(PDF) Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and B

MIQNE-EKRON 10/1
Field IV Upper and Field V
Iron Age IIC Temple Complex 650

HARVARD MUSEUM OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST PUBLICATIONS
Michael D. Coogan, Director of Publications

FINAL REPORTS OF THE TEL MIQNE-EKRON EXCAVATIONS
Trude Dothan and Seymour Gitin, Principal Investigators and Project Directors
W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research, Jerusalem
Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Ekron 9/1

Trude Dothan, Yosef Garfinkel, and Seymour Gitin, Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations 1985–1988,
1990, 1992–1995: Field IV Lower—The Elite Zone, Part 1: The Iron Age I Early Philistine City

Ekron 9/2

Seymour Gitin, Trude Dothan, and Yosef Garfinkel, Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations 1985–1988,
1990, 1992–1995: Field IV Lower—The Elite Zone, Part 2: The Iron Age IIC Late Philistine City

Ekron 9/3A

Seymour Gitin, Trude Dothan, and Yosef Garfinkel, Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations 1985–1988,
1990, 1992–1995: Field IV Lower—The Elite Zone, Part 3A: The Iron Age I and IIC Early and
Late Philistine Cities Database

Ekron 9/3B

Seymour Gitin, Trude Dothan, and Yosef Garfinkel, Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations 1985–1988,
1990, 1992–1995: Field IV Lower—The Elite Zone, Part 3B: The Iron Age I and IIC Early and
Late Philistine Cities Plans and Sections

Ekron 10/1

Seymour Gitin, Steven M. Ortiz, and Trude Dothan, Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations 1994–1996:
Field IV Upper and Field V: The Elite Zone: Part 1: Iron Age IIC Temple Complex 650

Ekron 10/2

Steven M. Ortiz, Seymour Gitin, and Trude Dothan, Tel Miqne-Ekron Excavations 1994–1996:
Field IV Upper and Field V: The Elite Zone: Part 2: Iron Age IIC Temple Complex 650 Sections,
Plans, and Database

TEL MIQNE-EKRON EXCAVATIONS
1994–1996
FIELD IV UPPER AND FIELD V
THE ELITE ZONE
PART 1
IRON AGE IIC TEMPLE COMPLEX 650
By

Seymour Gitin, Steven M. Ortiz, and Trude Dothan
With contributions by

Christa Schäfer-Lichtenberger, Baruch Brandl, Eleanor F. Beach,
Adi Erlich, David Ben-Shlomo, Jeffrey R. Chadwick, Amir Golani,
Edward F. Maher, Ianir Milevski, Alla Rabinovich,
Alexandra S. Drenka, and Anna de Vincenz
Edited by

Seymour Gitin

EISENBRAUNS | University Park, Pennsylvania

The Tel MiqneEkron Excavation and Publications Project
is affiliated with
The American Society of Overseas Research
and
The Israel Exploration Society
Israel Antiquities Authority Excavation License Nos. G42/1994, G79/1995, G75/1996
Cover: Late Philistine, Judean, and Assyrian-type pottery and Philistine, Judean,
and Persian period figurines (photos by Zev Radovan)
Egyptian gold uraeus (photo by David Harris)
Artist’s rendering of Temple Complex 650 (by Balage)
Dedication Photo, Natan Aidlin by Haggay Aidlin
Cover Design: Marina Zeltser
Layout: Marzel A.S.—Jerusalem
Copyright © 2022
President and Fellows of Harvard College
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Published by The Pennsylvania State University Press,
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Eisenbrauns is an imprint of The Pennsylvania State University Press.
The Pennsylvania State University Press is a member of the Association of University Presses.
Published on behalf of the
W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research
Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Gitin, Seymour, author, editor. | Ortiz, Steven M., author. | Dothan, Trude, author.
Title: Tel Miqne-Ekron excavations 1994–1996 : field IV upper and field V, the Elite Zone / by Seymour Gitin,
Steven M. Ortiz, and Trude Dothan ; with contributions by Christa Schäfer-Lichtenberger [and 11
others] ; edited by Seymour Gitin.
Other titles: Tel Miqne-Ekron final field report series ; no. 10/1–
Description: University Park, Pennsylvania : Eisenbrauns, [2021]– | Series: Final reports of the Tel Miqne-Ekron
excavations ; 10/1– | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Contents: Part 1. Iron Age IIC temple
complex 650.
Summary: “Presents the cultic evidence of the last days of one of the five Philistine capital cities, Ekron, as it
reached the zenith of its growth in the seventh century BCE”—Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2022006330 | ISBN 9781646022175 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Excavations (Archaeology)—Israel—Ekron (Extinct city) | Iron age—Israel. | Ekron (Extinct city)
Classification: LCC DS110.E458 G58 2021 | DDC 933/.4—dc23/eng/20220314
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022006330
It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper. Publications on uncoated stock
satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of
Paper for Printed Library Material, ANSI Z39.48–1992.

We dedicate this volume to the memory of our dear friend and colleague,
Natan Aidlin of Kibbutz Revadim,
in gratitude for his invaluable contribution to the Tel Miqne-Ekron project

This publication was made possible by the support of the
Dorot Foundation and the Museum of the Bible,
with additional assistance from the Leon Levy Foundation

CONTENTS
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Seymour Gitin
Map of Philistine Coastal Plain and Shephelah Sites in the Iron Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Tel MiqneEkron Iron Age II Stratigraphic and Chronological Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xii
Tel MiqneEkron Field Reports and Monographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Excavation Staff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Photos of Staff, Student Volunteers, and Workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Abbreviations and Additional Terms Used in Pottery Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xx
Introduction: Goals, Field Report, and Archives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Seymour Gitin
Chapter 1

Revised Top Plan of Tel MiqneEkron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Seymour Gitin and Jeffrey R. Chadwick

Chapter 2

Occupational History: The Stratigraphy and Architecture of Iron IIC Stratum IB/C and the
Persian–Hellenistic, Roman–Byzantine, and Islamic Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Steven M. Ortiz, Seymour Gitin, and Trude Dothan

Chapter 3

Achish and the Goddess of Ekron: What’s in a Name? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
Christa Schäfer-Lichtenberger

Chapter 4A The Iron Age IIC Stratum IB Pottery Corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
Seymour Gitin
Chapter 4B A Quantitative Analysis of the Stratum IB Pottery from Temple Complex 650 and
a Comparison with the Assemblage from the Temple Auxiliary Buildings: Character and
Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Appendix 1: Pottery Quantification Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Seymour Gitin
Chapter 5

Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Period Pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Anna de Vincenz

Chapter 6

Ceramic and Other Small Finds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
David Ben-Shlomo

Chapter 7

Glyptic Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Baruch Brandl

Chapter 8

Persian Period Figurines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Eleanor Ferris Beach and Adi Erlich

Chapter 9

Jewelry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Amir Golani

Chapter 10 Metal Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Alla Rabinovich, Alexandra S. Drenka, and Seymour Gitin
Chapter 11

Ivories in the South Syria-Samaria Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Baruch Brandl, Seymour Gitin, and Trude Dothan

Chapter 12 An Egyptian Canopic Jar Lid, Early Ramesside Cylinder Seal, and Gold Cobra. . . . . . . . 255
Baruch Brandl
Chapter 13 Stone Tools and Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Ianir Milevski
Chapter 14 Faunal Remains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Edward F. Maher

Color Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Color Photos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Bibliographic Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Ekron 10/2, the complete excavation database, is available at
Grid Plan
Field Phasing Chart
Architectural Sections
Sections of Areas
Plans
Database: Appendix 1: Phasing Charts; Index A: Locus Lists; Index B: Material Culture Samples

CHAPTER 5

PErsian, HEllEnistiC, Roman, and ByzantinE PEriod PottEry
Anna de Vincenz

The Persian, Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine pottery from Field IV Upper and Field V is represented
by a limited corpus of diagnostic forms found in debris
associated with the partial remains of Persian period
Building 850 and Roman period Building 950 and the
debris associated with intrusive material in the late
Iron Age II destruction of Temple Complex 650, as
well as from topsoil, robber activity, and clean-up loci.

HELLENISTIC PERIOD
(Figs. 5.1:6–7, 10–12, 5.2:2)
The prototype of a common Hellenistic period bowl
with an incurved rim (Fig. 5.1:6) comes from Attica.6
Attested in both small and large sizes, it is made of fine
ware and slipped in red, black, or sometimes both. At
Tel Dor, this type of bowl appears in the mid4th century BCE and continues well into the 3rd century BCE.7
It becomes less frequent in the 2nd century and ceased
to be produced in the 1st century BCE.8 Another common bowl type has an everted rim and pinched handles
and usually a hemispherical body and ring base, and
may be red slipped on the interior and exterior (Fig.
5.1:7). Its prototype is skyphos from Attica.9 At Dor,
several bowls of this type are attested, dated to the 2nd
century BCE,10 and an example from Gezer is dated to
the mid2nd century BCE.11
The fishplate or saucer, also common, has an
everted flanged overhanging rim and usually a central
depression and ring base (Fig. 5.1:10–11).12 Produced
throughout the Hellenistic period,13 the Ekron variant
can be identified with Type BL 4b at Dor dated to the
2nd century BCE14 and Type 215 at Gezer from the late
2nd century BCE.15
A deep krater type with a high neck, an everted
rounded rim with a ridge at the bottom of the neck,

PERSIAN PERIOD
(Fig. 5.1:1–5)
The Persian period mortaria have round or straight
sidewalls, a thickened Dshaped rim (Fig. 5.1:1), and
a footed ring base (Fig. 5.1:2–3).1 They continue the
flatbase mortarium tradition of the late Iron Age II.2
The two krater fragments have a decoration that
was applied before firing. One is decorated with triangular wedgeshaped and round reed impressions (Fig.
5.1:4) and the other has only triangular wedgeshaped
impressions (Fig. 5.1:5). The first fragment (Fig. 5.1:4)
probably comes from the shoulder of a krater similar
to those with two or four handles found in Jerusalem.3
The second (Fig. 5.1:5) may belong to a krater with a
globular body and four handles, similar to an example
from Jerusalem.4 The type of decoration dates from
the end of the 6th to the end of the 5th century BCE.5

2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Parallels come from Gezer (Gezer III [HUC]: 235,
Pl. 30:6–16) and Dor (Stern 1995: 53–55, Fig. 2.2:14;
Stern 2015b: 582, Pl. 5.1.2:9), as well as from other sites
(Stern 2015b: 567–68, Pl. 5.1.2:7–11. 7–8, 10–11).
Gezer III (HUC): 210–12, Pl. 28:9; Gitin 2015: 397.
BenArieh 2000: 6, Fig. 8:1, 3.
BenArieh 2000: 6, Fig. 9.
BenArieh 2000: 6.

197

See GuzZilberstein 1995: 289–90.
Berlin 2015: 634, Pl. 6.1.3:11.
GuzZilberstein 1995: 289–90.
GuzZilberstein 1995: 294.
GuzZilberstein 1995: 294, Fig. 6.7:1–7.
Gezer III (HUC): 249–50, Pl. 38:9.
GuzZilberstein 1995: 291–92.
GuzZilberstein 1995: 292.
GuzZilberstein 1995: 291; Fig. 6.3:6–16.
Gezer III (HUC): 251–52 and Pl. 40:6–7.

198

AN NA DE V I NC E NZ

and a thin bulge where the neck everts into the rim,
is decorated on the exterior with an irregular black
painted band of (Fig. 5.1:12). Dated to the 3rd–2nd
centuries BCE, it is possible that its origin lies in the
Persian period.16
The casserole with a round body, a sharply everted
beveled rim to hold a lid, and usually vertical straphandles (Fig. 5.1:18) is a local type of cooking vessel.
At Dor, it is dated as early as the mid4th century,
becoming more frequent in the 3rd century, and common in the 2nd century BCE.17 It appears to be the
antecedent of casseroles excavated in Jerusalem that
date to the 1st century BCE.18 Hellenistic cooking pots
continue Phoenician and Israelite traditions.
Unguentaria of various sizes with a piriform body,
an elongated neck, and a flat top and base are common in the Hellenistic period (Fig. 5.2:2). Although the
example from Ekron lacks a rim and base and cannot
be attributed to a specific type, it most likely dates to
the 2nd century BCE.19
A moldmade lamp with a long nozzle is decorated
on the rim with a radiating pattern and a sideloop (Fig.
5.2:3). It may be either imported or made locally, the
latter dated to the 3rd–2nd centuries BCE.20

ROMAN PERIOD
(Figs. 5.1:8–9, 13–17, 19–32, 5.2:1, 4–9)
Bowls (Fig. 5.1:8–9)
In the late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods, small
bowls with an incurved rim were very common (Fig.
5.1:8–9). These bowls are local successors of an early
Hellenistic form in Attic blackglazed ware, also represented at Ekron (Fig. 5.1:6).21 Early Roman examples
are made of fine ware and have a disc or flat stringcut

base;22 in the second half of the 1st century CE, the
bowls are thinner and the rim is sharply incurved.23
They are common at sites in the region, especially in
Judea, for example at Jericho24 and Masada.25 The
Ekron examples date to the second half of the 1st century CE.

Casseroles (Fig. 5.1:13–14)
Two Roman period casserole types are attested, both
with a deep body. One is rounded (Fig. 5.1:13) and
the other has a sharp carination on the upper part of
the body forming a deep grooved/beveled rim to hold
a lid (Fig. 5.1:14). The closest parallel for the Ekron
example with a rounded body (Fig. 5.1:13) comes from
Masada, where it first appears in the Hellenistic period
and continues until the 2nd century CE.26 The carinated
example (Fig. 5.1:14) is probably related to a form
found at Masada dated to 66–73/74 CE.27

Closed Cooking Pots (Fig. 5.1:15–17, 19)
The most common cooking pot in the late Hellenistic
and Early Roman periods has a large globular or squat
body, a long everted neck, a simple rounded or slightly
thickened rim, a round or slightly pointed base, and
two straphandles (Fig. 5.1:15–17). Cooking pots of
this type have been found at many sites throughout the
region and date from the end of the 2nd through the 1st
century BCE.28 A smaller cooking pot with a squat body
and round base has an everted triangular and slightly
beveled rim from which one strap- or loop-handle
extends to the upper shoulder (Fig. 5.1:19). Based on
the evidence from Jericho, the small cooking pot can
be found both in Hasmonean and Herodian contexts
and is therefore dated from the 1st century BCE to the
very beginning of the 1st century CE.29

16. GuzZilberstein 1995: 297, Fig. 6.14, on which No. 11 is

the closest parallel for Fig. 5.1:12.

17. GuzZilberstein 1995: 299, Fig. 6.20:2–13.
18. See Jewish Quarter II: 135–36, where the Dor type on

Pl. 5.8:37 is cited as the closest parallel for the Ekron
type on Fig. 5.1:18.
19. For further discussion, see GuzZilberstein 1995:
304–6.
20. RosenthalHeginbottom 1995: 236–37.
21. Masada VII: 129; Berlin 1997: 73.

22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

See Masada VII: 129.
Masada VII: 132–33.
Jericho Palaces III: 83–87, Pl. 14:202.
Masada VII: 130–33, Pl. 25:4–16.
Masada VII: 168, Pl. 31:69.
Masada VII: 166, Pl. 30:58.
For further discussion, see Jewish Quarter II: 134.
See Jericho Palaces III: 72, Pl. 12:151–152.

CHA P T E R 5 : PE R SIA N , H E LLE N I STIC , ROM AN , AN D B Y Z ANTI NE PE R IOD POT TE RY

Storage Jars (Fig. 5.1:20–25)
One of the storage jar types has a bag-shaped body, a
straight neck, and a simple everted rounded rim, and is
made of thin wellfired ware (Fig. 5.1:20–21). Based on
a parallel from Jericho, it has four handles on the upper
body.30 While these jars are attested in the late 2nd
century BCE, they are more common in the 1st century
BCE.31 The second storage jar type has a bag-shaped
or cylindrical body, a short neck, and a long folded
rim (Fig. 5.1:22–23). Found in large quantities in the
Hasmonean palace at Jericho, it has several variants.32
The parallel for the Ekron example is BarNathan’s
Type JSJ4A2, dated to the 1st century BCE.33 A characteristic feature of the third type attested at Ekron,
also with a bagshaped body, straight neck, and simple
everted rounded rim, is the ridge at the bottom of the
neck (Fig. 5.1:24–25). These jars are found in large
numbers at Jericho, where they are dated to the first
half of the 1st century CE.34

Jugs, Juglets, and Flasks (Figs. 5.1:26–31, 5.2:1)
One jug type has a bag-shaped body so similar to a
storage jar form that only the handle attachment indicates that it is a jug (Fig. 5.1:26, compare with Fig.
5.1:20–21).35 The type with a narrow splayed neck
and everted rim creating the shape of a funnel has a
handle with an oval section attached to the rim (Fig.
5.1:27). These jugs are very common in 1st century BCE
contexts in the Jewish Quarter excavations.36 A small
jug with a long narrow ridged neck and an externally
thickened rim has a straphandle attached from the rim
to the upper shoulder (Fig. 5.1:28). Similar jugs have
been found at Jericho, where they are dated to the first
half of the 1st century CE.37
The characteristic feature of “Balsam” juglets
with a globular or elongated piriform body is their
cupmouth rim (Figs. 5.1:29, 5.2:1). The single twisted
Jericho Palaces III: Pl. 1:1
Jewish Quarter II: 124–25.
Jericho Palaces III: 28–31.
Jericho Palaces III: 31, Pls. 3:19–21, 4:22–24.
BarNathan and KamilGitler 2002: 151–52, Pl.
24:397–406.
35. For supporting evidence, see Jewish Quarter II: 124–25.
36. Jewish Quarter II: 127–28, Pls. 5.4:7, 5.8:16.
37. BarNathan and KamilGitler 2002: 159, Pl. 25:423.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.

199

or flattened handle is attached from the rim to the
upper shoulder. Bases may be round, pointed, or flat.
Common at late Hellenistic and Early Roman sites,
these juglets appear in the 1st century BCE and continue
into the first third of the 2nd century CE.38
Another juglet type has a long flaring neck, a profiled rim, and a handle with an ovoid section extending from the body to and over the rim (Fig. 5.1:30).
A juglet with a similar rim, although with a globular
body, appears at Masada, where it is dated to the 1st
century CE.39
Flasks of the late Hellenistic and Early Roman
periods have an asymmetrical globular body with a
pointed protrusion on one side and two twisted handles
attached from midneck to the body (Fig. 5.1:31). The
position of the handles on the neck is chronologically
significant,40 and indicates that the Ekron flask dates
to the 1st century BCE at the earliest. Common flasks in
the late Hellenistic and Early Roman periods continue
Iron Age and Persian period traditions.

Funnels (Fig. 5.1:32)
The funnel comprising a cylinder and lower part of
a bowl usually has a small loop handle attached on
or just below the rim (Fig. 5.1:32). Funnels in a wide
variety of shapes have been found at Masada, and the
Ekron example can be related to Type MFN141 of the
1st century CE.42

Lamps (Fig. 5.2:4–9)
The moldmade lamp with a short nozzle is redslipped
and its rim is decorated with radiating lines (Fig. 5.2:4).
It belongs to the group of Judean Radial lamps known
from Jericho, where it is dated to the 1st century BCE.43
The three wheel-made lamps are formed from a bowl
with its sides folded sides to create a wickhole (Fig.
5.2:5–7). They are generally made of welllevigated
clay and are not slipped or decorated. Common in
Jerusalem and the south, they are rare in the north.44
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.

Masada VII: 191–94.
Masada VII: 195–96, Pl. 33:20.
Jericho Palaces III: 65–66.
Masada VII: 228–29, Pl. 39:2.
Masada VII: 228.
Jericho Palaces III: 107.
See Barag and Hershkovitz 1994: 11–12.

200

AN NA DE V I NC E NZ

They first appear in the middle of the 2nd century BCE
and continue well into the 1st century BCE, when they
are attested together with molded examples.45
The lamp with a spatulate nozzle (Fig. 5.2:8)
belongs to the group of Herodian lamps. The sides of
the lamp are knifepared and the central filling hole is
surrounded by a high ridge forming a wide outer rim.
Classified as Group CI, this lamp is dated toward the
end of the reign of Herod or soon thereafter.46 The
type with a short pointed nozzle and small wick
hole has an intentionally broken discus (Fig. 5.2:9).
These lamps are widespread in the Syro-Palestinian
region and are both imported and locally made. In
both cases, the discus is usually decorated. They date

from after 70 CE continuing well into the 2nd century
CE.47

BYZANTINE PERIOD
(Fig. 5.2:10)
Basin
A basin made of coarse ware with a thickened inverted
rim and several combed straight and wavy lines under
its exterior (Fig. 5.2:10) may be of the type with loop
handles. It is common in the south in the late Byzantine
and Umayyad periods.48

47. For a discussion on these lamps, see Hadad 2002:

19–20.

45. Barag and Hershkovitz 1994: 12.
46. Barag and Hershkovitz 1994: 43, 47, Fig. 5.

48. For examples from Herodium, see Birger 1981: Pl. 13:2;

Ustinova and Nahshoni 1994: Fig. 3:18; Kletter 2005:
Fig. 13.

THE POTTERY

202

ANNA DE V I NC E NZ

Fig. 5.1: Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman pottery
Type

Reg. No.

Locus

Description

Decoration

Ware

Core

Levigation

MRT

IVNW.47.7.4

47001

MRT

IVNW.96.8.1

96002

MRT

IVNW.47.11.5

47004

IVNW.62.8.10

62006

Incised zigzag lines

IVNW.62.8.12

62006

Incised zigzag lines

IVNE.47.23.1

47005

Int.: red slip, black paint on rim; ext.:
black paint

IVNW.47.7.50 47001

Int. and ext.: red slip

IVNE.47.7.14

47002

IVNW.94.8.1

94000

10.

IVNE.47.4.7

47002

11.

IVNE.47.6.2

47002

Int. and ext.: red slip; Eastern Sigillata

12.

IVNE.47.10.7

47002

Ext.: black irregular band on white slip?

13.

IVNE.48.17.9

48014

14.

IVNE.48.10.11

48008

15.

IVNW.47.7.7

47001

16.

IVNW.47.13.2

47004

17.

IVNW.47.11.1

47004

18.

IVNW.47.7.1

47002

19.

IVNE.45.75.2

45015

20. SJ

IVNE.48.25.61 48012

21.

IVNW.45.26.2 45003

22.

IVNE.48.10.1

48008

23.

IVNW.47.2.18

47001

24.

IVNE.48.9.11

48008

25.

IVNE.48.10.8

48008

26.

JUG

IVNE.46.2.14

46001

27.

JUG

IVNE.48.11.2

48010

28.

JUG

IVNE.48.20.1

48012

29.

JUL

IVNW.47.3.34

47001

30.

JUL

IVNW.94.44.1

94006

31.

IVNE.46.7.26

46002

32.

FNL

IVNW.44.48.1

44004

203

CHA P T E R 5 : PE R SIA N , H E LLE N I STIC , ROM AN , AN D B Y Z ANTI NE PE R IOD POT TE RY

13
16
14

Fig. 5.1

204

ANNA DE V I NC E NZ

Fig. 5.2: Roman and Byzantine pottery
Type

Reg. No.

Locus

Description

Decoration

Ware

Core

Levigation

JUL

IVNE.48.21.1

48016

UNG

IVNE.48.75.1

48003

LMP

VSW.8.7.1

84003

Dull black paint

LMP

IVNW.62.10.1

62006

Red paint (nozzle burnt)

LMP

IVNW.63.26.1

63001

(Nozzle burnt)

LMP

IVNW.63.5.1

63001

LMP

IVNW.47.10.1

47004

(Nozzle burnt)

LMP

IVNE.48.20.6

48012

(Nozzle burnt)

LMP

IVNE.48.7.1

48006

(Nozzle burnt)

10.

BAS

IVNE.48.1.2

48001

205

CHA P T E R 5 : PE R SIA N , H E LLE N I STIC , ROM AN , AN D B Y Z ANTI NE PE R IOD POT TE RY

Fig. 5.2

BIBLIOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS

AASOR

Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research

ÄAT

Ägypten und Altes Testament (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz)

ABSA

Annual of the British School at Athens

ADPV

Abhandlungen des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz)

AIAR

W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research

AJA

American Journal of Archaeology

ANET

J. B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament (3rd ed.). Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1969.

AOAT

Alter Orient und Altes Testament (Münster: Ugarit-Verlag)

APIN-IH

S. Gitin, ed., The Ancient Pottery of Israel and Its Neighbors from the Iron Age through the Hellenistic
Period (2 vols.). Jerusalem: IES, 2015.

ASOR

American Schools of Oriental Research

Biblical Archaeologist

BAR

British Archaeological Reports

BARIntSer

British Archaeological Reports International Series (Oxford: BAR/Archaeopress)

BASOR

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

BCH

Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique

BCHS

Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique Suppléments

BMB

Bulletin du Musée de Beyrouth

Biblische Notizen

BSAE

British School of Archaeology in Egypt

BSAJ

British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem

CAD

I. J. Gelb, et al., The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (21 vols.,
Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1956–2010)

DDD

K. van der Toorn, B. Becking, and P. W. van der Horst, eds., Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible
(second rev. ed., Leiden: Brill, 1999)

DNP

H. Cancik and H. Schneider, eds., Der Neue Pauly: Enzyklopädie der Antike (12 vols.) (Stuttgart: Meltzer,
1996–2003)

W. L. Moran, The Amarna Letters (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992)

E-I

Eretz-Israel

HUC

Hebrew Union College

IAA

Israel Antiquities Authority

IEJ

Israel Exploration Journal

IES

Israel Exploration Society

317

318

BIBL IO G R APH IC ABBR EV IATION S

IG VII

W. Dittenberger, ed., Inscriptiones Graecae VII: Inscriptiones Megaridis, Oropiae, Boeotiae (Berlin: Ares,
1892)

JAEI

Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections

JANER

Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions

JANES

Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Studies

JAS

Journal of Archaeological Science

JCS

Journal of Cuneiform Studies

JEA

Journal of Egyptian Archaeology

JRASS

Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series

JSOTSS

Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press

KAI

H. Donner and W. Röllig, Kanaanäishe und aramäische Inschriften (2nd rev. ed., 3 vols., Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz, 1966–1968)

LCL

Loeb Classical Library

LGPN

A Lexicon of Greek Personal Names (6 vols., Oxford: OUP, 1987—)

NEA

Near Eastern Archaeology

NEAEHL

The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land, ed. E. Stern. Jerusalem: IES, 1993
(vols. 1–4), 2008 (vol. 5)

ÖAW

Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften

OBO

Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis (Freiburg: Universitätsverlag)

OBO.SA

Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis Series Archaeologica (Freiburg: Universitätsverlag)

Oriental Institute, University of Chicago

OJA

Oxford Journal of Archaeology

OrAnt

Oriens Antiquus

OUP

Oxford University Press

PEF

Palestine Exploration Fund

PEFA

Palestine Exploration Fund Annual

PEFQS

Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement

PEQ

Palestine Exploration Quarterly

SBL

Society of Biblical Literature

SIMA

Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology (Göteborg/Jonsered/Uppsala: Åströms)

TUAT

O. Kaiser, ed., Texte aus der Umwelt des Alten Testaments (Gütersloh: Mohn, 1982–1997)

U-F

Ugarit-Forschungen

VT Supp

Vetus Testamentum Supplements (Leiden: Brill)

ZDPV

Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins

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