been topic of extensive research during the last decades (Lavid et al., 2010; Caffarel, 2006; Gouveia & Barbara, 2006; Teruya, 2007; among others). In previous work (Moyano, 2010) the issue of Theme in Spanish has been approached from the perspective of discourse semantics, considering that actualized options of Theme at the level of the clause are contextually motivated (Fries, 1981; Martin, 1992; Martin and Rose, 2007). In this presentation two main goals will be pursued: i) to explore the means of realization of the textual func‐ tion of Theme in the declarative Spanish clause and ii) to test this description by explaining patterns of Periodicity in academic texts from the stance adopted, showing the method of development in phases of discourse and the scaffolding transition between phases. The perspective assumed is language ty‐ pology in SFL, which differentiates between a general theory of human language and descriptions of any of its different ‘variants’. Descriptions highlight the peculiar characteristics of the language at stake, based on patterns found in actual discourse, avoiding the imposition of characteristics of domi‐ nant languages (Martin, 1983; Caffarel, Martin and Matthiessen, 2004). Descriptions of other lan‐ guages and generalized patterns found in comparative studies (Caffarel et al, 2004; Rose, 2001) will also be taken into account. This colloquium brings together six researchers on information packaging in order to stimulate new angles in theoretical description and to identify new categories of textual patterns according to their contextual, lexicogrammatical and intonational properties. This colloquium is part of an ongoing pro‐ ject, funded by the journal Language Learning, which includes not only the researchers listed here but also others from outside of SFL. We are currently exploring the rich history of research into Commu‐ nicative Dynamism (CD) in language and seeing how relevant the insights gained are to spoken texts. We are currently exploring the following topics. the development and maintenance of topicality across units of text; groups, clauses and tone units as textual increments; cross linguistic analysis of textual development, particularly where this challenge universal textual typology; the role of intonation in information packaging; cohesion and topicality (phoricity, ellipsis, lexis); encoding recency and recoverability; information packaging and text type. References: Brazil, David. 1995. A Grammar of Spoken English Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Berry, M. (1981a) Systemic Linguistics and Discourse Analysis: a multi‐layered approach to exchange structure. In M. Coulthard and M. Montgomery (eds), 120‐145. Berry, M. (1981b) Towards layers of exchange structure for directive exchanges, Network, 2: 23‐32. Berry, M. (1981c) Polarity, ellipticity, elicitation and propositional development, their relevance to the well‐ formedness of an exchange: a discussion of Coulthard and Brazil’s classes of move, Nottingham Linguistic Cir‐ cular, 10, 1: 36‐63. Berry, M. (1987) Is teacher an unanalysed concept? In M. Halliday and R. Fawcett (eds) New Developments in Systemic Linguistics, Volume 1: Theory and Description. London: Pinter. 41‐63. Berry, M. 1996. What is Theme? A(nother) personal view. In R.P. Fawcett, M. Berry, C. Butler and G.W. Huang (Eds) Meaning and Form: Systemic Functional Perspectives. Norwood, N.J.:Ablex Burton, D. (1978) Towards an analysis of casual conversation, Nottingham Linguistic Circular, 7, 2: 131‐164. Chafe, Wallace, S. 1994. Discourse Consciousness and Time. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Coulthard, M. and Brazil, D. (1979) Exchange Structure, Discourse Analysis Monographs 5, University of Birming‐ ham. ISFC 2015 200 July 27‐31, 2015 Coulthard, M. and Montgomery, M. (eds) (1981) Studies in Discourse Analysis. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Cloran, C. 2000. Socio‐semantic variation: Different wordings, different meanings. In L. Unsworth (ed.) Research‐ ing Language in Schools and Communities: Functional Linguistic Perspectives. London and Washington: Cassell. Daneš, F. 1974. Functional Sentence Perspective and the organization of the text. In Daneš (Ed.). Daneš, F. 1974 (Ed.) Papers on Functional Sentence Perspective. The Hague: Mouton. Fawcett, R.P. 2003. The many types of ‘Theme’ in English: Their semantic systems and functional syntax. Un‐ published mimeo. Available from the Systemic Paper Archive at http://www.isfla.org/Systemics/Print/Papers.html Firbaš, J. 1992. Functional Sentence Perspective in Written and Spoken Communication. Cambridge: CUP. Fries, P. 1981. On the status of Theme in English: Arguments from Discourse. Forum Linguisticum 6. Reprinted in revised form (1983) in J.S. Petöfi and E. Sözer (Eds) Micro and Macro Connexity of Texts. Hamburg: Helmut Buske. Gregory, Michael. 1988. Generic situation and register: A functional view of communication. In J.D. Benson, M. Cummings and W. Greaves (Eds) Linguistics in a Systemic Perspective. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Halliday, Michael. A. K 1967. Intonation & Grammar in British English. The Hague: Mouton & Co. Halliday, M.A.K. (1979/2002) Modes of Meaning and Modes of Expression: types of grammatical structure and their determination by different semantic functions. In D. Allerton, E. Carney and D. Holdcroft (eds) Function and Context in Linguistic Analysis: A Festschrift for William Haas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 57‐ 79. Reprinted in Halliday’s Collected Works, Volume 1, 196‐218. Halliday, M.A.K. 1994 (2nd Edition). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London, New York, Sydney and Auckland: Arnold. Halliday, Michael. A. K., and Greaves, William. S 2008. Intonation in the Grammar of English. London: Equinox. Lambrecht, Knud. 1994 Information Structure and Sentence Form. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Labov, W. (1972) Rules for ritual insults. In D. Sudnow (ed) Studies in Social Interaction. New York: Free Press.Labov, W. and Fanshel, D. (1977) Therapeutic Discourse. New York: Academic Press. Martin, J.R. (1985). Process and Text: Two Aspects of Human Semiosis. In Benson, J.D. and Greaves, W.S. (eds) Systemic Perspectives on Discourse, Volume 1 Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 248‐274. Martin, J.R. (1992) English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Especially chapter 2. Martin, J.R. (2000) Factoring Out Exchange: Types of Structure. In Coulthard, M., Cotterill, J. and Rock, F. (eds) Dialogue Analysis VII: Working with Dialogue. Tubingen: Max NiemeyerVerlag, 19‐40. Martin, J.R. and Dreyfus, S. (forthcoming) Scaffolding semogenesis: designing teacher/student interactions for face‐to‐face and on‐line learning. To appear in S. Starc, A. Maiorani, and C. Jones (eds) Meaning‐making Pro‐ cesses in Text. London: Equinox. Martin, J.R. and Rose, D. (2007 2nd edition) Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause. London: Con‐ tinuum. Especially chapter 7. Martin, J.R., Zappavigna, M. and Dwyer, P. (2009) Negotiating shame: exchange and genre structure in youth justice conferencing. In C. Lipovsky and A. Mahboob (eds) Studies in Applied Linguistics and Language Learn‐ ing. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars. 41‐73. Muntigl, P. (2009) Knowledge moves in conversational exchanges: Revisiting the concept of primary vs. second‐ ary knowers, Functions of Language, 16, 2: 225‐263. Matthiessen, C.M.I.M. 1992. Interpreting the textual metafunction. In M. Davies and L. Ravelli (Eds) Advances in Systemic Linguistics: Recent Theory and Practice. London: Pinter Muntigl, P. (2009) Knowledge moves in conversational exchanges: Revisiting the concept of primary vs. second‐ ary knowers, Functions of Language, 16, 2: 225‐263. Prince, Ellen, F. 1981 “Towards a taxonomy of Given New Information.” In P. Cole (ed.) Radical Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press, pp. 223‐ 254. O’Donnell, M. 1999. Context in Dynamic Modelling. In Ghadessy, M. (ed) Text and Context in Functional Linguis‐ tics. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 63‐99. O’Donnell, M. 2013. A Dynamic View of Choice in Writing: Composition as Text Evolution. In Fontaine, L., Bart‐ lett, T. and O’Grady, G. (eds) Systemic Functional Linguistics: Exploring Choice. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer‐ sity Press, 247‐266. O’Grady, Gerard. 2010. A grammar of spoken English discourse: the intonation of Increments. London: Continu‐ um. O’Grady, Gerard. 2014. “An investigation of how intonation helps to signal Information Structure. In W. Bowcher & B. Smith (eds.). Systemic Phonology. Sheffield: Equinox. ISFC 2015 201 July 27‐31, 2015 Svoboda, A. 1974. On two Communicative Dynamisms. In Daneš (Ed.). Rose, D. (2010) Meaning beyond the margins: learning to interact with books. In S. Dreyfus, S. Hood and M. Stenglin (eds) Semiotic Margins: Reclaiming Meaning. London: Continuum. 177‐208. Rose, D. (forthcoming) Analysing pedagogic discourse. To appear in Functional Linguistics. [Paper for 40th Inter‐ national Systemic Functional Linguistics Conference, Sun Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China, July 2013.] Sacks, H., Schegloff, E., and Jefferson, G. (1974) A simplest systematics for the organization of turn‐taking for conversation, Language 50, 4: 696‐735. Sinclair, J.McH., and Coulthard, R.M. (1975) Towards an Analysis of Discourse: The English Used by Teachers and Pupils. London: Oxford University Press. Sinclair, John, McH. & Anna Mauranen. 2006. Linear Unit Grammar. Amsterdam: John Benjamin. Tatiana Serbina1, Neil Bowen2, Daniel Couto Vale3 and Marielle Leijten4 1,3 RWTH Aachen University, 2Cardiff University, 4University of Antwerp 1
[email protected]‐aachen.de,
[email protected], 3danielvale@uni‐bremen.de, 4
[email protected]Logogenesis: chosen semantic features in text unfolding and choosing semantic features in text produc‐ tion Within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), the development of meaning has been framed in terms of phylogenesis ‐‐ within a linguistic community (e.g. Halliday & Martin, 1993), ontogenesis ‐‐ within the individual (e.g. Halliday, 1975; Hasan, 2009), and logogenesis ‐‐ during the production and reception of a text both in dialogic (e.g. Ventola, 1987) and monologic variations (Klein & Unsworth, 2014). This colloquium focuses on the logogenetic spatiotemporal frame. Halliday and Matthiessen (1999: 18) describe meaning instantiation as a dynamic process, during which every semantic feature selected by a language user has an empirically attestable effect on her/his subsequent choices: “certain options are restricted or disfavoured, while others are emproba‐ bled or opened up”. However, research into the process of logogenesis has focused almost exclusively on speech (e.g. O'Donnell, 1999; Ventola, 1987; Yang, 2010), while research into the logogenesis of written text has been decidedly retrospective, focusing on synoptic descriptions of completed texts (e.g. Martin, 2013; Klein & Unsworth, 2014). One exception to this has been O'Donnell (2013), who takes account of the on‐going text production and considers all intermediary text products (drafts). Taking meaning instantiation as an event that has a time and a place, the process perspective appears to be a promising line of research ‐‐ such an approach allows the examination of semantic choices not only as textual restriction, but also as part of situated human behaviour. In this colloquium, we bring together scholars working with the method of keystroke logging. During keystroke logging experiments, specialized software is employed to record all keystrokes and mouse movements produced by participants. This information can be later processed to analyse text units, chronological order of linguistic choices, revisions and pauses in the text production that are assumed to reflect the increase of cognitive processing. The colloquium includes a range of talks combining analyses of monolingual text production and the translation process. References: Halliday, M. A. K. (1975) Learning how to mean: Explorations in the development of language. London: Edward Arnold. Halliday, M. A. K., & Martin, J. R. (1993). Writing science: Literacy and discursive power (Vol. 8). London: The Farmer Press. Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (1999). Construing experience through meaning: a language‐based approach to cognition. London: Continuum. Hasan, R. (2009). Semantic variation: Meaning in society and in sociolinguistics (Vol. 2). London: Equinox. Klein, P. D., & Unsworth, L. (2014). The logogenesis of writing to learn: A systemic functional perspective. Lin‐ guistics and Education, 26, 1‐17. Martin, J. R. (2013). Embedded Literacy: Knowledge as Meaning. Linguistics and Education, 24(1), 23‐37. ISFC 2015 202 July 27‐31, 2015 O'Donnell, M. (1999). Context in dynamic modelling. In M. Ghadessy (Ed.), Text and context in Functional Lin‐ guistics (pp. 63‐99). Holland: Benjamins. O'Donnell, M. (2013). A dynamic view of choice in writing: composition as text evolution. In L. Fontaine, T. Bart‐ lett, G O'Grady (eds), Systemic Functional Linguistics: Exploring choice (pp.247‐266). Cambridge: CUP. Ventola, E. (1987). The structure of social interaction: A systemic approach to the semiotics of service encoun‐ ters. London: Pinter. Yang, X. (2010). Modelling text as process: A dynamic approach to EFL classroom discourse. London: Continuum. Daniel Couto‐Vale RWTH Aachen University, daniel.couto‐
[email protected]‐aachen.de Text production and text products A wording is an instance of a wording type, a wording type is a linguistic meaning, and a text is a se‐ quence of linguistic meanings (Halliday, 1981). By contrasting a text segment with following segments, we can see traces of experience construction (logogenesis) (Halliday & Matthiessen, 1999) in the form of progressively larger grammatical metaphoricity (Klein & Unsworth, 2014). As text production is a recursive process (Halliday, 1987), it has been observed that gramatical metaphoricity not only in‐ creases from a text segment to the following, but also from a text segment version in the text pro‐ duced so far (TPSF) (Leijten et al., 2011) to later versions of it (Serbina et al., Forthcoming). Analogous to the notions of micro‐units and macro‐ units of translation (Alves & Couto Vale, 2009, 2011), a writ‐ ing burst can be conceived of as a (micro‐)unit of text production (Carl & Kay, 2011) while a series of writing bursts that add, edit, or delete the same text segment can be conceived of as a macro‐unit of text production. This conception would afford an alignment between segments of text products (AU) (Carl, 2009) and a backtracing of product segments onto production units, which can in turn be tem‐ porally related to reading units and activity pauses. And, finally, such a multimodal behavioural inter‐ relation would better support cognitive explanations of empirical observations such as claims of expe‐ rience construction through linguistic meaning. References: Fabio Alves and Daniel Couto Vale. Probing the unit of translation in time: Aspects of the design and develop‐ ment of a web application for storing, annotating, and querying translation process data. Across Languages and Cultures, 10(2):251–273, November 2009. Fabio Alves and Daniel Couto Vale. On drafting and revision in translation: a corpus linguistics oriented analysis of translation process data. Translation: Corpora, Computation, Cognition, 1(1):105–122, 2011. Michael Carl. Triangulating product and process data: quantifying alignment units with keystroke data. Copenha‐ gen Studies in Language, 38:225–248, 2009. Michael Carl and Martin Kay. Gazing and typing activities during translation: a comparative study of translation units of professional and student translators. META, 56(4):952–975, 2011. Michael A K Halliday. Text semantics and clause grammar: how is a text like a clause? (1981). In Jonathan J Web‐ ster, editor, On Grammar, pages 219–260. Continuum, London, 1981. Michael A K Halliday. Spoken and written modes of meaning (1987). In Jonathan J Webster, editor, On Grammar, pages 323–351. Continuum, Lon‐ don, 1987. Michael A K Halliday and Christian M.I.M Matthiessen. Construing experience through meaning: a language‐ based approach to cognition. Continuum, London/New York, 1999. Perry D Klein and Len Unsworth. The logogenesis of writing to learn: A systemic functional perspective. Linguis‐ tics and Education, 26:1–17, 2014. Mariëlle Leijten, Sven De Maeyer, and Luuk Van Waes. Coordinating sentence composition with error correction: a multilevel analysis. Journal of Writing Research, 2(3):331–363, 2011. Tatiana Serbina, Paula Niemietz, and Stella Neumann. Development of a keystroke logged translation corpus. In Claudio Fantinuoli and Federico Zanettin, editors, Parallel corpora for translation studies, pages 1–20. Lan‐ guage Science Press, Sine Loco, Forthcoming. ISFC 2015 203 July 27‐31, 2015 Neil Bowen Cardiff University
[email protected]Modelling information flow in Academic writing: The functions of student revisions Research repeatedly shows that many students struggle to link long stretches of text into a harmoni‐ ous whole. Essentially, problems arise when information has to be linked co‐textually and contextually across larger phases of discourse. Within SFL, co‐textual and contextual links are forged via the textual and logical metafunctions, which work together to connect and enable experiential and interpersonal meanings. However, SFL studies typically examine written texts as products ‐‐ synoptic and retrospec‐ tive accounts (e.g. Klein & Unsworth, 2014; Martin, 2013), with very few studies looking at written text as process ‐‐ dynamic and prospective accounts (O'Donnell, 2013). This presentation, therefore, explores one way to examine written text as process. More specifically, using keystroke logging software (Inputlog), I explore systemic choice in students' revisions as they compose academic style texts. By focusing on the three textually bound systems of THEME, INFOR‐ MATION, and REFERENCE (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2013), I attempt to show how these writers man‐ age the flow of information through a text, and how a text evolves toward a particular registerial con‐ figuration (Halliday, 1985). Findings suggest that movement along the local delicacies of specificity and congruency are key contributors to emergent texture (Halliday & Hasan, 1976), and this leads me to suggest several possibilities for future research into modelling text as process and teaching revision strategies. References: Halliday, M.A.K. & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985). Spoken and written language. Waurn Ponds, Victoria: Deakin University Press. Halliday, M.A.K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2013). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th edition). London: Routledge. Leijten, M., & Van Waes, L. (2013). Keystroke Logging in Writing Research: Using Inputlog to Analyze and Visual‐ ize Writing Processes. Written Communication 30(3), 358– 392 | DOI: 10.1177/0741088313491692 Martin, J. R. (2013). Embedded Literacy: Knowledge as Meaning. Linguistics and Education, 24(1), 23‐37. Mariëlle Leijten1, Sebastiaan Engelborghs2, Stefan van der Mussele3, Eric Van Horenbeeck4, Peter Mariën5 & Luuk Van Waes6 1,2,3,4,6 University of Antwerp, 5Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2,3,5Hospital Network Antwerp, 1Research Foun‐ dation Flanders 1
[email protected],2
[email protected], 3
[email protected],
[email protected],
[email protected], 6
[email protected]Writing process characteristics in Alzheimer’s disease: A cognitive‐linguistic analysis of pausing behav‐ iour To diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD), a large variety of neuropsychological tests are available. Some of these tests incorporate linguistic processing as an aid to diagnosis. However, current diagnostics focus on product measures, ignoring the importance of the process that leads to written or spoken language production. Therefore, this study uses keystroke logging (Inputlog 6) to: (a) Describe and test differences between AD and non‐AD participants on the basis of a selection of process variables; (b) test the diagnostic accuracy of these process variables in discriminating AD from non‐AD. We tested 15 patients with mild dementia due to AD, and 20 cognitively healthy individuals on a copy task, and two descriptive writing tasks. This presentation focuses on the latter. Initial results show characteristic distinctions between the groups: Preliminary analyses indicate that the AD group wrote ISFC 2015 204 July 27‐31, 2015 shorter texts, produced in shorter bursts, and paused longer between and within words than the non‐ AD group. The AD group also paused longer before verbs, determiners, and nouns. In this presentation we provide an overview of the differences between inter‐ and intrapersonal writing characteristics of the two groups, showing that differentiation of pauses on a linguistic basis is necessary to fully under‐ stand the cognitive effort of writing. References: Leijten, M., & Van Waes, L. (2013). Keystroke Logging in Writing Research: Using Inputlog to Analyze and Visual‐ ize Writing Processes. Written Communication 30(3), 358– 392 | DOI: 10.1177/0741088313491692 Leijten, M., Macken, L., Hoste, V., Van Horenbeeck, E., & Van Waes, L. (2012). From Character to Word Level: Enabling the Linguistic Analyses of Inputlog Process Data. In M. Piotrowski, C. Mahlow & R. Dale (Eds.), Linguistic and Cognitive Aspects of Document Creation and Document Engineering. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Computational Linguistics and Writing (Avignon, CLW 2012) (pp. 1‐8). ACL: Strouds‐ burg, PA [ISBN 978‐1‐937284‐19‐0] Van Waes, L., Leijten, M., Wengelin, A., & Lindgren, E. (2012). Logging tools to study digital writing processes. In V. W. Berninger (Ed.), Past, present, and future contributions of cognitive writing research to cognitive psy‐ chology (pp. 507‐533). New York/Sussex: Taylor & Francis. [ISBN: 9781848729636] Vizer, L. M., Zhou, L., & Sears, A. (2009). Automated stress detection using keystroke and linguistic features: An exploratory study. International Journal of Human‐Computer Studies, 67(10), 870‐886. Arndt Heilmann1, Tatiana Serbina2 1,2 RWTH Aachen University 1 arndt.heilmann@rwth‐aachen.de,
[email protected]‐aachen.de Translation of Grammatical Metaphor Increasingly more research is performed in process‐based translation studies to identify mechanisms factoring into the translation process (cf. e.g. Carl et al. 2011, Hvelplund 2011). Apart from such fac‐ tors as translator's expertise and time pressure, also the presence of grammatically metaphorical ex‐ pressions in the source text may have an effect on the cognitive processing (Alves et al. 2010). This study explores the behavioural differences in translations of metaphorical and congruent stretches of a source text and the changes in the level of metaphoricity in the resulting translation, by drawing upon eye‐tracking and key‐logging data (Translog), as well as retrospective protocols. We focus on nominalizations as the most common type of the ideational metaphor, in which a semantic process is condensed into a noun phrase (Halliday and Matthiessen 2013, Taverniers 2003). It is assumed that during the translation process these more dense expressions require additional cognitive processing and are likely to be translated by variants that are more congruent (Hansen‐Schirra & Steiner 2012). The results obtained here are contrasted to a ‘reading‐for‐comprehension’ group to confirm that the identified effects are due to translation‐related problems. The talk will focus on key‐logging data and retrospective protocols to gain further insights into the influence of source text related features on cognitive processing. References: Alves, Fabio, Adriana Pagano, Stella Neumann, Erich Steiner, and Silvia Hansen‐Schirra. 2010. Translation units and grammatical shifts: towards an integration of product‐ and process‐based translation research. In Trans‐ lation and cognition, eds. Gregory M. Schreve and Erik Angelone, 109‐142. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Carl, Michael, Barbara Dragsted, and Arnt Lykke Jakobsen. 2011. A taxonomy of human translation styles. Trans‐ lation Journal, 16 (2). Halliday, Michael A. K., and Christian M.I.M Matthiessen. 2014. Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Routledge. Hansen‐Schirra, Silvia, and Erich Steiner. 2012. Towards a typology of translation properties. In Cross‐linguistic corpora for the study of translations: Insights from the language pair English‐German, Silvia Hansen‐Schirra, Stella Neumann, and Erich Steiner. 255‐280. Berlin: de Gruyter. ISFC 2015 205 July 27‐31, 2015 Hvelplund, Kristian Tangsgaard. 2011. Allocation of cognitive resources in translation: an eye‐tracking and key‐ logging study. PhD thesis, Copenhagen Business School. Taverniers, Miriam. 2003. Grammatical metaphor in SFL: a historiography of the introduction and initial study of the concept. In Grammatical metaphor: views from systemic functional linguistics, eds. Anne‐Marie Simon‐ Vandenbergen, Miriam Taverniers, and Louise Ravelli, 5‐33. Amsterdam: Benjamins. ISFC 2015 206 July 27‐31, 2015 WORKSHOPS Robin Fawcett Cardiff University
[email protected]How to draw a system network – and write its realization rules: theory and practice Most SF linguists spend far more time considering structures (whether in text analysis or describing the language itself) than considering the system networks from which SFL takes its name and from which the structures are derived. In Halliday’s words: ‘One of the things that distinguishes systemic grammar is that it gives priority to paradigmatic relations: it interprets language not as a set of struc‐ tures [as in most theories, from traditional grammar to transformational grammar] but as a network of systems (Halliday 1994:15). The first part of the workshop will cover ‐ in interactive lecturing mode ‐ the principles of system net‐ works, and so their associated realization rules/statements. The second part will involve participants in the practical experience of developing a system network for one or more small areas of English gram‐ mar. This will raise the problems that attend all attempts to write/draw system networks. Part 1: The necessary theoretical and descriptive concepts 1) The difference between a full model of language (i.e. a lexicogrammar, with system networks and realization rules/statements) and a text‐descriptive framework for use in text analysis. Examples of each from (i) the Sydney Grammar framework and (ii) the Cardiff Grammar framework. Which type is Halliday’s IFG? 2) An introduction to (or reminder of) the six basic concepts that Halliday introduced in the 1960s and 1970s, so creating a revolutionary new theory of language, which resulted in the familiar system net‐ works for TRANSITIVITY, LOGICO‐SEMANTIC RELATIONS, MOOD, THEME etc, with less well‐known equivalents for the nominal group. 3) From system networks as contrasts at the level of form to system networks as contrasts at the level of meaning. (Later: ‘and back?) 4) The two major instantiations of the theory and their common ground: the NIGEL grammar de‐ scribed in Matthiessen & Bateman 1991 and the GENESYS grammar described in Fawcett, Tucker & Lin 1993. The equivalence of their diagrams for how the two models work, despite claims of theoretical differences. 5) Aside: (i) the two models of language that emerged in Halliday’s own work and (ii) the two architec‐ tures of language and its use in SFL as a whole (the Sydney Model (socio‐cultural emphasis) and the Cardiff Model (cognitive‐interactive framework, including socio‐cultural factors). 6) The common ground in the actual descriptions: Halliday’s grammar being ‘pushed fairly far towards the semantics’, and ‘the higher‐rank choices in the grammar can be essentially choices in mean‐ ing’(Halliday 1994:xix). 7) Fawcett’s dictum: NO SYSTEM NETWORKS WITHOUT REALIZATION RULES. (Fawcett 1988a:9) 8) Introduction to the alternative forms of representation for both system networks and realization rules. 9) Basic concepts and recent developments in system network theory and description. 10) Basic concepts and recent developments in realization rule theory and description. Part 2: A participatory session in creating a system network for an area of the grammar of English 1) Reminder: contrasts at the level of form v contrasts at the level of meaning, and system networks. Are both system networks? Which is ‘right’ for a functional grammar? 2) The need to recognize what happens in practice (e.g. in describing a new language, e.g. our experi‐ ence with Chinese and Japanese) Inevitably, one starts with contrasts in form, but then develop the network to one that models contrasts in meaning. (Then we have to work out whether there are sim‐ ple, direct realizations of meanings, or whether there are different realizations of the same meaning in different contexts – and how to incorporate these facts in the grammar. So the use of conditions in realization rules. 3) A small practical task: to develop a systemic functional grammar (SFG) for this, that, these and those as a deictic determiner in English. ISFC 2015 208 July 27‐31, 2015 4) A bigger task: to develop a SFG for the English personal pronouns. 5) An example from a comprehensive grammar, with necessarily complex realization rules (semantic MOOD in the Cardiff Model). 6) Possible further tasks: (a) work on the system network for English cardinal numbers (b) work on non‐linguistic semiotic systems, e.g. rings (dialectal variation, geographical, time, class); clothing; others. 7) Questions and discussion 8) Conclusions (including the surprising paucity of this aspect of the SFL literature). References: Fawcett, Robin P., 1988a. ‘What makes a good system network “good”? ‐ four pairs of concepts for such evalua‐ tions’. In Benson, J.D., & Greaves, W.S., (eds.) 1988, Systemic Functional Approaches to Discourse: Selected Papers from the 12th International Systemic Workshop, Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1‐28. Fawcett, Robin P., 1988b. ‘The English personal pronouns: an exercise in linguistic theory’. In Benson, J.D., Cum‐ mings, M., & Greaves, W.S., (eds.) 1988, Linguistics in a Systemic Perspective, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 185‐220. Fawcett, Robin P., Tucker, Gordon H., & Lin, Yuen Q., 1993. ‘How a systemic functional grammar works: the role of realization in realization’. In Horacek, H., & Zock, M., (eds.), 1993, New Concepts in Natural Language Gen‐ eration, London: Pinter, 114‐86. Halliday, M.A.K., 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (Second Edition). London: Arnold. Martin, J.R., 1987. ‘The meaning of features in systemic linguistics’. In Halliday, M.A.K., & Fawcett, Robin P. (eds.) 1987, New Developments in Systemic Linguistics, Vol 1: Theory and Description. London: Pinter, 14‐40. Matthiessen, C.M.I.M., & Bateman, J.A., 1991. Text Generation and Systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Pinter. Mick O'Donnell Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
[email protected]Introduction to UAM CorpusTool 4.0 (UAMCT4) This workshop will provide introductory training in the use of UAM CorpusTool 4.0, a new version of the software, which can be used for carrying out linguistic studies on collections of texts. The workshop will firstly lead attendees through the process of establishing a new research project, and how to add texts to the project. The software allows the user to annotate texts on several linguis‐ tic layers (e.g., Register, assigning features to the text as a whole, or layers analysing Mood, Transitivi‐ ty, Theme, or discourse levels). At its simplest, UAMCT4 is a tool for manual annotation: the user identifies segments in the text and assigns features to them. We will explore the use of the software for this purpose, for instance, in the identification and coding of Attitude tokens in the text. The software also allows for automatic annotation of some kinds, e.g., POS (part of speech), Mood, Transitivity and Theme (these only for English at present). We will explore the use of these layers in performing contrastive register studies. We will explore the use of the Statistics interface for performing various kinds of linguistic studies over the annotated layers, and also look at some ways of visualising patterns in texts and over sets of texts. UAMCT 4.0 is a new version of the software which is intended to be easier to use than the previous versions (which were already user‐friendly compared to other corpus annotation programs). While still a desktop application, there will also be a web‐based version available, allowing multiple users to co‐ operatively annotate a corpus. ISFC 2015 209 July 27‐31, 2015 Janina Wildfeuer1 and John A. Bateman2 1,2 University of Bremen 1 wildfeuer@uni‐bremen.de, 2bateman@uni‐bremen.de Film Discourse Analysis and Its Strata ‐ From Material to Interpretation This workshop deals with the notion of film discourse interpretation as a functional operation on the basis of various strata. It is intended to give both a short introduction to film discourse analysis as well as an overview of frameworks which, in a second step, will be demonstrated and exercised with some examples. Over the past few years, we have been examining levels of discourse description for audio‐visual mov‐ ing images, particularly narrative film. Within a general model of multimodal discourse analysis based on systemic‐functional linguistics and recent advancements in discourse semantics, we now have de‐ tailed accounts for several areas of filmic discourse, providing individually and collectively fine‐grained descriptions of the deployment of audio‐visual technical features in film from the perspective of their filmic discourse construction (cf. Bateman 2011, Bateman and Schmidt 2011; Wildfeuer 2012; Wild‐ feuer 2014; Bateman and Wildfeuer 2014). In our more recent work, we have returned to consider particularly the consequences of the very dif‐ ferent material substrate of film in contrast to that of language. The aim is to find out which resources form signicant elements within the meaning‐making process of film interpretation by examining how these resources integrate and operate together. We do this with a straticational organisation of filmic elements in order to describe a systematic meaning hierarchy that displays the different layers of or‐ ganisation. This hierarchy starts with the filmic data that constitute the basic level within this hierar‐ chy, representing the elementary material substance which is arranged in diverse ways as what is of‐ ten called the semantic content of the film. This arrangement can be furthermore considered in the context of its individual metafunctional use and with regard to the various knowledge sources that come into play in the meaning‐making process. Basic principles of discourse semantics which we de‐ scribe with a formal‐functional framework as processes of discourse update operate on this basis and help to build up the film's discursive structure embedded within the stratum of social activity and con‐ text. The depiction of these various strata allows the description of all parts of film interpretation from an integrative perspective and facilitates the understanding of how meaning is constructed within and on the basis of the various levels. In the workshop, we will work out these various layers of organisation with the help of concrete anal‐ yses of several film excerpts and by demonstrating the various steps of film interpretation. After a short introduction and the theoretical description of our framework, we will work through several analyses with the participants. For this, we will choose several film extracts as well as from other me‐ dia texts such as video blogs or TV shows to demonstrate the general applicability of the framework for all forms of audio‐visual material. The aim of this workshop is thus not only to provide an overview of how film discourse interpretation can be operated on the basis of systemic‐functional accounts to multimodal film analysis, but also to provide general information on how media artefacts such as films, TV shows and other forms of video material can be interpreted with the help of discourse analytical frameworks. References: Bateman, J. A. and J. Wildfeuer. 2014. A multimodal theory of visual narrative. Journal of Pragmatics 74. 180‐ 208. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2014.10.001. Bateman, John A. 2011. The decomposability of semiotic modes. In Kay O'Halloran and Bradley Smith (eds.), Multimodal studies: Multiple approaches and domains. Routledge Studies in Multimodality, 17‐38. Routledge. Bateman, John A. and Karl‐Heinrich Schmidt. 2011. Multimodal Film Analysis: How Films Mean. Routledge. Wildfeuer, Janina. 2012. Intersemiosis in Film. Towards a New Organisation of Semiotic Resources in Multimodal Filmic Text. Multimodal Communication 1(3). 276‐304. Wildfeuer, Janina. 2014. Film Discourse Interpretation. Towards a New Paradigm for Multimodal Film Analysis. Routledge. ISFC 2015 210 July 27‐31, 2015 You can order any book with a 25% discount from our website. Visit www.equinoxpub.com 25% and enter the code LINGUISTICS2015 when prompted and your order will be discounted. This offer is valid until the end of October 2015 Linguistics Books and Journals from Equinox Publishing DISCOU AVAILA NT BLE Developing Systemic Functional Linguistics: Research on Children and Social Interaction Theory and Application Editor: Carly W. Butler, Loughborough University Edited by Fang Yan and Jonathan J. Webster Research on Children and Social Interaction is “[This volume] has to a great extent brought SFL studies up to a new, interdisciplinary journal that will publish date and outlined the major trends in SFL. It is recommended.” high-quality research on the interactions of Functions of Language children and young people. Its aim is to advance This volume presents current views on the study of Systemic the study of children’s social interaction as a Functional Linguistics in both theory and application, and on topic in its own right, and to promote the use potential domains and directions for its further development. of interactional approaches to address a range For more information visit www.equinoxpub.com/books/isbn/9781845539955 of issues in the study of children and childhood. The journal will facilitate debate and discussion The Birth of the Academic Article: across traditional disciplinary boundaries and Le Journal des Sçavans and the Philosophical Transactions, 1665-1700 will address issues relevant to childhood studies, David Banks psychology, linguistics, education, social work, This book presents a linguistic analysis, within the framework of Systemic Functional sociology and anthropology. Linguistics, of the first two academic periodicals, from their creation in 1665 until the end For more information visit the journal onlline at www.equinoxpub.com/RCSI of the seventeenth century. The book studies the thematic structure and progression, types of process, expressions of modality, and nominalised processes in each of the periodicals and compares the results. The differences in the results for the two journals derive from East Asian Pragmatics differing editorial decisions, which themselves are engendered by their historical context. Editors: Xinren Chen, Nanjing University For more information visit www.equinoxpub.com/books/isbn/9781781792322 and Dániel Z. Kádár, University of Huddersfield Text Linguistics: The How and Why of Meaning East Asian Pragmatics forms a bridge between M.A.K. Halliday and Jonathan J. Webster pragmaticians from East Asian and Western countries. It is a peer-reviewed journal that Whether prose or poetry, how does a text come to mean focuses on language use and interpersonal what it does? A functional-semantic approach to text analysis offers a revealing look at the resources of language at work in interaction within and across East Asian the creation of meaning, and a unique perspective on the text cultures, including national cultures such as as object of study. The authors include analyses of texts, both Chinese, Japanese and Korean, as well as ethnic spoken and written, drawn from a variety of genres, including minority, regional and other localised cultures, examples of religious and political discourse. Text Linguistics communities of practice, relational networks and is the ideal choice for those who are learning about text other groupings including diasporic communities. linguistics, and functional approaches to language study. The journal aims to broaden understandings of For more information visit www.equinoxpub.com/books/isbn/9781904768487 language use within the East Asian region, and Context in the System and Process of Language also to contribute to pragmatics in a broader Ruqaiya Hasan sense by using East Asian data. This book focusses on the relations of context and text, conceptualising the latter as For more information visit the journal onlline at www.equinoxpub.com/EAP language operative in some recognizable social context. It argues that context is not simply a backdrop for the occurrence of words. Acting as the interface between language Researching and Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language and society, context analysis reveals the power of language for creating, maintaining and Editor: Yang Yanning, East China Normal University changing human relationships. In recent years there has been a global For more information visit www.equinoxpub.com/books/isbn/9781904768401 upsurge of interest in all aspects of Chinese Hybridity in Systemic Functional Linguistics: culture, economy and society and, along with Grammar, Text and Discursive Context this, an increasing demand for instruction in Edited by Donna R. Miller and Paul Bayley the Chinese language. This new, fully refereed This volume addresses the increasingly typical hybrid nature journal is intended for an international audience of text and discourse. In a Systemic Functional Linguistics of scholars, applied linguists, educators and perspective, this also means that cultural and situational policy makers engaged with Chinese as a foreign contexts must be seen as being always potentially hybrid. The language. It presents work from a range of This collection makes plain the multifaceted complexity of linguistic sub-fields related to Chinese linguistics, this phenomenon, as well as its rich potential as a theoretical language pedagogy, second-language construct in Systemic Functional Linguistics. acquisition, assessment, teacher training and For more information visit www.equinoxpub.com/books/isbn/9781781790649 curriculum design. For more information visit the journal onlline at www.equinoxpub.com/RTCFL View our full range of books and journals online