lapkj] ekè;e vkSj i=kdkfjrk dh iwo&Z lehf{kr ekfld if=kdk laiknd vfuy pefM+;k ISSN 2277-2847 148 lgk;d laiknd lat; dqekj ^cykSfn;k* laiknd eaMy ('kksèk i=k) tojheYy ikj[k] tliky flag flèkq] ukjk;.k ckjsB] jtuh'k] jkf'kn vyh] fefFkys'k fiz;n'khZ osclkbV izHkkjh jfo'kadj izlkn dyk (vkoj.k) xksiky uk;Mw izlkj eqdqy jatu >k ¼ 7982380923½½
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[email protected]follow us : facebook.com@@ JanMedia Journal@@ Website www.mediastudiesgroup.org.in fo'ys"k.k 2tulaidZ vkSj lwpuk ds fy, iqfyl vf/dkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr vfuy pefM+;k vè;;u 5- Hkk"k.k 15- ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k % ,f'k;kbZ lanHkksZa dk O;ofLFkr lkfgfR;d voyksdu MkW- in~feuh tSu ,oa lqJh lqj{kk ;kno i=kdkj xkSj fd'kksj ?kks"k us vkikrdky dk fojks/ cky eqaMokdj fd;k Fkk MkW- lqjs'k [kSjukj 'kks/&lanHkZ 17foKkiu&tulapkj dk vkfFkZd vk/kj 24- izks- MkW- ts-oh- foykfuye fodhyhDl % jkt O;oLFkk dh djrwrksa dk 'k=kq 'kks/&n`f"V 26D;k isfj;kj us 40 lky NksVh viuh gh csVh ls 'kknh dh Fkh\ i<+sa] iQSDV&psd bl vad dh lkexzh ls laiknd dh lgefr vfuok;Z ugha gSA leLr fookn fnYyh U;kf;d {ks=k esa fopkjkèkhu gksxa As lHkh in voSrfud gSAa 2024 vad&148 1 fo'ys"k.k Hkk tulaidZ vkSj lwpuk ds fy, iqfyl vfèkdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr vfuy pefM+;k 2 2024 vad&148 jrh; iqfyl lsok ds vfèkdkfj;ksa dks lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ foHkkx dks pykus dh ftEesnkjh nsus dh ?kVuk,a c<+ jgh gSA ehfM;k vkSj ljdkj ds chp fj'rksa ds tks gkykr fn[k jgs gS]a oSlh fLFkfr esa lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ dk ^lSU;dj.k* cgqr nwj dh dgkuh ugha fn[krh gSA ;g ,d LFkk;h jktuhfrd fopkj ds :i esa Hkh LFkkfir gks jgk gSA Hkkjr ds pkj izn's kksa esa lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ ds lcls cM+s vfèkdkjh ds :i esa Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok ds vfèkdkfj;ksa dh rSukrh ls tqM+h ;g dgkuh gSA buesa rhu jkT;ksa esa Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ o lg;ksfx;ksa dh ljdkj gSA egkjk"Vª esa vkbZih,l c`t's k flag lwpuk ,oa izpkj ds ize[q k cuk, x,] fQj mUgsa eq[;ea=kh lfpoky; esa yk;k x;kA egkjk"Vª esa Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ lg;ksxh ikfVZ;ksa ds lkFk ljdkj pyk jgh gS tcfd NÙkhlx<+ esa Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dks tc 2023 esa cgqer feyk rks mlus dkaxlsz ds 'kkludky ds nkSjku lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ esa Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok ds vfèkdkjh dks cgky djus ds QSlys dks tkjh j[kkA dkaxl sz vkSj Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ }kjk ljdkj dks pykus ds rjhds esa QdZ dsoy ;g vk;k fd iqfyl vfèkdkjh ds uke cny x,A dkaxlsz us 1997 cSp ds vkbZih,l fnika'kq dkcjk dks lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ foHkkx dk ize[q k cuk;k FkkA mUgsa NÙkhlx<+ laokn dk Hkh dk;ZHkkj ns fn;k x;k FkkA Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ds ljdkj esa vkrs gh 4 tuojh 2024 dks 2006 cSp ds vkbZih,l e;ad JhokLro dks fnika'kq dkcjk dh txg cSBk fn;k x;kA mUgsa Hkh NÙkhlx<+ laokn dk eq[; dk;Zdkjh vfèkdkjh ¼lhbZvks½ cuk fn;k x;kA blds myV dukZVd esa gqvkA twu 2023 esa dukZVd esa tc Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dks foèkkulHkk pquko esa iNkM+dj dkaxl sz us lÙkk laHkkyh rks mlus vk'p;Z esa Mkyus okyk tks vkns'k tkjh fd;k og lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ foHkkx esa Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok ds vfèkdkjh dh rSukrh FkhA 1998 cSp ds iqfyl vfèkdkjh gsera fuackydj dks lekpkj ,oa izlkj.k foHkkx esa vk;qä cuk;k x;kA eè; izn's k esa f'kojkt flag pkSgku us eq[;ea=kh ds vius vkf[kjh dk;Zdky esa vkbZih,l vk'kqrks"k izrki flag dks lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ foHkkx dh ftEesnkjh lkSia h FkhA Hkkjr ds lalnh; <kaps esa dkaxl sz ,oa Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ukxfjd iz'kklu dk ^lSU;dj.k* djus ds ekeys esa ,d nwljs ds izfr;ksxh ekus tkrs gSAa 'kq#vkr fnYyh ls dkaxzsl dh ljdkj us dh dkaxl sz us fnYyh esa vkbZih,l vfèkdkjh dks lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ ekeyksa dk ize[q k cukus dh 'kq#vkr dh FkhA eq[;ea=kh 'khyk nhf{kr ds 'kq#vkrh dk;Zdky esa vkbZih,l mn; lgk; dks lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ ekeyksa dh ftEesnkjh lkSia h xbZ FkhA 1998 cSp ds mn; lgk; us crk;k fd fnYyh esa tc ¼2006&2009½ vkbZih,l ds :i esa lwpuk ,oa tu laidZ ekeyksa dh ftEesnhjh nsus ds fy, fopkj fd;k tk jgk Fkk rc mldk fojksèk gqvk FkkA eq[;ea=kh 'khyk nhf{kr dks muds ,d jktuhfrd lg;ksxh us iqfyl vfèkdkjh dks bl laons u'khy ekeyksa dh ftEesnkjh nsus ls jksdus dh dksf'k'k dh FkhA ysfdu crkrs gSa fd ml jktuhfrd lg;ksxh us lS)kafrd rkSj ij vkbZih,l dks lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ tSls ekeyksa dh ftEesnkjh dk fojksèk vkSj mlds nwjxkeh vlj dh ckr rks fo'ys"k.k Bhd rjhds ls j[kh ysfdu os blds lkFk vius ,d fo'oklik=k dks lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ foHkkx lkSia us ds fy, Hkh ykWfcax dj jgs FksA fygktk mudk lS)kafrd fojksèk detksj iM+ x;kA os fl)kar dk vius fgrksa esa bLrseky djuk pkgrs FksA vkerkSj ij lalnh; jktuhfr esa ^fl)kar* O;kogkfjd jktuhfr dk f[kykSuk gh fn[krs gSAa mn; lgk; ds i{k esa ;g rdZ etcwr Fkk fd os mlls igys izlkj Hkkjrh esa ikap o"kksZa rd FksA izlkj Hkkjrh lS)kafrd rkSj ij Hkkjr ljdkj ds ekrgr ,d ,slh Lok;Ùk laLFkk ekuh tkrh gS tks ljdkj ds nwjn'kZu] jsfM;ks o vU; ehfM;k eapksa dks lapkfyr o funsfZ 'kr djrh gSA ,d lkoZtfud izlkj.k dsUnz ds :i esa lkoZtfud {ks=k dh ehfM;k daifu;ksa dks fodflr djus dh voèkkj.kk blds ihNs jgh gSA nwljk] lwpuk ,oa izlkj.k ea=kky; ls gh ,d vfèkdkjh eq[;ea=kh 'khyk nhf{kr ds lcls cM+s lg;ksxh ukSdj'kkg ds :i esa rSukr gq, Fks vkSj os vkbZih,l mn; lgk; dh i`"BHkwfe ij fopkj djus ds fy, tksj ns jgs FksA mUgsa eq[;ea=kh ds le{k ,d viokn ds :i esa izLrqr dj jgs FksA mUgksua s viokn ds leFkZu esa dbZ oSls ukSdj'kkgksa ds uke fxuk, tks viuh i`"BHkwfe ls lkfgR;dkj o ys[kd FksA bl rjg vkbZih,l dks lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ ekeyksa dk ize[q k cukus dh ,d felky [kM+h gks xbZA ,d cqjkbZ dks fl)kar ds :i esa LFkkfir djus dh j.kuhfr] O;kogkfjd Lrj ij vPNs O;fä ds mnkgj.k ls gh dke;kc cuk;h tkrh gSA le; ls iwoZ lsokfuo`fÙk ys pqds mn; lgk; vkerkSj ij vkbZih,l dks lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ dh ftEesnkjh nsus dk fojksèk djrs gSAa mudk dguk gS fd iqfyl lsok esa vfèkdkfj;ksa dk tks LoHkko vkSj #>ku ,d izf'k{k.k ds lkFk fodflr gksrk gS] og tulaidZ vkSj lwpuk tSls laons u'khy dkeksa ds fy, ugha gks ldrk gSA mn; lgk; vdknfed Lrj ij Hkh lwpuk ,oa lai"sz k.k ds fl)karksa ds vè;srk gSA tu lwpuk vfèkdkjh dh Hkwfedk ,d tu lwpuk vfèkdkjh dh ;g ftEesnkjh gksrh gS] og vius laxBu o laLFkk dh rjQ ls vke yksxksa dks lwpuk,a eqg;S k djk,aA ,d rjg ls laLFkk o laxBu vkSj yksxksa ds chp lwpuk vfèkdkjh eq[; dM+h gksrs gSAa ljdkj ds foHkkxksa ds lkFk Hkh ;gh ckr ykxw gksrh gSA lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ ekeyksa ds fy, ljdkj esa foHkkx LFkkfir fd, x, gSAa ljdkj ds foHkkxksa esa ftEesnkjh laHkkyus okys vfèkdkfj;ksa dks laoèS kkfud fopkjksa ,oa laLd`fr dk è;ku j[kuk iM+rk gSA bl ftEesnkjh dks ysus okys vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fy, ;g t:jh gksrk gS fd og laons u'khy gks vkSj lkekftd fo"k;ksa ds izfr ltx gksA ;fn ehfM;k dh Lora=krk esa ljdkj o ljdkj pykus okyh jktuhfrd ikVhZ ds fy, gLr{ksi o ncko tSlh fLFkfr eglwl dh tkrh gS rks og lwpuk vfèkdkjh dh dk;Z{kerk ij iz'u fpUg~ ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr esa ehfM;k dh Lora=krk dh fLFkfr vkSj iqfyl dks tulaidZ dh ftEes n kjh nqfu;k Hkj esa Hkkjr esa yksdra=k vkSj ehfM;k dh vktknh ij iz'u [kM+s gq, gSAa gj lky ehfM;k dh vktknh dk gky crkus ds fy, laLFkk,a fofHkUu iSekuksa dk bLrseky djrh gSA ehfM;k dh vktknh dk rkieku Hkkjr esa 161 ij igqpa x;k FkkA bu laLFkkvksa dh tkap fjiksVZ crkrh gS fd Hkkjr ehfM;k dh vktknh ds ekeyksa esa yxkrkj detksj gks jgk gSA ehfM;k dh vktknh dks ekius ds fy, csgn laons u'khy iSekus gksrs gSAa muesa ljdkj dk tu lwpuk vfèkdkfj;ksa ds fy, cuk <kapk vkSj ogka dh laLd`fr ehfM;k dh vktknh ds fy, egRo j[krh gSA mldk vPNk&cqjk vlj mlh rjg ls iM+rk gS tSls i;kZoj.k ds {ks=k esa nwjnjkt ls vkus okyh vkaèkh rwQku dk vlj nqfu;k ds cM+s fgLls esa fn[kus yxrk gSA ehfM;k dh vktknh dk ekgkSy fdlh Hkh ljdkj dk tu lwpuk ekeyksa dks ysdj uhfr;ksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;gka mu iqfyl vfèkdkfj;ksa ds ckjs esa yksxksa dh jk; vkSj muds dkedkt dh i`"BHkwfe ij utj Mkysa rks ;g le>uk eqf'dy ugha jg tkrk gS fd tulaidZ vkS j lw p uk ds ekeyks a es a iq f yl vfèkdkfj;ksa dh rSukrh ds D;k mís'; gks ldrs gSAa egkjk"Vª esa c`t's k flag dh laf{kIr dgkuh gS fd mudh [kkdh onhZ dks lwpuk foHkkx ds fy, ml le; t:jh ekuk tkus yxk] tc Hkktik dh ljdkj py jgh FkhA 1996 cSp ds c`t's k flag dks nsoUs nz QM.kohl dh ljdkj esa lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ foHkkx ds loksPZ ; in egkfuns'kd ij rSukr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj lkFk gh mUgsa lkbcj vijkèk ekeyksa dk Hkh izHkkjh cuk;k x;k FkkA nsoUs nz QM.kohl Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dh cgqer okyh ljdkj esa eq[;ea=kh Fks ysfdu tc ,dukFk f'kans ds usrR` o esa ljdkj cuh rks c`t's k flag dks eq[;ea=kh ds lfpoky; esa ize[q k lfpo ds :i esa rSukr dj fn;k x;kA ize[q k lfpo dk in vkbZ,,l dks fn;k tkrk jgk gSA eè;izn's k esa f'kojkt flag pkSgku dh ljdkj us 2010 cSp ds vkbZih,l vk'kqrks"k izrki flag dks Ng o"kksZa rd lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ dk ize[q k cukdj j[kkA NÙkhlx<+ esa 2006 cSp ds 2024 vad&148 3 fo'ys"k.k vkbZih,l e;ad JhokLro dks lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ ekeyksa dk ize[q k cuk;k x;k gSA dukZVd esa twu 2023 esa vkbZih,l gsera fuackydj dks lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ dk vk;qä cuk;k x;kA budh iRuh us dkaxl sz ds fVdV ij foèkkulHkk dk pquko yM+k FkkA ukSdj'kkgh esa i`"BHkwfe dh vgfe;r Hkkjr ds lalnh; <kaps esa fdUgsa dSlh ftEesnkfj;ka nh tk ldrh gS] fczfV'k 'kklu ds nkS j ku 1947 ls igys fopkj&foe'kZ gksrk jgk gSA vuqHkoksa ds vkèkkj ij muesa lqèkkj dh ekax Hkh mBrh jgh gSA elyu fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa vdknfed {ks=k dh i`"BHkwfe ds yksxksa dk usrR` o gksuk pkfg,A tc jkT;ksa o dsUnz dh ljdkj us fdlh ukSdj'kkg dks fo'ofo|ky; dk iz'kklfud usrR` o djus ds fy, rSukr fd;k rks mldh vkykspuk gqbAZ blh rjg lsuk dks ukxfjd iz'kklu ls nwj j[kus dk fl)kar Lohdkj fd;k x;kA ysfdu ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k fd tSl&s tSls lkekU; yksxksa esa cjkcjh vkSj yksdra=k dh psruk dk foLrkj gks jgk gS] oSl&s oSls 'kklu&iz'kklu esa lSU; izof` Ùk;ka fodflr dh tk jgh gSA fdlh u fdlh :i esAa tSls iqfyl dh onhZ vkSj lsuk dh onhZ ,d tSlh fn[krh gS rks ;g iqfyl }kjk ukxfjd iz'kklu esa lSU; izof` Ùk;ksa dks fodflr djuk gSA lekt dh ftu ihf<+;ksa us 1947 ds ckn dh iqfyl O;oLFkk dks ns[kk gS] og eglwl dj ldrs gSa fd fdl gn rd iqfyl O;oLFkk dk lSU;dj.k gqvk gSA blh dM+h esa ;g ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd ehfM;k dh vktknh dks ysdj lekt esa vkerkSj ij psruk dk foLrkj gqvk gSA nwljh rjQ ehfM;k ij ljdkjh f'kdats dk lhèks rkSj ij ;k vizR;{k f'kdatksa dk 4 2024 vad&148 izns'kksa esa vkbZih,l vfèkdkfj;ksa dh tulaidZ foHkkx esa rSukrh dk fooj.k vkbZih,l vfèkdkjh dk uke mn; lgk; c`t's k flag vk'kqrks"k izrki flag nhika'kq dkcjk e;ad JhokLro gsera fuackydj jkT; fnYyh egkjk"Vª eè; izn's k NÙkhlx<+ NÙkhlx<+ dukZVd tky lk fcN x;k gSAa ,slk yxrk gS fd lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ ekeyksa esa vkbZih,l vfèkdkfj;ksa dh rSukrh mlh fn'kk esa c<+us dh ;kstuk dk fgLlk gSA izn's kksa esa ljdkj vkSj ehfM;k ds chp laokn dk tfj;k lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ ekeyksa dk foHkkx gksrk gSA dsUnz ljdkj esa izl s buQkWe'Zs ku C;wjks ¼ihvkbZch½ gksrk gSA bu ekeyksa dk usrR` o jkT; ljdkj dh xSj iqfyl lsok ds vfèkdkjh ;k Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok ds vfèkdkjh djrs jgs gSAa jkT;ksa esa Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok ds vfèkdkfj;ksa dks lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ ekeyksa dh ftEesnkjh nsus dk vlj ehfM;k dh vktknh ds fopkj ij lkQ eglwl gqvkA NÙkhlx<+ esa vkbZih,l vfèkdkjh us lwpuk ,oa tulaidZ foHkkx dh deku laHkkyus ds ckn ehfM;kdfeZ;ksa ds fy, ;g funs'Z k tkjh fd;k fd os muds dk;kZy; esa muls feyus ls iwoZ viuk eksckby Qksu ckgj NksM+ nsAa eè;izn's k esa ,d ofj"B i=kdkj us crk;k fd vkbZih,l vfèkdkjh dh laokn vkSj lai"sz k.k dh {kerk cgqr fupys Lrj dh gksrh gSA tulaidZ foHkkx dk dke laokn djuk vkSj uhfr;ksa o dk;ZØeksa ds ekè;e ls ljdkj dh Nfo dks csgrj cukus dh dksf'k'k djuk gksrk jktuhfrd lÙkk dkaxl sz Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dkaxl sz Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ dkaxl sz gS tcfd iqfyl vfèkdkjh lqj{kk ds bartke dh ekufldrk ls nck jgrk gSA mldk izf'k{k.k vijkfèk;ksa dh [kkst djuk] mu ij fuxkg j[kuk vkSj lqj{kk O;oLFkk ds lhfer nk;js esa fleVk gksrk gSA ^i=kdkfjrk djus okyksa ds fy, oks csgn eqf'dy le; gksrk gS tc i=kdkj viuh ftEesnkjh dks iwjk djus ds fy, muls laokn djus tk, tks fd i=kdkj dh iqfyfl;k Nkuchu djus dk fopkj eu esa j[kdj cSBk gksA* lqj{kk vkSj lwpuk dk ?kkyesy vkbZih,l dks lwpuk vfèkdkjh cukus dh izfØ;k esa D;k dqN xM+eM+ gks ldrk gS] bls bl rjg ns[ksAa ljdkj esa eq[;ea=kh loksiZ fj gksrs gSa vkSj tulaidZ foHkkx fdlh Hkh ljdkj ds fy, cs g n laons u'khy ekuk tkrk gSA ^lqj{kk vkSj lwpuk* dk ?kkyesy igyh utj esa gh fn[kus yxrk gSA vuqHko Hkh fd;k x;k fd vkbZih,l ljdkj dh Nfo cukus esa viuh {kerk ugha fn[kk ikrs gSAa laokn ds fy, [kqys fnekx vkSj [kqys okrkoj.k dh t:jr gksrh gSA lwpuk vfèkdkjh ehfM;kdfeZ;ksa ds lkFk laokn vkSj lg;ksx ds fy, gksrk gSA Hk; vkSj cqjs dh vk'kadk fdlh Hkh laokn dh laHkkouk dks gh [kRe dj nsrh gSA g vè;;u ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k % ,f'k;kbZ lanHkksaZ dk O;ofLFkr lkfgfR;d voyksdu MkW- in~feuh tSu ,oa lqJh lqj{kk ;kno· lkj fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk ges'kk ppkZ dk fo"k; jgh gSA ukjhoknh ys[kdksa vkSj f'k{kdksa us efgykvksa ds fp=k.k ij cgqr è;ku fn;k gSA gkykafd dbZ vè;;uksa us efgykvksa dh mRikndrk] izn'kZu vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl ds gj igyw esa Hkkxhnkjh ds vkèkkj ij mudh Hkwfedkvksa dh igpku dh gS] fQj Hkh efgykvks a dks jktuhfr es a leku izfrfufèkRo ugha fn;k tkrk gSA bl vè;;u dk mís'; mu dkjdksa dks fuèkkZfjr djuk gS tks iq#"k jktusrkvksa dh rqyuk esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dks jktuhfrd lekpkjksa esa de dojst nsrs gSAa bl y{; dh iwfrZ gsr]q bl fo"k; ij dbZ ,f'k;kbZ 'kksèk ys[kksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSAa bl fo'ys"k.k ds urhts bl ckr dh iqf"V djrs gSa fd fizVa ] bysDVªkfW ud vkSj fMftVy ehfM;k lHkh esa efgykvksa dks muds dke ds cfuLcr muds igukos ;k lkaLd`frd fo"k;ksa ds fy, T;knk fpf=kr fd;k tkrk gSA bl vè;;u esa ik;k x;k fd ehfM;k daifu;ksa us rks efgykvksa dks ewyr% lsDl izrhd ds :i esa is'k djus esa egkjr gkfly dh gqbZ gSA ekStnw k ehfM;k efgykvksa dks iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa de l{ke ds :i esa fpf=kr djrk gS] [kkldj Hkkjrh; jktuhfr ds {ks=k esAa bl vè;;u ds urhts] ;g Li"V djrs gSa fd ehfM;k dks lexz :i ls jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh Hkkxhnkjh dk leFkZu djuk pkfg, vkSj mls iznf'kZr djuk pkfg,A ;g v/;;u ;g fuèkkZfjr djus ds fy, dh xbZ ,d O;kid iM+rky ij vkèkkfjr gS fd ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k dSls fd;k tkrk gSA eq[; 'kCn efgyk jktusrk( ehfM;k( fp=k.k( ,f'k;kbZ lanHkZ( lkfgfR;d voyksdu( izLrqr Nfo( izn'kZu( :f<+okn( jktuhfrd lekpkj( dojst( efgykvksa dh HkkxhnkjhA izLrkouk ekuo thou ds fodkl esa ,d egRoiw.kZ eksM+ tulapkj ekè;e gSA ^^ekl ehfM;k**] ftls ^^izl s ** ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] dk mi;ksx igyh ckj 1920 ds n'kd esa fd;k x;k Fkk] ftldk mís'; fo'ks"k :i ls rkRdkfyd] O;kid lkoZtfud igqpa ds fy, FkkA vukSipkfjd ppkZ es]a ^^ekl ehfM;k** dks vDlj ^^flQZ ehfM;k** ds :i esa laf{kIr fd;k tkrk gSA ek'kZy eSDyqgku ¼1964½ ds vuqlkj ekl ehfM;k ekuo tkfr dk gh ,d foLrkj gSA èkkj.kk cukus] fopkjksa dks forfjr djus] lwpuk dh vkiwfrZ djus vkSj ;gka rd fd okLrfodrk cukus esa tulapkj ekè;eksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA eSdus;j ¼1995½ us dgk fd ehfM;k jktuhfrd okLrfodrk esa rhu dk;Z dj ldrk gSA lcls igys] ;g eqíksa dks mBkdj vkSj mtkxj djds cgl dks rst dj ldrk gSA nwljk] ehfM;k fdlh fo"k; dks nckrk gS vkSj la?k"kZ dks de djrk gSA rhljk] la?k"kZ ds lek/kku ds izjs d ds :i esa ehfM;k dbZ dks.kksa ls fo"k;ksa dks izLrqr djds vkSj fookfnr i{kksa dks la?k"kZ dh fn'kk esa ekxZn'kZu djds eè;LFk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS vkSj la?k"kZ ds lekèkku dks c<+kok nsrk gS ¼eSdus;j] 1995½A dqekj ¼2017½ dgrs gSa fd vfèkdka'k ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa dh laln esa efgykvksa dk izfrfufèkRo vfèkd gS tSl]s dbZ vÝhdh 2024 vad&148 5 vè;;u ns'kks]a lsuxs y ¼41-8 izfr'kr½] nf{k.k vÝhdk ¼41-2 izfr'kr½] vkSj jokaMk ¼55-6 izfr'kr½ esa vfèkd gSA ;|fi dbZ ns'kksa esa tSls drj ¼0 izfr'kr½] yscuku ¼3-1 izfr'kr½] gSrh ¼2-7 izfr'kr½] ;eu ¼0-51 izfr'kr½] csfuu ¼7-2 izfr'kr½] ekynho ¼5-9 izfr'kr½] Jhyadk ¼5-8 izfr'kr½] ukbthfj;k ¼5-7 izfr'kr½] FkkbZyMaS ¼4-8 izfr'kr½] vkSj dqorS ¼31 izfr'kr½ esa efgykvksa dk izfrfufèkRo cgqr de gSA baMksusf'k;k dh 575 izfrfufèk lHkk ds lnL;ksa esa ls rsbl Z izfr'kr efgyk,a gS]a vkSj muesa ls 117 us 2019&2024 ds dk;Zdky ds fy, lnL;ksa ds :i esa 'kiFk yhA meSek okfgn ds 'kksèk ¼meSek] 2013½ ds vuqlkj] MhdsvkbZ tdkrkZ esa Hkh] jktuhfr esa izHkqRo j[kus okys iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa efgykvksa dk jktuhfrd izHkko vis{kkd`r de jgk gSA ,d ,slk lekt cukuk tgka ySfa xd vkèkkj ij fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds lHkh yksx leku gks] ledkyhu yksdra=kksa ds fy, loksPZ p izkFkfedrk gSA yksdra=k ds pkSFks LraHk dgs tkus okys] ehfM;k dh ,d fof'k"V vkSj egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk ,d ,sls lekt ds fuekZ.k dh gS tgka iq#"k vkSj efgyk,a nksuksa lkekU; rkSj ij cjkcj gksAa ¼yrhQk] ,y-] vkSj fjVksxa k] vkbZ-] 2022½ 'kQhmy bLyke ¼2016½ us rhu ckaXykns'kh Vhoh usVodZ ds 130 dojst ds fo'ys"k.k esa ik;k fd jktuhfrd lekpkj dh fjiksVZ eq[; :i ls iq#"k lacfa èkr [kcjksa dks T;knk dojst nsrh gSAa dkSy ¼2012½ ds 'kksèk ds vuqlkj] tc ehfM;k efgykvksa dh iwokZxgz iw.kZ rLohj is'k djrk gS] rks blls efgykvksa 6 2024 vad&148 dh Nfo ij udkjkRed izHkko iM+rk gSa ftlls mudh lkekftd mUufr esa ckèkk mRiUu gksrh gSAa Hkkjrh; pquko vk;ksx ¼bZlhvkbZ½ vDVwcj 2021 dh osclkbV ds vuqlkj] lHkh laln lnL;ksa esa ls 10-5 izfr'kr efgyk,a gSa tcfd Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa efgykvksa dh fLFkfr vkSj Hkh nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS] foèkk;dksa ;k jkT; foèkku lHkkvksa esa lsokjr efgykvksa ds fy, jk"Vªh; vkSlr dsoy 9 izfr'kr gSA jgeku ¼2013½ ds vuqlkj] ehfM;k esa jktuhfrd efgykvksa dks ftl rjg ls fpf=kr fd;k tkrk gS] mlesa ges'kk mudh fLFkfr vkSj Nfo dks cnyus dh 'kfä ugha gksrh gS] ysfdu ,d igy djds ldkjkRed ,oa jpukRed dne mBk, tk ldrs gSAa ehfM;k ds vykok vU; lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd laLFkkuksa dks l'kä efgykvksa ds ckjs esa ckrphr esa ;ksxnku nsus dh t:jr gS tks turk vkSj ehfM;k esa viuh èkkj.kk cny ldrh gSAa ¼jgeku] ,e- ,e-] 2015½A oSf'od lekpkj i=k vDlj laln dh efgyk lnL;ksa dks :f<+oknh rjhdksa ls fpf=kr djrs gS]a tSls fd mYya?kudrkZ ;k iFkHkz"VA ;g ehfM;k esa ySfa xd iwokZxgz ksa vkSj :f<+okfnrk dks iq"V djrk gS ftlls efgyk jktusrkvksa ds izfr udkjkRed yksd èkkj.kk dk fuekZ.k gks r k gS ftldh otg ls mudh fo'oluh;rk vkSj izHkko'khyrk ij cqjk izHkko iM+rk gS ¼Msfou ds- tksf'k;k] esljs Vs ,Q- gSy]w cSMa ykWjus ts- jkbftax 2019½A jkWl ¼2022½ ds vuqlkj ehfM;k fo'ks"kKksa dk rdZ gS fd D;ksfa d jktuhfr esa de efgyk,a gSa] blfy, iq#"k jktusrkvksa dh rqyuk esa efgyk us=kh izl s esa de fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAa ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dks dSls fpf=kr fd;k tkrk gS] bl ckjs esa lksfu;k ckFkyk ¼2019½ cgqeYw ; varn`fZ "V iznku djrh gSA og mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij 12oha yksdlHkk pquko ds nkSjku vUuknzed q dh t;yfyrk dh izLrqfr;ksa dk mi;ksx djrh gSa fd dSls n fganw ds ys[k esa t;yfyrk dks voljoknh vkSj Hkz"V crk;kA mUgsa dkjkokl ds nkSjku] js'ke dh lkM+h] xgus] ?kfM+;ka] eksrh lfgr vlkèkkj.k lqfoèkk,a feyus dh ckr dghA la;ä q jk"Vª dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj] ifjorZu ykus vkSj lkoZtfud laLFkkuksa esa fy, x, fu.kZ;ksa dh {kerk dks izHkkfor djus ds fy, laln esa efgykvksa dk izfrfufèkRo de ls de 30 izfr'kr gksuk pkfg,A lS)kafrd <kapk QsfefuLV ehfM;k F;ksjh ¼ukjhoknh ehfM;k fl)kar½ eqfänk;d vkSj ifjorZudkjh dkjZokbZ }kjk mRihM+u vkSj izHkqRo dks [kRe djuk gSA bu ekud y{;ksa dh ?kks"k.kk bldh tfVy vkSj cgqr cgl okyh fLFkfr dks udkjrh ugha gSA ^^ukjhoknh ehfM;k fl)kar** esa ^^ukjhoknh** 'kCn dks ifjHkk"kk }kjk Li"V ugha fd;k x;k gSA ukjhoknh ehfM;k dk bfrgkl] ,d fof'k"V mnkgj.k gS] tks ukjhoknh n'kZdksa ds fy, ukjhokfn;ksa }kjk ehfM;k ds fuekZ.k ij tksj nsrk gS vkSj vDlj ukjhoknh vkn'kksZa dk izrhd gSA blds vykok] ehfM;k dk ukjhoknh fl)kar ySfa xd vkèkkj ij fopkj djrk gSA ukjhoknh ehfM;k fl)kar fujarj ;k fLFkj ySfa xd vlekurkvksa dks ekus fcuk] igpku vkSj vuqHkoksa dks vkdkj nsus esa vè;;u ySfa xd vkèkkj dks ,d egRoiw.kZ dkjd ekurk gSA ;g fl)kar yacs le; ls bl fopkj ij vkèkkfjr gS fd tc efgyk,a ehfM;k mRiknu dks fu;af=kr djsxa h rks csgrj vkSj vyx fo"k;&oLrq lkeus vk,xhA Ýsfeax F;ksjh jktuhfrd foKkiu O;kogkfjd Ýsfeax iznku djrs gSAa jk"Vªifr vksckek us ,d foKkiu esa jkstxkj l`tu ds vius fjdkWMZ dk c[kku djrs gq, dgk fd muds in laHkkyus ds ckn ls vFkZO;oLFkk us 4 fefy;u ls vfèkd ukSdfj;ka iSnk dh gSAa ,d vyx foKkiu es]a xouZj feV jkseuh us jkstxkj l`tu ds jk"Vªifr vksckek ds iz;klksa ij geyk djrs gq, crk;k fd csjkstxkjh nj vHkh Hkh yxHkx 8 izfr'kr gS vkSj jk"Vªifr ds iz'kklu ds nkSjku [kRe gqbZ 261]000 ukSdfj;ka vHkh Hkh vFkZO;oLFkk ls unkjn gSAa nksuksa foKkiuksa esa leku rF;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA ysfdu ,d foKkiu vkadM+kas dks vuqdy w <ax ls is'k djrk gS] tcfd nwljk foKkiu vkadM+kas dks izfrdwy <ax ls is'k djrk gSA tulapkj ds ,d fl)kar ds :i es]a Ýsfeax fl)kar crkrk gS fd ehfM;k }kjk turk dks tkudkjh dSls izLrqr dh tkrh gSA fl)kar ekurk gS fd ehfM;k fof'k"V ?kVukvksa ij tksj nsrk gS vkSj fQj fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa dk leFkZu ;k [kaMu djus ds fy, mUgsa izklafxd cukrk gSA ehfM;k bl rjg ls okLrfodrk ds ckjs esa yksxksa dh èkkj.kkvksa dks pqfuank :i ls vkdkj nsrk gSA ;g fl)kar igyh ckj 1972 esa ekuofoKkuh xzxs jh csVlu }kjk iz L rkfor fd;k x;k FkkA ,tsMa k&lsfVax fl)kar ds lkFk blds ?kfu"B lacèa k ds dkj.k] Ýsfeax dks dHkh&dHkh nwljs Lrj dh ,tsMa k lsfVax ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ,tsaMk lsfVax F;ksjh ehfM;k dh ,tsaMk&lsfVax jktuhfr] vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj laLd`fr lfgr fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij mlds iwokZxgz ksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gSA fdlh fo"k; ij ehfM;k dk ftruk vfèkd è;ku tkrk gS] n'kZd mls mruk gh vfèkd egRoiw.kZ ekurs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;fn ikBdksa dks dbZ eghuksa rd fgalk ds fu;fer i=kdkfjrk dojst ls voxr djk;k tkrk gS] rks ;gka rd fd tks yksx 'kq: esa bl eqís ds ckjs esa n`<+rk ls eglwl ugha djrs gS]a os Hkh bls vR;ko';d ekuus yxsxa As ,tsMa k lsfVax fl)kar dk igyk eq[; fl)kar ;g gS fd okLrfodrk dks ehfM;k }kjk vkdkj fn;k tkrk gS ] tks okLrfodrk dks dsoy fjiksVZ djus ds ctk; la'kksfèkr vkSj fQYVj djrk gSA nwljk vkèkkj ;g gS fd ehfM;k fo"k;ksa dks egRo ;k izèkkurk nsrk gS( fdlh fo"k; dks ftruk vfèkd doj fd;k tk,xk] mruh gh vfèkd laHkkouk gksxh fd turk mls egRoiw.kZ ekusxh vkSj dkjZokbZ dh ekax djsxhA flEckfyd vfUufgys'ku F;ksjh VpeSu us vius nkos dk leFkZu djrs gq, izek.k bdëk fd, gSa fd efgykvksa dks ekl ehfM;k }kjk izrhdkRed :i ls u"V dj fn;k tkrk gSA ,slk blfy, gksrk gS D;ksfa d ehfM;k ;k rks cM+s iSekus ij efgykvksa dh mis{kk djrk gS ;k mUgsa Vsyhfotu] lekpkj i=kksa vkSj foKkiuksa esa ihfM+rksa ;k miHkksäkvksa ds :i esa :f<+oknh Hkwfedkvksa esa izLrqr djrk gSA VpeSu crkrs gSa fd vfèkdka'k ehfM;k efgykvksa dks ikjaifjd Hkwfedkvksa tSls x`fg.kh] eka ds :i esa iznf'kZr djrs gSAa blds vuq:i] usrR` o ;k ftEesnkj Hkwfedkvksa esa etcwr efgyk ik=kksa dk izfrfufèkRo cgqr de] ;fn dksbZ gS] rks ugha ds cjkcj iznf'kZr djrs gS&a ;gka rd fd ifjokj ds vanj Hkh mudh Hkwfedk eqf[k;k ds :i esa ugha vfirq ?kj ds dk;Z djus okyh x`g.kh ds :i esa gksrh gSAa blh rjg] efgykvksa ds izdk'ku ^^?kjsy*w * iz;klksa tSls 'kknh] cPpksa dh ijofj'k vkSj blh rjg ds dk;ksZa dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gS]a ysfdu os lh[kus] izf'k{k.k ;k vU; fu.kZ;ksa dk leFkZu ugha djrs gSa tks Lora=krk] vfèkdkj ;k 'kfä dh fLFkfr dh vksj ys tkrs gSAa lkfgR; leh{kk ^efgyk jktusrk vkSj ehfM;k* D;k efgyk,a jktuhfr esa izo's k djus ;k jktuhfrd in laHkkyus ds fy, mi;qä gS\a gkykafd ;g fo"k; yksxksa ds fy, bruk egRoiw.kZ ugha gS]a fQj Hkh dqN leqnk;ksa esa iwNk tkrk gS] D;ksfa d okLro es]a cgqr de efgyk,a egRoiw.kZ ljdkjh inksa ij vklhu gqbZ gSAa ogha jktuhfr esa vkt Hkh iq#"k dh vis{kk efgyk jktusrk dh la[;k de gSaA ;g fopkj fd jktuhfrd nqfu;k iq#"kksa o efgykvksa ds fy, leku gS] ;g dBksj] v'kq) vkSj lkft'k ls Hkjs gksus dh èkkj.kk dks iznf'kZr dj jgh gSA blds foijhr] efgyk,a jktuhfrd vkcknh dk vis{kkd`r NksVk izfr'kr cukrh gS]a [kkldj mu ns'kksa esa tgka vPNh rjg ls LFkkfir yksdrkaf=kd la L Fkk,a vkS j leku vfèkdkj gS a A efgykvksa dks ges'kk fpf=kr fd;k tkrk gS] ?kj ij ifjokj dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds dk;ksZa ds lkFk] tSls fd [kkuk 2024 vad&148 7 vè;;u cukuk] cPpksa dh ns[kHkky djuk] vkSj vius ifr;ksa dh lsok djukA ¼'kkg] ,e,p-] dkSlj] ,l-] vkSj odkl] ,e] 2022½ laHkor% fp=k.k ij lcls vfèkd m)`r vè;;u xs VpeSu dk flEckfyd vfUufgys'ku fl)kar gS D;ksafd ;g ehfM;k esa efgykvksa ds fp=k.k ls lacfa èkr gS ¼QkmaVus vkSj eSdxzxs j½A xs VpeSu us izrhdkRed izfØ;k dks fpf=kr djus ds fy, ^^izrhdkRed fouk'k** okD;ka'k is'k fd;k fd eq[;èkkjk ds ehfM;k us lekpkjksa esa efgykvksa ds ;ksxnku dks de egRo fn;k vkSj fo"k; ds :i esa mudh mis{kk dh gSA 'kksèk ds vuqlkj] ehfM;k jktuhfr esa efgykvksa ds lkFk iq#"kksa dh rqyuk esa vyx O;ogkj djrk gSA ¼tks'kh] Mh- ds] gkbyw] ,e- ,Q-] vkSj jhftax] ,y- ts] 2020½ 'kksèk ds vuqlkj] vius iq#"k led{kksa dh rqyuk es]a jktuhfrd efgykvksa ls thoulkFkh] ekrk dh Hkwfedk,a fuHkkus dh vis{kk T;knk dh tkrh gS ¼Vhys ,V vy-] 2018½ ijarq mudk drZO; gS fd os iq#"k dh rjg mfpr jktusrk vkSj L=khRo nksuksa xq.kksa dks viuk,aA jksgjcSd ,V vy ds vuqlkj ¼2020½] turk ds le{k iq#"k&xq.k] usrkvksa dh ;ksX;rk vkSj jktuhfr esa izpfyr ekudksa ds ckjs esa ernkrkvksa dh vis{kkvksa ds lkFk vfèkd esy [kkrs gSAa L=khRo dh :f<+okfnrk ds vuqlkj] n;kyq vkSj ikyu&iks"k.k djus okyh eka gh ,d efgyk dh ,dek=k gLrh dk fp=k.k gS vkSj nwljh mldh dksbZ igpku ugha gSAa ^ehfM;k Ýsfeax vkSj ySafxd :f<+ o kfnrk* bjfoax xksQeSu ds 1974 ds fucaèk ^^Ýsfeax fo'ys"k.k% vuqHko ds l`tu ij ,d fucaèk** dks vDlj ehfM;k Ýsfeax ds 8 2024 vad&148 fo'ys"k.k ds lzkrs ds :i esa m)`r fd;k tkrk gSA ehfM;k izHkko ds fl)karksa esa ls ,d ftldk mi;ksx vkerkSj ij ;g tkapus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd ekl ehfM;k dSls fQYVj djrk gSA bl Ýsfeax fl)kar ds vuqlkj] ehfM;k foLrkj] cfg"dj.k] tks j vkS j p;u tS l h j.kuhfr;ksa ;k ;qfä;ksa dk mi;ksx djds fo'ks"k lekpkj dgkfu;ksa dks iznf'kZr dj ldrk gSA ¼vks;os ksys vkSj vksfylk] 2017½ O;fäxr xq.kksa ij tksj nsus okyh dojst vkSj eq[; fo"k; ij è;ku dsfa nzr djus okyh dojst ds chp dk varj efgyk jktusrkvksa ds dojst fo'ys"k.k esa lcls egRoiw.kZ rRo gSA efgykvksa ds fopkjksa ij è;ku nsus dh rqyuk esa fn[kkos dks vfèkd egRo fn;k tkrk gS ¼dSia l] 2013½A O;kid èkkj.kk ;s gS fd 'kkjhfjd xq.k] ekrk&firk dh fLFkfr] fookg vkSj tsMa j ;gh efgyk dh Nfo gSA 'kksèk ds mís'; mís'; 1& ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k fdl izdkj fd;k tk jgk gS o efgyk jktusrkvksa ds fp=k.k esa iwokZxgz ;k :f<+okfnrk dh mifLFkfr dk irk yxkukA mís'; 2& bu 'kksèk&ys[kksa esa vkerkSj ij fdl i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mís'; 3& ¼'kksèk ds iz'u½ dkSu&ls ehfM;k eap ij efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k T;knk gqvk gSA dk;Ziz.kkyh bl vè;;u dk fMtkbu lkfgR; dh O;ofLFkr leh{kk gSA lkfgR; dh O;ofLFkr leh{kk lkspus dk ,d rjhdk fo'ys"k.kksa dk fo'ys"k.k djuk gSA lkfgR; dh O;ofLFkr leh{kk ,d lkekU; eqís ls lacfa èkr dbZ 'kksèk fu"d"kksZa dh tkap gSA ,d ckj 'kksèk@vè;;u dk Qksdl LFkkfir gks tk, rks lhèkk 'kksèk u, midj.kksa dh ;kstuk cukbZ tkrh gSa tks ekStnw k MsVk dks iwjd djsxa s vkSj igys ls [kksts x, MsVk ds lkFk rqyuk dh vuqefr nsxa As MsVk ,d=k djus ds rjhds nLrkosthdj.k j.kuhfr dks fu;ksftr djrs gSaA ;s iz.kkyh] ehfM;k vè;;u vkSj efgyk jktusrkvksa ij tksj nsus okys ,d mís';iw.kZ 'kksèk vkSj fuèkkZfjr 'kksèk i=kksa ds vè;;u ds fo"k; ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA ;g fu.kZ; bl vkèkkj ij fy;k tkrk gS fd ;g vè;;u ds fo"k; ij fdruk fQV cSBrk gSA vuqlèa kku bdkbZ ds :i esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys eqís ls lacfa èkr rhl vè;;u ,d egk}hi ,f'k;k ds fofHkUu ns'kksa ls ,d=k fd, x, gSAa ;g 'kksèk izdk'kuksa lfgr dbZ lzkrs ksa ls ,d=k fd, x, gS tSls 'kksèk fu"d"kZ] 'kksèk fjiksVksZa vkSj ys[kksa lsA MsVk laxgz MsVkcsl tsLVksj] Vsyj vkSj Ýkafll vkSj xwxy LdkWyj ls fd;k x;k gSA MsVk laxgz ds fy, vaxt sz h tuZy dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS ftldh le; vofèk 2019 ls 2023 rd j[kh xbZ gSA "reprentation or portrayal" AND "female politicians" in media n keywords string "reprentation or portrayal" AND "women politicians" in media n keywords string lekfo"V djus ds ekunaM 1& Hkk"kk% vklkuh ls le>us ds fy, ,slk ys[k pquas tks dsoy vaxt sz h Hkk"kk esa gksA 2& izdk'ku frfFk% 2019 ls 2023A 3& 'kh"kZd lekos'ku% p;fur ys[k vè;;u esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k 'kCn vo'; 'kkfey gksuk pkfg,A 4& iw.kZ ikB miyCèkrk% dsoy iw.kZ ikB dh miyCèkrk okys ys[kksa ij gh fopkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A o"kZ dk vkSfpR;& Hkkjr esa nwljh ckj eksnh ljdkj vkus ds ckn igyh vkfnoklh efgyk dks jk"Vªifr pquk x;k rks 'kksèkdrkZ ;s tkuuk pkgrh gS fd efgyk jk"Vªifr vkus ds ckn ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k fdl rjg gks jgk gSA fizLek dk fooj.k& 'kksèk ys[kksa ds pquko dk vkSfpR; m fjdkW M Z ~ l dks gVk;k x;k ¼LØhfuax ls igys½ % 17800 m Vsyj vkSj Ýkafll] xwxy LdkWyj] ts&LVksj ls igpku fd, x, fjdkWMl ~Z % 17800 m LØhfuax LØhfuax ds fy, j[ks x, fjdkWMl ~Z ¼Hkk"kk] igqp a ] o"kZ ds vuqlkj½ ( 1550 m v;ksX; fjdkWMl ~Z % 16250 m ;ksX;rk vkdyu ;ksX;rk ds fy, ewY;kadu dh xbZ fjiksVl ~Z % 1550 m v;ksX; fjiksVl ~Z % 1- fp=k.k@efgyk@jktuhfrd@ehfM;k 'kCnksa dk u feyuk 2- iwjk isij miyCèk ugha 3- le; vofèk m leh{kk esa 'kkfey fd, x, vè;;u 25 m vè;;u esa 'kkfey fjiksVl ~Z % 5 ifj.kkeksa dk fooj.k mís'; % ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k fdl izdkj fd;k tk jgk gSA efgyk jktusrkvksa ds fp=k.k esa iwokZxzg ;k :f<+okfnrk dh mifLFkfr dk irk yxkuk % efgykvksa dks csgn de dojst feyrh gS] buds vuqikr esa iq#"kksa dks T;knk dojst nh tkrh gSA jktusrkvksa ds :i esa fpf=kr fd, tkus ds ctk;] efgykvksa dks QS'ku vkbdu ds :i esa fpf=kr fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa xaHkhjrk vkSj jktuhfrd dkS'ky dh deh gksrh gSA f?kls&fiVs rdZ nsrs le; vyx&vyx n`f"Vdks.k viuk, tkrs gSAa fdlh [kcj esa mUgsa efgyk l'kfädj.k ds :i esa fn[kk;k tkrk gS fdarq oks csgn de gS]a muds vuqikr esa udkjkRed T;knk fn[kkbZ tkrh gSA ehfM;k etcwr O;fäxr czkfa Max izLrqr djrk gS] ;g yksxksa ds lkFk vuqfpr vkSj fir`lÙkkRed O;ogkj djrk gSA efgykvksa dks dkeqd] ?kjsy]w vkKkdkjh vkSj QS'ku o [kjhnkjh mUeq[k ds :i esa n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA mudh lkt&lTtk ij gh lc [kcjsa gksrh gS]a mnkgj.k ds fy, t; yfyrk dks lqna j lkM+h] Tosyjh vkSj yo vQs;j ij T;knk dojst nh tkrh Fkh] ikfdLrku dh fons'k ea=kh fguk jCckuh [kkj tc Hkkjr vkbZ rks [kcjksa esa og fons'k ea=kh ds rkSj ij tks dke dj jgh gS]a mlls de vius :i vkSj LVkby ds fy, T;knk ppkZ esa jgh gS]a ,sls gh ctV ds le; ij Hkkjr dh foÙk ea=kh fueZyk lhrkje.k us dkSulh lkM+h iguh] fdl dyj dh iguh] bl ij T;knk [kcjsa feyrh gS]a vfirq muds jktuhfrd dkS'ky dsA 'kks è k iz ' u % bu 'kks è k ys [ kks a es a vkerkSj ij fdl i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS\ O;ofLFkr leh{kk ls vuqlèa kku i)fr dk irk yxrk gS fd ge Hkfo"; esa vuqlèa kku ds fy, dkSu lh i)fr dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSAa vuqlaèkku fofèk varoZLrq fo'ys"k.k fo"k;xr fo'ys"k.k Hkk"k.k dk fo'ys"k.k losZ{k.k xgu lk{kkRdkj la [ ;k 25 1 1 1 2 bu 'kksèk ys[kksa esa lcls T;knk iz;ksx dh tkus okyh i)fr varoZLrq fo'ys"k.k gSAa blds vykok bu 'kksèk ys[kksa esa iz;ksx dh xbZ] Hkk"k.k dk fo'ys"k.k] xgu lk{kkRdkj] los{Z k.k i)fr vkfn dh la[;k csgn de gSA vè;;u ds bl nwljs mís'; ls bl fo"k; ij vxj dksbZ vU; 'kksèkdrkZ 'kksèk djuk pkgrk gS rks mls fdl i)fr dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,] mldh tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrk gSA 'kksèk iz'u % dkSu ls ehfM;k eap ij efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k T;knk gqvk gS\ efgyk jktusrkvksa dh rLohjsa <w<a us ds fy, lekpkj i=k lcls vfèkd bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk tu ekè;e gSA Vhoh] lks'ky ehfM;k dh rqyuk esa lekpkj i=kksa esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k T;knk gqvk gSA ,d v[kckj dbZ rjhdksa ls dgkfu;ksa esa xgjkbZ ls mrj ldrk gS] blfy, lekpkj i=kksa esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k vfèkd ns[kus dks feyk gSAa 2024 vad&148 9 vè;;u MsVk laxzg rkfydk 10 lS)kafrd <kapk dk;Zi.z kkyh Ø- 'kh"kZd dhoMZl ~ mís'; 1- dksfj;k dh igyh efgyk jk"Vªifr vkSj mudk jktuhfrd usr`Ro efgyk jk"Vªifr] tsaMj jktuhfr] efgyk usr`Ro] mifLFkfr dh jktuhfr] fopkjksa dh jktuhfr ukjhoknh ehfM;k ^mifLFkfr dh jktuhfr* cuke fl)kar ^fopkjksa dh jktuhfr* ds ykHkksa dk v/;;u 2- eysf'k;kbZ i=kdkjksa }kjk efgyk jktusrkvksa ds f[kykQ fy[ks x, eq[; :f<+oknh rRoksa dk xq.kkRed v/;;u ehfM;k] :f<+oknh rRo] eysf'k;kbZ i=kdkj] efgyk jktusrk jktuhfr esa tsaMj fo"k;xr fo'ys"k.k xq.kkRed vkSj tsaMj ls lacaf/kr rF;ksa dh tkap 3- efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k djus tsaMj] ehfM;k] efgyk us=kh] esa ehfM;k dk fyax Hksn% nks 'kgjksa esxkorh] lekpkj lkexzh dh dgkuh 4- 'kkjhfjd lqanjrk vkSj vU; izn'kZd% jktuhfr esa efgykvksa ds ehfM;k fp=k.k dk ,d vkykspukRed fo'ys"k.k ehfM;k] efgyk,a] jktuhfr] izfrfuf/kRo ehfM;k esa efgyk mEehnokjksa ds izfrfuf/kRo dk ewY;kadu 5- Hkkjr esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk ehfM;k esa fp=k.k % ,d vè;;u efgyk us=kh] ehfM;k] Hkkjr] jktuhfrd fp=k.k Hkkjrh; ehfM;k esa ukjhoknh ehfM;k efgyk jktusrkvksa fl)kar ds fp=k.k dk fo'ys"k.k 6- ikfdLrku dh efgyk jktusrkvksa ehfM;k] ySafxd HksnHkko] dh ehfM;k dojst% ySafxd HksnHkko ikfdLrku] efgyk us=kh dh iM+rky 7- ,f'k;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dh Nfo fuekZ.k% ,d rqyukRed vè;;u efgyk us=kh] Nfo fuekZ.k] ,f'k;k] rqyukRed v/;;u fofHkUu ,f'k;kbZ rqyukRed ehfM;k rqyukRed fl)kar ns'kksa esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dh ehfM;k Nfo dh rqyuk 8- iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k % ,d ,sfrgkfld ifjizs{; iwohZ ,f'k;k] ehfM;k] efgyk jktusrk] ,sfrgkfld iwohZ ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa ,sfrgkfld ehfM;k ,sfrgkfld esa efgyk jktusrkvksa fl)kar ds ehfM;k fp=k.k dk ,sfrgkfld fo'ys"k.k 2024 vad&148 tulapkj ek/;eksa ukjhoknh ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa fl)kar dh fjiksfVaxZ esa ySfa xd Hksn dk vè;;u vkykspukRed fl)kar xq.kkRed lkexzh fo'ys"k.k lkexzh fo'ys"k.k xq.kkRed xq.kkRed ikfdLrkuh ehfM;k lkekftd esa efgyk jktusrkvksa fuekZ.kokn fl)kar ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk v/;;u vè;;u 9- nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k vkSj efgyk nf{k.k ,f'k;k] ehfM;k] efgyk jktusrk% ,d lkaLd`frd fo'ys"k.k us=kh] lkaLd`frd fo'ys"k.k nf{k.k ,f'k;kbZ lkaLd`frd v/;;u laLd`fr esa efgyk fl)kar jktusrkvksa dh ehfM;k Nfo dk v/;;u xq.kkRed 10- efgyk jktusrkvksa ds ehfM;k fp=k.k esa cnyrh izo`fÙk;ka% ,d ,f'k;kbZ n`f"Vdks.k le; ds lkFk ehfM;k ifjorZu ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k esa fl)kar efgyk jktusrkvksa ds fp=k.k dh izo`fÙk;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k xq.kkRed 11- phuh ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa phuh ehfM;k] efgyk us=kh] dh Nfo% ikjaifjd cuke ikjaifjd] vk/kqfud vkèkqfud n`f"Vdks.k ikjaifjd vkSj lkaLd`frd ehfM;k vk/kqfud phuh fl)kar ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dh Nfo dk rqyukRed vè;;u rqyukRed 12- tkikuh ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dh Hkwfedk% ,d lkaLd`frd fo'ys"k.k tkikuh ehfM;k] efgyk us=kh] lkaLd`frd v/;;u tkikuh laLd`fr lkaLd`frd v/;;u vkSj ehfM;k esa fl)kar efgyk jktusrkvksa dh Hkwfedk dk fo'ys"k.k xq.kkRed 13- nf{k.k dksfj;kbZ ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k% ,d lkef;d v/;;u nf{k.k dksfj;kbZ ehfM;k] efgyk orZeku le; esa us=kh] lkef;d v/;;u nf{k.k dksfj;kbZ ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk izfrfuf/kRo 14- FkkbZySaM esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk ehfM;k dojst% ,d lkekftd vè;;u FkkbZySaM] efgyk us=kh] ehfM;k dojst] lkekftd v/;;u FkkbZySaM esa efgyk lkekftd fuekZ.kokn xq.kkRed jktusrkvksa dh fl)kar ehfM;k dojst dk lkekftd fo'ys"k.k 15- baMksusf'k;kbZ ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dh Nfo% ,d jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k baMksufs 'k;kbZ ehfM;k] efgyk us=kh] jktuhfrd n`f"Vdks.k baMksufs 'k;kbZ ehfM;k jktuhfrd ehfM;k esa efgyk fl)kar jktusrkvksa dh Nfo dk jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k 16- ckaXykns'kh efgyk jktusrkvksa dk ehfM;k esa fp=k.k% ,d v/;;u ckaXykns'k] efgyk us=kh] ehfM;k ckaXykns'kh ehfM;k lkekftd fuekZ.kokn xq.kkRed fp=k.k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa fl)kar dk fp=k.k cnyrh izo`fÙk;ka] ehfM;k] efgyk jktusrk] ,f'k;k lkef;d ehfM;k fl)kar xq.kkRed xq.kkRed 2024 vad&148 11 vè;;u ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k] efgyk us=kh] fofHkUu ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa rqyukRed ehfM;k rqyukRed fl)kar efgyk usrkvksa ds rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k ehfM;k fp=k.k dh rqyuk 17- ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa ds fp=k.k dk rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k 18- ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k] efgyk us=kh] ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k esa ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k esa efgyk efgyk usrkvksa ds jktusrkvksa dk ,sfrgkfld fp=k.k% ,sfrgkfld fp=k.k ,sfrgkfld fp=k.k dk ,d leh{kkRed v/;;u leh{kkRed v/;;u 19- ,f'k;kbZ lekpkj i=kksa esa efgyk ,f'k;kbZ lekpkj i=k] efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k% ,d lkaLd`frd us=kh] lkaLd`frd] lkekftd v/;;u vkSj lkekftd v/;;u xq.kkRed ,f'k;kbZ lekpkj i=kksa esa lkaLd`frd vkSj lkekftd v/;;u efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fl)kar lkaLd`frd vkSj lkekftd fo'ys"k.k 20- efgyk jktusrkvksa dk ehfM;k esa efgyk us=kh] ehfM;k] rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k% ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa rqyukRed fo'ys"k.k] ,f'k;k dk v/;;u ,f'k;kbZ ns'kksa esa efgyk rqyukRed ehfM;k rqyukRed jktusrkvksa ds ehfM;k esa fl)kar rqyukRed fp=k.k dk v/;;u 21- ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fp=k.k% ,f'k;kbZ lanHkZ efgyk us=kh] ehfM;k] ,f'k;kbZ ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk lanHkZ fp=k.k ukjhoknh ehfM;k fl)kar 22- ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dh Hkwfedk% ,d lkekftd&jktuhfrd fo'ys"k.k efgyk us=kh] ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k] ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dh lkekftd&jktuhfrd lkekftd& jktuhfrd Hkwfedk dk fo'ys"k.k lkekftd&jktuhfrd xq.kkRed fl)kar 23- efgyk jktusrkvksa dk ehfM;k esa fo'ys"k.k% ,f'k;k dk ,d rqyukRed v/;;u efgyk us=kh] ehfM;k] fo'ys"k.k] ,f'k;k ds fofHkUu ns'kksa rqyukRed ehfM;k rqyukRed esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk fl)kar rqyukRed ehfM;k fo'ys"k.k 24- efgyk jktusrkvksa dh ehfM;k Nfo% ,f'k;kbZ n`f"Vdks.k ls ,d v/;;u efgyk us=kh] ehfM;k Nfo] ,f'k;kbZ n`f"Vdks.k ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dh Nfo dk vè;;u ukjhoknh ehfM;k fl)kar xq.kkRed 25- ,f'k;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dh ehfM;k Nfo dk ifjorZu% ,d fo'ys"k.k efgyk us=kh] ehfM;k Nfo] ifjorZu] ,f'k;k le; ds lkFk ,f'k;kbZ ehfM;k esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dh Nfo dk ifjorZu ehfM;k ifjorZu fl)kar xq.kkRed ,sfrgkfld ehfM;k ,sfrgkfld fl)kar xq.kkRed ¹bl rkfydk esa fn, x, lHkh 'kks/k ys[kksa dk lanHkZ var esa lanHkZ lwph esa fn;k x;k gS] ftlesa ys[kksa ds vaxzsth ds 'kh"kZdksa dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA fjiksVZ~l dks rkfydk esa 'kkfey ugha fd;k x;k gSA 12 2024 vad&148 vè;;u tks lekpkj Vsyhfotu ij izlkfjr ugha gks ldrk] mls fo'oluh; lzkrs ksa ls lhèks m)j.kksa dk mi;ksx djds vkSj lHkh izklafxd tkudkjh dks 'kkfey djds lekpkj i=k esa izdk'ku ds fy, fjiksVZ dks iwjh rjg ls rS;kj djds izdkf'kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d nSfud lekpkj i=k okLrfod lekpkjksa dh izLrqfr dh lqfoèkk nsrk gS tks vc lkoZtfud ppkZ dk fo"k; gS vkSj ,d fo'ys"k.kkRed ekè;e ds :i esa vklkuh ls fjdkWMZ fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksfa d lekpkj i=kksa esa izdkf'kr [kcj dh fo'oluh;rk T;knk gksrh gSa vkSj fo'ys"k.k ds fy, [kcjksa dh vkorhZ ¼QkWyksvi½] txg o la[;k izkIr djuk vklku jgrk gSAa fu"d"kZ ;g 'kksèk ;s tkuus ds mís'; ls fd;k x;k Fkk fd D;k vc iq#"k vkSj efgyk jktusrkvksa dks ehfM;k }kjk leku :i ls fpf=kr fd;k tkrk gS] ;k fQj vHkh Hkh muds fp=k.k esa varj gSAa O;ofLFkr lkfgR; leh{kk dk mi;ksx djds vè;;u esa irk pyk gS fd ehfM;k efgyk jktusrkvksa dks ,d oLrq] QS'ku vkbdu] x`fg.kh] eka] fir`lÙkkRed ds :i esa izLrqr djrk gS] ;|fi ,d l'kä efgyk ds :i esa og ,d csgrjhu jktusrk gS]a efgyk iq#"k izèkku lekt esa Hkh enZ ds lkFk daèks ls daèkk feykdj pyus dk cy j[krh gSAa ;g fuèkkZfjr djus dk ,d mik; fd D;k vc iq#"k vkSj efgyk jktusrkvksa ds lkFk leku O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gS] ;k D;k muds chp O;ogkj esa vHkh Hkh varj gS] ehfM;k }kjk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gSAa bu 'kksèk ys[kksa esa MsVk laxgz ds fy, lcls vfèkd iz;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ i)fr varoZLrq fo'ys"k.k ¼fo"k;oLrq fo'ys"k.k½ gSA bl vè;;u esa efgyk jktusrkvksa dk ehfM;k esa fp=k.k tkuus ds fy, ,f'k;k dh dqy rhl lkexzh dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA var esa lykg nh tkrh gS fd bu fu"d"kksZa ds vkyksd esa efgykvksa dh vkRe&voèkkj.kk esa lqèkkj djus dh t:jr gSA bls ek=kkRed rjhds ls iwjk djus dh vko';drk gSA ¼cIik;ks] ,-] vkSj fdQhZ] okbZ- ,p-] 2019½] us vius 'kksèk esa efgykvksa dh ldkjkRed Nfo fuekZ.k dh vko';drk ij Hkh izdk'k Mkyk gS vkSj bl ckr ij tksj fn;k gS fd lkeqnkf;d lewg dh 'kfä dks de djus ds ctk; vius xq.kksa dks etcwr djus vkSj c<+kus ds fy, bZekunkj iz;kl djus ls lQyrk feyrh gSA 4. 5. 6. g ¹MkW- in~feuh tSu] i=kdkfjrk ,oa uo ehfM;k vè;;u fo|kihB] bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; eqä fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh esa vflLVsVa izkQ s l s j gSAa lqJh lqj{kk ;kno] i=kdkfjrk ,oa uo ehfM;k vè;;u fo|kihB] bafnjk xkaèkh jk"Vªh; eqä fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh esa 'kksèkkFkhZ gSAa lanHkZ lwph 1. 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Hkk"k.k i=kdkj xkSj fd'kksj ?kks"k us vkikrdky dk fojks/ cky eqM a okdj fd;k Fkk MkW- lqjs'k [kSjukj· xkS j fd'kksj ?kks"k i=kdkj] lkfgfR;d rFkk laons u'khy ukxfjd FksA 25 twu] 1975 dh jkr esa vkuan cktkj if=kdk ds VsyhfizVa j ij bafnjk xka/kh dh vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk dh [kcj vkbZA ftls i<+us ds ckn xkSj fd'kksj ?kks"k rqjra vkuan cktkj if=kdk ds dk;kZy; ls ckgj fudydj lcls igys vius ikl ds lsVa y ª ,osU;w ds QqVikFk ij cSB]s igys ukbZ ls vius flj ds ckyksa dks eqMa ok dj jLrs ls pyus yxs rks tku igpku okys yksxksa us iwNk fd xkSj nk dh gksyks\ xkSj nk dk tokc gksrk Fkk ^tura=k ekjk xsyksA* ns'k es]a bafnjk xka/kh }kjk yxk, x, vkikrdky vkSj lsla jf'ki ds fojksèk dk bl rjg dk dksbZ nwljk mnkgj.k ns[kus dks ugha feykA dqN laxBuksa us feydj lR;kxzg oxSjg fd, gSAa ysfdu xkSj nk 25 twu 1975 esa fdlh Hkh laxBu ls tqMs+ gq, ugha FksA egkRek xkaèkh th dk nf{k.k vÝhdk esa btkn fd;k gqvk lR;kxzg dk bLrseky ,d O;fä Hkh dj ldrk gS] ;g xkSj nk ds bl lR;kxzg ls yxkA xkSj fd'kksj ?kks"k 24 väwcj 1989 ds Hkkxyiqj naxs ds ckn eq>s Hkkxyiqj pyus ds fy, vkxzg djus okys yksxksa esa ls ,d FksA mudk ^euq";sjnsj laèkkus* VkbVy ls] 'kk;n chl tuojh 1991 ds jfookjh; vkuan cktkj if=kdk esa izdkf'kr ys[k] cgqr gh laons u'khy vkSj Hkkxyiqj naxs esa dqN yksxksa us viuh tku tksf[ke esa Mky dj dqN eqlyekuksa dks cpkus ds iz;kl dks ysdj fy[kk FkkA blhfy, mldk 'kh"kZd ^ekuork dh [kkst tSlk Fkk* vkSj ckcjh efLtn foèoal ds ckn] dydÙkk esa rkaxjk rFkk f[kfnyiwj& esVh;kcqtZ bykdksa esa 'kk;n caVokjs ¼1946& 47½ ds nkSjku ds naxksa ds ckn nwljh ckj 1992 ds 6 fnlacj ls] nl fnu ls vfèkd fnuksa rd d¶;wZ yxk fn;k Fkk vkSj bl d¶;wZ esa xkSj nk naxksa dh txgksa ij jkst tkdj ogka dh ifjfLFkfr dh fjiksVZ vkuan cktkj if=kdk esa nsrs FksA mudh mez 70 lky FkhA rc mudh rhu ck;ikl ltZjh gks pqdh FkhA esjs fglkc ls egkRek xkaèkh us dydÙkk] uksvk[kkyh] fcgkj] vkSj var esa fnYyh ds naxksa ds nkSjku ftl rjg ls vius vkidks 78&79 lky dh mez esa >ksd a fn;k Fkk] fcYdqy xkSj fd'kksj ?kks"k dks Hkkxyiqj rFkk ckcjh efLtn foèoal ds ckn dydÙkk ds naxksa ds nkSjku oSlk gh ns[kkA Hkkxyiqj esa ge yksx Ldwyksa ds vgkrksa ls ysdj [kkyh iM+s xksnkeksa esa jgs gSa vkSj ckFk:e xïk [kksndj cSBus ds fy, ydM+h ds iês vkSj izkboslh ds fy, pkjksa rjQ ls twV ds cksjs QkM+dj yxk,a ijns gksrs FksA ;g vkye ,d&nks fnu dk ugha g¶rs nl&nl fnuksa dk gksrk FkkA gkykafd og ns'k ds igyh iafä ds i=kdkjksa esa ,d FksA mUgsa lfdZV gkml ;k ljdkjh vfrfFkx`g cgqr gh ekewyh nke nsdj jgus dh lgwfy;r FkhA ysfdu lkFk jgus dh viuh ftn esa bl rjg dh vlqfoèkk esa gh jgrs FksA ogh gky dydÙkk ls Hkkxyiqj tkus dh ;k=kk dkA eSa viuh iRuh ds ilZ ls iSls ysdj cM+h eqf'dy ls rhljs ntsZ dk fVdV fudky dj tkrk Fkk vkSj mUgsa vkuan cktkj dh rjQ ls fdlh Hkh rjg ds okguksa ls tkus dh lgwfy;r Fkh ysfdu og Hkh esjs lkFk vkus ds fy, rhljs ntsZ esa vkrs FksA ml le; dh xkfM+;ksa esa ia[kksa ls ysdj ykbV rd yksx ek;cki ljdkj dh laifÙk gksus ds dkj.k vius ?kj fudky dj ys tkrs FksA ,d ckj rks gekjs lkeus gh ,d vkneh cMs+ ls FkSys esa ,d&,d cYc [kksydj mles Mky jgk FkkA eq>s yxk fd og nwljk cYc yxk;sxkA ysfdu MCcs esa iwjk vaèksjk gks x;kA rks eSua s iwNk fd vkius cYc fdl fy;s fudkys\a rks og O;fä cksyk fd eka nqxkZ dh iwtk iaMky esa ykbfVax ds fy, eSa vius xkao ys tk jgk gwAa eSua s dgk fd eka ds vU; cPpksa dks bl pyrh gqbZ jsyxkM+h es]a jkr ds vaèksjs esa Mkydj] D;k eka cgqr [kq'k gks jgh gksxh\ vkSj vki jsy ds deZpkjh gksus ds ckotwn] bl rjg dh gjdrksa dks jksdus dk dke djus dh txg] [kqn gh jsy laifÙk dh pksjh djrs gq, D;k cgqr gh vPNk dke dj jgs gks\ xkSj nk ;g utkjk eqLdqjkrs gq, vius cFkZ ls ns[k jgs FksA eSua s muds rjQ gkFk fn[kkrs gq, dgk fd vki bUgsa tkurs gks\ rks og O;fä cksyk fd ughaA eSua s dgk fd ;g xkSj fd'kksj ?kks"k gSA vkuan cktkj if=kdk ds ofj"B i=kdkj gaAS rks ogh O;fä 2024 vad&148 15 Hkk"k.k rqjra mBdj lHkh cYc yxk dj dksbZ LVs'ku vk;k rks mrj dj Hkkx x;kA gekjs lkFk dh ;k=kk esa dHkh Hkh mUgksua s [kqn gksdj vius i=kdkfjrk ;k ys[kd gksus dh ckr dgha Hkh ugha dghA blfy;s 'kq: esa Hkkxyiqj xkaèkh 'kkafr izfr"Bku esa ,d ukStoku us mUgsa ,s cqïs 'kCn bLrseky djds lacksfèkr fd;kA rc eq>s ml ukStoku dks dguk iM+k fd rqEgsa ekywe ugha gS fd fdlds lkFk ckr dj jgs gks\ ml le; Hkh xkSj nk ds psgjs ij eqLdku FkhA mUgksua s vU; ys[kdh; dke dh txg lkaiznkf;drk dks vkxzzØe ¼izkFkfedrk½ nsdj fy[kus dh dksf'k'k dh gS vkSj blfy;s mu ds thou dh vkf[kjh fdrkc ^izfros'kh* miU;kl gh gSA oSls rks og ckaXyk Hkk"kk ds ewèkZU; ys[kd&i=kdkj FksA 'kk;n Hkkjr ds i=kdkjksa esa lcls igys i=kdkj Fks ftls eSXlsls iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k FkkA blds vykok dksfj;k rFkk tkiku vkSj egkjk"Vª ds bpydjath QkmaM's ku tSls iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA ^lxhuk egrks* tSls miU;kl ds ys[kd Fks ¼ckaXyk rFkk fganh ds e'kgwj fQYe Mk;jsDVj riu flUgk us ml ij fganh& ckaXyk esa flusek cuk;k gSA fnyhi dqekj] lk;jk ckuks] vi.kkZ lsu] vfuy pSVthZ ds vfHku; ds lkFkA½ mUgksua s lÙkj ds n'kd esa caxky ds uDly vkanksyu ds nkSjku ds ihd ihfj;M esa ^vkekds cksyrsnko* tSls ys[kksa dh lhfjt ckaXyk Hkk"kk dh ^ns'k* uke dh if=kdk esa fy[kh gS tks ckn esa fdrkc dh 'kDy esa izdkf'kr gqbAZ bl otg ls uDlfy;ksa ds rFkkdfFkr turk U;k;ky; us mUgsa Qkalh dh ltk lqukbZ FkhA caxky ljdkj ls ysdj vkuan cktkj if=kdk ds ekfydksa us mUgsa 16 2024 vad&148 flD;ksfjVh nsus dh is'kd'k dh ysfdu mUgksua s ugha yhA vkikrdky esa vfyiqj tsy esa can Fks vkSj mlh nkSjku 1976 ds le; ekvks Rls rqxa dk nsgkar gqvk rks tsy esa uDlfy;ksa us J)katfy lHkk j[kh FkhA xkSj nk ml dk;ZØe esa 'kkfey gksus x;sA ysfdu uaxs iSjA fdlh uDly usrk us iwNk fd ^vkidh pIiy dgka gS\* xkSj nk us dgk fd ^vius ?kj dk dksbZ ofj"B lnL; ejus ds ckn D;k ge pIiy&twrk igurs gS\a * lHkh uDlyh vokd gks x,A xkSj nk dks vkikrdky esa tc iqfyl fxj¶rkj djds tsy ys xbZA mudk csVk vIiw Ldwy uke HkkLdj mez esa dkQh NksVk FkkA xkSj nk us mls i=k fy[kk Fkk ^^fd eq>s iqfyl fxj¶rkj djds tsy esa D;ksa ys xbZ gS\** tks tura=k ls ysdj vfHkO;fä dh vktknh dk lq a n j nLrkostksa esa ls ,d gSA ge yksxksa us mls vkikrdky ds le;] ejkBh esa vuqokn djds cqyfs Vu ds :i esa dkQh forfjr fd;k gSA ;g esjh vkSj muds lkFk vizR;{k ifjp; dh 'kq#vkr gqbAZ mlds ckn 1986 esa ckck vkeVs th dh Hkkjr tksM+ks ;k=kk ds nkSjku eSa ckck vkeVs th ds lkFk eqykdkr djus ds fy, nene ,;jiksVZ ij x;k FkkA ogka ,d fVfidy caxkyh ifjos'k esa ,d cqtxq Z igys ls gh ekStnw FksA ckck us muds lkFk esjk ifjp; djkrs gq, dgk fd ^^MkW- lqj's k [kSjukj ek; ;ax ÝsMa A** vkSj mudk ifjp; nsrs gq, dgk fd ^^lqj's k ;g xkSj fd'kksj ?kks"kA** eSua s dgk fd geus vkikrdky esa vkidss }kjk vius csVs dks fy[ks i=k dks ejkBh esa vuqokn djds cqyfs Vu cukdj dkQh la[;k esa ckaVus dk dke fd;k gS vkSj esjs dkWyt s ds fnuksa esa vkids miU;kl ij riu flUgk us cukbZ lxhuk egrks esjh fiz; fQYeksa esa ls ,d gSA** rks rqjra iwNk fd ^^rqe dydÙkk esa dc ls gks\** eSua s dgk fd ^^eSa 1982 ds iwtk ds le; ls gh gwAa ** rks cksys ^^brus fnuksa esa dHkh feys D;ksa ugha\** eSua s dgk fd ^^vki Bgjs caxky ds lsyfs czVh ys[kd&i=kdkj** rks esjk gkFk idM+dj cksys fd ^^esjs ?kj pyks rks rqEgsa irk pysxk fd eSa fdruk cM+k lsyfs czVh gw\a ** bl rjg ckck vkeVs ds lkFk feyus ds ckn] og eq>s mYVkMkaxk ds muds foèkku f'k'kq m|ku ds ?kj ij ysdj x,A ,;jiksVZ ls ?kj tkus ds le; mUgksua s iwNk fd rqe dgka jgrs gks\ vkSj ?kj dSls tkvksxs\ rks eSaus dgk fd eSa QksVZ foy;e esa jgrk gwaA cl ls vk;k Fkk rks mlh rjg okil tkÅaxkA og cksys eSa vkuan cktkj dh xkM+h ls vk;k gwaA esjk ?kj igys iM+rk gSA blfy, rqEgsa ?kj ys tkdj fQj vkuan cktkj tkus ds igys rqEgsa QksVZ foy;e NksM+ dj vkÅaxkA ?kj mYVkMkaxk esa izo's k djus ds ckn mUgksua s ifjokj ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks cqyk;k vkSj ifjp; djkus ds ckn] eq>s QksVZ foy;e] NksMd + j vkuan cktkj ds vkWfQl esa tkus ds igys cksy dj x, fd ^^;gka ls vkuan cktkj pyus ds Qklys esa gSA rqe nksigj rhu ds ckn dHkh Hkh vìk tekus ds fy, vk ldrs gks** ;gka ls gekjh nksLrh dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ Fkh vkSj mudh e`R;q rd jghA vc ifjokj ds lnL;ksa ds lkFk Hkh oSlk gh lacèa k gSA blfy, fo'ks"k rkSj ij 'krkCnh lekjksg dh 'kq#vkr esa 'kkfey gksus vk;k gwAa g ¹lqjs'k [kSjukj] lkekftd dk;ZdrkZ vkSj ys[kd gSAa 'kks/&lanHkZ fo foKkiu&tulapkj dk vkfFkZd vk/kj izks-MkW- ts-oh- foykfuye Kkiu rFkk tulapkj ds vkèkqfud ekè;eks a ds eè; lgthfodk ¼symbiotic½ lEcUèk gSAa nksuksa ,d nwljs ds fodkl esa lg;ksxh gSAa dqN ;g Hkh dgrs gSa fd ;s ,d nwljs ds thou dk vkèkkj gSaA vkfFkZd ,oa O;kolkf;d vkèkkj lqLi"V ,oa vifjgk;Z gSa D;ksfa d nksuksa ds mís'; Hkh ,d gSaA ;s mís'; O;kolkf;d gSA vkèkqfud ekè;eksa dk mís'; gksrk gS fd T;knk ls T;knk miHkksäk vkSj xzkgdksa dks vkdf"kZr djukA izpkj ekè;eksa dks viuk vkfFkZd vkèkkj cukus ds fy, mudh fuHkZjrk foKkiuksa ij gksrh gSA ;fn foKkiu u gksa rks jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh dk LFkkf;Ro Hkh ladV ls f?kj tk,xkA ;fn Vhoh] def'kZ;y] Vhoh] ds foKkiuksa dks def'kZ;y dgk tkrk gSA ;fn og def'kZ;y u gksa rks yksxksa dk Vhoh ns[kuk Hkh laHko ugha gksxkA tSls fd vHkh ge pkSchl ?kaVs Vhoh ns[krs gSAa iwoZ esa Vhoh ds fy, ykblsal gksuk vko';d Fkk] ysfdu orZeku esa ykblsl a iz.kkyh lekIr dj nh xbZ gSA vkt ds le; Vhoh pSuyksa dh vkilh izfrLièkkZ c<+ xbZa gSA QyLo:i pSuy vPNs ls vPNs dk;Z Ø eks a ds }kjk n'kZ d ks a vkS j foKkiunkrkvksa dks viuh vksj vkdf"kZr djuk pkgrs gS]a rkfd mUgsa T;knk ls T;knk foKkiu izkIr gksAa vkt {ks = kh; rFkk yxHkx lHkh lekpkj i=kksa esa 40 izfr'kr LFkku foKkiuks a dk gks r k gS A va x z s t h lekpkj&i=kksa esa rks ;g izfr'kr vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gS] pwfa d vaxt sz h lekpkj&i=kksa esa i`"Bksa dh la[;k Hkh vfèkd gksrh gSA dqN izfrf"Br lekpkj&i=kksa esa rks ;g izfr'kr 60 ls 65 izfr'kr rd gksrk gSA efgykvks]a [ksy fQYeh if=kdkvksa esa rks foKkiuksa dh la[;k vkSj vfèkd gksrh gSA budk ikBd oxZ Hkh vyx gksrk gSA Hkkjr esa jsfM;ks dh fLFkfr;ksa esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha vk;k gS] D;ksfa d jsfM;ks dh fdlh ls izfrLièkkZ ugha gSA gekjs ns'k esa futh jsfM;ks pSuy ugha gSAa dsoy fQYe gh ,d ,slk ekè;e gS ftlesa foKkiuksa dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA ,d lkekU; O;fä Hkh fQYesa cM+s vkjke ls ns[k ldrk gS] D;ksfa d mls T;knk jkf'k O;; ugha djuh iM+rhA og ifjokj ds lkFk Hkh cM+s vkjke ds lkFk fQYe dk euksjt a u izkIr dj ysrk gS] ijUrq fFk,Vj esa LykbM 'kks] foKkiu fQYesa fn[kkbZ tkrh gSAa ;gka rd fd cPpksa dh if=kdk,a vkSj isij cSd laLdj.kksa esa Hkh foKkiuksa dk ;ksxnku gksrk gSA cPpksa dh dkWfi;ksa vkSj iqLrdksa esa Hkh foKkiu gksrs gSAa ohfM;ks Vsiksa esa Hkh def'kZ;Yl gksrs gSAa laf{kIr esa dg ldrs gSa fd foKkiu dk {ks=k O;kid vkSj loZO;kIr gSA fodflr ns'kksa esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa ehfM;k dk mi;ksx djus okys yksx gS]a os fcuk vkfFkZd lgk;rk ds py jgs Vhoh vkSj jsfM;ks pSuy dks ns[kuk] Vhoh esa foKkiuksa dh cgqrk;kr ns[kdj fpM+fpM+k mBrs gSAa os vius nku }kjk vkSj jsfM;ks pSuy dks ns[kuk ialn djrs gSAa os vius nku }kjk pSuy dks pykus ds fy, lg;ksx nsrs gSAa vesfjdu yksx yxHkx 500 foKkiuksa ls izfrfnu lk{kkRdkj djrs gSAa izkr% mBus ds lkFk jsfM;ks vkSj Vhoh esa fHkUu&fHkUu foKkiu ns[krs gSa vkSj jkf=k dks lksrs le; ;k dkj pykrs le;] jkLrs esa tkrs le;] dk;Z ds eè; esa lekpkjksa dks lqurs le; chp&chp esa pyrs gq, gksfMaXZ l ds }kjk nhokjksa ij fy[ks mRikn rFkk lkekftd lsok lan's k ns[krs i<+rs gSAa 2024 vad&148 17 'kks/&lanHkZ rkfydk&1] fo'o dh izeq[k ,tsfl;ka rFkk mudh ldy vk; rFkk fcfyax&2000 Js . kh ,tsalh dk uke rFkk LFkku 12345678910- MsUnlq Vksfd;k eSdu ,fjdlu oYMZ okbM U;w;kdZ chchMhvks oYMZ okbM] U;w;kdZ ts- okYVj Fkkelu da- U;w;kdZ ;wjks vkj ,l lh th] U;w;kdZ xzs oYMZ okbM] U;w;kdZ MhMhch] oYMZokbM dE;qfuds'ku] U;w;kdZ vksfxYch ,.M esFkj] oYMZ okbM] U;w;kdZ ifCyll oYMZ okbM] f'kdkxks fy;kscusVZ oYMZ okbM] f'kdkxks fo'o esa ldy vk; fo'o esa fcfyax ves f jdh fefy;u MkW y j es a ves f jdh fefy;u MkW y j es a 2]432-0 1]824-9 1]534-0 1]489-1 1430-1 1]369-9 1]176-9 1]040-9 1]040-9 1]029-3 16]507-0 17]468-5 13]611-5 10]229-0 10-646-1 9]136-6 9]781-0 7]904-5 7]904-5 7]757-8 L=kksr% ,MoVkZbftax] vizSy 23] 2001] i`-10 bl izdkj lHkh ehfM;k dks foKkiuksa ds lgkjs dh t:jr gksrh gSA rHkh mudk fuokZg gksrk gSA ikBd] n'kZd] vkSj miHkks ä k lkexz h Ø; djrs gS a A foKkiunkrk vk'kkoknh gksrs gS]a os tkurs gS]a fd n'kZd ;k Jksrk vkt ugha rks dy mudk mRikn [kjhnsxa As yksxksa dk ,slk ekuuk gS fd 30 feuV esa ls 20 feuV def'kZ;y esa fudy tkrs gSAa D;k ;g vfrjatuk ¼exaggeratiom½ ugha gSa\ dksbZ Hkh ;g Lohdkj djsxk def'kZ;y n'kZdksa ;k Jksrkvksa ds èkhjt dh ijh{kk Hkh djrs gSAa ;g Hkh laHko gS fd foKkiu nkrk ds mRikn lsok ds izfr mudh izfrdwy èkkj.kk cu tk,A foKkiunkrk dh vk'kk,a ehfM;k ds n'kZd ;k mi;ksxdrkZvksa ls foKkiunkrk ;g vis{kk djrk gS fd buesa ls vkèks ls vfèkd Bksl yksxksa dk mlds mRikn ds rq j Ur [kjhnnkj gks a x s os vk'kkoknh gksrs gSa fd n'kZd ;k Jksrk mlds mRikn dks vkt ugha rks dy [kjhnsxa As foKkiunkrk bl vk'kkokn dks ekurs gSa 18 2024 vad&148 fd os ftl mRikn ;k oLrq dk foKkiu dj jgs gS]a og bl vk'kk dk lk{; gSA fdlh Hkh ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa foKkiu dh ,d l'kä vkSj vFkZiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS ftruh dh ehfM;k dhA Hkkjrh; foKkiunkrkvksa us o"kZ 1980 esa 100 djksM+ lHkh ekè;eksa ds fy, O;; fd,] rFkk vkt dh fLFkfr esa 5000 djksM+ #i;s O;; fd, x, gSAa ftldk vuqikr eqnz.k ekè;e 55 izfr'kr] Vhoh 30 izfr'kr] jsfM;ks 10 izfr'kr rFkk vU; 5 izfr'kr ftuesa gksfMaXZ l] iksLVlZ] fQYe] rFkk LykbM foKkiu lfEefyr gSAa nwjn'kZu ij ,oa vU; pSuyksa ij fn[kk, tkus okys foKkiuksa esa lkcqu] Øhe] yks'ku] diM+s lkfM+;ka] v.Mjos;j] Vhoh] fQYeksa ds dSlVs l~ ] lhMh] fQYeksa ds izpkj] dkj] VwOghyj] twr]s fofHkUu izdkj ds gs;j vkby vkfn lfEefyr gSAa lSVy s kbV rFkk dscy Vhoh] 'kjkc] lk¶V fMªDa l] fMVjtsVa ] vkWfM;ks flLVe] lkfM+;ksa] VsDlVkby] dkikWjVs ,M~l] dksyxsV] tsy VwFkisLVl] 'kSEiw vkfn gksrs gSAa lSVy s kbV pSuy esa fn[kk, tkus okys czk.Ml esa dksdkdksyk] isIlh] ek:fr dkjs]a ijkx lkfM+;ka] nkaMh ued] bUVsy isfUV;e] tsohth lqij fMVjtsVa ] eksVjksyk] Hkkjrh VsfydkWe] thou chek fuxe] vkbZ lh vkbZ lh vkbZ cSd a ] fQ,V dkj] VwFkisLV] VkWfQ;ka] dSMcjht vkfn ize[q k gSAa ;gka ,d lwph nh xbZ gS fd dkSu&lh dEiuh fdrus djks M + #i;s vius foKkiuksa ij [kpZ djrh gSA ,f'k;u isUV ¼16-8 djksM+½] ,ojsMh ¼11-1 djksM+½] ØkEiVu xzhCt ¼114-0 djksM½+ ] fgUnqLrku yhoj ¼fMVjtsVa dsoy 13-8 djksM½+ ] ckVk ¼10-00 djksM+½] dsLVªky ¼22-4 djksM+½] yxst CyksIykLV 10-5 djksM+½] VkbVu ?kfM+;ka ¼296 djksM+½] Vkbe ?kfM+;ka ¼101 djksM+½ dsoy bu dEifu;ksa }kjk ek=k 148-6 djksM+ #i;s foKkiuksa ds en esa O;; fd, tkrs gSAa ;fn ge Hkkjr esa lHkh dEifu;ksa }kjk O;; fd, tkus okyh jkf'k dk vuqeku yxk,a rks ;g yxHkx 10]000 djksM+ #i;s vkrh gSA ;s lHkh vkadM+s , ,.M ,e 'kks/&lanHkZ if=kdk 1997 ij vkèkkfjr gSA vesfjdu ^if=kdk ,MoVkZbftax ,t* mlus tks vkadMs fn, gSAa mlds vuqlkj fo'o dh ftruh ize[q k 'kh"kZ dEifu;ka gSAa os ftruh jkf'k foKkiu ds en esa O;; djrh gS]a mlls dqN vfèkd jkf'k foKkiu ij dsoy vesfjdk gh O;; djrk gSA o"kZ 1992 vesfjdk dk fo'o esa foKkiuksa ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k esa dqy 44-4 izfr'kr vdsys gh FkkA blls ;g irk pyrk gS fd bl izdkj foKkiu fo'o dh ,d vkfFkZd xfrfofèk gSA fo'ks"k rkSj ij vesfjdk esa vdsys gh ;g izekf.kr djrk gS %& ¼v½ foKkiu ,d izeq[k vkfFkZd xfrfofèk gSA ¼c½ ekè;e vkSj foKkiu vkil esa ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gSAa o"kZ 1990 esa vesfjdk gh ,d vdsyk ns'k gS tks 13]500 djksM+ foKkiuksa ij [kpZ djrk gSA rkfydk&2 Hkkjr dh foKkiu ij Hkkjh jkf'k [kpZ djus okyh dEifu;ka dEiuh flxjsV rEckdw mRikn vkbZ-Vh-lh oh-,l-Vh m|ksx rEckdw dqy dEiuh LokLF; rFkk lkSUn;Z fgUnqLrku yhoj dksyxsV ikeksfyo foKkiu ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k djksM+ esa b.MsDliksVZ izksDVj xsEcy vkj-lh-vkbZ iks.Ml yDes bf.M;u 'ksfoax mRikn lkSUn;Z izlkèku dqy dEiuh bysDVªkWfuDl ohfM;ksdkWu fQfyIl ch-ih-,y bysDVªkWfuDl dqy foKkiu ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k djksM+ esa dEiuh Vk;j dEiuh ,e vkj ,Q viksyks fl,V ts-ds dqy 107-5 65-9 42-7 216-1 36-9 15-7 14-9 10-2 14-3 92-0 foKkiu ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k djksM+ esa dEiuh fczojht czqd ck.M vU; fczojht 95-9 VkVk Vh 24-4 vU; fczojht dqy 120-3 foKkiu ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k djksM+ esa foKkiu ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k djksM+ esa 27-8 19-1 11-2 10-0 68-1 QkekZL;qfVdy dksj gsYFk ds;j Vksjus QkekZ jsucsDlh ySc eksy QkekZL;qfVdy QkekZL;qfVdy dqy vYdksgy 'kk okykl gcZy LVksu ;wukbVsM fczojht vYdksgy dqy foKkiu ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k djksM+ esa 41-1 40-5 23-0 104-6 foKkiu ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k djksM+ esa QwM@Ms;jh izksMDV~l usLys fczVkfu;k fLeFk DykbZu dsMcjh QwM@Ms;jh dqy dEiuh 14-5 14-5 11-3 10-00 50-3 foKkiu ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k djksM+ esa dEiuh dEiuh 108-1 68-1 foKkiu ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k djksM+ esa vkWVkseksckby ctkt vkWVks ghjks gks.Mk Vhoh,l lqtqdh VsYdks ,y-,e-,y vkWVkseksckby dqy dEiuh dEiuh 181-1 44-4 17-6 243-1 58-7 20-9 17-1 16-9 15-7 11-8 317-3 44-4 21-0 20-5 18-8 104-7 foKkiu ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k djksM+ esa 2024 vad&148 19 'kks/&lanHkZ gksVYl LVfyaZx gkyhMs bf.M;u gksVYl gksVYl dqy dEiuh 19-2 11-2 30-4 foKkiu ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k djksM+ esa VsDlVkbYl xzkfle fojyk VXL eQryky fjyk;al jse.M VsDlVkby dqy dEiuh ?kjsyw midj.k oyZiwy okf'kax e'khu ;wjsdk Qksjcsl chih,y jsfÝtjsVlZ ?kjsyw midj.k dqy dEiuh dEI;wVj dEiuh ,u-vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh foizks dEI;wVj dEiuh dqy 16-4 11-6 10-1 40-8 26-8 105-7 foKkiu ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k djksM+ esa 23-7 13-1 10-1 46-9 foKkiu ij O;; dh tkus okyh jkf'k djksM+ esa 12-1 22-6 34-7 foKkiuksa dh lkekftd izklafxdrk foKkiu ,d ekè;e ugha gS] cfYd ,d lkekftd] vkfFkZd xfrfofèk gSA og ns'k ds yksxksa ds lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd thou dks izHkkfor djrk gSA blus xjhc rFkk èkuh izfrfcfEcr nksuksa gh ns'kksa esa vHkwriwoZ 20 2024 vad&148 izxfr vkSj izHkkoh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA iwjs Xykscy esa gh blds izHkko ds dkj.k yksxksa ds nSfud thou dks foKkiu us izHkkfor fd;k gSA blus lkoZHkkSfed :i esa fodkl fd;k gSA ehfM;k ds fodkl ds lkFk& lkFk foKkiu dk Hkh fodkl c<+rk x;k gSA i=k&if=kdkvksa vkSj Vhoh def'kZ;Yl ds foKkiu yxHkx ,d ls gh gksrs gSAa fo'ks"k varj ;g gS fd Vhoh def'kZ;Yl esa ekWMy] èofu;ksa vkSj n`';ksa ds lkFk thoar gksrs gSAa ogha eqfnzr ekè;e esa Nk;kfp=k] fp=k rFkk lan's k gksrs gSAa nksuksa ds ihNs izjs .kk vkSj lkekftd vkfFkZd dkj.k ,d tSls gSA nksuksa gh cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh bPNkvksa vkSj vi{kkvksa ds vuq:i fudys gSAa ;s dEifu;ka pkgrh gSa fd muds csgrj mRikn vkSj lsok ds fy, ,d vPNk cktkj miyCèk gks vkSj os bUgsa cspdj vPNk vkfFkZd ykHk dek ldsAa bu cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds eq[;ky; T;knkrj fons'kksa esa gSaA ;s foKkiu Hkh vehj] laHkzkUr [kjhnnkjksa ds fy, gksrs gSAa ;s yksx bu oLrqvksa dh [kjhnh Hkh bZ&dkelZ] bZ&cSfa dax] LdkbZ 'kkWi] bZ&bUVjus'kuy vkfn ds }kjk djrs gSAa budk fuokl vkSj jgokl Hkh] rduhdh :i ls fodflr ns'kksa ;k fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds lkèku lEiUu {ks=kks]a dkWyksfu;ksa esa gksrk gS] ;s lkekU; yksxksa ls ;k nwj&njkt {ks=kksa esa jgrs gSAa T;knkrj foKkiu lans'k fo'o ds lEiUu vkSj èkuh ns'kksa ds yksxksa ds fy, gksrs gSAa fo'ks"k rkSj ls buesa ;wjksih; ukFkZ vesfjdk rFkk tkiku tSls ns'k lfEefyr gSA nwljh vksj xjhc ns'kksa ds èkuh oxZ ds yksxksa ds fy,A tks fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa cls gSaA Vhoh ij fn[kk, tkus okys foKkiuksa esa T;knkrj foKkiuksa esa 'kjkc] vYdksgy rFkk mPpoxksZa ds izlkèkuksa ls lEcfUèkr gksrs gSaA tSls dksYM fMªaXl] flxjsV] dksdkdksyk] isIlh] lqUnjrk dh lkefxz;ka] ?kjsyw mRikn] okf'kax e'khu] dkjs]a Vhoh lsVl~ vkfnA ;s lHkh lkefxz;ka fo'o ds èkuh vkSj lEiUu oxZ ds yksxksa ds fy, gSAa foKkiu ls tqM+h xfrfofèk;ka] fuf'pr rkSj ij vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ka gSA vr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd yksx vkjke vkSj vkuUnnk;d thou O;rhr dj jgs gSAa mUgas vkSj lq[kh rFkk vkuUn nsuk budk y{; gksrk gSA yxHkx lHkh foKkiu mPp oxksZa dh t:jrks]a bPNkvksa dks vkuUn iznku djus okys gksrs gSAa bu lc ds ckotw n foKkiu ls lEcfUèkr vkfFkZd xfrfofèk;ka eè;e rFkk fuEu vk; oxZ dh Hkh dqN t:jrksa dks iwjk djrh gSAa ehfM;k esa foKkfir rFkk vfoKkfir lkexz h lHkh izdkj ds ekè;eksa esa fo"k; oLrqvksa dks foKkiu vkSj v&foKkfir oLrqvksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSAa vfoKkfir oLrqvksa ds vUrxZr lekpkj] Qhpj lEikndh; lkexzh] lEiknd ds uke i=k vkfn vk tkrs gSaA ;s lHkh lkexzh lekpkj&i=kksa esa gksrh gSA Vhoh] jsfM;ks ds vUrxZr ewoh] ewoh ij vkèkkfjr dk;Z Ø e] lhfj;y] bUVjO;w fDot] laxhr&u`R;] lekpkj vkèkkfjr dk;ZØe] ifjppkZ,]a ;qok efgykvksa vkSj cPpksa ds fy, fo'ks"k dk;ZØe] jsfM;ks Mªkek] jsfM;ks laxhr vkfn vkrs gSAa orZeku esa fLFkfr;ka ;g gSa fd ;s izlkj.k 24 ?k.Vs gks jgs gSAa pSuyksa ds eè; pyrh xykdkV LièkkZ us fLFkfr;ksa dks tfVy cuk fn;k gSA blh dk ifj.kke fjeksV flUMªkeW gSA ehfM;k esa lEikndh; lkexzh dk p;u lEiknd djrk gS] ijUrq foKkiu dh lkexzh dk lEiknu laHko ugha gSA dkj.k 'kks/&lanHkZ ;g gS fd foKkiu ,tsla h }kjk rS;kj fd, tkrs gS]a rFkk ,tsla h gh lkexzh esa la'kksèku dj ldrh gS] ;g lEiknd dk dk;Z Hkh ugha gS fd og foKkiuksa ds lEcUèk esa Nkuchu djsA ehfM;k laxBu esa foKkiu dk ,d i`Fkd foHkkx gksrk gSA eqn.z k ekè;e esa bls foKkiu dgk tkrk gS rFkk jsfM;ks vkSj Vsyhfotu esa def'kZ;y dgk tkrk gSA foKkiu dk bfrgkl foKkiu ds bfrgkl dh tM+as gesa Hkkjr esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAa flUèkq lH;rk esa gesa dbZ izdkj dh lhysa feyh gS]a ftu ij fofHkUu izdkj ds fp=kkadu gS]a vkSj tks fof'k"V izdkj ds izrhd fy, gq, gSAa blh ls feyrh&tqyrh lhysa fo'o ds vU; LFkkuksa ls Hkh feyh gS]a ftUgsa O;kikfj;ksa ds }kjk iSfdax ds fy, iz;ä q fd;k tkrk FkkA ;s izxfr'khy O;kikfj;ksa dh lH;rk ds izrhd gSAa nwljk mnkgj.k eè;izn's k ds n'kiqj ¼eanlkSj½ esa dqekj xqIr ds 'kklu dky ¼1500 bZ- iwoZ es½a ,d vfHkys[k ¼inscription½ izkIr gqvk gSA ftls MkW- Hkxor'kj.k mikè;k; us lalkj dk izFke foKkiu crk;k gSA ftlesa mYys[k gS fd js'ke ds cqudjksa us viuk ,d la?k cuk;k vkSj O;kikj ds mís'; ls n'kiqj esa vkdj cl x,A bu O;kikfj;ksa us f'kykys[kksa dk mi;ksx] vius js'keh oL=kksa dh fcØh c<+kus ds fy, foKkiu ds :i esa iz;ä q fd;kA bl vfHkys[k esa vius mRiknksa ds foKkiu dk vfrlqUnj o.kZu izLrqr fd;k x;k gS% ^^pkgs ftruk Hkh ;kSou ru ij QwV jgk gks] dkafr vax ij fNrjkbZ gks] nsg pkgs fdruh fprh gks] izlkèku] i=kys[k Hkfä fojksèkd ls pfpZr gks] vkysiu vaxjkx ls fyIr lqxa fUèkr gks] gksBa pkgs D;ksa u vkyrk rkEcdwy vkfn ls yky jps gks]a le>nkj ukjh rc rd vius fiz; ifr ;k fiz; ds ikl ugha tkrh] tc rd og gekjs }kjk cus js'ke dk tksM+k èkkj.k ugha dj ysrh] ojuk fuf'pr gS fd mldk fiz; mls Lohdkj ugha djsxkA** Hkkjr esa foKkiu dk izkjaHk dksydkrk ls gqvkA 29 tuojh 1780 dks dydÙkk ls igyk lekpkj i=k caxky xtV izdkf'kr gqvk] bldk nwljk uke dydÙkk tujy ,MoVkbZlj FkkA rc foKkiu dk vFkZ dsoy lwpuk ekuk tkrk FkkA tsEl vkxkLVl fgdh blds izdk'kd FksA blds izFke vad esa dqN lwpuk,a FkhaA izFke caxkyh lekpkj i=k ^lekpkj niZ.k* blds dqN le; ckn fudykA blds izFke i`"B ij fdjk;s ds edkuksa ds fy;s foKkiu FksA lu 1784 esa dydÙkk esa fudyk Fkk ^vksfj;UVy ,MoVkZbtj* ds izFke vad esa eq[; :i ls 'kklu ds lekpkj rFkk foKkiu gksrs FksA nwljh vksj lekpkj&i=kksa ds fy;s ;g vko';d gks x;k fd os T;knk ls T;knk yksxksa rd igqpa as rkfd mRiknd dh tkudkjh yksxksa rd igqp a Aas fczVus esa vkS|ksfxd Økafr vius pj.k tek pqdh Fkh] vr% ;g rF; okLrfodrk esa ifjorZu gks x;k vkSj muds fy;s Hkkjr esa Hkh cktkj miyCèk gks x;kA blls foKkiu O;olk; dks ,d u;k vk;ke feykA foKkiu miHkksäk vkSj mRiknd ds chp lEiz"s k.k lapkj dk ,d t:jh ekè;e cu x;kA 19oha lnh ds izkjEHk rd igys foKkiu eq[;r% fczfV'k yksxksa ds fy, gh FksA bl le; dsoy lekpkj&i=k gh foKkiu ds ekè;e Fks] vc rd dksbZ Hkh foKkiu ,tsalh ugha FkhA rc Lisl dkaVDsª Vj ;k Lisl czkd s j gqvk djrs FksA tks deh'ku ,tsVa dk dk;Z fd;k djrs FksA mudk dke lekpkj&i=kksa esa txg dh cqfdax djuk FkkA vc rd O;kolkf;d ,d lhfer cktkj rd gh lhfer jgsA foKkiu fczfV'k O;olkf;;ksa ij vkSj vaxt sz h lekpkj&i=kksa ds fy;s izfrLièkkZ FkkA f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds dkj.k Hkkjh ifjorZu vk;k] fczrkuh dykdkj vkSj vfèkdkjh lsuk esa HkrhZ gksus yxs] Hkkjrh;ksa us mudk LFkku fy;k vkSj viuh ;ksX;rk rFkk mi;ksfxrk iznf'kZr dhA ljdkj us budh lsokvksa dk ykHk] lsuk esa HkrhZ vkSj ;q) ds fy, jkf'k ,d=k djus ds fy, izkjaHk fd;kA bu ,tsafl;ksa ds dkj.k foKkiu vfHk;kstu rS;kj fd, tkus yxsA lekpkj&i=kksa esa Nius okys ;s foKkiu Bhd mlh rtZ ij gksrs Fks tSls fczVus ds lekpkj&i=kksa esa Nirs FksA rc Hkkjrh; foKkiuksa dk vfèkdrj Hkkx O;kikfjd ?kks"k.kkvksa okyk gksrk FkkA dydÙkk ls izdkf'kr caxkyh lekpkj i=k diM+]s gsV] fczVus ds diM+s vkSj twrksa ds foKkiu ls Hkjs gksrs FksA bUgha lekpkj i=kksa esa [kks;k] ik;k [kjhnuk gS] cspuk gS] ds Hkh foKkiu gksrs Fks] ftUgsa vkt oxhZdr` foKkiu dgk tkrk gSA izFke fo'o ;q) ds dkj.k m|ksxksa dks c<+kok feyk] eky dh [kir c<+kus ds fy, foKkiu lsokvksa dh t:jrsa xzkgdksa ds fy, c<+hAa dkuiqj fLFkr ^fczfV'k bafM;k dkiksjZ 's ku* ds ikl miHkksäk lkexzh Hkkjh ek=kk esa ,d=k gks xbZ rks mlus fcØh c<+kus ds fy, ^,ykbal ,MoVkbZftax fyfeVsM* dh LFkkiuk dhA o"kZ 1909 ds vkl&ikl cEcbZ esa ch-nÙkkjke us foKkiu ,tsl a h LFkkfir dh ;g ns'k dh lcls iqjkuh foKkiu ,tsl a h FkhA ftlus fofoèk izdkj dh lsok,a miyCèk dhaA lu~ 1920 esa ,y,- LVªkp a tks fd ^,ykbal ,MojVkbZftax esa ofj"B dykdkj Fks] mUgksua s ;g dEiuh NksM+ nh* vkSj cacbZ esa Lor% foKkiu ,tsla h 2024 vad&148 21 'kks/&lanHkZ izkjEHk dhA ;s le; foKkiu ,tsfa l;ksa ds fodkl ds fy, jpukRed le; FkkA ekè;e ds u;s {ks=k mHkj dj lkeus vkrs tkrs FksA vkbZ-,l-Vsyj us lu~ 1926 esa cká foKkiu ds fy, ifCyflVh lkslk;Vh vkWQ bafM;k dh LFkkiuk dydÙkk esa dhA blds nks o"kZ ckn fons'kh foKkiu ,tsfa l;ka izkjaHk gqbAZ Mh-ts- dwiusj orZeku esa vksfxYoh csUlu ,.M esFkj rFkk tsokYVj Fkkelu orZeku esa fgUnqLrku FkkeluA ;s ,tsfa l;ka cktkj esa viuh lsok,a miyCèk djkus yxhaA ;s vius lkFk O;olk;h] vuqHkoh vkSj izf'kf{kr O;fä lkFk esa ysdj vk,] vr% foKkiu ds {ks=k esa u;k vè;k; 'kq: gqvkA lkB ds n'kd esa vkdj jpukRedrk dks vkSj vfèkd egRo feykA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds fodkl ds dkj.k xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh miHkksäk lkefxz;ksa dh rsth ls c<+rh ekax ds dkj.k varjkZ"Vªh; cgqjk"Vªh; daiuh vkSj dkiksZjs'ku dh Hkkxhnkjh o lgHkkfxrk c<+hA blls fo'o cSd a rFkk vU; fons'kh lgk;rk dk;ZØeks]a bu laLFkkvksa ds }kjk vius m|ksx vkSj m|e yxkus ds dkj.k vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij muds mRiknksa ds fy, cktkj fufeZr djus ds fy, FkhA tks mudh ekax iwjh dj ldsAa mUgsa vius cktkj ds fy, ?kjsyw rFkk vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij foKkiu dh t:jr Fkh] rkfd mUgsa n`<+ vkèkkj fey ldsA miHkksäk lkexzh vkSj t:jrksa ds QSyko ls m|ksxksa esa vkilh izfrLièkkZ c<+h vkSj foKkiu dh nqfu;k ds fy, izxfr ds pj.k Li"V gksus yxsA ekax dh txg iwfrZ dh fØ;k vkjaHk gqbAZ bl nkSj esa fuekZ.k rFkk mRiknu rd gh ;g {ks=k lhfer ugha jgk] oju~ blds lkFk ekdsVZ fjlpZ dks Hkh izkRs lkgu feyk vkSj viuh 22 2024 vad&148 fcØh c<+kus ds fy, ekdsfZ Vax dh lgk;rk yh tkus yxhA Hkkjrh; foKkiu O;olk; ds fy, ,d pqukSrh FkhA blh dkj.k foKkiu ds {ks=k esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx dh Hkh rRdky t:jr eglwl dh xbZA bl izfØ;k ls foKkiu ,tsafl;ksa dh izfriwfrZ dh tk ldsA blds lkFk Hkkjrh; foKkiu ds {ks=k esa Hkkjh ifjorZu vk;kA blesa ekdsVZ fjlpZ vkSj izpkj ds fy, dkS'kyiw.kZ <ax ls foKkiu ds fuekaZ.k lfEefyr FksA foKkiu ds fuekZ.k vfèkd dkS ' kyiw . kZ <a x ls fd, tkus yxs A jpukRedrk ¼Creativity½ ij vfèkd tksj fn;k tkus yxkA fp=k vkSj QksVks dks vkSj vfèkd izkRs lkgu feykA foKkiu dykRed vkSj okLrfod thou ds lehi vkus yxsA lsDl dk izn'kZu foKkiuksa esa LFkku ysuk yxkA fQYe vkSj MkD;weUs Vªh Hkh foKkiu ds :i esa vkus yxhaA lekpkj&i=k Hkh lekpkj ds LFkku ij foKkiuksa dks izkFkfedrk iznku djus yxsA lkBksÙkj ls lÙkj ds n'kd rd vkrs&vkrs foKkiuksa dk {ks=k foLr`r vkSj fodflr gks x;kA fnu&izfrfnu O;olk; c<+us yxkA gfjr Økafr ds QyLo:i iz p kj ekè;e dh vks j foKkiu O;kolkf;;ksa dk lEeku vkSj c<+kA ekè;e fjlpZ ¼Media Research½ esa u, vk;ke LFkkfir gq,A foKkiu dh jpukRedrk esa Hkh ifjorZu gq, vkSj mls fof'k"V cuk;k x;kA blds ekè;e ls lekt esa vfHktkR; oxZ dh vksj fo'ks"k :i esa è;ku fn;k x;kA ekdsVZ fjlpZ Hkkjrh; foKkiu dk ize[q k vkèkkj cukA blds }kjk O;fä;ksa ds iw.kZ larks"k ds {ks=k <w<a s x;s] lkFk gh mRiknu rFkk lsok ls bldh lac)rk LFkkfir dhA mís'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, ekè;e dh lgk;rk ls mfpr lan's kksa dk izLrqrhdj.k fd;k tkus yxkA rkfd le`)] lEiUu vkSj èkfud yksxksa rd lan's k igqpa s vkSj mUgsa tkudkjh miyCèk gks ldsa rFkk foKkiu izHkko'kkyh cu lds]a rHkh bldh lkFkZdrk ekuh xbZA fjlpZ ds {ks=k esa dEI;wVj dk vkxeu gqvkA fjlpZ laLFkk,a Hkh vfLrRo esa vkbZAa buesa blds u, {ks=k cus] vkadM+]s ekdsfZ Vax izcUèk] euksfoKku dk inkiZ.k foKkiu ds {ks=k esa gqvkA mRiknd vkSj [kjhnnkj ds eè; ,d vko';d dM+h dk dk;Z foKkiu ds }kjk fd;k tkus yxkA lÙkj ds n'kd esa lapkj rduhd dk xgu :i ls foLrkj gqvk] miHkksäk laLd`fr dks foKkiu ds }kjk ,d u;k {ks=k feykA ekè;eksa esa Hkh foKkiuksa dks LFkku feyus yxkA jaxhu eqn.z k ekè;e ls bysDVªkfW ud Økafr us Hkh njokts ij nLrd nsuk 'kq: dj fn;kA jaxhu fp=kksa ds lkFk if=kdkvksa esa LFkku feykA buds fo"k; miHkksäk ls lEcfUèkr gh FksA def'kZ;y] jsfM;ks ftaxYl Vhoh ,d gks x;sA miHkksäk ls lEcfUèkr foKkiuksa dk izpkj gksus yxk] ftlesa vkjkenk;d okrkoj.k dk ltho fp=k.k FkkA thou 'kSyh ds fofHkUu igyqvksa ij tksj FkkA jaxhu Vh-oh- Hkh vk x, ftldk izHkko ifjokjksa ij xgjs :i ls iM+kA eqn.z k dks ubZa rduhd vkSj n`'; ds u;s ekè;eksa us foKkiu O;olk; esa yxs O;olkf;;ksa vkSj rduhf'k;uksa ds fy, iFk ds }kj [kksyAs ,tsl a h ds fy, Vhoh fQYe fuekZ.k ds }kjk viuh lsok,a mRikndksa dks nsus yxsA mUgksaus nwljs mRiknu dks ubZ igpku nh vkSj ekdsfZ Vax dks l?ku cuk;kA 1990&2000 ds n'kd esa dEI;wVlZ vkSj fjlpZ ds }kjk mRiknu dh igpku dk ekuohdj.k gqvkA tSls VsDlVkby ;k flxjsVksa ds foKkiuksa esa cgqr de vUrj 'kks/&lanHkZ ifjyf{kr gq v kA foKkiu dh jpukRedrk dks gh vfèkd egRo fn;k x;k foKkiu ds {ks=k esa Hkh VsDuksykWth iz;ä q gksus yxhA fo'o esa foKkiu dk bfrgkl lu~ 1625 bZ- esa vaxzstksa }kjk fyf[kr iqLrd ^n ohdyh U;wt* FkhA bl iqLrd esa foKkiu Hkh FksA 19 oha lnh esa foKkiu LFkkfir gks pqds FksA baXyS.M vkSj vesfjdk esa dbZ ,sls lekpkj&i=k if=kdk,a Fkha ftuesa fu;fer :i ls foKkiu izdkf'kr gksrs FksA blds i'pkr Lisl czkd s lZ ¼Space Brokers½ dk le; vk;kA os mRiknd ls foKkiu dh lkexzh ysdj ;k ,df=kr dj v[kckj dks Hkst nsrs Fks rFkk v[kckj ls fcy ysdj mRiknd ls 25 izfr'kr deh'ku ysdj 'ks"k jde v[kckj dks Hkst fn;k djrs FksA bl izdkj ls foKkiu v[kckjksa dks cspus dh izFkk dk izkjEHk gqbAZ okyuh ch- ikej ¼Volni B. Palmer½ rFkk tkWu gwij ¼John Huper½ us 1841 bZ- esa bl izFkk dk izkjEHk fd;kA ml le; izkDVj ,.M xsEcy ize[q k dEiuh Fkha] ftlds fy, ;s nksuksa O;fä dk;Z fd;k djrs FksA ,d vU; O;fä ,l-,eisfVfxy ¼S.M. Petigil½ us fopkj fd;k fd ;fn foKkiu lkexzh dks u, vkdkj vkS j fMlS u cukdj fn;k tk, rks dEifu;ksa ds vkSj vfèkd ls vfèkd foKkiu izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSAa o"kZ 1930 rd bl {ks=k esa v[kckjksa dk foKkiu LFkku [kjhnuk vkSj mls NksV&s NksVs DyklhQkbM dj cspuk vknr FkhA le; ds lkFk&lkFk xzkgdksa dks bUgksua s vfèkd ls vfèkd lsok,a nsuk izkjEHk fd;kA o"kZ 1877 esa ,u-MCY;w ,;j ¼N.W. Ayer½ us foKkiu dk dk;kZy; izkjEHk fd;kA blh le; ts- okYVj Fkkelu ¼J. Walter Thomson½ us Hkh foKkiu nsus dk dk;Z izkjEHk fd;kA vkxs pydj okYVj Fkkelu izfl) foKkiu fo'ks"kK cu x,A o"kZ 1900&1926 ds chp esa eqnz.k ekè;eksa dk fodkl py jgk Fkk vkSj foKkiu O;olk; izfrf"Br gks pqdk FkkA o"kZ 1920 esa jsfM;ks ekè;e vk;kA blus foKkiuksa ds fy, muds }kj [kksy fn,A o"kZ 1930 esa Vhoh dk fodkl izkjEHk gqvkA blds fy, ts- okYVj Fkkelu ,tsl a h us foKkiu rS;kj vkSj izlkfjr fd;kA o"kZ 1949 esa Vsyhfotu foKkiu dk ,d izeq[k ekè;e cu x;kA o"kZ 1940& 1945 esa fo'o] f}rh; fo'o&;q) esa Qal x;kA blh le; lgk;rk ds fy, ;q) ck.Mksa dk foKkiu izlkfjr fd;k x;kA ;g vc rd dk pyk;k x;k lcls cM+k foKkiu vfHk;ku FkkA o"kZ 1960&70 dk n'kd ^fØ,fVfoVh* dk ;qx FkkA foKkiuksa esa jpukRedrk us LFkku ys fy;k FkkA lkFk gh iksfl'kfuax us Hkh egÙkk izkIr dhA bl dYiuk us foKkiu txr esa gypy iSnk dhA cM+s mRikn bl vksj vkdf"kZr gq,A 1980 ds n'kd esa O;kolkf;drk dk tksj c<+k] foKkiu vkSj foKkiu ,tsfa l;ksa ds eè; xykdkV LièkkZ mRiUu gqbAZ 1990 dk n'kd lwpuk Økafr dk n'kd FkkA bl n'kd esa dEI;wVj dk pyu c<+kA foKkiu dh izR;sd 'kk[kk vkSj dk;Z ;gka rd dh jpukRed dks Hkh dEI;wVj us izHkkfor fd;kA blh ds lkFk&lkFk osc ,MoVkZbftax dk ,d u;k ek/;e [kqyk vkSj osclkbV~l ij foKkiu fn, tkus yxsA ^foKkiu* txr esa ,tsafl;ka dc izkjEHk gqb\Z bl ij fookn gSA vkèkqfud foKkiu ,tsfa l;ksa dk izkjEHk vesfjdk ls gqvk] tgka 1841 esa oksyuh Mh- ikej us fQykMsfYQ;k esa lcls igys ,d foKkiu ,tsl a h izkjEHk dhA mUgksua s 50 izfr'kr deh'ku ij fQykMsfYQ;k uxj ls ckgj ds foKkiu ysdj lekpkj&i=kksa dks izdk'kukFkZ fn;k djrs FksA lu~ 1876 esa vesfjdk ds gh ,u- MCY;w ,;j rFkk lsl a ,tsl a h us ,d u, rjhds ls dk;Z djuk izkjEHk fd;kA mUgksaus foKkiunkrkvksa ls le>kSrk fd;k fd os foKkiunkrkvksa ds lHkh foKkiu dks ,d fuf'pr nj ij lekpkj&i=k if=kdkvksa esa izdkf'kr djus dk dk;Z djsxa h vkSj Lo;a foKkiunkrkvksa dks dgha ugha tkuk iM+sxkA ,;j dh ,tsalh ls bl izdkj foKkiunkrkvksa dks lqfoèkk gksus yxhA ,tsalh vius xzkgdksa ds fy, mudh vko';drkvksa ds vuqlkj ,d fuf'pr nj ls i=k&if=kdkvksa esa LFkku [kjhnrh vkSj foKkiunkrkvksa ds fy, foKkiu rS;kj djrh vkSj mls Nikus ds fy, ftEesnkjh ysrhA blds i'pkr cktkj lsok voLFkk esa ,tsfa l;ksa ds dk;Z cgq&vk;keh gks x,A blesa fo'ks"kK dk;Z djus yxsA foKkiu ,tsafl;ksa ds fy, foKkiu cukus ds lkFk&lkFk foKkiunkrkvksa ds fy, cktkj rFkk 'kksèk egRoiw.kZ gks x,A miHkksäkvksa ds euksoK S kfud] fo'ys"k.k ds vkèkkj ij foKkiu cuk, tkus yxsA VsDuksykWth ds fodkl u, ekè;eksa rFkk izfrfnu u,& u, pSuyksa ds [kqyus ds lkFk gh foKkiuksa dk {ks=k foLr`r gks x;kA g ¼;g va ' k eè;iz n s ' k fga n h xz a F k vdkneh ls izdkf'kr iqLrd ^Hkkjr esa lapkj vkSj tulapkj* ls fy;k x;k gSA bldk vuqokn MkW- 'kf'kdkUr 'kqDy us fd;k gSA½ 2024 vad&148 23 'kks/&lanHkZ fodhyhDl % jkt O;oLFkk dh djrwrksa dk 'k=kq fodhyhDl dh fdLer mlds lg&laLFkkid twfy;u vlkats dh ijs'kkfu;ksa ls tqM+h jgh gS] ftUgsa vesfjdk ds lkFk ,d n'kd yach dkuwuh yM+kbZ ds ckn vkf[kjdkj fjgk dj fn;k x;k gSA Jhfuoklu jekuh ^^twfy;u vlkats Lora=k gSa**& fodhyhDl us ,Dl ij ,d c;ku esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dhA blesa vkxs fy[kk Fkk fd fOglyCyksbxa osclkbV ds lg&laLFkkid vfèkdre lqj{kk okyh fczVsu dh csyek'kZ tsy esa 1901 fnu fcrkus ds ckn 24 twu dh lqcg ogka ls fudy x;sA fodhyhDl ,d ekeys esa nks"k Lohdkj djus ij lger gqbZ gSA ;g vesfjdh jk"Vªh; j{kk ls lacafèkr oxhZdr` nLrkostksa dks izkIr djus vkSj mldk [kqyklk djus dh lkft'k ds fy;s gSA bl rjg vesfjdk esa izR;iZ.k ds f[kykQ mudh yach yM+kbZ lekIr gks xbZ gSA mUgsa vesfjdh iz'kkar {ks=k lkbiu ¼Saipan½ esa vnkyr dh lquokbZ esa Hkkx ysus ds fy, ;wds ls ckgj ys tk;k x;kA blds ckn mUgsa vkWLVªfs y;k ykSVuk FkkA Jh vlkats vkijkfèkd vkjksiksa ds fy, vesfjdk esa okafNr gSaA buesa 2010 esa gtkjksa xqIr vesfjdh Qkbyksa dks ^yhd* djus dh fodhyhDl dh dkjZokbZ vkSj blds fy, tklwlh vfèkfu;e dk mYya?ku Hkh 'kkfey gSA blds fy, mUgsa 175 o"kZ rd dh tsy dh ltk gks ldrh FkhA Jh vlkats dks vktknh feyus rd dh ;k=kk vklku ugha Fkh] vkSj os izR;iZ.k ds csgn djhc igqap x, FksA 17 twu 2022 dks ml le; dh ;wds dh gkse lsØVs hª izhfr iVsy us Jh vlkats dks vesfjdk izR;fiZr djus ds vkns'k ij gLrk{kj dj fn;s FksA ckn esa os blds f[kykQ vihy djus esa dke;kc gq,A mlh fnu] ehfM;k vfèkdkjksa vkSj ekuokfèkdkj lewgksa ds ,d vesfjdh vkèkkj okys xBcaèku] vlkats fMQsal dfeVj us vius lg&vè;{kksa ¼dks&ps;lZ½ ds ekè;e ls ,d c;ku tkjh fd;kA buesa izfl) Hkk"kkfon vkSj tkus&ekus cqf)thoh ukse pksELdh vkSj iwoZ vesfjdh lSU; fo'ys"kd rFkk fOglyCyksvj MSfu;y ,Ycsjh 'kkfey FksA c;ku esa dgk x;k Fkk fd ;g fu.kZ; ^^if'peh yksdra=k ds fy, ,d nq%[kn fnu Fkk**A blesa vkxs dgk x;k Fkk] 24 2024 vad&148 ^^vesfjdh ljdkj dk rdZ gS fd mldk laxBu dh gh rjg gSaA vDVwcj 2021 esa lEekfur lafoèkku ml i=kdkfjrk dh j{kk laxBu dh lqjf{kr pSV lsokvksa ds dke ugha djrk gS ftls ljdkj ukilan djrh gS djuk can djus ds dqN eghuksa ckn] Qjojh vkSj tu fgr esa lPph tkudkjh izdkf'kr 2022 esa fodhyhDl dh osclkbV ij Qkbyksa djuk ,d foèoald] vkijkfèkd d`R; gSA ds fy, lcfe'ku flLVe ¼fOgflyCyksvj] ;g rdZ u dsoy i=kdkfjrk ds fy, cfYd gSdfVfoLV vkfn }kjk½ vkSj bldk bZ&esy yksdra=k ds fy, Hkh [krjk gSA loZj iwjh rjg ls vkWQykbu gks x;kA ;g ;s 'kCn ,d ,sls O;fä ds i{k esa dkQh dksbZ vk'p;Z dh ckr ugha FkhA etcwr Fks tks yanu esa bDokMksj ¼Ecuador½ la x Bu vfuok;Z :i ls mlds nwrkokl ds ifjlj esa lkr lky rd jgk Fkk lg&laLFkkid ls tksM+k tkrk jgk gS] tks vHkh vkSj tc mldh 'kj.k rFkk ukxfjdrk dks Hkh ,d funs'kd cus gq, gSaA muds tsy tkus [kRe fd;k x;k rc ls mls ;wds dh csyek'kZ ds ckn ls] fOglyCyksvj nLrkostksa dk tkjh tsy esa j[kk x;k FkkA bDokMksj nwrkokl esa gksuk cgqr de jgk gS vkSj 2010 ls 2019 ds jgus ds nkSjku Jh vlkats 'kq: esa tekur chp laxBu us tks gkfly fd;k gS] mldh mYya?ku ds fy, tsy esa jgs vkSj mUgsa ,d rqyuk esa bldk ifj.kke cgqr de gSA ;wds fMfLVªDV tt] ouslk cjSLVj ls tuojh mRifÙk vkSj izHkko 2021 esa jkgr feyhA rc mUgksua s vkns'k fn;k fodhyhDl dh ;k=kk 2006 esa 'kq: gqbZ] tc Fkk fd vlkats dks vesfjdk izR;fiZr ugha osclkbV dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ vkSj bldk fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd muds ekufld Mksesu uke Jh vlkats }kjk iathd`r djk;k LokLF; dks ysdj fpUrk gS rFkk vesfjdh tsy x;kA gkykafd 'kq#vkr esa osclkbV fodhihfM;k esa dSn dh l[r fLFkfr;ksa esa vkRegR;k dj ekWMy dh rtZ ij ,d izdVhdj.k iksVZy ds ysus dh vk'kadk gSA :i esa 'kq: gqbZ Fkh] ftlesa xqeuke izLrqfr;ka vesfjdh vfHk;kstdksa us ckn esa vihy Mkyh tkrh Fkha vkSj okyafV;lZ }kjk laikfnr nk;j dh vkSj fczfV'k gkbZdksVZ us bl ckj dh tkrh FkhaA tYn gh ;g xqeuke lzksrksa ls fnlacj 2021 esa ;w, ds i{k esa QSlyk lquk;kA izkIr lkexzh dk HkaMkj cu xbZA xqeuke j[kus ;g Jh vlkats dh laHkkfor dSn dh fLFkfr esa okys lkW¶Vos;j Vksj dk mi;ksx djds bl ij tsy esa dSn dh 'krksZa ij tks fcMsu iz'kklu ds xqIr :i ls izkIr lekpkj vkSj oxhZd`r vk'oklu ds ckn fd;k x;k FkkA blds tkudkjh dks viyksM fd;k tk ldrk FkkA vuqlkj vesfjdh iz'kklu mUgsa mPpre lqj{kk tks viyksM djus okys dh igpku dks lqjf{kr okyh tsy ¼dksyksjkMks esa ,Mh,Dl ¶yksjsal] j[krk gS vkSj fdlh Hkh usVodZ] ;gka rd fd ftlesa vkradoknh] u'ks ds rLdj vkSj gkbZ fodhyhDl }kjk Hkh ekywe ugha fd;k tk izksQkby vijkèkh jgrs gSa½ esa ugha j[ksxk vkSj ldrk FkkA vxj mUgsa ltk gksrh gS rks os vius ewy fodhyhDl ds fu;ksäkvksa ds chp vkarfjd vkWLVªsfy;k esa viuh ltk dkV ldrs gSa erHksn vkSj rdjkj ds dkj.k lcfe'ku flLVe c'krsaZ os blds fy, vkxzg djsaA Jh vlkats esa leL;k mRiUu gks xbZ Fkh] ftlds us QSlys ds f[kykQ fczfV'k lqizhe dksVZ dk ifj.kkeLo:i 2010 esa bls fuyafcr dj fn;k #[k fd;k] ysfdu 14 ekpZ dks dksVZ us vihy x;k Fkk] ysfdu fodhyhDl us 2015 esa lkbV djus dh vuqefr nsus ls budkj dj fn;kA dks iqu% ykWUp dj fn;kA Jh vlkats dh ijs'kkfu;ka fodhyhDl fodhyhDl }kjk fd, x, 'kq#vkrh [kqyklksa 'kks/&lanHkZ esa ls ,d ;g Fkk fd vesfjdh ljdkj fdl izdkj Xokarkukeks cs lqfoèkk esa lafnXèk vkradokfn;ksa dks j[kus ds fy, ,slh i)fr;ka viuk jgh Fkh] tks ftusok dUosa'ku izksVksdkWy dk mYya?ku FkkA lkbV dh xqeuke lcfe'ku iz.kkyh tc lfØ; Fkh ml nkSjku dqN lcls egRoiw.kZ yhd esa bjkd vkSj vQxku vkØe.kksa ij vesfjdh j{kk foHkkx dh yk[kksa oxhZdr` Qkbysa 'kkfey FkhaA blds vykok LVsV fMikVZesaV ds yk[kksa lapkj& nksuksa dks iwoZ vesfjdh lSfud psYlh ¼rc czSMyh½ eSfuax us tkjh fd;k FkkA yhd dh ;g 'kq#vkr 5 vizSy 2010 dks tkjh fd, x, 39 feuV ds ohfM;ks ls 'kq: gqbZ FkhA blesa nks vesfjdh ,,p&64 vikps gsyhdkWIVjksa ds Øw dks 2007 esa vesfjdh dCts ds f[kykQ bjkdh vkØe.k ij dkjZokbZ djrs gq, fn[kk;k x;k FkkA ohfM;ks esa gsyhdkWIVj Øw dks vaèkkèkqaèk Qk;fjax djrs vkSj vlSfudksa rFkk jkW;VlZ ds nks ;q) laoknnkrkvksa dks ekj fxjkrs fn[kk;k x;k FkkA yxHkx rhu o"kksaZ rd] jkW;VlZ us ;w-,l- lwpuk dh Lora=krk vfèkfu;e ds ekè;e ls bl ohfM;ks rd igqap dh dksf'k'k dh] ysfdu vlQy jgkA fodhyhDl us rqjar okV ykWx tkjh dj fn,] ftUgsa dbZ ehfM;k laxBuksa us izdkf'kr fd;k vkSj bjkd esa c<+rh ekSrksa ds vykok] dCts okyh lsukvksa }kjk ekuoh; la?k"kksaZ dks mtkxj fd;kA okV ykWx ds tkjh gksus ds ckn dbZ lekpkj izdkf'kr gq,] ftuesa n fganw }kjk izdkf'kr lekpkj Hkh 'kkfey Fks] tks gtkjksa yhd gq, jktuf;d dscyksa ij vkèkkfjr Fks] ftUgsa lqJh eSfuax us Hkh tkjh fd;k Fkk] ftlls fofHkUu ns'kksa esa vfHktkr oxZ ds rkSj&rjhdksa] thou 'kSyh vkSj n`f"Vdks.k dk egRoiw.kZ lkoZtfud [kqyklk gqvkA fodhyhDl ds fØIVksxkz fQd midj.kksa ds ekè;e ls lzksrksa dh lqj{kk vkSj laosnu'khy tkudkjh ¼tks lkoZtfud fgr esa Hkh gks ldrh gS½ ds xqeuke ^yhd* dh vuqefr nsus ls vpkud O;kid [kksth i=kdkfjrk dk ,d u;k ekWMy lkeus vk;k] tks vis{kkd`r :i ls turk dh utjksa ls nwj Fkk] tSls yksdrkaf=kd lektksa esa Mhi LVsV dh dk;Ziz.kkyh vkSj fujad'q k 'kkluksa esa lÙkk ,tsfa l;ksa dk lapkyuA gkykafd 'kq: esa dscy ikap lekpkj i=kksa dks tkjh fd, x, Fks] ftUgksua s mu ij fjiksfVaxZ djus ls igys laons u'khy tkudkjh dks laikfnr djus dk dke fd;k Fkk vkSj 2010 ds var ls 2011 ds ,d o"kZ rd mUgsa izdkf'kr fd;k Fkk] ysfdu Qkbyksa ds iwjs dS'k ¼t[khjs½ dh ,fUØI'ku dqath ds yhd gksus ¼ftls rc ^dscyxsV* dgk x;k Fkk½ ds ifj.kkeLo:i fcuk laikfnr lkexzh tkjh dj nh xbZ] ftldh dbZ ehfM;k vkmVysV~l us fuank dh FkhA xqeuke lcfe'ku flLVe dh deh us bls vU; gSdlZ tSls LVªSVQksj bZ&esy yhd ls izkIr vU; Qkbyksa dks izdkf'kr djus ls ugha jksdkA ckn es]a fodhyhDl us 2016 ds jk"Vªifr pqukoksa ls igys rRdkyhu jk"Vªifr in dh mEehnokj ¼vkSj iwoZ fons'k ea=kh½ fgysjh fDyaVu ds lg;ksxh tkWu iksMLs Vk ds bZ&esy Hkh izdkf'kr fd,A bl dkjZokbZ ds dkj.k dk;ZdrkZvksa vkSj ehfM;k dfeZ;ksa us fodhyhDl dh dM+h vkykspuk dhA bu yksxksa us bu yhd dh rqyuk 2016 ds pqukoksa esa gLr{ksi djus ds iz;kl ls dh] ftlesa Jh vlkats dks ;g dgrs gq, m)`r fd;k x;k Fkk fd og fgysjh fDyaVu ds jk"Vªifr in thrus dh laHkkoukvksa dks ^uqdlku* igqapkuk pkgrs Fks vkSj mUgksaus fodhyhDl ij :lh [kqfQ;k ,tsalh ds gSdlZ ls ;g tkudkjh izkIr djus dk vkjksi yxk;k] ftls fodhyhDl us udkj fn;kA ckn es]a ;g ckr lkeus vkbZ fd fodhyhDl ds fdlh O;fä us fDyaVu ds jk"Vªifr in ds izfr}a}h] MksukYM VªEi ds csVs] MksukYM VªEi twfu;j ds lkFk ckrphr dh Fkh] rFkk yhd dks c<+kok nsus dh dksf'k'k dh Fkh] rFkk fV~oVj Mh-,e- okrkZykiksa esa Jh vlkats ds fy, vuqxzg dh ekax Hkh dh FkhA vesfjdk esa tkap bl chp] fodhyhDl ds [kq y kls ds ifj.kkeLo:i vesfjdh ljdkj dh vksj ls izfr'kksèk dh dkjZokbZ gqbZA cjkd vksckek iz'kklu us eSfuax yhd dh tkap 'kq: dh] vkSj tqykbZ 2013 esa lqJh eSfuax dks tklwlh vfèkfu;e dk mYya?ku djus ds fy, dksVZ ek'kZy }kjk nks"kh Bgjk;k x;kA tuojh 2017 esa jk"Vªifr }kjk mudh ltk lquk, tkus ls igys mUgsa dBksj dkjkokl dh ltk nh xbZA gkykafd] iz'kklu us var esa dgk fd og Jh vlkats vkSj fodhyhDl ds f[kykQ vkijkfèkd vkjksi ugha yxk,xkA vesfjdh U;k; foHkkx us iwoZ jk"Vªifr MksukYM VªEi ds rgr vizSy 2017 esa ,d lhycan vfHk;ksx esa Jh vlkats ij j{kk foHkkx ds usVodZ ij ikloMZ dks ØSd djus ds fy, lqJh eSfuax ds lkFk lkft'k esa lg;ksx djus dk vkjksi yxk;k] rkfd fodhyhDl ij oxhZd`r nLrkost vkSj lapkj izdkf'kr gks ldsaA bu vkjksiksa dks 2019 esa [kksyk x;kA ckn esa] VªEi iz'kklu us Jh vlkats ij 1917 ds tklwlh vfèkfu;e dk mYya?ku djus dk vkjksi yxk;k&mu ij othZfu;k ds iwohZ ftys ds fy, vesfjdh ftyk U;k;ky; esa vfèkfu;e ls lacafèkr 17 u, vkjksiksa esa vfHk;ksx yxk;k x;kA twu 2020 esa] gSdj lewgksa ds lkFk lkft'k ds fy, vkjksiksa dks vkSj c<+k fn;k x;kA fcMsu iz'kklu us vc rd bu vkjksiksa dks iyVus dk dksbZ iz;kl ugha fd;k FkkA vizSy esa] Jh fcMsu us dgk fd os Jh vlkats ds f[kykQ viuk eqdnek okil ysus ds vkWLVªsfy;k ds vuqjksèk ij fopkj dj jgs gSAa ;g uhfr esa cnyko dk ladrs gS vkSj vc vesfjdk us ;kfpdk le>kSrs ds lkFk fOglyCyksvj ds f[kykQ ,d dks NksM+dj ckdh lHkh vkjksiksa dks okil ysus ij lgefr trkbZ gSA Jh vlkats dk dkuwuh ekeyk [kksth i=kdkfjrk ds Hkfo"; ds fy, ,d felky dk;e djrk gS] ftldk izfrfufèkRo fodhyhDl djrk gS vkSj ;g vesfjdk tSls ns'kksa esa fcuk fdlh ckèkk ds i=kdkfjrk dh vuqefr nsus okys eqä vfHkO;fä dkuwuksa ds fy, ,d fyVel VsLV ds :i esa Hkh dke djrk gSA gkykafd ;g laxBu vc ,d n'kd igys dh rqyuk esa cgqr detksj gS] ysfdu lÙkk esa cSBs yksxksa ds van:uh dkedkt ij izdk'k Mkyus ds fy, eq[kfcjh djus dh bldh {kerk us [kksth i=kdkfjrk dks cny fn;k gSA ;gka rd fd vesfjdh jktuhfr esa gLr{ksi djus ds blds QSlyksa us bldh fojklr dks tfVy cuk fn;k gSA g vaxzsth ls vuqokn& lat; dqekj flag lat; dqekj flag] tulÙkk esa yacs le; rd dk;Zjr jgs gSa vkSj vc eq[; :i ls vuqoknd gSAa 2024 vad&148 25 'kks/&n`f"V D;k isfj;kj us 40 lky NksVh viuh gh csVh ls 'kknh dh Fkh\ i<+]as iQSDV&psd lks 'ky ehfM;k ij rfeyukMq dh e'kgwj 'kf[l;r bZ-oh- jkekLokeh isfj;kj dks ysdj nkok fd;k tk jgk gS fd mUgksua s 70 lky dh mez esa viuh gh csVh ls 'kknh dh FkhA ;wtlZ mUgsa ,d golh balku crk jgs gSAa vf[kys'k f=kikBh ,MoksdVs uked ;wtj us fV~oVj ij nkok fd;k] ^^isfj;kj us vius gh csVh ls tks mlls 40 lky NksVh Fkh fookg fd;k Fkk] ml le; isfj;kj dh mez 70 o"kZ Fkh] lkspks 70 o"kZ dh mez esa ;s balku bruk golh Fkk fd viuh gh csVh dks ugha NksM+k] ,slk balku vkidk vkn'kZ gks ldrk gS gekjk ugha] tkvks rqe Hkh isfj;kj ds dqdeksZa dks viukvks dksbZ ugha jksdxs kA** njvly vf[kys'k f=kikBh us ,d V~ohV dks dksV&fjV~ohV fd;k gS] ftlesa rfey fQYeksa ds LVkj fot; Fkyifr dh rLohj ds lkFk ,d c;ku fy[kk gS fd] ^^Nk=kksa dks vkacMs dj] isfj;kj ds ckjs esa i<+uk pkfg,A lqijLVkj fot;] vfHkusrk** vf[kys'k f=kikBh bykgkckn ds ,Dl ¼fV~oVj½ ck;ks ds vuqlkj gkbZdksVZ ds lhfu;j odhy vkSj lefiZr lukruh gSAa vf[kys'k f=kikBh eafnj ,oa xq#dqy laj{k.k vfHk;ku ls Hkh tqM+s gSAa ogha veys'k flag us Hkh blh rjg fV~oVj ij ;gh nkok fd;k gSA veys'k us fnyhi eaMy ds ml V~ohV dks dksV&fjV~ohV fd;k gS] ftlesa mUgksua s fy[kk gS] ^^Retweet: lkekftd U;k; dh e'kky ftu gkFkksa esa lqjf{kr gS] ftUgksua s NEET dh vkWy bafM;k lhVksa esa OBC vkj{k.k ykxw djk;k] ftUgksua s eafnjksa esa lHkh tkfr;ksa ds vkSj efgyk iqtkjh fu;qä dj fn,] ftUgksua s rfeyukMq esa EWS ykxw ugha gksus fn;k ,sls LVSfyu fcgkj vk jgs gSAa #WelcomeStalin** QSDV&psd % ok;jy nkos dh gdhdr tkuus ds fy, Mh,Qvkj,lh ¼fMftVy QkWjfs Uld fjlpZ ,aM ,sufyfVd lsVa j½ Vhe us xwxy ij dqN dh&oMZ lpZ fd,A bl nkSjku gesa dbZ ehfM;k fjiksVl ~Z feyhaA 26 2024 vad&148 'kks/&n`f"V fyad& https://x.com/_AmleshSingh/status/ 1671952951324332033 fyad& https://x.com/highcourtallad/status/ 1671921752912580608 isfj;kj dk uke bjksM osd a V uk;dj jkeklkeh gSA oks ,d lekt lqèkkjd] nzfoM+ vkanksyu ds tud vkSj chloha lnh ds rfeyukMq ds ,d ize[q k jktuhfrK FksA osclkbV U;wt 18 }kjk ifCy'k fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj& isfj;kj dk tUe rfeyukMq ds bZjksM esa ,d èkuh O;kikjh ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA ysfdu tYn gh oks ukfLrd gks x,A 19 lky dh mez esa mUgksua s firk dh ethZ ls igyh 'kknh 14 lky dh ukxEek ls dh FkhA ukxEek ds ckjs esa dgk tkrk gS fd oks dkQh nksLrkuk vkSj tehu ls tqM+h jgus okyh efgyk FkhaA ukxEek vkSj isfj;kj dh ,d csVh Hkh gqbZ Fkh ysfdu ikap ekg ckn gh oks py clhA blds ckn mUgsa cPpk ugha gqvkA 1933 esa ukxEek ds fuèku ds ckn isfj;kj us fQj dksbZ 'kknh ugha djus dk QSlyk dj fy;k FkkA isfj;kj iwjh rjg ls vius dke ds izfr lefiZr gks x,A isfj;kj us 1919 esa dkaxl sz dh lnL;rk NksM+dj nzfoM+ d"xe ds uke ls ,d ubZ vkSj etcwr ikVhZ cukbZA osclkbV QsfefuTe bu bafM;k us bafXy'k esa isfj;kj ds vius ls NksVh efgyk ls 'kknh djus ds lanHkZ esa tUes bl feFk dh lPpkbZ lkeus ykus okyh ,d yach&pkSM+h fjiksVZ izdkf'kr dh gSA bl fjiksVZ esa crk;k x;k gS fd&efu;EebZ tfLVl ikVhZ dh lnL; dukxklkckbZ dh csVh Fkha vkSj vkRe&lEeku vkanksyu ds fl)karksa esa dêj fo'okl j[kus okyh efu;EebZ 20 lky dh mez esa vius firk ds fuèku ds ckn nzfoM+ d"xe ¼isfj;kj }kjk LFkkfir½ esa 'kkfey gks xbZAa mUgsa 'kknh esa dksbZ fnypLih ugha Fkh vkSj mUgksua s ,slk thou thus ls budkj dj fn;k tks lekt efgykvksa ds fy, fuèkkZfjr djrk FkkA og laxBu ds izfr lefiZr Fkha vkSj isfj;kj dh lcls Hkjksles na vuq;k;h cu xbZAa ¼fgUnh vuqokn½ ogha U;wt 18 dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj isfj;kj us vius v[kckj fonqrykbZ esa c;ku fn;k Fkk fd fiNys ikap lkyksa ls efu;EebZ mudh ns[kjs[k dj jgh gSAa og nzfoM+ d"xe ds vkn'kksZa ds izfr Hkh lefiZr gSAa blfy, eSua s QSlyk fy;k fd eSa efu;EebZ ds lkFk fookg ds xBcaèku esa caèk tkÅa rkfd 2024 vad&148 27 'kks/&n`f"V osclkbV feminisminindia.com ds vuqlkj& isfj;kj] ,d ukjhoknh ftUgksua s efgykvksa ds laifÙk vfèkdkjksa ds fy, yM+kbZ yM+h] 'kq)rk vkSj ekr`Ro ds feFkdksa dks [kkfjt fd;k vkSj efgykvksa ds fy, 50 izfr'kr vkj{k.k dh odkyr dh] vNwr cus jgsxa s vkSj mudh fojklr vf}rh; jgsxh--- 21oha lnh esa isfj;kj dh 'kknh ds fy, fdlh Hkh rjg ds vkSfpR; 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