(PDF) Tourism Demand Study

AIC Agro-Investment Corporation CLG Centre for Leadership and Governance GDP Gross Domestic Product GOJ Government of Jamaica JAMIS Jamaica Agriculture Market Information System JHTA Jamaica Hotel and Tourist Association JMA Jamaica Manufacturers’ Association JSIF Jamaica Social Investment Fund MOAF Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries MOTE Ministry of Tourism and Entertainment MTF Medium-term Socio-economic Policy Framework PIOJ Planning Institute of Jamaica RADA Rural Agricultural Development Authority STATIN Statistical Institute of Jamaica T his Tourism Demand Study was conducted to Therefore, the prospect for import substitution is great determine and quantify the existing and potential as there exists a high level of receptivity among demand for goods and services across the tourism sector stakeholders to local goods and agricultural, manufacturing, and entertainment sectors in services. This receptivity could be converted to Jamaica. More specifically, the study sought to: business opportunity as the projected demand for • Identify areas where there is strong opportunity for agricultural and manufactured goods indicate that increased consumption of local goods and services there is tremendous opportunity for trade that could be in the tourism sector; as high as J$56.7 billion annually for processed foods • Increase understanding of the supply chain for the alone, J$5.3 billion for fruits, and J$1.6 billion for tourism sector; vegetables. • Identify specific constraints and limitations hindering tourism linkage with the domestic The major constraints hindering tourism linkage with economy; the domestic economy include lack of capacity to • Estimate the value of leakages due to expenditure supply in large quantities, lack of consistency of on imported goods and services; and supplies, and poor quality of products in the case of the agricultural sector. For the manufacturing sector, • Determine the receptivity for use of local goods the lack of support in promoting locally manufactured and services within the sector. goods to foreign investors in the tourism sector is the The study was conducted using a combination of main obstacle identified. approaches that included desk research, a survey of tourism-related businesses, and elite interviews with In light of these findings, this study recommends that tourism sector stakeholders. The current demand for the following steps be taken to tackle these obstacles: agricultural and manufactured products was established • Use the Agro Parks Programme to organize from the survey data and a simulation model was applied farmers into cooperatives that will have the pooled to these data to estimate potential national demand for capacity to produce the quantities of agricultural agricultural and manufactured products. products demanded by the tourism sector. This study found that the demand for goods and • Engage RADA and MOAF in the quality services in the tourism sector is mainly satisfied by assurance of local agricultural products to ensure local suppliers but importation does constitute a that standards set by the hotels and restaurants reasonable proportion of expenditure on some specific industry are met in relation to quality and products. Additionally, we found that based on the consistency of supply. value of expenditure on the importation of certain • Introduce local industries promotion legislation items, there are excellent opportunities for increased that will incorporate graduated tax relief for linkages with local producers. These items include tourism sector investors according to the products such as bed frames and head boards, proportion of their total expenditure on local goods cantaloupe, chairs, iceberg lettuce, Irish potatoes, and services in the agriculture and manufacturing pillows, red jumbo onions, rice, sanitizers, standing sectors. lamps, sweet corn, toothpaste, and towels. The annual • JAMPRO should promote local products to foreign leakage due to imports amounts to J$65.4 billion in the investors who are considering the establishment of manufacturing sector and between J$1.6 billion and businesses in Jamaica at the same time that they J$5.0 billion in the agricultural sector. promote the incentives available to foreign investors. T he tourism sector plays an important role in the tourism sector is to deliver on the expectation that it Jamaican economy accounting for 6.4% of serves as a growth-inducing sector for Jamaica, it is gross domestic product (GDP) in 20121. In essential to clearly identify areas where strong 2014, about 7.1% of the workforce was employed in opportunities exist for increased consumption of local the hotels and restaurants industry alone. This goods and services in the sector and to implement represented an increase from the previous year’s rate strategies for linking it to local industries for the of 6.8% (PIOJ 2015) and is reflective of the general overall benefit of the domestic economy. trend in growth of the tourism sector. With this in mind, the Centre for Leadership and Jamaica has experienced a steady growth in the Governance (CLG), in September 2014, commenced number of tourist arrivals over the last decade with a Tourism Demand Study on behalf of the Ministry of total visitor arrivals increasing by 25% within five Tourism and Entertainment (MOTE) through a grant years, from 2.8 million in 2010 to 3.5 million in 2014. from the Jamaica Social Investment Fund (JSIF). The Over this period, the sector’s foreign exchange study’s main objective was to determine and quantify earnings grew by about 12% from US$2 billion to the existing and potential demand for goods and US$2.24 billion (PIOJ 2015). Due to its linkages with services across the agricultural, manufacturing, and other sectors of the economy, the tourism sector has entertainment sectors. More specifically, the study the potential to propel economic growth, especially in sought to: the agricultural, manufacturing, and entertainment 1. Identify areas where there is strong opportunity for sectors. increased consumption of local goods and services in the local tourism sector; The Medium-term Socio-economic Policy Framework 2. Increase understanding of the supply chain for the (MTF) of the Government of Jamaica (GOJ) and the tourism sector; government’s Growth-Inducement Strategy 3. Identify specific constraints and limitations (Hutchinson and Harris 2012) identified the hindering tourism linkage with the domestic development of economic linkages between the economy; tourism sector and the other sectors of the economy as 4. Estimate the value of leakages due to expenditure critical to promoting growth in and development of on imported goods and services; and these other domestic sectors. The sectors commonly 5. Determine the receptivity among the tourism expected to benefit from growth in tourism include sector for use of local goods and services within agriculture, manufacturing, and the creative industries. the sector. It has been argued that opportunities exist in the local industries for import-substitution of demand by the The study was conducted using a combination of tourism sector for food and other goods and services approaches that include desk research, survey of that are currently met by imports. A recent study by tourism-related businesses, and elite interviews with the World Travel and Tourism Council (2013), which tourism sector stakeholders. This project report estimated that 30% of travel and tourism spending in contains a description of the methodology used in Jamaica leaks out of the economy through imports, conducting the tourism demand study as well as the lends support to this point of view. Therefore, if the results and findings of the study. The report provides an assessment of the demand for agricultural, manufacturing, and entertainment goods and services by the tourism sector, including a detailed analysis of the source of demand for these goods and services in order to identify opportunities for increasing consumption of these products in the sector. To that end, the report highlights the supply chain for the tourism sector and identifies constraints that are hindering tourism linkages with the domestic economy. Based on the study’s findings, some recommendations are made for the MOTE to consider in enhancing the tourism sector’s linkages with the domestic economy. Following the completion of the pilot survey, the national survey was undertaken using a combination of face-to-face, telephone and online interviews. The As a first step in conducting this study, the CLG CLG made telephone contact with tourism sector undertook desk research of existing academic businesses to identify an individual within each literature on tourism demand and GOJ policy organization designated to complete the questionnaire. documents and reports relating to the economy in Once identified, a request for an initial face-to-face general and the tourism sector in particular. Important meeting was made with the designated respondent. GOJ documents reviewed include: Given the comprehensive nature of the instrument, multiple face-to-face meetings were held with each respondent until the questionnaire was completed or the respondent indicated lack of data or interest to continue with the interview process. The participants were also given the option to complete the questionnaire online but very few questionnaires were completed through this medium. In addition, data were accessed from the Statistical At the conclusion of the survey, only 28 businesses had Institute of Jamaica (STATIN), the Bank of Jamaica completed and returned or submitted their (BOJ), the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries questionnaire. Respondents provided information in (MOAF), and Jamaica Customs. varying degrees of completeness and not all questions were answered by all respondents. Several avenues The desk research yielded pertinent information on were sought to encourage tourism sector businesses to tourism demand studies that have been done globally return completed questionnaire, including in addition to useful data specific to the Jamaica interventions by MOTE, but these did not result in any tourism industry. The information gained from this additional submissions. desk review was used to design a conceptual model providing a framework for understanding the In spite of the limited response rate obtained from the connections and linkages of the tourism sector to local national survey, a simulation model was developed industries that supply goods and services to the sector. based on the data collected, which allowed CLG to The desk study also allowed the researchers to gain make national projections of the demand for food and deeper understanding of specific challenges other goods and services by the tourism sector. encumbering tourism linkages with the local economy. Preliminary results of this modelling exercise were A study instrument (questionnaire) was designed for presented to the stakeholder group of the Jamaica quantitative data collection and was pilot tested with Hotel and Tourist Association (JHTA), MOTE and tourism sector businesses. A total of 19 businesses JSIF. The group provided useful comments and completed the questionnaire during the pilot stage. The suggestions that were taken into consideration by the pilot provided good signal of what to expect in the researchers. field ahead of the full survey. Based on the pilot, modifications were made to the questionnaire to Elite interviews were then conducted with stakeholder enhance clarity and improve the response rate. groups, which included officials of the MOAF, JHTA, Jamaica Manufacturers’ Association (JMA), and individual business operators in the tourism sector. resulting sample of 28 businesses was too few to Their responses provided qualitative data, validation permit the direct estimation of demand for goods and of the results of the quantitative data analysis, and services using any econometrics method similar to provided the context for explaining these results. those used in previous studies. To address this limitation, a simulation modelling approach was used 2.2 SIMULATION MODEL instead. This approach entailed extrapolating data from Studies of tourism demand abound in the academic the sample of 28 businesses to reflect national demand literature and varieties of models have been used in based on available national data on the number and estimating this demand. Song and Li (2008) reported size of hotels operating in the country. This approach that 121 studies were published on tourism demand is particularly useful in situations where sample- modelling and forecasting in scholarly journals specific data are limited. In effect therefore, it allowed between 2000 and 2007. The majority of these studies the researchers to make the best use of available used tourist arrival as the measure of tourism demand. survey data. Only three (Au and Law 2000; Au and Law 2002; Law and Au 2000) out of 121 studies, used expenditure on The simulation model used in estimating demand for particular tourism products as the measure of tourism goods and services in the tourism sector is therefore demand, and none examined the aggregate demand for stated as follows: goods and services by the tourism sector or by specific 𝐷?𝑘𝑇= 𝑠=1 𝑠𝑖=1 𝑛𝑑𝑘i𝑠𝑛𝑖=1 𝑛𝑟𝑖𝑛? 𝑇𝑅? 𝑚 ∀ 𝑘, 𝑠 industries within the sector, such as the hotels and restaurants industry. Where, 𝐷𝑘𝑇 is the total annual demand for good k by the When tourism studies are done to examine demand for tourism sector; hotel accommodation2 or for tourism goods and 𝑑𝑘𝑖𝑠 is the monthly demand for good k from source s services3, they are analysed from the perspective of the by an individual hotel i; tourists, using annual surveys of tourist expenditures. 𝑟𝑖. is the room capacity of hotel i captured in the Such an approach ensures that cross-sectional and survey; time-series (panel) data with adequate data points are 𝑛 is the sample size of hotels that participated in the available for the empirical estimation of trend and the survey; forecasting of future demand. However, a system of TR is total room capacity of hotels nationally; data collection on individual tourist expenditures, in m is the number of months in a year; addition to tourist arrivals, needs to be in place before index i represents a particular hotel that participated such an approach can be used. in the survey; index s represents a local or foreign source of supply For the current study, the aim is to estimate the demand to the hotel; and by the tourism sector for local and imported goods and index k represents a particular product. services and not the direct demand by tourists. Doing this requires data on the type, quantity, and cost of For expenditures, a similar modelling approach was goods and services consumed by hotels, restaurants, used to estimate the value of expenditure on goods and cruise shipping, tour operations, and other tourism- services by the tourism sector. related businesses. The tourism demand study survey was conducted for this purpose. Unfortunately, the The expenditure model is stated as follows: The above models were used in estimating demand for 𝐸𝑘𝑇= 𝑠=1 𝑠𝑖=1 𝑛𝑒𝑘𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑖=1 𝑛𝑟𝑖𝑛? 𝑇𝑅? 𝑚 ∀ 𝑘, 𝑠 agricultural, manufacturing, and entertainment Where, products in the tourism sector. As was stated earlier in 𝐸?𝑘𝑇 is the total annual expenditure on good k by the this report, the study questionnaire was returned in tourism sector; varying degrees of completeness. Respondents did not provide data on all goods and services and at times 𝑑𝑘𝑖𝑠 is the monthly expenditure on good k from source s by an individual hotel i; provided information on quantity consumed or expenditure made but not on both. Consequently, for 𝑟𝑖 is the room capacity of hotel i captured in the some items, the estimated demand presented in this survey; report will include quantity but not expenditure or vice 𝑛 is the sample size of hotels that participated in the versa. This does not in any way represent survey; inconsistency in the estimation or reporting of result TR is total room capacity of hotels nationally; as quantities and expenditure were independently m is the number of months in a year; estimated. index i represents a particular hotel that participated in the survey; Although 28 businesses participated in the survey, for index s represents a local of foreign source of supply the purpose of addressing the main study objectives, to the hotel; and responses from only 23 tourism sector businesses were index k represents a particular product. usable. This was due to non-response on critical questions by 5 respondents. Therefore, the results presented in this report are based on these 23 businesses or a subset thereof. 3. 1 STRUCTURE OF TOURISM information on the room capacity of all of their SECTOR BUSINESSES operations. As shown in Table 2, the majority (43%) Twenty businesses provided information on the sub- operate with a capacity of less than 50 rooms and one sector in which they operate. These businesses mainly has capacity in excess of 2000 rooms. None indicated operate accommodation services for tourists. A few capacity in the 50 to 100 and 1001 and 2000 room indicated operating in two or three sub-sectors category. simultaneously. This included one operating in Table 2: Room Capacity of Surveyed Tourism Sector accommodation, cruise shipping and accommodation, and restaurant, and another which reported operating Businesses in accommodation, restaurant, and spa and wellness Room Capacity Number of Percentage of (see Table 1). Category Businesses Businesses Less than 50 6 42.9 The distribution of the main sub-sectors of activity Between 101 and 300 2 14.3 presented in Table 1, although based on limited data, compares well with the membership database of Between 301 and 500 1 7.1 JHTA4 which shows that about 52% of JHTA members operate in the hotels and accommodation sub-sector Between 501 and 700 3 21.4 and just below 20% operate in the attraction and tours Between 701 and 1000 1 7.1 sub-sector. Above 2000 1 7.1 Table 1: Sub-sectors in which Businesses are Mostly Active All categories 14 100 Sub-sector of Number of Percentage of Operation Businesses Businesses (out of a total of The number of hotel rooms operated by the surveyed 20 businesses) businesses totalled 6334 and is equivalent to about Accommodation 12 60 21% of the total hotel room capacity in the six defined tourist destination areas of Montego Bay (9307), Ocho Cruise shipping 4 20 Rios (8202), Negril (7574), Kingston 2374), the South Attractions and Tours 5 25 Coast (1369) and Port Antonio (995) (Tourism Task Force 2009). The results of the Tourism Demand Study Restaurant 2 10 survey also showed that 55% of hotel rooms were Spa/Wellness 1 5 located in St. James and St. Ann, which is comparable to 59% of hotels in the six defined tourist areas Among those businesses that provided any sort of reported to be located in Montego Bay and Ocho Rios accommodation for tourists across the island, either as (Tourism Task Force 2009). their main or subsidiary activity, 14 provided For the most part, the businesses that provide of expenditure on imports has a room capacity of accommodation services to tourists operate either an between 501 and 700 and operates a European plan all-inclusive package or a European style plan (see type of accommodation. Table 3). There is a clear distinction in the supply chain of local Table 3: Types of Accommodation Provided by agricultural produce between all-inclusive and Surveyed Hotels European plan hotels. Three of the five (60%) all- inclusive hotels that provided a response to this question indicated that they purchase from distributors, Type of Number Number Percentage whereas four out of five (80%) of the European plan Accommodation of Rooms of Hotels of Hotels properties that responded indicated purchasing from All-inclusive 5405 7 53.8 local farmers, and the remaining one (20%) indicated European plan 831 5 38.5 buying from self-sustaining farms. As regards entertainment, 13 hotels (82%) reported organizing Othera (Villa Hotel) 1 7.7 and managing entertainment in-house while the remaining three (18%) do not. All types 13 100 a Number of rooms not stated. The monthly average occupancy for reporting hotels ESTIMATION OF EXISTING LEVEL OF for 2014, ranged from 73% to 88% with February, DEMAND FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS March, and April being the most active months. Twelve (71%) properties indicated that they serve on Agricultural products are grouped into broad average 1000 guests per month while two each (7%) categories of food items and the monthly demand of indicated serving between 201 and 400 and between and expenditure on these products by tourism 801 and 1000 guests per month. One property reported businesses are assessed within these categories: serving between 101 and 200 guests on a monthly basis. • Herbs • Fruits The average age of businesses represented in the • Vegetables sample was approximately 14.5 years with the • Cereal and Grains youngest business being in place for one year and the • Teas oldest for 39 years. Six (55%) of the responding • Tubers businesses had operated for at least 16 years. The • Legumes number of employed workers, as a measure of the size • Other Fresh Produce of each business, ranged from a low of 28 to a high of • Poultry, Meat, and Seafood 1094 employees. The total quantity of monthly demand for agricultural In terms of the nature of spending, 11 (69%) of the products and expenditure on these products, including responding businesses reported that less than 10% of poultry, meat, and seafood, by hotels represented in the total expenditure on agricultural produce had been the tourism demand study amount to 1.07 million allocated to imported items during the past year. Four pounds and J$248 million, respectively (see Table 4). (25%) businesses spent between 10 and 50% on The highest demand for agricultural product is in the imports while one (6%) spent in the range of 70-79% fruits category where hotels purchase in excess of on imports. This business with the highest proportion 500,000 pounds per month but the demand for poultry, hotels sourced their demand solely from foreign meat, and seafood result in the highest monthly sources. expenditure of almost J$138 million. Teas represent the category with the lowest quantity demanded while In contrast to herbs and fruits, and to some extent legumes represent the category with the least value of vegetables, the demand for cereal and grains was expenditure. mainly satisfied from foreign sources or a combination of local and foreign sources, with the exception of For each category of food items represented in Table regular corn, which was supplied solely by farmers 4, the details of the specific products are reported in and local distributors. appendices A1 to A9. This breakdown includes the quantity of each food item that is required at the The demand for teas by the hotels was always satisfied surveyed establishment, the expenditure on the items, by local distributors with no respondent indicating and the sources of supply for the hotels. Based on the purchasing teas from local farmers or foreign sources. data provided in the appendices, the following With the exception of Irish potato and red peas, the assessment could be made. demands for tubers and legumes were satisfied by farmers and local distributors only, with direct Herbs and fruits are predominantly supplied by purchase from farmers being the most common supply farmers and local distributors. Similar to herbs and channel for tubers. Only in the case of red peas do fruits, farmers and local distributors are the major hotels buy from foreign suppliers 20% of the time. For sources of supply of vegetables to hotels. However, a all other legumes, they purchase exclusively from significantly higher proportion of hotels indicated farmers. purchasing vegetables from foreign sources only. For artichoke, broccoli, cabbage (red), lettuce (Romaine The demand for other fresh produce such as green wood crate), and squash, 20% or more of the sampled banana, breadfruit, plantain (green and ripe), sorrel, and sugar cane is met from supplies by Table 4: Existing Monthly Demand for Agricultural Produce by farmers and local distributors and no foreign Surveyed Hotels source of supplies was indicated by any of the sampled hotels. Product (in order Quantity Expenditure Percentage of Total of expenditure (lbs) (J$) Expenditure among Only in the category of poultry, meat and share) Agricultural seafood do respondents indicate a more Products diversified channel of supply with hotels Meat 254,073 137,992,424 55.64 mainly purchasing from farmers and local distributors. However, for certain meat Fruits 524,217 56,307,391 22.70 products such as beef kidney, beef liver, Vegetables 141,330 27,193,408 10.96 beef mince, beef oxtail, beef top butt, Herbs 47,526 10,207,329 4.12 tilapia, and sausages, 25% or more of the hotels purchasing these items use a Tubers 63,474 9,264,090 3.74 combination of local and foreign sources. Cereals & Grains 21,272 3,742,710 1.51 Other Fresh Produce 14,646 1,239,007 0.50 Teas 324 1,159,415 0.47 Legumes 5,174 922,532 0.37 Survey data show the supply chain for herbs, fruits, teas, tubers, and legumes to be Total 1,072,037 248,028,306 100.0 farmers and local distributors whereas the supply chain for vegetables and cereals and grains this list. Based on the value of monthly expenditure consists of a mix of local (farmers and local and the percentage of hotels purchasing from foreign distributors) and foreign sources (direct purchase and suppliers, only rice, beef top butt, other beef cuts, distributors). Although an individual product may be tilapia, and pork sausage are the agricultural products solely or primarily sourced from foreign suppliers, no that contribute mostly to import leakage and for which demand for a group of agricultural products was there are some opportunities for increased predominantly met by goods from foreign distributors. consumption of locally produced food items. Reported in Table 5 are agricultural products purchased from foreign suppliers by 25% or more of In general, the demand behaviour of hotels indicates hotels. These food items are mainly from the poultry, receptivity to local products and, based on the sample, meat and seafood, fruits and vegetables categories. there is no indication that there is heavy reliance on Cereal and grains and one herb (leek) also feature on imported products. This is supported by the result Table 5: Agricultural Products with Foreign Sources as a Major Component of Supply Chain Products Monthly Quantity Monthly Expenditure Total Number Number (%) of Hotels (lbs) (J$) of Hotels using only Foreign Sources Herbs Leek 145 38,832 4 1 (25%) Fruits Grape (Black) 463 31,000 8 2 (25%) Kiwi 3,779 455,867 4 1 (25%) Plum (Red) 570 2,403 4 1 (25%) Strawberry 24,647 511,019 8 2 (25%) Vegetables Artichoke 14 9,160 3 1 (33.3%) Cabbage (Red) 992 193,167 8 2 (25%) Lettuce (Romaine Wood Crate) 360 679,873 4 1 (25%) Squash 2,107 451,560 7 2 (29%) Cereals & Grains Rice 17,326 2,864,708 12 4 (33%) Sweet Corn 3,286 584,824 6 3 (50%) Other Cereals & Grains 340 80,000 2 2 (100%) Poultry, Meat & Seafood Beef Top Butt 2,364 3,619,112 6 2 (33%) Other Beef Cuts 5,987 1,375,223 6 2 (33.3%) Tilapia 3,075 1,285,030 6 2 (33.3%) Pork Shoulder Blade Steak 50 79,817 2 1 (50%) Pork Sausage 5,217 2,180,472 7 2 (29%) Sausages (other) 1,735 353,566 3 1 (33%) reported earlier, which shows that a majority (about survey and used in the simulation model to provide 70%) of respondents indicated spending less than 10% estimates of the quantity of and expenditure on of food expenditures on imported agricultural agricultural products used in the tourism sector. These products. This percentage corresponds to less than estimates are reported in Table 6 for the broad J$500,000 spent monthly on imported agricultural categories of agricultural products. products. However, there is a significant percentage of agricultural products that hotel operators purchase As shown in Table 6, the total annual value of demand from distributors although the data from survey of for agricultural products by the tourism sector is hotels did not reveal whether these distributors source estimated at about J$19.4 billion and food items in the their products locally or from imports. Information poultry, meats, and seafood and fruits categories from an elite interview done with one of the major account for more than 75% of this total value. The suppliers of the hotel industry indicated that while detailed breakdowns by food items within each broad distributors supply local goods, they mostly supply category are provided in appendices A10 to A18. The imported goods, mainly meat and fish. Quantitative estimated values of leakages due to imports of these data provided on foreign supplies of agricultural goods items are also reported. Furthermore, the value of in this report should therefore be regarded as minimum leakage for the broad categories and for specific food estimates since local distributors may have purchased items with import leakage in excess of J$25 million the goods they supply to hotels from foreign sources. are indicated in Table 7 below. This is especially the case where food items in the poultry, meat, and seafood group are concerned. Based on the total value of imports (in excess of J$1 ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL DEMAND FOR billion) food items in the poultry, meats and seafood LOCAL AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS category, account for the greatest leakage in expenditure. The cereals and grains and vegetables Information on hotel room capacity island-wide was categories occupy distant second and third positions combined with data from the tourism demand study accounting for J$162 million and J$140 million, Table 6: Estimated Annual Quantities and Expenditures on Agricultural Products Product (in order of Estimated Estimated Value Percentage of Total expenditure share) Demand (lbs) of Demand (J$) Expenditure among Agricultural Products Poultry, Meats & Seafood 20,186,194 10,926,028,819 56.2 Fruits 32,834,393 5,273,673,640 27.1 Vegetables 7,619,352 1,570,956,523 8.09 Tubers 2,739,928 522,940,755 2.69 Herbs 1,855,582 469,364,391 2.42 Cereals and Grains 1,402,626 291,791,791 1.50 Teas 56,388 245,256,789 1.26 Other Fresh Produce 742,251 63,507,575 0.33 Legumes 445,040 45,039,474 0.23 Total 67,881,754 19,408,559,757 100.0 respectively. However, when the specific Table 7: Estimated Leakage in the Agricultural Sector due to Imports food items with high value of leakage are by the Tourism Sector examined, only iceberg lettuce in the vegetables group show leakage higher Product Estimated Value of Leakage Leakage as a than J$25 million whereas all items, due to Imports (J$) Percentage of except regular corn (in the cereal and Total Demand grains group) show leakage in excess of Herbs 53,791,179 11 this amount. For the poultry, meats and Onion (Red Jumbo) 25,007,034 12 seafood group, 14 food items have Fruits 87,342,431 - 3,396,655,961 2-64* leakage values in excess of J$25 million. Cantaloupe 25,979,508 20 Vegetables 140,492,100 9 It is notable that while fruits constitute the Lettuce (Iceberg) 40,499,897 14 group with the highest quantity of Cereals and Grains 162,416,131 56 demand and second highest value of Rice 69,906,210.71 50 demand, fruits do not show a high value of leakage based on the responses Sweet Corn 57,370,234.18 67 provided by the hotels. A closer look at Other Cereals & Grains 35,139,685.86 100 the survey data revealed that the value of Teas 0 - monthly expenditure on gold apples by Tubers 66,973,596.96 13 responding hotels was about J$2 million Irish Potato 66,973,596.96 18 and 75% of this was supplied by local Legumes 5,339,025.24 12 distributors. Also, the value of monthly Other Fresh Produce 0 - expenditure on seedless grape was about Poultry, Meats & 1,130,572,510 10 J$19 million, 33% of which was supplied Seafood by local distributors. If these local Beef Mince 40,619,655 27 distributors purchased their produce from Beef Oxtail Whole 120,925,759 25 foreign suppliers, then the value of Beef Rib Eye 27,027,300 22 leakage to imports would be much higher Beef Tenderloin 71,857,990 20 than the estimate of 2% reported in Table Beef Top Butt 104,918,917 33 7. Although a major hotel industry Lobster 103,797,953 18 supplier indicated during an elite Shrimp 110,545,841 13 interview that local distributors do supply Smoked Marlin 39,707,207 12 hotels with mostly imported goods, the distributor did not mention fruits as major Salmon 37,495,819 17 items sourced from foreign suppliers. Tilapia 46,989,990 33 However, an agricultural sector expert Ground Pork 44,489,681 20 indicated that certain fruits are not Bacon 138,430,181 14 produced in Jamaica and must, by default, Pork Sausage 46,291,922 29 be imported by the distributors. These Lamb (sausage) 95,990,351 20 fruits include apples (gold, granny smith, Total 1,646,926,973 - 8.5% - 25.5* and red), blueberries, grapes (black, green 4,956,240,503* seedless, and red globe), kiwi, red pears, * Figures represent a range of estimates. plum (red and black), raspberries, strawberries, and tomatoes (yellow beefsteak large). We assumed that all of these fruits were imported by local distributors and 3.3 DEMAND FOR MANUFACTURED attributed expenditure on these fruits to imports. This PRODUCTS resulted in an increase in the leakage for fruits from 2% (J$87.3 million) to 64% (J$3.4 billion), thereby ESTIMATION OF EXISTING LEVEL OF raising the overall value of leakage for all agricultural DEMAND FOR MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS items to J$4.96 billion or 25.5% of the annual value of agricultural products used in the tourism sector. The monthly demand for manufactured products in the tourism sector and expenditure on these products are The estimated total annual leakage in the range of J$ analysed according to the following categories: 1.65 billion to J$4.96 billion is equivalent to 8.5% to • Processed Foods 25.5% of the estimated total annual expenditure on • Fixtures and Fittings agricultural products by the tourism sector. Accordingly, locally sourced agricultural products • Office Stationery and Supplies account for a minimum of about J$14.5 billion or • Apparel, Accessories, and Textiles 74.5% of the total value of agricultural products • Chemicals, Cosmetics, and Pharmaceuticals consumed by the tourism sector. • Paper Products • Furniture, Bedding, and Wooden Products The estimated leakage of J$ 1.65 billion to J$4.96 billion also compares well with Jamaica Customs data Processed foods on the one hand and apparel, showing agricultural imports by the tourism sector accessories and textiles on the other, constitute the top valued at about J$3.64 billion. Furthermore, the two groups of manufactured goods consumed by the majority of the survey respondents had indicated that tourism sector in terms of expenditure. Together these their businesses spend less than 10% of total two sectors account for 68% of the total expenditure agricultural product expenditures on imported goods, of about J$1.94 billion on manufactured goods (see which corresponds to the lower end of the range. Table 8). Notwithstanding the fact that the tourism sector appears to be linked sufficiently with the local The detailed breakdown of the specific goods, agricultural sector, as evidenced in the low proportion including the quantity and expenditure on the items as of expenditure on imports for most agricultural well as the sources of supply, is provided in products, there are certain products for which there are Appendices A19 to A25. The data contained in these significant opportunities for increased consumption of tables reveal that local distributors are the predominant local produce by the tourism sector. These include rice, supplier of processed foods, fixtures and fittings, and sweet corn and most meat and fruit products. paper products to hotels covered in the survey. These Excluding any agronomic constraints to the cultivation hotels mainly use both local distributors and foreign of these crops in Jamaica, the following crops offer the suppliers to meet their demands for office and greatest opportunity for increasing local agricultural stationery supplies and chemicals, cosmetics and products content in the food demand of tourism sector: pharmaceuticals. It is only in the demand for furniture, • Apples bedding and wooden products that the hotels use a • Cantaloupes variety of sources that include local manufacturers, • Grapes local distributors, and foreign suppliers. • Iceberg Lettuce • Irish Potatoes TOURISM SECTOR LINKAGES WITH THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR • Red Jumbo Onions • Rice Survey data show that the supply chain for • Sweet Corn manufactured goods involve mostly local distributors except for furniture, bedding and wooden products ESTIMATION OF POTENTIAL DEMAND FOR which a sizeable proportion of hotels purchase directly MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS from local manufacturers. Table 9 provides a summary of the specific manufactured goods that a high Similar to what was done for agricultural products, the proportion (25% or more) of hotels purchase from simulation model was applied to data on manufactured foreign suppliers. In terms of expenditure, products. The simulation provided estimates for manufactured goods in the apparels, accessories and national expenditure on manufactured products and textiles and chemicals, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals these estimates are reported for the broad category of categories are the ones that provide the more manufactured products in Table 10 below. Detailed compelling reasons for import substitution and hence listing of the leakage for each manufactured product strong opportunities for the tourism sector to improve is provided in the appendices (A26-A32). its linkages with local manufacturers. To a lesser extent, processed foods and office stationery and As shown in Table 10, more than a quarter of the total supplies also provide some opportunities for increased value of demand of apparel, accessories and textiles; linkages. chemicals; cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, and office stationery and supplies is estimated as leakage to Table 8: Existing Monthly Demand of Manufactured Goods in the Tourism Sector Goods Quantity Expenditure Percentage of Total (in order of expenditure share) (pieces) (J$) Expenditure among Manufactured Goods Processed Foods 245,772 741,335,675 38.24 Apparel, Accessories &Textiles 205,986 584,624,621 30.16 Chemicals, Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals 1,396,064 324,495,620 16.74 Furniture, Bedding and Wooden Products 25,570 175,109,776 9.03 Paper Products 28,547 77,411,352 3.99 Office Stationery & Supplies 142,095 20,616,909 1.06 Fixtures & Fittings 2,745 15,087,907 0.78 Total  1,938,681,860 100.0 Table 9: Foreign Sourced Manufactured Products as a Major Component of Supply Chain Products Annual Annual Expenditure Total Number (%) of Hotels Quantity (J$) Number of using only Foreign (various units) Hotels Suppliers Processed Foods Alcoholic Beverages (whiskey) 812 15,547,040 12 3 (25%) Chips 1,156 1,411,197 7 2 (29%) Jam 755 5,787,181 8 2 (25%) Sauce 58 17,519,609 6 2 (33%) Syrup 200 788,233 4 1 (25%) Fixtures and Fittings Baths 33 320,560 5 2 (40%) Ceramic Sinks 52 1,693,331 3 1 (33%) Chandeliers 19 3,892,974 2 1 (50%) Electric Floor - Standing Lamps 539 3,684,055 2 2 (100%) Electric Table/Desk Lamps 1,093 1,773,921 3 1 (33.3%) Office Stationery and Supplies Books 10,068 8,570,685 9 3 (33%) Brochures/Flyers 61,100 6,703,465 10 4 (40%) Business Cards 20,450 108,500 9 3 (33%) CDs and Records 3 92,174 2 1 (50%) Magazines 0 497,200 2 1 (50%) Paper Bags 150 4,753 5 2 (40%) Paper Clips 339 5,966 8 2 (25%) Paper Trays 206 18,000 5 2 (40%) Apparel, Accessories &Textiles Bathrobes 987 11,523,600 9 3 (33%) Bed Linens 65,497 99,676,753 9 4 (43%) Drapery 6,015 21,649,440 4 1 (25%) Napkins 11,637 4,260,855 9 3 (33%) Slippers 18,300 1,015,850 7 2 (29%) Sportswear 7,000,000 6 3 (50%) Table Cloth 5,836 6,758,259 8 3 (37.5%) Towels 30,769 389,609,232 10 4 (40%) T-Shirts/Leisure Wear 31,417 826,913 9 4 (43%) Uniforms 14,163 41,856,646 9 2 (23%) Products Annual Quantity Annual Expenditure Total Number Number (%) of (various units) (J$) of Hotels Hotels using only Foreign Suppliers Chemicals, Cosmetics, and Pharmaceuticals Aromatic Oils 800 455,900 9 3 (33%) Other Spa Products 158,000 2 1 (50%) Hair Shampoo and Conditioner 610,567 2 2 (100%) Sanitizers 92813 66,648,173 4 1 (25%) Toothpaste 90,749 184,396,443 5 2 (40%) House Cleaning Products 18,702,265 2 1 (50%) Industrial Chemicals 917,010 14,970,726 7 2 (29%) Paints 670 7,129,723 6 2 (33%) Water Treatment Chemicals 36,380 11,192,177 8 1 (12.5%) Other Chemicals 540 13,740,026 3 1 (33%) Furniture, Bedding, and Wooden Products Beds 20 75,000 4 1(25%) Cabinet 13 700,000 4 1(25%) Chairs 57 2,867,500 3 1 (33.3%) Crockery 13 420,200 4 1 (25%) Glassware 21,131 425,416 3 1 (33%) Mattress Support 553 1,022,640 4 1(25%) Pillow 948 2,889,267 1 1 (100%) Table 10: Estimated Leakage in the Manufacturing Sector due to imports. The major items that contribute to Tourism Imports this leakage and which provide the greatest Product (in order of Estimated Value of Leakage as a opportunity for increased patronage of local expenditure share) Leakage due to Percentage of manufacturers by the tourism sector include: Imports (J$) Total Demand • Alcoholic beverages • Books, brochures and magazines Apparel, Accessories and 31,008,222,948 56 Textiles • Bed frames and head boards Chemicals, Cosmetics and 18,360,030,775 49% • Chairs Pharmaceuticals • Pillows Office Stationery and 1,623,722,656 40% • Sanitizers Supplies • Standing lamps Fixtures and Fittings 755,155,707 26% • Toothpaste • Towels Processed foods 11,856,971,558 21% Paper Products 304,087,160 8% In examining the supply chain of the various Furniture and Beddings 1,450,353,062 4% categories of manufactured products, it is Total 65,358,543,866 33% evident that imports do play a role in satisfying demand, at least in terms of the value of expenditure, if not in terms of quantity distributor indicated that the tourism sector is receptive purchased. to local goods and services but that cost and availability are major issues that constrain the use of 3. 4 DEMAND FOR ENTERTAINMENT local products. “Size of the farms in Jamaica are too SERVICES small and therefore the output is not enough or cannot afford to be consistent in supply since they have to plant a range of crops,” said the distributor. The The demand for entertainment services by sampled distributor also noted that farmers go by the highest hotels according to type of service and frequency of bidder for their produce and will sell to whoever offers demand is presented in Table 11. The table shows that the best price, even when they have entered into a hotels generally demand entertainment services either contract with a distributor. On the part of the daily or monthly. Apart from sports, recorded music, distributor, hotels are known to pay premium price for and literary arts, entertainment services are supplied high quality goods and that could serve as an incentive locally. National estimates of demand for for suppliers to seek for the best quality goods, even if entertainment could not be performed because the they have to import them. utilization of these services is not uniform across hotels. An official of the MOAF differentiated between the smaller and larger hotels in their receptiveness to local agricultural products. The official indicated that the 3.5 CONSTRAINTS TO TOURISM smaller properties are quite amenable to local produce SECTOR LINKAGES WITH THE but that the bigger chain properties are not as DOMESTIC ECONOMY amenable. The main reason cited for this was that larger hotels need consistency and volume in supply Quantitative and qualitative data gathered in this study but are reluctant to offer farmers contracts to produce suggest that the tourism sector is highly receptive to in large quantities. This was ascribed to the facts that the domestic economy. However, at least six (6) chain hotels have centralized purchasing departments, identifiable constraints limit the extent of integration. as was noted by both the JHTA and the independent A representative of the JHTA, in an elite interview, distributor, and they “ don’t really drill down to small stated that the ability of local producers to meet high farmers here in Jamaica; they procure from wherever standards set by the hotels is a major constraint to the based on their global logistics infrastructure.” The use use of local goods and services. The consistency of of middlemen by hotels was also cited as a factor: supply was also cited as a hindrance. These factors Some of the hotels use middlemen, so they will limit the hotels in using local products exclusively. The have a bid and a particular middle man could representative also noted that for the larger hotels that win the bid to supply local or a person wins the use large volumes, it might not be profitable for them bid [and] go to another farm and play each to rely on small local producers because they can farmer against each other to get the best price. negotiate for price discounts with distributors who They are not interested in the long-term welfare supply in bulk quantities. In addition, it was stated that of the farmer themselves, it’s wherever they can chain hotels are even more constrained in their choice get the goods on spot and cheap they will buy of suppliers as only certain vendors are approved to it and take it to the hotel. So that does not augur supply the chain and each property is bound by the well for structured relationship between the franchise agreement and the global control determined hotels and famers so if we’re going to change at their headquarters. that the hotels have to be prepared to give contracts to farmers so that farmers can plan. The views from the JHTA were corroborated by the independent distributor who was interviewed. The Table 11: Demand for Entertainment Services Services Local Foreign Both Local Total Frequency of Procurement Sourced Sourced only and Foreign only Sources Daily Weekly Monthly Annually Occasionally Total Comedy (live) 5 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) 1 (33%) - 2 (67%) - - 3 (100%) Comedy 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) - - 1 (100%) - - 1 (100%) (recorded) Dance (live) 6 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) 2 (67%) - 1 (33%) - - 3 (100%) Dance 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) - - 1 (100%) - - 1 (100%) (recorded) Games 4 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) - - - - - - Film and 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 1 (50%) - 1 (50%) - - 2 (100%) Theatre (live) Film and 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 1 (50%) - 1 (50%) - - 2 (100%) Theatre (recorded) Animation 4 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) 1 (50%) - 1 (50%) - - 2 (100%) TV/Cable 7 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) 3 (75%) - 1 (25%) - - 4 (100%) Sports 5 (72%) 1 (28%) 1 (28%) 7 (100%) 2 (100%) - - - - 2 (100%) Music (live) 8 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) 3 (100%) - - - - 3 (100%) Music 4 (80%) 1 (20%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) 2 (100%) - - - - 2 (100%) (recorded) Literary Arts 1 (33.3 %) 1 (33.3 %) 1 (33.3 %) 3 (100%) 1 (50%) - 1 (50%) - - 2 (100%) Culinary Arts 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 2 (67%) - 1 (33%) - - 3 (100%) The system of payment for goods supplied to the hotel On manufacturing, we have the capabilities to was also cited as an obstacle to local businesses: ramp up, and it goes back to when you structure Another problem is that hotels, for some a deal. Every deal for a new bill probably has reasons, are reluctant to pay the farmers on a year and a half minimum in there, two years, time, you cannot owe a famer for three months and maybe even three years. There is adequate and expect him to survive. Remember a famer, amount of time to say we are going to need X most of them can’t even go to a bank to get into amount of chairs, tables, beds etc. and engage finance, so when you owe a farmer for three in those conversations. I guarantee you, our months for a crop that takes three months to manufacturing sector will meet that. But to grow, you’re putting the man out of business for come to us to say we are opening in ten days the entire crop cycle and that cannot work. and we need two hundred beds, you know the answer even before you ask the question, and Representatives of the JMA expressed similar that is the excuse to go and purchase it sentiments in relations to hoteliers’ dealings with local somewhere else. manufacturer during the elite interview with them, as one interviewee stated: Most of the factors highlighted as constraints to If I look to the foreign owned entities there is a tourism sector linkages with the domestic economy are barrier there because many of them are being not new. Indeed the Vision 2030 Jamaica Tourism dictated to that they need to purchase goods Sector Plan acknowledged economic linkages as one from their homeland, and I think that is one of of the key issues to address in order to sustain the long- the largest barrier. term economic growth of the sector. In particular, the plan proposed to enhance linkages between tourism The JMA representatives were of the view that and the agricultural sectors through the “development foreign-owned hotels do not have the incentives to of local agricultural production targeted at import patronize local manufacturers as the government has substitution for hotels and other tourism facilities that not pushed enough for new foreign investors to meet requirements for quality, standards and consider local products but rather eager to have the consistency of supply” (Tourism Task Force, 2009, p. investors come to Jamaica and by the time they start 26). To that end, specific strategies to link local operating, they are less incentivized to patronize local producers and buyers in the tourism sector as well as manufacturers. to strengthen the capacity of local supplier to meet I think JAMPRO and anybody looking tourism sector’s demands were proposed for at bringing new investments in implementation. A review of the extent to which these Jamaica has to put that language into strategies have been pursued and the success of their the contract, so it is not about we implementation need to be conducted to ascertain the would like them to, or they should be, degree to which quality and consistency of supply but the language should go into the (along with the other factors revealed in this study) contract. What are the requirements of continue to be hindrances to the increased linkage of Jamaica if you are going to invest here, the tourism sector with local producers of agricultural there are certain requirements; put it in products. This task is beyond the scope of the current the contract. study. The JMA representatives pointed out that the issue of Stakeholders in the manufacturing sector have raised capacity to supply the tourism sector is not so much concerns about the GOJ’s tourism growth model that of an issue with the manufacturing sector but queried provide tax incentives for large, all-inclusive hotels to the practice by the hotels approaching manufactures establish in Jamaica without any binding requirement within an unrealistic time frame for product delivery. for them to patronize local goods and services. The World Bank (2011) has also identified this strategy as contributing to the vulnerability of the local economy, contributing to “high leakage rates and limited linkages to the rest of the economy” (World Bank 2011, 257). However, this phenomenon of high leakage does not appear to be as prevalent in the agricultural sector as in the manufacturing sector. An Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA)’s study (Arias Segura 2011) identified the hotels and restaurants sub-sector as one of three sub-sectors in the domestic economy with the strongest backward linkages to the primary agricultural sector. This implies that local agricultural products contribute a significant proportion of intermediate goods used by the hotels and restaurants industry, further providing evidence that the tourism sector constitutes an established market for local agricultural produce. 4.1 CONCLUSIONS demand for agricultural products and manufactured goods indicate that there is tremendous opportunity for The potential of the tourism sector to drive growth in trade. This could be as high as J$56.7 billion annually agriculture and manufacturing is unquestionably for processed foods, J$5.3 billion for fruits and J$1.6 substantial. This study has established that the demand billion for vegetables. It could not be ascertained, for goods and services in the tourism sector mainly however, how much of the potentially expenditure is comes from local sources. However, importation does unaccounted for due to survey non-response and how constitute a reasonably high proportion of expenditure much is lost due to lack of appropriate supply chain by tourism businesses. Depending on the particular linkages. product, importation could even be the sole or major source of supply. Therefore, there are opportunities for In absolute and relative terms, there is significantly increased linkages with local suppliers to facilitate higher leakage in the manufacturing sector than in the import substitution of some goods of high value used agricultural sector. The estimated annual leakage in the in the tourism sector. In the agricultural sector, these manufacturing sector is J$65.4 billion, equivalent to products include: 33% of estimated total annual expenditure of the • Apples tourism sector businesses on manufactured goods. In • Cantaloupe contrast, the leakage in the agricultural sector is estimated to be in the range of J$1.6 billion to J$5.0 • Grapes billion, representing 8.5% to 25.5% of annual • Iceberg lettuce expenditure on agricultural products. • Irish potatoes • Red jumbo onions The major constraints hindering tourism linkage with • Rice the domestic economy include lack of capacity to • Sweet corn supply in large quantities, lack of consistency of supplies, and poor quality of products in the case of In the manufacturing sector, the main products are: the agricultural sector. For the manufacturing sector, • Alcoholic beverages the lack of support in promoting locally manufactured • Books, brochures, and magazines goods to foreign investors in the tourism sector is the • Bed frames, and head boards main obstacle identified. • Chairs • Pillows This study was conducted using limited primary data. This necessitated the use of a simulation approach to • Sanitizers estimating the national demand for goods and services • Standing lamps and the leakages associated with imports. For a more • Toothpaste robust assessment of the linkages that exist between • Towels the tourism sector and the local industries, more data need to be collected and tourism sector stakeholders The prospect for import substitution is great as there have to play a key role in making sure that exists a high level of receptivity among tourism sector comprehensive data are made available to support such stakeholders to local goods and services. This could analysis. be converted to business opportunity as the projected 4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS tourism sector. In the same manner that the tax relief and duty concessions increase with hotel size under IMPROVING MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION the Act, the GOJ should introduce regulations that will provide graduated tax relief for tourism sector The size of local agricultural producers has been cited investors according to the proportion of their total as a factor in limiting the linkages between the tourism expenditure on certain goods and services on local sector and the domestic food producers. The small size products from the agriculture and manufacturing of farm holdings limit their capacity to supply in large sectors. quantities and with the consistency and quality required in the hospitality industries. These in turn The entertainment industry is already highly integrated make it difficult for them to secure contracts for supply into the tourism sector with these services being of farm produce to tourism establishments. almost exclusively provided by local entertainers The Agro Park Development Programme of MOAF is expect for literary arts where is there is room for uniquely positioned to address this constraint by greater engagement of local artists. This should be providing a single location for an agglomeration of done through the promotion of literary arts small individual farm holdings. The Agro Parks, opportunities in the tourism sector at the nation’s arts through the Agro-Investment Corporation (AIC), institutes and centres. should facilitate the marketing and distribution of local agricultural products to hotels and restaurants by CONSISTENT DATA COLLECTION AND entering into contractual agreements with these DISSEMINATION tourism sector businesses to supply their demands for selected vegetables, fruits, grains, and ground Knowledge gained in the conduct of this study shows provisions. The Agro Parks should then organize a clear need for a mechanism for continuous collection farmers into cooperatives to produce the required of data in the tourism sector beyond that on arrival and quantities with proper technical guidance and material stop-overs. The sector requires a more systematic support provided by the Rural Agricultural market information system to address the needs of the Development Authority (RADA) to ensure that different sub-sectors, particularly the hotels and standards are met and the quality requirements set by restaurants industry in which more than half of the the hotels and restaurants are satisfied. membership of the JHTA operates. The current approach of relying on surveys for primary data on For independent local farmers not involved in an Agro tourism sector’s demand of local and foreign products Park, the introduction and implementation of food is inefficient and the burden of response placed on safety standards and tracing system by MOAF will stakeholders contributes to their reluctance to provide introduce quality control standards for locally data which are essential in gaining a deeper produced foods that are meant for import substitution understanding of the linkages of the tourism sector to and would enhance the patronage of local products by other local industries. the tourism sector. To address this, we recommend establishing a Tourism The tax relief and duty concessions that investors get Sector Market information System that is structured in under the Hotel Incentives Act provide significant a similar way to the Jamaica Agriculture Market financial benefits to foreign investors and contributes Information System (JAMIS) but with a different to leakages in the sector. As a condition for receiving purpose and functionality. A unit should be established these benefits, hotels and restaurants must be strongly in the MOTE to monitor all hotels and restaurants that encouraged, if not mandated to patronize local supplier have capacity beyond a minimum level and collect for those goods and services that are locally produced information on agricultural products consumed at each and that meet the quality standards required by the property on a regular basis, either weekly or monthly. The information to be collected will include quantity, Promotion of these products should include targeted expenditure, and source. Similarly, information on marketing to foreign investors, through JAMPRO, manufactured goods used by tourism sector businesses ahead of new businesses’ establishment in Jamaica and should be collected on a quarterly or semi-annual provision of technical and material support to local basis. The data collected should then be entered into a producers to meet quality standards required by the database and maintained at MOTE for research, policy tourism sector. planning, and monitoring of the sector. An annual publication of the aggregated figures of quantities of ADDRESSING THE CONSTRAINTS ON and expenditures on the various products demanded CLOSER LINKAGES by the tourism sector should be produced based on this database. The strategies for addressing the constraints and limitations to tourism linkages are cross-cutting and FOCUSING ON POTENTIAL HIGH-VALUE have already been articulated under different headings. LINKAGES These are itemized as follows: • Use the Agro Parks Programme to organize The MOTE, in collaboration with MOAF and the farmers into cooperatives that will have the JMA, should promote import substitution of the requisite pooled capacity to produce the required following listed products consumed in the tourism quantities of agricultural products demanded by sector and for which local production capacity exists: the tourism sector. • Bed frames and head boards • Engage RADA and MOAF in the quality • Cantaloupe assurance of local agricultural products to ensure • Chairs that standards set by the hotels and restaurants • Grape industry are met in relation to quality and • Iceberg lettuce consistency of supply. • Irish potato • Introduce local industries promotion regulation • Pillows that will include graduated tax relief for tourism sector investors according to the proportion of their • Red jumbo onion total expenditure on local goods and services in the • Rice agriculture and manufacturing sectors. • Sanitizers • JAMPRO should promote local products to foreign • Standing lamps investors contemplating business in Jamaica at the • Sweet corn same time that they promote the incentives • Toothpaste available to foreign investors. • Towels Arias Segura, J. 2011. “The Contribution of Agriculture to Sustainable Development in Jamaica.” Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA). Au, N., and R. Law. 2000. “The Application of Rough Sets to Sightseeing Expenditures.” Journal of Travel Research 39: 70–77. ———. 2002. “Categorical Classification of Tourism Dining.” Annals of Tourism Research 29: 819–33. Bank of Jamaica. 2014. “Statistical Digest: October to December 2014.” Kingston: Bank of Jamaica. ———. 2015. “Economic Statistics: January 2015.” Economic Statistics: January 2015. Kingston Jamaica: Bank of Jamaica. Divisekara, S. 2007. “Modelling and Estimation of Tourism Demand Elasticities; A Study of Tourist Expenditure Allocation in Australia.” Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism. Grant Thorton and The Leisure and Tourism Organisation. 2006. “Hotel Demand Study.” London, UK. Hutchinson, G., and D. J. Harris, eds. 2012. A Growth-Inducement Strategy for Jamaica in the Short and Medium Term. Kingston: Planning Institute of Jamaica. Law, R., and N. Au. 2000. “Relationship Modeling in Tourism Shopping: A Decision Rules Induction Approach.” Tourism Management 21: 241–49. PIOJ. 2015. “Economic and Social Survey of Jamaica 2014.” Kingston: Planning Institute of Jamaica. Song, H., and G. Li. 2008. “Tourism Demand Modelling and forecasting—A Review of Recent Research.” Tourism Management 29 (2): 203–20. Tourism Task Force. 2009. “Vision 2030 Jamaica Tourism Sector Plan 2009-2030.” Kingston: Government of Jamaica. World Bank. 2011. “World Development Report 2011: Conflict, Security, and Development.” Washington DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. World Travel and Tourism Council. 2013. “Benchmarking Travel & Tourism in Jamaica How Does Travel & Tourism Compare to Other Sectors? Summary of Findings.” London: World Travel and Tourism Council. Table A1: Demand for Herbs and Associated Monthly Expendituresa Herbs Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Monthly Monthly Farmers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source only Foreign (lbs) (J$) only Source Basil 189.4 69207.84 5 (42%) 4 (33%) 2 (17%) 1 (8%) 12 (100%) Celery 3818.75 321962.57 5 (56%) 3 (33%) 1 (11%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Cinnamon Leaf 8 - 2 (67%) 1 (33%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Coriander/Cilantro 267.56 131043.29 4 (80%) 1 (20% 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Escallion 6205.931 671636.12 11 (79%) 1 (7%) 1 (7%) 1 (7%) 14 (100%) Fennel 355.5 5700 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Ginger 1439.02 274166.17 12 (86%) 1 (7%) 1 (7%) 0 (0%) 14 (100%) Hot Pepper 1922.13 287417.21 9 (90%) 1 (10%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 10 (100%) Leek 145.42 38832.09 1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Mushrooms 1912.02 1017698.35 4 (36%) 4 (36%) 2 (19%) 1 (9%) 11 (100%) Onion 21925.38 1844389.23 5 (50%) 4 (40%) 1 (10%) 0 (0%) 10 (100%) Onion (Pearl White) 218 3500 4 (67%) 2 (33%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Onion (Red Jumbo) 3509.77 2846585.94 4 (44%) 4 (44%) 1 (12%)) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Parsley 396.69 143892.13 4 (50%) 3 (37.5%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Pimento 111.6 7312.66 7 (87.5%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Rosemary 147.08 58325.06 6 (75%) 1 (12.5%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Shallot 15.33 1974756.88 7 (87.5%) 0 (0%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Sweet Pepper 3619.79 296656.62 7 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Thyme 1250.66 197264.64 5 (72%) 1 (14%) 1 (14%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Other herbs 68 16982.13 5 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A2: Demand for Fruits and Associated Monthly Expendituresa Fruits Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Monthly Monthly Farmers Local Distributors Foreign Local & Total Quantity (lbs) Expenditure (J$) only only Source only Foreign Source Ackee 980 867927.3 4 (40%) 4 (40%) 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 10 (100%) Apple (Gold) 1145.35 2012088.33 1(25%) 3 (75%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Apple (Granny Smith) 1266.14 49089.89 2 (50%) 2 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Apple (Red) 1220.57 123809.93 2 (50%) 2 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Apple (Otaheite) 5110.62 114335.94 7 (64%) 2 (18%) 1 (9%) 1 (9%) 11 (100%) Avocado 6439.13 574558.56 5 (62.5%) 3 (37.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Banana (Ripe) 19568.94 2101717.86 7 (78%) 2 (22%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Blueberry 2174.22 113850.84 3 (75%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Cantaloupe 14988.67 2957284.09 6 (60%) 2 (20%) 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 10 (100%) Carambola 3371.33 175550 4 (66%) 1 (17%) 1 (17%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Cherry Tomato 695.85 683487.67 4 (50%) 4 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Dried Coconut 899.79 695685.52 7 (78%) 0 (0%) 1 (11%) 1 (11%) 9 (100%) Grape (Black) 463.37 31000 4 (50%) 1 (12.5%) 2 (25%) 1 (12.5%) 8 (100%) Grape (Seedless) 712.02 18719769 4 (67%) 2 (33%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Grape (Red Globe) 1832.59 164479.42 6 (75%) 1 (12.5%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Grapefruit 4138.85 54740.1 3 (75%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Honey Dew Melon 9076.99 3060730.43 9 (90%) 1 (10%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 10 (100%) Jelly Coconut 3306.22 318339.33 7 (87.5%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Kiwi 3779.26 455867.36 2 (50%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Lime 4622.36 385347.63 7 (70%) 2 (20%) 1 (10%) 0 (0%) 10 (100%) Mango 14236.99 662571.52 6 (86%) 1 (14%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Orange 39248.25 1597704.55 8 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Papaya 23254.25 1466077.06 7 (87.5%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Pear Red 8519.76 322607.33 7 (78%) 1 (11%) 1 (11%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Pineapple 23656.83 4330257.38 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Plum (Black) 114.77 29700 6 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Plum (Red) 570 2402.5 3 (75%) 0 (0%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Raspberry 23076.08 149412 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Strawberry 24647.81 511018.75 5 (62.5%) 0 (0%) 2 (25%) 1 (12.5%) 8 (100%) Sweet Sop 23167.42 107454.83 3 (37.5%) 5 (62.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Tamarind 8395 - 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Tangerine 43993.92 108012.25 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Fruits Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Monthly Monthly Farmers Local Distributors Foreign Local & Total Quantity (lbs) Expenditure (J$) only only Source only Foreign Source Tomato Yellow 11611.1 30000 3 (75%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Beefsteak Large Tomato 23178.05 5946840.89 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Watermelon (Red) 143704.89 7115006.5 4 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Watermelon (Yellow) 8809.92 268466 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Other Fruits 18240 200 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A3: Demand for Vegetables and Associated Monthly Expendituresa Vegetables Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Quantity Monthly Farmers Local Foreign Local & Total (lbs) Expenditure only Distributors Source only Foreign (J$) only Source Artichoke 14 9160.37 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Asparagus 334.55 162491.8 1 (17%) 4 (66%) 1 (17%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Beetroot 859.35 67388.79 7 (87.5%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Broccoli 2158.91 643233.56 4 (44%) 3 (33%) 2 (23%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Cabbage 12388.96 2802889.11 11 (85%) 2 (15%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 13 (100%) Cabbage (Savoy) 1648 - 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Cabbage (Red) 992.375 193167.02 4 (50%) 2 (25%) 2 (25%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Callaloo 5635.71 421449.65 11 (92%) 1 (8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 12 (100%) Carrot 15880.23 4355346.52 11 (79%) 1 (7%) 1 (7%) 1 (7%) 14 (100%) Cauliflower 28973.21 253371.35 7 (78%) 2 (22%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Celery 1474.67 114826.36 5 (62.5%) 2 (25%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Cho-cho 4070.8 280440.88 7 (78%) 2 (22%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Cucumber 8601.47 1001909.73 10 (83%) 2 (17%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 12 (100%) Eggplant 2437.8 100527.34 6 (67%) 2 (22%) 1 (11%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Lettuce (Iceberg) 14153 5268754.71 10 (72%) 2 (14%) 1 (7%) 1 (7%) 14 (100%) Lettuce (Boston) 3680.08 442485.08 4 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Lettuce (Romaine Heart) 4406.42 3155871.61 8 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Lettuce (Romaine Wood Crate) 360 679873.33 2 (50%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Okra 840.48 211006.26 8 (89%) 1 (11%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Pak Choi 3868.52 250935.11 9 (90%) 1 (10%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 10 (100%) Pumpkin 8358.88 975607.6 10 (91%) 1 (9%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 11 (100%) Radicchio 1106.88 67263 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Squash 2106.54 451560.26 5 (71%) 0 (0%) 2 (29%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) String Bean 3210.77 288134.03 8 (80%) 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 0 (0%) 10 (100%) Sweet Pepper (green) 6454.8 2962703.3 9 (90%) 1 (10%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 10 (100%) Sweet Pepper (red) 3885.11 1067781.42 5 (72%) 1 (14%) 1 (14%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Sweet Pepper (yellow) 2306.64 910794.81 5 (62.5%) 2 (25%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Turnip 134.03 14629 4 (80%) 1 (20%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Other Vegetables 988 39806 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A4: Demand for Cereals and Grains and Associated Monthly Expendituresa Cereals & Grains Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Monthly Monthly Farmers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source Foreign (lbs) (J$) only only Source Hybrid Corn 0 0 - - - - - Corn (regular) 320 213177.56 2 (50%) 2 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Rice 17325.83 2864708.12 2 (17%) 4 (33%) 4 (33%) 2 (17%) 12 (100%) Sweet Corn 3286 584824 1 (16.67%) 1 (16.67%) 3 (50%) 1 (16.67%) 6 (100%) Other Cereals and Grains 340 80000 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A5: Demand for Teas and Associated Monthly Expendituresa Teas Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Monthly Monthly Farmers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source Foreign (lbs) (J$) only only Source Bissy 0 0 - - - - - Cerassie 1.5 2750 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Chocolate 0 0 - - - - - Lemon Grass 177.5 1072728 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Mint 22.5 34793.59 0 (0%) 4 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Other Teas 122.5 49143.22 0 (0%) 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A6: Demand for Tubers and Associated Monthly Expendituresa Teas Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Monthly Monthly Farmers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source Foreign (lbs) (J$) only only Source Coco 306.99 75247.72 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Dasheen 1466.9 20700 3 (75%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Irish Potato 43988.07 6776621.33 7 (64%) 2 (18%) 1 (9%) 1 (9%) 11 (100%) Sweet Potato 8023.78 864776.19 7 (78%) 2 (22%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Sweet Cassava 51 - 2 (50%) 2 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Yellow Yam 9637.29 1526744.98 4 (67%) 2 (33%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Sweet Yam 0 0 - - - - - Other Tubers 0 0 - - - - - a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A7: Demand for Legumes and Associated Monthly Expendituresa Legumes Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Monthly Monthly Farmers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source Foreign (lbs) (J$) only only Source Broad Bean 429 51112 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Cow Pea 0 0 - - - - Gungo Pea 1139.19 202896.8 2 (67%) 3 (33%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Peanut 0 0 - - - - - Red Pea 3165.7 668523.7 4 (40%) 4 (40%) 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 10 (100%) Sugar Bean 440 - 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Other Legumes 0 0 - - - - - a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A8: Demand for Other Fresh Produce and Associated Monthly Expendituresa Other Fresh Produce Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Monthly Monthly Farmers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source Foreign (lbs) (J$) only only Source Banana (Green) 5681.84 201495.48 7 (87.5%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Breadfruit 1060.76 80846.67 6 (86%) 1 (14%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Plantain (Green) 1493.21 115810.21 7 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Plantain (Ripe) 5935.97 802990.66 7 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Sorrel 184.4 4780 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Sugar Cane 242 30100 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Other Crops 0 0 - - - - - a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A9: Demand for Poultry, Meat and Seafood and Associated Monthly Expendituresa Poultry, Meat and Seafood Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Monthly Monthly Farmers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source Foreign (lbs) (J$) only only Source Beef Bones 2861.54 43787.11 2 (50%) 2 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Beef Kidney 976.66 85807.22 2 (25%) 4 (50%) 1 (12.5%) 1 (12.5%) 8 (100%) Beef Liver 1018.08 172199.9 2 (25%) 4 (50%) 1 (12.5%) 1 (12.5%) 8 (100%) Beef Mince 3571.33 3082528 3 (27%) 5 (46%) 2 (18%) 1 (9%) 11 (100%) Beef Outside Skirt 880 713395.4 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Beef Oxtail Whole 3353.15 5506060 2 (25%) 4 (50%) 1 (12.5%) 1 (12.5%) 8 (100%) Beef Rib Eye 1793.76 1118748 2 (22%) 5 (56%) 1 (11%) 1 (11%) 9 (100%) Beef Shortloin Choice 115.43 1481862 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Beef Striploin 4888.52 9654448 1 (20%) 4 (80%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Beef Tenderloin 4954.72 7361727 2 (20%) 6 (60%) 2 (20%) 0 (0%) 10 (100%) Beef Top Butt 2364.3 3619112 1 (17%) 3 (50%) 2 (33%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Other Beef Cuts 5987.21 1375223 2 (33.3%) 2 (33.3%) 2 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Chicken (breast quarters) 6783.24 1156575 1 (33%) 2 (67%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Chicken (deboned breast) 13453.43 6771430 3 (43%) 4 (57%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Chicken (leg quarters) 13862.83 124685.8 2 (50%) 2 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Chicken (thighs) 65.74 206929.1 0 (0%) 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Chicken (wings) 7565.11 1837507 4 (44%) 4 (44%) 1 (12%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Chicken Sausage 2468.47 6675165 3 (60%) 2 (40%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Egg Whole 37204 10862773 6 (86%) 1 (14%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Egg Powdered 50 40706 2 (50%) 2 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Egg Liquid 690.47 36367.49 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Conch 872.39 270518.4 2 (50%) 2 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Conch Fritters - 8000 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Fish (fresh water) 4673 458344 2 (50%) 2 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Fish (sea water) 9036.35 7098655 3 (43%) 4 (57%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Lobster 6165.9 11815467 4 (36%) 5 (46%) 1 (9%) 1 (9%) 11 (100%) Shrimp 9730.14 14093620 2 (25%) 5 (62.5%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A9: Demand for Poultry, Meat and Seafood and Associated Monthly Expendituresa Poultry, Meat and Seafood Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Monthly Monthly Farmers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source Foreign (lbs) (J$) only only Source Smoked Marlin 1434.02 5785507 2 (25%) 5 (62.5%) 1 (12 5%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Salmon 2766.83 3085447 1 (16.6%) 4 (67%) 1 (16.6%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Tilapia 3075.43 1285030 1 (16.6%) 3 (50%) 2 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Pork (leg shank portion) 1028.21 570271.8 1 (16.67%) 4 (67%) 1 (16.67%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Pork Leg Whole 6153.66 2102626 2 (40%) 3 (60%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Pork Loin Blade Roast 18096.34 539050.4 2 (40%) 2 (40%) 1 (20%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Pork Shoulder Arm 284.25 859927.3 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Picnic Pork Shoulder Arm Roast 0 0 - - - - - Pork Shoulder Blade 0 0 - - - - - (Boston) Roast Pork Shoulder Blade 50 79817 0 (0%) 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Steak Pork Spare Ribs 1369.94 938525.2 2 (22%) 5 (56%) 2 (22%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Smoked Pork Loin Rib 1013.14 383025.5 1 (20%) 4 (80%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Chops Ground Pork 2697.35 2025729 1 (20%) 3 (60%) 1 (20%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Bacon 24292.82 11255502 2 (29%) 4 (57%) 1 (14%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Pork Sausage 5217.1 2180472 1 (14%) 4 (57%) 2 (29%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Other Pork Cuts 379.75 253533.8 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 994.33 1680845 1 (25%) 3 (75%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Lamb Leg 2116.87 702192.9 1 (16.6%) 4 (67%) 1 (16.6%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Lamb (chops) 222 2065400 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Lamb (sausage) 1593.58 2185343 1 (20%) 3 (60%) 1 (20%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Mutton 3881.59 1729826 1 (33%) 2 (67%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Rabbit Meat 986.82 7000 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Goat Meat 360.68 223936 1 (20%) 4 (80%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Sausages (other) 1734.7 353566 0 (0%) 2 (67%) 1 (33%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Other 9986 1058200 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A10: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Herbs and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand (lb) Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Basil 7,563 3,377,697 844,424 Celery 186,375 17,677,599 1,944,536 Cinnamon Leaf 1,757 - - Coriander/Cilantro 19,587 14,390,063 - Escallion 209,687 22,693,348 3,177,069 Fennel 26,025 834,568 - Ginger 48,622 9,263,570 648,450 Hot Pepper 64,945 10,520,573 - Leek 15,969 8,528,422 2,132,105 Mushrooms 104,981 63,860,001 17,880,800 Onion 687,903 67,511,727 - Onion (Pearl White) 31,919 1,537,361 - Onion (Red Jumbo) 192,707 208,391,949 25,007,034 Parsley 17,424 6,320,405 790,051 Pimento 8,170 642,411 - Rosemary 6,460 2,846,562 355,820 Shallot 2,245 - - Sweet Pepper 176,664 16,288,157 - Thyme 36,623 7,220,643 1,010,890 Other herbs 9,956 7,459,334 844,424 Total 1,855,582 469,364,391 53,791,179 a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. Table A11: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Fruits and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand (lb) Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Ackee 86,092 54,461,951 10,892,390 Apple (Gold) 100,618 441,900,949 - Apple (Granny Smith) 79,450 5,390,635 - Apple (Red) 89,355 13,595,756 - Apple (Otaheite) 280,602 8,370,269 1,506,648 Avocado 235,697 31,546,574 - Banana (Ripe) 781,416 102,574,591 - Blueberry 136,431 16,669,511 - Cantaloupe 731,524 129,897,542 25,979,508 Carambola 370,211 25,703,216 4,369,547 Cherry Tomato 30,565 33,357,697 - Dried Coconut 98,807 43,653,876 9,603,853 Grape (Black) 67,844 13,616,628 5,106,236 Grape (Seedless) 52,125 2,740,861,675 - Grape (Red Globe) 100,620 14,449,388 1,806,173 Grapefruit 363,595 6,011,093 - Honey Dew Melon 443,004 168,051,728 - Jelly Coconut 207,463 34,957,325 - Kiwi 166,003 40,047,590 10,011,897 Lime 184,578 18,806,937 1,880,694 Mango 568,504 41,575,991 - Orange 1,567,240 77,976,161 - Papaya 928,576 71,552,066 - Pear Red 534,610 35,426,001 3,896,860 Pineapple 1,154,574 190,204,855 - Plum (Black) 16,804 6,522,804 - Plum (Red) 83,457 1,055,289 263,822 Raspberry 1,448,011 21,876,211 - Strawberry 1,546,636 32,066,140 12,024,802 Sweet Sop 2,035,240 23,599,556 - Tamarind 1,843,735 - - Tangerine 3,864,831 15,814,652 - Tomato Yellow Beefsteak Large 850,022 13,177,382 - Tomato 925,533 290,236,279 - Watermelon Red 7,890,226 390,654,833 - Watermelon Yellow 967,431 117,922,636 - Other Fruits 2,002,962 87,849 - Total 32,834,393 5,273,673,640 87,342,431 a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. Table A12: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Vegetables and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand (lb) Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Artichoke 3,075 2,011,828 669,939 Asparagus 29,390 17,843,471 3,033,390 Beetroot 47,183 4,228,609 - Broccoli 94,829 31,393,091 7,220,411 Cabbage 453,484 102,596,503 - Cabbage (Savoy) 361,939 - - Cabbage (Red) 62,271 14,141,309 3,535,327 Callaloo 225,042 16,829,100 - Carrot 634,121 173,915,351 24,348,149 Cauliflower 1,590,796 18,548,728 - Celery 92,535 8,406,171 1,050,771 Cho-cho 162,553 13,686,951 - Cucumber 343,469 48,898,324 - Eggplant 118,977 7,359,373 809,531 Lettuce (Iceberg) 621,665 289,284,977 40,499,897 Lettuce (Boston) 538,820 97,179,917 - Lettuce (Romaine Heart) 241,938 154,022,690 - Lettuce (Romaine Wood Crate) 79,064 99,543,897 24,885,974 Okra 46,147 10,298,186 - Pak Choi 154,476 13,777,783 - Pumpkin 367,161 47,614,645 - Radicchio 243,096 9,848,336 - Squash 185,058 33,057,679 9,586,727 String Bean 141,032 14,062,416 1,406,242 Sweet Pepper (green) 236,270 144,595,088 - Sweet Pepper (red) 243,788 78,169,799 10,943,772 Sweet Pepper (yellow) 144,740.37 100,015,761 12,501,970 Turnip 11,774.43 2,141,910 - Other Vegetables 144,658.37 17,484,629 - Total 7,619,352 1,570,956,523 140,492,100 a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. Table A13: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Cereals and Grains and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand (lb) Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Hybrid Corn - - - Corn (regular) 46,853 31,212,469 - Rice 845,589 139,812,421 69,906,210.71 Sweet Corn 360,841 85,627,215 57,370,234.18 Other Cereals & Grains 149,344 35,139,686 35,139,685.86 Total 1,402,626 291,791,791 162,416,131 a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. Table A14: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Teas and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand (lb) Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Bissy - - - Cerassie 658.87 1,207,926.70 - Chocolate - - - Lemon Grass 38,983.09 235,595,780.86 - Mint 3,294.35 3,056,589.56 - Other teas 13,451.91 5,396,491.60 - Total 56,388.21 245,256,788.72 - a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. Table A15: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Tubers and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand (lb) Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Coco 67,422.08 16,526,132.77 - Dasheen 161,082.52 3,030,797.91 - Irish Potato 1,756,507.91 372,075,538.68 66,973,596.96 Sweet Potato 320,401.26 47,481,193.22 - Sweet Cassava 11,200.77 - - Yellow Yam 423,314.18 83,827,092.17 - Sweet Yam - - - Other tubers - 16,526,132.77 - - 3,030,797.91 - Total 2,739,928.717 522,940,754.74 66,973,596.96 a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. Table A16: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Legumes and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand (lb) Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Broad Bean 62,812.19 5,612,686.32 - Cow Pea - - - Gungo Pea 62,548.09 12,731,661.64 - Peanut - - - Red Pea 126,411.03 26,695,126.20 5,339,025.24 Sugar Bean 193,268.27 - - Other legumes - - - Total 445,039.58 45,039,474.16 5,339,025.24 a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. Table A17: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Other Fresh Produce and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand (lb) Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Banana (Green) 277,302.88 11,063,262.30 - Breadfruit 66,562.09 5,918,597.06 - Plantain (Green) 75,218.94 5,797,765.59 - Plantain (Ripe) 260,735.15 35,271,049.43 - Sorrel 26,998.99 1,049,798.12 - Sugar Cane 35,432.52 4,407,102.27 - Other crops - 11,063,262.30 - Total 742,250.57 63,507,574.75 - a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. Table A18: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Poultry, Meat and Seafood and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Due Annual Demand (lb) Annual Expenditure (J$) to Imports (J$) Beef Bones 418,973 4,808,329 - Beef Kidney 85,799 9,422,621 2,355,655 Beef Liver 89,438 18,909,527 4,727,382 Beef Mince 174,299 150,443,166 40,619,655 Beef Outside Skirt 386,537 156,678,068 - Beef Oxtail Whole 294,572 483,703,034 120,925,759 Beef Rib Eye 157,580 122,851,366 27,027,300 Beef Shortloin Choice 50,702 325,450,944 - Beef Striploin 1,354,919 706,779,717 - Beef Tenderloin 197,849 359,289,951 71,857,990 Beef Top Butt 259,627 317,936,114 104,918,917 Other Beef Cuts 657,465 151,015,320 - Chicken (breast quarters) 744,878 127,005,284 - Chicken (deboned breast) 844,195 594,864,797 - Chicken (leg quarters) 1,527,789 13,691,938 - Chicken (thighs) 28,876 30,297,591 - Chicken (wings) 415,368 161,423,563 19,370,828 Chicken Sausage 271,066 418,862,863 - Egg Whole 1,543,111 954,286,039 - Egg Powdered 13,617 5,959,984 - Egg Liquid 151,643 3,993,569 - Conch 55,997 29,706,040 - Conch Fritters - 1,756,984 - Fish (fresh water) 684,199 50,331,451 - Fish (sea water) 509,874 311,805,648 - Lobster 249,088 576,655,295 103,797,953 Shrimp 474,881 884,366,725 110,545,841 Smoked Marlin 69,988 317,657,659 39,707,207 Salmon 151,915 225,878,425 37,495,819 Tilapia 192,982 141,111,080 46,989,990 Pork (leg shank portion) 112,909 62,622,414 10,395,321 Prok Leg Whole 540,594 153,928,378 - Pork Loin Blade Roast 1,324,791 39,462,628 7,892,526 Pork Shoulder Arm Picnic 124,856 126,078,899 - Pork Shoulder Arm Roast - - - Pork Shoulder Blade (Boston) Roast - - - Pork Shoulder Blade Steak 21,962 17,529,652 8,764,826 a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand (lb) Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Pork Spare Ribs 120,348 83,516,066 18,373,535 Smoked Pork Loin Rib Chops 111,254 42,060,610 - Ground Pork 246,096 222,448,406 44,489,681 Bacon 1,542,244 988,787,007 138,430,181 Pork Sausage 381,932 159,627,317 46,291,922 Other Pork Cuts 83,402 28,192,329 - 145,585 184,726,391 - Lamb Leg 132,832 44,062,210 7,314,327 Lamb (chops) 48,756 182,058,712 - Lamb (sausage) 235,521 479,951,757 95,990,351 Mutton 426,243 126,636,518 - Rabbit Meat 144,486 2,855,099 - Goat Meat 39,607 24,592,158 - Sausages (other) 152,392 67,544,077 22,289,545 Other 2,193,156 232,405,097 - Total 20,186,194 10,926,028,819 1,130,572,510 Table A19: Demand for Processed Foods and Associated Annual Expendituresa Processed Foods Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Annual Annual Manufacturers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source Foreign (J$) only only Source Alcoholic Beverages 68165 66714527.59 6 (46%) 5 (38%) 1 (8%) 1 (8%) 13 (100%) (beer) Alcoholic Beverages 24632 90949770.89 0 (0%) 8 (80%) 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 10 (100%) (wine) Alcoholic Beverages 7888 167360099.3 1 (7%) 9 (60%) 3 (20%) 2 (13%) 15 (100%) (vodka) Alcoholic Beverages 812 15547040.2 0 (0%) 8 (67%) 3 (25%) 1 (8%) 12 (100%) (whiskey) Alcoholic Beverages 6894 94654749.23 3 (25%) 6 (50%) 2 (17%) 1 (8%) 12 (100%) (rum) Breads and Pastry 12343 34037556.25 4 (44%) 4 (44%) 1 (12%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Candies 4496 1442659.76 1 (20%) 4 (80%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Canned Meats - 636512 1 (17%) 5 (83%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Canned Seafood 576 250321.622 0 (0%) 4 (80%) 1 (20%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Cheese 33660 40087050.53 0 (0%) 7 (87.5%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Chips 1156 1411197.49 0 (0%) 5 (71%) 2 (29%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Coffee 7594 11861133.33 3 (30%) 5 (50%) 1 (10%) 1 (10%) 10 (100%) Coffee (Blue Mountain) 5687 15527635.11 2 (18%) 6 (55%) 2 (18%) 1 (9%) 11 (100%) Cooking Oil 2055 18255329 0 (0%) 8 (89%) 1 (11%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Corn Products 1903 1823466.06 1 (16.5%) 4 (67%) 1 (16.5%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Drink Mix 240 510434.09 0 (0%) 6 (75%) 1 (12.5%) 1 (12.5%) 8 (100%) Ice Cream 215 74476.56 2 (22%) 5 (56%) 2 (22%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Jam 755 5787181.28 1 (12.5%) 5 (62.5%) 2 (25%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Juice 1161 18857820.1 2 (25%) 6 (75%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 17 (100%) Milk (whole) 8390 56815063.03 2 (20%) 7 (70%) 1 (10%) 0 (0%) 10 (100%) Milk (low fat) 6048 1182358.98 0 (0%) 6 (86%) 1 (14%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Non-alcoholic 2320 6812029.82 1 (11%) 7 (78%) 1 (11%) 0 (0%) 9 (100%) Beverage Oats 1489 310261.4 2 (18%) 6 (55%) 2 (18%) 1 (9%) 11 (100%) Pasta/Macaroni 12032 3165792.53 0 (0%) 6 (86%) 1 (14%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Patties 4199 1163184.303 2 (40%) 2 (40%) 1 (20%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Processed Foods Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Annual Annual Manufacturers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source only Foreign (J$) only Source Porridge 11285 18942392 1 (16.5%) 4 (67%) 1 (16.5%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Puree - 1239246 0 (0%) 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Sauce 58 17519609.08 0 (0%) 4 (67%) 2 (33%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Spice (dried) 474 1269062.65 0 (0%) 5 (83%) 1 (17%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Spice (wet) 106 4767876.27 1 (20%) 3 (60%) 1 (20%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Soup 18 1421297.23 1 (17%) 5 (83%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Syrup 200 788233.38 0 (0%) 3 (75%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Tea Bag 1734 7915534.26 2 (40%) 3 (60%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Veggie Chunks 1553 6660210.02 0 (0%) 5 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Water 11082 14742421 1 (20%) 3 (60%) 1 (20%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Yogurts 4542 10832132.87 1 (20%) 3 (60%) 1 (20%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Other Beverage 12 10 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Table A20: Demand for Fixtures and Fittings and Associated Annual Expendituresa Fixtures and Fittings Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Annual Annual Manufacturers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source Foreign (J$) only only Source Baths 33 320560 1 (20%) 2 (40%) 2 (40%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Bidets - 50000 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Ceramic Sinks 52 1693330.56 0 (0%) 2 (67%) 1 (33%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Chandeliers 19 3892974 0 (0%) 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Electric Floor 539 3684054.96 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) - Standing Lamps Electric Table/Desk Lamps 1093 1773920.96 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Flushing Cisterns 19 - 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Non-electrical Lamps - 2800 - - - - - Paintings & Drawings 845 400649.12 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Portable Electric Lamps 0 0 - - - - - Urinals 14 3257057.4 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Wash Basins 123 12560 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Other Fixtures 0 0 - - - - - Other Sanitary 8 - 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A21: Demand for Office and Stationery Supplies and Associated Annual Expendituresa Office and Stationery Supplies Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Annual Annual Manufacturers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source Foreign (J$) only only Source Books 10068 8570685 0 (0%) 4 (45%) 3 (33%) 2 (22%) 9 (100%) Brochures/Flyers 61100 6703465 1 (10%) 3 (30%) 4 (40%) 2 (20%) 10 (100%) Business Cards 20450 108500 2 (23%) 3 (33%) 3 (33%) 1 (11%) 9 (100%) CDs and Records 3 92174 0 (0%) 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Diaries/Planners 35 - 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Filing Cabinets 2 - 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Magazines - 497200 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Paper Bags 150 4753.42 1 (20%) 1 (20%) 2 (40%) 1 (20%) 5 (100%) Paper Clips 339 5966.42 0 (0%) 5 (62.5%) 2 (25%) 1 (12.5%) 8 (100%) Paper Trays 206 18000 0 (0%) 2 (40%) 2 (40%) 1 (20%) 5 (100%) Pencils 1877 9388.25 1 (17%) 3 (49%) 1 (17%) 1 (17%) 6 (100%) Pens 46232 1860014 1 (12.5%) 5 (62.5%) 1 (12.5%) 1 (12.5%) 8 (100%) Signs 1633 2746763 2 (40%) 2 (40%) 1 (20%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A22: Demand for Apparel, Accessories and Textiles and Associated Annual Expendituresa Apparel, Accessories &Textiles Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Annual Annual Manufacturers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source Foreign (J$) only only Source Bathrobes 987 11523599.75 2 (23%) 3 (33%) 3 (33%) 1 (11%) 9 (100%) Bed Linens 65497 99676752.89 2 (23%) 2 (23%) 4 (43%) 1 (11%) 9 (100%) Blinds 21000 - 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 1 (100%) Drapery 6015 21649440.2 2 (50%) 0 (0%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 4 (100%) Hats 12 5679.8 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Leather Bags 0 0 - - - - - Leather Shoes 0 0 - - - - - Mops 350 441394.35 2 (20%) 4 (40%) 2 (20%) 2 (20%) 10 (100%) Napkins 11637 4260854.91 2 (23%) 3 (33%) 3 (33%) 1 (11%) 9 (100%) Slippers 18300 1015850 1 (14%) 3 (43%0 2 (29%) 1 (14%) 7 (100%) Sportswear - 7000000 2 (33%) 1 (17%) 3 (50%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) Table Cloth 5836 6758258.5 2 (25%) 2 (25%) 3 (37.5%) 1 (12.5%) 8 (100%) Towels 30769 389609231.8 2 (20%) 2 (20%) 4 (40%) 2 (20%) 10 (100%) T-Shirts/Leisure Wear 31417 826912.8 2 (23%) 2 (23%) 4 (43%) 1 (11%) 9 (100%) Uniforms 14163 41856645.76 2 (23%) 3 (31%) 2 (23%) 2 (23%) 9 (100%) Other Apparel 3 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Other Textiles 0 0 - - - - - a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A23: Demand for Chemicals, Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals and Associated Annual Expendituresa Chemicals, Cosmetics & Pharmaceuticals Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Annual Annual Manufacturers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source Foreign (J$) only only Source Aromatic Oils 800 455900 1 (11%) 4 (45%) 3 (33%) 1 (11%) 9 (100%) Candles 2615 3502328 1 (9%) 6 (55%) 2 (18%) 2 (18%) 11(100%) Other Spa Products - 158000 0 (0%) 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 2 (100%) Hair Shampoo and - 610566.6667 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Conditioner Sanitizers 92813 66648173.31 0 3 (75%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Soaps 567 1370864.66 1 (20%) 3 (60%) 1 (20%) 0 (0%) 5 (100%) Toothpaste 90749 184396443.3 1 (20%) 1 (20%) 2 (40%) 1 (20%) 5 (100%) Other Personal Care Products 8 1618426.62 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Cooking Gas 250000 - 1 (25%) 2 (50%) 1 (25%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) House Cleaning - 18702265 0 (0%) 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Products Industrial Chemicals 917010 14970726.23 1 (14%) 3 (43%) 2 (29%) 1 (14%) 7 (100%) Laundry Detergent 3913 - 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Paints 670 7129722.7 1 (17%) 2 (33%) 2 (33%) 1 (17%) 6 (100%) Water Treatment 36380 11192177.12 2 (25%) 4 (50%) 1 (12.5%) 1 (12 1/2%) 8 (100%) Chemicals Other Chemicals 540 13740026.17 0 (0%) 2 (67%) 1 (33%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A24: Demand for Paper Products and Associated Annual Expendituresa Paper Products Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Annual Annual Manufacturers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source only Foreign (J$) only Source Paper Cups 4557 439816.77 3 (43%) 3 (43%) 1 (14%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) Paper Napkins 8092 6848608.04 3 (37.5%) 4 (50%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Paper Towels 2704 16328669.86 2 (25%) 5 (62.5%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Tissue 13193 9630581.46 2 (25%) 5 (62.5%) 1 (12.5%) 0 (0%) 8 (100%) Other - 5458000 - - - - - a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A25: Demand for Furniture, Bedding and Wooden Products and Associated Annual Expendituresa Furniture, Bedding and Wooden Products Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Annual Annual Manufacturers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source Foreign (J$) only only Source Accessory Table 1 612500 0 (0%) 1 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Bean Bag 1 24500 0 (0%) 1 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Bed Frame and 543 8354300 1 (20%) 2 (40%) 1 (20%) 1 (20%) 5 (100%) Head Board Beds 20 75000 1(25%) 1(25%) 1(25%) 1(25%) 4 (100%) Cabinet 13 700000 1(25%) 1(25%) 1(25%) 1(25%) 4 (100%) Chairs 57 2867500 1 (33.3%) 0 (0%) 1 (33.3%) 1 (33.3%) 3 (100%) Chest of Drawers 27 3375000 - - - - - Countertop 38 - - - - - - Crockery 13 420200 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 1 (25%) 4 (100%) Cushion 1245 990000 2 (50%) 2 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Desk 15 1746666.667 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Dining Chair 75 46070000 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Dining Table 18 261000 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Door 23 87500 1 (25%) 3 (75%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Glassware 21131 425416.38 0 (0%) 2 (67%) 1 (33%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Hardwood/Laminate 290 1391000 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Flooring Kiosks 2 140000 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Luggage Rack 15 65000 0 (0%) 3 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Magazine Rack 13 735000 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Mattress Support 553 1022640 1(25%) 2 (50%) 1(25%) 0 (0%) 4 (100%) Mattress 255 12311600 1 (33%) 2 (67%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 3 (100%) Mirror 28 1745000 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Night Stand 40 945000 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Picture Frame 70 300000 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Pillow 948 2889266.667 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Pool Furniture 3 122000 - - - - - Roofing Sheet 0 0 - - - - - Salad Bars 0 0 - - - - - Side Table 0 0 - - - - - Sofa 28 1300000 1 (50%) 1 (50%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Furniture, Bedding and Wooden Products Products Value Number (%) of Suppliers Annual Annual Manufacturers Local Foreign Local & Total Quantity Expenditure only Distributors Source only Foreign (J$) only Source Souvenir/Craft 15 82701266 - - - - - Items (Wooden) Souvenir/Craft 0 0 - - - - - Items (Jewellery) Souvenir/Craft 3 3200 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Items (of Beads) Souvenir/Craft 0 0 - - - - - Items (Painting) Souvenir/Craft - 7000 0 (0%) 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Items ( Sculpture) Souvenir/Craft 0 0 - - - - - Items (Carving) Souvenir/Craft 0 0 - - - - - Items (Ceramic) Souvenir/Craft 0 0 - - - - - Items (Leather) Souvenir/Craft 30 5220 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) Items (Aromatherapy) Souvenir/Craft 7 17000 - - - - - Items (made from Straw) Vanity/Dresser 15 1800000 0 (0%) 1(100%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (100%) Wall Painting 0 0 - - - - - Window 30 1600000 - - - - - Other 0 0 - - - - - a A value of zero (0) indicates zero quantity demanded, zero dollar spent, or no supply from indicated source. A dash (-) indicates that no information was provided. Table A26: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Processed Foods and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Alcoholic Beverages (beer) 4,990,189 3,256,010,475 520,961,676 Alcoholic Beverages (wine) 1,803,227 4,438,814,415 887,762,883 Alcoholic Beverages (vodka) 494,973 12,252,044,407 4,043,174,654 Alcoholic Beverages (whiskey) 59,414 975,568,052 321,937,457 Alcoholic Beverages (rum) 504,700 5,939,532,417 1,484,883,104 Breads and Pastry 1,355,385 2,135,837,561 256,300,507 Candies 493,713 158,420,659 - Canned Meats - 93,195,132 - Canned Seafood 126,503 36,650,930 7,330,186 Cheese 2,112,146 3,521,615,907 440,201,988 Chips 101,554 154,965,739 44,940,064 Coffee 1,111,878 1,302,489,060 260,497,812 Coffee (Blue Mountain) 499,598 974,350,393 263,074,606 Cooking Oil 180,501 1,603,716,316 176,408,795 Corn Products 139,326 133,491,718 22,026,133 Drink Mix 26,355 74,735,390 18,683,847 Ice Cream 23,609 10,904,512 2,398,993 Jam 66,304 423,666,109 105,916,527 Juice 84,994 1,656,644,686 165,664,469 Milk (whole) 614,188 6,238,948,335 873,452,767 Milk (low fat) 379,509 129,836,635 18,177,129 Non-alcoholic Beverage 203,803 498,692,892 54,856,218 Oats 163,509 34,070,275 9,198,974 Pasta/Macaroni 880,835 198,651,705 27,811,239 Patties 307,399 127,731,034 25,546,207 Porridge 4,956,746 2,080,092,826 343,215,316 Puree - 136,083,485 - Sauce 8,492 1,539,083,899 507,897,687 Spice (dried) 41,641 139,357,696 23,690,808 Spice (wet) 15,520 349,045,155 69,809,031 Soup 3,953 156,074,807 - Syrup 43,925 173,114,209 43,278,552 Tea Bag 152,331 869,216,835 - Veggie Chunks 113,692 731,367,775 - Water 1,622,587 3,237,775,268 647,555,054 Yogurts 285,003 951,594,366 190,318,873 Total N/A 56,733,391,074 11,856,971,558 a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. N/A means not applicable. Table A27: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Chemicals, Cosmetics and Pharmaceuticals, and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Aromatic Oils 175,698 40,050,457 17,622,201 Candles 229,726 256,397,304 92,303,029 Other Spa Products - 23,133,627 11,566,813 Hair Shampoo and Conditioner - 134,094,505 134,094,505 Sanitizers 10,191,900 5,854,989,684 1,463,747,421 Soaps 62,263 150,536,730 30,107,346 Toothpaste 9,965,285 20,248,853,416 12,149,312,050 Other Personal Care Products 54,905,759 355,443,769 - Cooking Gas - - - House Cleaning Products - 4,107,448,232 2,053,724,116 Industrial Chemicals 100,698,297 2,191,944,237 942,536,022 Laundry Detergent 572,850 - - Paints 98,098 782,925,675 391,462,837 Water Treatment Chemicals 3,994,918 1,638,706,617 409,676,654 Other Chemicals 79,064 2,011,750,847 663,877,780 Total N/A 37,796,275,099 18,360,030,775 a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. N/A means not applicable. Table A28: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Office Stationery and Supplies and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Books 1,474,110 1,882,319,866 621,165,556 Brochures/Flyers 6,709,484 981,490,226 677,228,256 Business Cards 1,796,516 23,829,099 10,484,804 CDs and Records 1,318 20,243,534 10,121,767 Diaries/Planners 7,687 - - Filing Cabinets 878 - - Magazines - 218,393,148 109,196,574 Paper Bags 65,887 2,087,921 1,252,753 Paper Clips 37,226 873,576 327,591 Paper Trays 45,242 7,906,429 4,743,858 Pencils 164,893 1,374,584 467,359 Pens 5,076,806 272,334,615 68,083,654 Signs 358,644 603,252,431 120,650,486 Total N/A 4,014,105,429 1,623,722,656 a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. N/A means not applicable. Table A29: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Apparels and Textiles and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Bathrobes 144,463 2,530,847,970 1,113,573,107 Bed Linens 4,109,900 7,297,103,718 3,940,436,008 Blinds 4,612,084 - - Drapery 880,688 2,377,357,899 1,188,678,950 Hats 2,635 1,247,415 - Leather Bags - - - Leather Shoes - - - Mops 38,434 38,776,147 15,510,459 Napkins 638,938 311,927,298 137,248,011 Slippers 1,607,641 148,736,041 63,956,498 Sportswear - 3,074,722,513 1,537,361,257 Table Cloth 366,206 593,707,702 296,853,851 Towels 1,689,395 34,226,865,036 20,536,119,022 T-Shirts/Leisure Wear 3,449,948 121,072,733 64,168,549 Uniforms 1,036,840 4,596,341,823 2,114,317,239 Total N/A 55,318,706,296 31,008,222,948 a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. N/A means not applicable. Table A30: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Fixtures and Fittings and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Baths 3,623.78 70,402,361 28,160,944 Bidets - 21,962,304 - Ceramic Sinks 7,613.60 371,894,400 122,725,152 Chandeliers 2,781.89 854,986,771 - Electric Floor - 78,917.88 539,402,225 539,402,225 Standing Lamps Electric Table/Desk Lamps 96,019.19 194,796,954 64,867,386 Flushing Cisterns 2,781.89 - - Non-electrical Lamps - 1,229,889 - Paintings and Drawings 92,790.73 87,991,776 - Portable Electric Lamps - - - Urinals 3,074.72 715,324,837 - Wash Basins 18,009.09 5,516,931 - Total N/A 2,863,508,448 755,155,707 a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. N/A means not applicable. Table A31: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Paper Products and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Paper Cups 667,215 38,637,558 3,863,756 Paper Napkins 888,595 501,370,698 62,671,337 Paper Towels 237,574 1,195,384,020 149,423,002 Tissue 1,159,017 705,032,515 88,129,064 Other - 1,198,702,534 - Total N/A 3,639,127,325 304,087,159 a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. N/A means not applicable. Table A32: Estimated National Demand and Expenditure on Furniture, Beddings and Wooden Products and Value of Leakage Due to Importsa Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Accessory Table 5,491 269,038,220 - Bean Bag 366 10,761,529 - Bed Frame and Head Board 79,430 1,223,197,823 489,279,129 Beds 2,928 16,471,728 8,235,864 Cabinet 5,491 307,472,251 153,736,126 Chairs 8,272 419,846,038 281,296,846 Chest of Drawers 5,820 741,227,749 - Countertop 16,472 - - Crockery 5,491 92,285,600 46,142,800 Cushion 182,287 217,426,806 - Desk 3,294 383,608,237 - Dining Chair 16,472 10,118,033,298 - Dining Table 3,843 57,321,613 - Door 3,319 12,811,344 - Glassware 2,320,427 62,287,491 20,554,872 Hardwood/Laminate Flooring 63,691 305,495,644 - Kiosks 732 61,494,450 - Luggage Rack 3,294 14,275,497 - Magazine Rack 5,491 322,845,864 - Mattress Support 60,689 112,297,651 28,074,413 Mattress 56,004 2,703,910,978 - Mirror 6,040 383,242,199 - Night Stand 8,785 207,543,770 - Picture Frame 15,374 65,886,911 - Pillow 138,851 423,033,013 423,033,013 Pool Furniture 659 53,588,021 - Roofing Sheet - - - Salad Bars - - - Side Table - - - Sofa 6,040 571,019,895 - a A dash (-) indicates insufficient data to allow for an estimation of expenditure or value of leakage. N/A means not applicable. Products Estimated National Estimated National Estimated Leakage Annual Demand Annual Expenditure (J$) Due to Imports (J$) Souvenir/Craft Items (Wooden) 3,185 18,163,103,174 - Souvenir/Craft Items (Jewellery) - - - Souvenir/Craft Items (of Beads) 659 1,405,587 - Souvenir/Craft Items (Painting) - - - Leakage Due to Imports (J$) Souvenir/Craft Items (Sculpture) - 3,074,723 - Souvenir/Craft Items 6,589 2,292,865 - (Aromatherapy) Souvenir/Craft Items (made from 1,537 7,467,183 - Straw) Vanity/Dresser 3,294 790,642,932 - Wall Painting - - - Window 6,589 702,793,717 - Total N/A 38,827,203,802 1,450,353,062