Saxony - Wikipedia

Saxony - Wikipedia
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State in Germany
This article is about the modern federal state in Germany. For other uses, see
Saxony (disambiguation)
"Sachsen" redirects here. For various ships, see
Sachsen
(ship)
. For the German naval class, see
Sachsen
-class frigate
State in Germany
Free State of Saxony
Freistaat Sachsen
German
Freischdaad Saggsn
Upper Saxon
Swobodny stat Sakska
Upper Sorbian
State
Flag
Coat of arms
Anthem:
Sachsenlied
de
Coordinates:
51°1′37″N
13°21′32″E
 / 
51.02694°N 13.35889°E
 /
51.02694; 13.35889
Country
Germany
Capital
Dresden
Largest city
Leipzig
Government
• Body
Landtag of Saxony
Minister-President
Michael Kretschmer
CDU
• Governing parties
CDU
SPD
Bundesrat votes
4 (of 69)
Bundestag seats
30 (of 630)
(as of 2025)
Area
• Total
18,449.86 km
(7,123.53 sq mi)
Population
(2023)
• Total
4,089,467
• Density
221.6530/km
(574.0787/sq mi)
Demonym
Saxon
GDP
• Total
€167.973 billion (2025)
• Per capita
€41,553 (2025)
Time zone
UTC+1
CET
• Summer (
DST
UTC+2
CEST
ISO 3166 code
DE-SN
NUTS Region
DED
HDI
(2022)
0.944
very high
8th of 16
Website
www
.sachsen
.de
/en
Map
Saxony
officially the
Free State of Saxony
is a landlocked
state of Germany
, bordering the states of
Brandenburg
Saxony-Anhalt
Thuringia
, and
Bavaria
, as well as the countries of
Poland
and the
Czech Republic
. Its capital is
Dresden
, and its largest city is
Leipzig
. Saxony is the
tenth largest
of Germany's sixteen states, with an area of 18,413 square kilometres (7,109 sq mi), and the
seventh most populous
, with more than 4 million inhabitants.
The term
Saxony
has been in use for more than a millennium. It was used for the medieval
Duchy of Saxony
, the
Electorate of Saxony
of the
Holy Roman Empire
, the
Kingdom of Saxony
, and twice for a republic. The first
Free State of Saxony
was established in 1918 as a constituent state of the
Weimar Republic
. After
World War II
, it was under Soviet occupation before it became part of communist
East Germany
and was abolished by the government in 1952. Following
German reunification
, the Free State of Saxony was reconstituted with enlarged borders in 1990 and became one of the five
new states
of the Federal Republic of Germany.
The area of the modern state of Saxony should not be confused with
Old Saxony
, the area inhabited by
Saxons
. Old Saxony corresponds roughly to the modern German states of
Lower Saxony
Saxony-Anhalt
, and the
Westphalian
portion of
North Rhine-Westphalia
. Historically the region of Saxony has sometimes been referred to as Upper Saxony or Obersachsen in German to distinguish it from Lower Saxony.
The state is also home to a minority of
Sorbs
, a
West Slavic
ethnic group native to the area, numbering an estimated 80,000 people.
History
edit
Main article:
History of Saxony
Saxony has a long history as a
duchy
, an
electorate
of the
Holy Roman Empire
(the
Electorate of Saxony
), and finally as a
kingdom
(the
Kingdom of Saxony
). In 1918, after Germany's defeat in
World War I
, its monarchy was overthrown and a republican form of government was established under the current name. The state was broken up into smaller units during communist rule (1949–1989), but was re-established on 3 October 1990 on the reunification of
East
and
West Germany
Prehistory
edit
In prehistoric times, the territory of present-day Saxony was the site of some of the largest of the ancient central European
monumental temples
, dating from the fifth millennium BC. Notable archaeological sites have been discovered in Dresden and the villages of Eythra and
Zwenkau
near Leipzig. The
Germanic
presence in the territory of today's Saxony is thought to have begun in the first century BC.
Parts of Saxony were possibly under the control of the Germanic King
Marobod
during the Roman empire era. By the late Roman period, several tribes known as the
Saxons
emerged, from which the subsequent state(s) draw their name.
Stem Duchy of Saxony
edit
Main articles:
Old Saxony
Duchy of Saxony
, and
Sorbian March
Since the late 6th century, the territory of modern-day Saxony and parts of Thuringia was populated by
Polabian Slavs
, most prominently the
Sorbs
. It was conquered by
Francia
and subsequently organized as the
Sorbian March
A legacy of this period is the modern ethnic group of
Sorbs
in Saxony. Eastern and western
parts of present Saxony were ruled by
Bohemia
at various times between 1075 and 1635 (with some intermissions), and
Schirgiswalde
(Upper Sorbian:
Šěrachów
Czech
Šerachov
) remained a Bohemian exclave until 1809. Eastern parts were also ruled by Poland between 1002 and 1032, by the
Duchy of Jawor
, the southwesternmost duchy of fragmented
Piast
-ruled Poland, from 1319 to 1346,
10
and by
Hungary
from 1469 to 1490,
11
and
Pechern
(Upper Sorbian:
Pěchč
) was part of the
Duchy of Żagań
, one of the
Lower Silesian
duchies formed in the course of the medieval fragmentation of Poland,
12
remaining under the Piast dynasty until 1472.
Henry the Lion
(with his wife
Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony
) being crowned as the
Duke of Saxony
The first medieval
Duchy of Saxony
was a late
Early Middle Ages
Carolingian
stem duchy
", which emerged around the start of the 8th century AD and grew to include the greater part of Northern
Germany
, what are now the modern German states of
Bremen
Hamburg
Lower Saxony
North Rhine-Westphalia
Schleswig-Holstein
and
Saxony-Anhalt
. Saxons converted to Christianity during this period, with
Charlemagne
outlawing pagan practices.
13
This geographical region is unrelated to present-day Saxony but the name moved southwards due to certain historical events (see below).
Holy Roman Empire
edit
Main article:
Electorate of Saxony
The territory of the Free State of Saxony became part of the
Holy Roman Empire
by the 10th century, when the dukes of Saxony were also kings (or emperors) of the Holy Roman Empire, comprising the
Ottonian
, or Saxon, dynasty. The
Margravate of Meissen
was founded in 985 as a
frontier march
, that soon extended to the
Kwisa
(Queis) river to the east and as far as the Ore Mountains. In the process of
Ostsiedlung
, settlement of German farmers in the sparsely populated area was promoted. Around this time, the
Billungs
, a
Saxon
noble family, received extensive lands in Saxony. The emperor eventually gave them the title of
dukes of Saxony
. After
Duke Magnus
died in 1106, causing the extinction of the male line of Billungs, oversight of the duchy was given to
Lothar of Supplinburg
, who also became emperor for a short time.
In 1137, control of Saxony passed to the
Guelph
dynasty, descendants of Wulfhild Billung, eldest daughter of the last Billung duke, and the daughter of Lothar of Supplinburg. In 1180 large portions west of the Weser were ceded to the
Bishops of Cologne
, while some central parts between the Weser and the Elbe remained with the Guelphs, becoming later the Duchy of
Brunswick-Lüneburg
. The remaining eastern lands, together with the title of Duke of Saxony, passed to an
Ascanian
dynasty (descended from
Eilika Billung
, Wulfhild's younger sister) and were divided in 1260 into the two small states of
Saxe-Lauenburg
and
Saxe-Wittenberg
. The former state was also named
Lower Saxony
, the latter
Upper Saxony
, thence the later names of the two
Imperial Circles
Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wittenberg. Both claimed the Saxon
electoral privilege
for themselves, but the
Golden Bull of 1356
accepted only Wittenberg's claim, with Lauenburg nevertheless continuing to maintain its claim. In 1422, when the Saxon electoral line of the Ascanians became extinct, the Ascanian
Eric V of Saxe-Lauenburg
tried to reunite the Saxon duchies.
However,
Sigismund
King of the Romans
, had already granted Margrave
Frederick IV the Warlike
of
Meissen
House of Wettin
) an expectancy of the Saxon electorate in order to remunerate his military support. On 1 August 1425 Sigismund enfeoffed the Wettinian Frederick as Prince-Elector of Saxony, despite the protests of Eric V. Thus the Saxon territories remained permanently separated.
The
Electorate of Saxony
was then merged with the much larger Wettinian
Margraviate of Meissen
; however, it used the higher-ranking title Electorate of Saxony and even the Ascanian coat-of-arms for the entire monarchy.
14
Thus Saxony came to include
Dresden
and
Meissen
. Hence, the territory of the modern Free State of Saxony shares the name with the old Saxon stem duchy for historical and dynastic reasons rather than any significant ethnic, linguistic or cultural connection. In the 18th and 19th centuries Saxe-Lauenburg was colloquially called the
Duchy of Lauenburg
, which was held in a personal union by the
Electorate of Hanover
from the 18th century to the Napoleonic wars, and in a personal union with Denmark (along with neighbouring
Holstein
and
Schleswig
) for much the 19th century. In 1876 it was absorbed into
Prussia
as the
Duchy of Lauenburg district
of the
Province of Schleswig-Holstein
).
Foundation of the second Saxon state
edit
The
Electorate of Saxony
within the
Holy Roman Empire
(1618)
Saxe-Wittenberg, mostly in modern
Saxony-Anhalt
, became subject to the
margravate of Meissen
, ruled by the
Wettin
dynasty in 1423. This established a new and powerful state, occupying large portions of the present Free State of Saxony, Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Bavaria (Coburg and its environs). Although the centre of this state was far to the southeast of the former Saxony, it came to be referred to as
Upper Saxony
and then simply
Saxony
, while the former Saxon territories in the north were now known as
Lower Saxony
(the modern term
Niedersachsen
deriving from this).
In 1485, Saxony was split in the
Treaty of Leipzig
. A collateral line of the Wettin princes received what later became
Thuringia
and founded several small states there (see
Ernestine duchies
). Since these princes were allowed to use the Saxon coat of arms, in many towns of Thuringia, the coat of arms can still be found in historical buildings.
Albert III
received the
Meissen
area and established
Dresden
as the capital of the
Duchy of Saxony
nl
fr
es
15
The remaining Saxon state became still more powerful, receiving
Upper
and
Lower Lusatia
in the
Peace of Prague (1635)
. It also became known in the 18th century for its cultural achievements, although it was politically weaker than
Prussia
and
Austria
, states which oppressed Saxony from the north and south, respectively.
Between 1697 and 1763, two successive
Electors of Saxony
were also elected
Kings of Poland
in
personal union
. Many landmarks in Saxony date from this period and contain remnants of the former close Polish-Saxon relation, such as the
coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
on the facades and in the interiors of palaces, churches, edifices, etc. (e.g.
Zwinger
Dresden Cathedral
Moritzburg Castle
), and on numerous mileposts, and the close political and cultural relationship persisted well into the 19th century, with Saxony being the place of preparations for the Polish
Kościuszko Uprising
against the
partitioning
powers,
16
and one of the chief destinations for Polish refugees from partitioned Poland, including the artistic and political elite, such as composer
Frédéric Chopin
, war hero
Józef Bem
and writer
Adam Mickiewicz
17
In 1756, Saxony joined a coalition of Austria,
France
and
Russia
against Prussia.
Frederick II of Prussia
chose to attack preemptively and invaded Saxony in August 1756, precipitating the
Third Silesian War
(part of the
Seven Years' War
). The Prussians quickly defeated Saxony and incorporated the
Saxon army
into the
Prussian Army
. At the end of the Seven Years' War, Saxony recovered its independence in the 1763
Treaty of Hubertusburg
19th century
edit
The Kingdom of Saxony after the
Congress of Vienna
Further information:
Kingdom of Saxony
In 1806, French Emperor
Napoleon
abolished the
Holy Roman Empire
and established the Electorate of Saxony as a kingdom in exchange for military support. The
Elector
Frederick Augustus III accordingly became King
Frederick Augustus I of Saxony
. Frederick Augustus remained loyal to Napoleon during the wars that swept Europe in the following years; he was taken prisoner and his territories were declared forfeit by the allies in 1813, after the defeat of Napoleon. Prussia intended the annexation of Saxony but the opposition of
Austria
, France, and the
United Kingdom
to this plan resulted in the restoration of Frederick Augustus to his throne at the
Congress of Vienna
although he was forced to cede the northern part of the kingdom to Prussia, which led to the loss of nearly 60% of the Saxon territory,
18
and 40% of its population. Most of these lands were merged with the
Duchy of Magdeburg
, the
Altmark
and some smaller territories to become the Prussian
Province of Saxony
, a predecessor of the modern state of
Saxony-Anhalt
Lower Lusatia
and part of the former Saxe-Wittenberg territory became part of the
Province of Brandenburg
and the northeastern part of
Upper Lusatia
became part of the
Province of Silesia
. The
rump
Kingdom of Saxony had roughly the same extent as the present state, albeit slightly smaller.
Saxony before the Congress of Vienna compared to present-day Saxony
Meanwhile, in 1815, the Kingdom of Saxony joined the
German Confederation
19
In the politics of the Confederation, Saxony was overshadowed by Prussia and Austria. King
Anthony of Saxony
came to the throne of Saxony in 1827. Shortly thereafter, liberal pressures in Saxony mounted and broke out in revolt during 1830—a
year of revolution
in Europe.
19
The revolution in Saxony resulted in a constitution for the Kingdom of Saxony that served as the basis for its government until 1918.
19
During the
1848–49 constitutionalist revolutions in Germany
, Saxony became a hotbed of revolutionaries, with anarchists such as
Mikhail Bakunin
and democrats including
Richard Wagner
and
Gottfried Semper
taking part in the
May Uprising in Dresden
in 1849. The May uprising in Dresden forced King
Frederick Augustus II of Saxony
to concede further reforms to the Saxon government.
19
In 1854 Frederick Augustus II's brother, King
John of Saxony
, succeeded to the throne. A scholar, King John translated
Dante
19
King John followed a federalistic and pro-Austrian policy throughout the early 1860s until the outbreak of the
Austro-Prussian War
. During that war, Prussian troops overran Saxony without resistance and then invaded Austrian
Bohemia
20
After the war, Saxony was forced to pay an indemnity and to join the
North German Confederation
in 1867.
21
Under the terms of the North German Confederation, Prussia took over control of the Saxon postal system, railroads, military and foreign affairs.
21
In the
Franco-Prussian War
of 1870, Saxon troops fought together with Prussian and other German troops against France.
21
In 1871, Saxony joined the newly formed
German Empire
21
20th century
edit
The Free State of Saxony 1945–1952
After King
Frederick Augustus III of Saxony
abdicated on 13 November 1918, Saxony, remaining a constituent state of Germany (
Weimar Republic
), became the
Free State of Saxony
under a new constitution enacted on 1 November 1920. In October 1923, when the
Communist Party of Germany
entered the
Social Democratic
-led government in Dresden with
hidden revolutionary intentions
, the Reich government under Chancellor
Gustav Stresemann
used a
Reichsexekution
to send troops into Saxony to remove the Communists from the government.
22
The state retained its name and borders during the Nazi era as a
Gau
Gau Saxony
), but lost its quasi-autonomous status and its parliamentary democracy.
During
World War II
, under the secret Nazi programme
Aktion T4
, an estimated 15,000 people suffering from mental and physical disabilities, as well as a number of concentration camp inmates, were murdered at
Sonnenstein killing centre
near
Pirna
. Numerous subcamps of the
Buchenwald
Flossenburg
and
Gross-Rosen
concentration camps were operated in Saxony.
23
24
25
The
State of Saxony
within the
Soviet occupation zone in Germany
and later the
German Democratic Republic
. (1945–1952)
As the war drew to its end, U.S. troops under General
George Patton
occupied the western part of Saxony in April 1945, while
Soviet troops occupied
the eastern part. That summer, the entire state was handed over to Soviet forces as agreed in the
London Protocol of September 1944
. Britain, the US, and the USSR then negotiated Germany's future at the
Potsdam Conference
. Under the
Potsdam Agreement
, all German territory East of the
Oder-Neisse line
was annexed by Poland and the Soviet Union, and, unlike in the aftermath of
World War I
, the annexing powers were allowed to expel the inhabitants. During the following three years,
Poland
and
Czechoslovakia expelled
German-speaking people from their territories, and some of these expellees came to Saxony. Only a small area of Saxony lying east of the
Neisse
River and centred around the town of
Reichenau
(Bogatynia) was annexed by Poland. Traditional close relations of Saxony with neighbouring German-speaking
Egerland
were thus completely destroyed, making the border of Saxony along the
Ore Mountains
a linguistic border.
Part of the former
Prussian
province of Lower Silesia
lay west of the
Oder-Neisse line
and therefore was separated from the bulk of its former province; the
Soviet Military Administration in Germany
(SVAG) merged this territory into Saxony.
26
This former Silesian territory broadly corresponded with the Upper Lusatian territory annexed by Prussia in 1815.
On
20 October 1946, SVAG organised elections for the Saxon state parliament
Landtag
), but many people were arbitrarily excluded from candidacy and suffrage, and the Soviet Union openly supported the
Socialist Unity Party of Germany
(SED). The new minister-president
Rudolf Friedrichs
(SED), had been a member of the
SPD
until April 1946. He met his Bavarian counterparts in the U.S. zone of occupation in October 1946 and May 1947, but died suddenly in mysterious circumstances the following month. He was succeeded by
Max Seydewitz
, a loyal follower of
Joseph Stalin
citation needed
The
German Democratic Republic
(East Germany), including Saxony, was established in 1949 out of the
Soviet
zone of
Occupied Germany
, becoming a
constitutionally socialist state
, part of
COMECON
and the
Warsaw Pact
, under the leadership of the
SED
. In 1952 the government abolished the Free State of Saxony, and divided its territory into three
Bezirke
Leipzig
Dresden
, and
Karl-Marx-Stadt
(formerly and currently
Chemnitz
). Areas around
Hoyerswerda
were also part of the
Cottbus Bezirk
The Free State of Saxony was reconstituted with slightly altered borders in 1990, following
German reunification
. Besides the formerly Silesian area of Saxony, which was mostly included in the territory of the new Saxony, the free state gained further areas north of
Leipzig
that had belonged to
Saxony-Anhalt
until 1952.
Geography
edit
This section
needs expansion
. You can help by
adding missing information
May 2020
Topography
edit
See also:
List of mountains and hills of Saxony
and
Natural regions of Saxony
The highest mountain in Saxony is the
Fichtelberg
(1,215 m; 3,986 ft) in the
Western Ore Mountains
Rivers
edit
See also:
List of rivers of Saxony
Topographic map of Saxony
There are numerous rivers in Saxony. The
Elbe
is the most dominant one. The
Neisse
defines the border between Saxony and Poland. Other rivers include the
Mulde
and the
White Elster
Largest cities and towns
edit
See also:
List of cities in Saxony by population
The largest cities and towns in Saxony according to the 31 July 2022 estimate are listed below.
27
Leipzig forms a
conurbation
with
Halle
, known as
Ballungsraum Leipzig/Halle
28
The latter city is located just across the border of
Saxony-Anhalt
. Leipzig shares, for instance, an
S-train
system (known as
S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland
29
and an airport
30
with Halle.
Rank
City
Population
Leipzig
612,441
Dresden
560,648
Chemnitz
246,537
Zwickau
87,027
Plauen
64,419
Görlitz
56,443
Freiberg
40,271
Freital
39,576
Pirna
38,771
10
Bautzen
38,331
Leipzig
Dresden
Chemnitz
Zwickau
Plauen
Görlitz
Freiberg
Freital
Bautzen
Politics
edit
Michael Kretschmer, Minister President since 2017
Saxony is a parliamentary democracy. The
Minister President of Saxony
heads the government of Saxony.
Michael Kretschmer
has been Minister President since 13 December 2017.
2024 state election
edit
Main article:
2024 Saxony state election
Party
Party-list
Constituency
Total
seats
+/–
Votes
Seats
Votes
Seats
Christian Democratic Union
749,216
31.91
15
805,231
34.43
27
42
Alternative for Germany
719,274
30.63
13
794,176
33.96
28
41
Bündnis Sahra Wagenknecht
277,173
11.81
15
148,350
6.34
15
New
Social Democratic Party
172,002
7.33
144,407
6.17
Alliance 90/The Greens
119,964
5.11
119,016
5.09
The Left
104,888
4.47
149,120
6.38
Free Voters
53,008
2.26
113,042
4.83
Free Saxons
52,195
2.22
12,771
0.55
Action Party for Animal Welfare
23,576
1.00
Free Democratic Party
21,003
0.89
33,644
1.44
Die PARTEI
19,870
0.85
2,607
0.11
Pirate Party
6,842
0.29
Bündnis Deutschland
6,753
0.29
972
0.04
New
Values Union
6,469
0.28
1,819
0.08
New
Grassroots Democratic Party of Germany
4,483
0.19
702
0.03
New
Alliance C
4,368
0.19
V-Partei3
3,286
0.14
Ecological Democratic Party
1,966
0.08
322
0.01
Civil Rights Movement Solidarity
1,580
0.07
752
0.03
Team Zastrow
6,984
0.30
Solutions for our region
2,152
0.09
Party of Progress
248
0.01
We Are Leipzig
382
0.02
Independents
2,038
0.09
Total
2,347,916
100.00
60
2,338,735
100.00
60
120
Valid votes
2,347,916
99.16
2,338,735
98.78
Invalid/blank votes
19,783
0.84
28,964
1.22
Total votes
2,367,699
100.00
2,367,699
100.00
Registered voters/turnout
3,181,013
74.43
3,181,013
74.43
Members of the state government
edit
See also:
Second Kretschmer cabinet
and
List of ministers-president of Saxony
Government office
Picture
Name
Party
State Secretary
Party
Minister President
Michael Kretschmer
CDU
First Deputy of the Minister President
Wolfram Günther
B'90/Die Grünen
Saxon State Ministry for Energy, Climate protection, Environment und Agriculture
(SMEKUL)
Gerd Lippold
Gisela Reetz
B'90/Die Grünen
Second Deputy of the Minister President
Martin Dulig
SPD
Saxon State Ministry for Economic Affairs, Labour and Transport
(SMWA)
Hartmut Mangold
Ines Fröhlich
SPD
Saxon State Ministry of the Interior
(SMI)
Roland Wöller
CDU
Thomas Rechentin
Head of office
CDU
Saxon State Ministry of Finance
(SMF)
Hartmut Vorjohann
CDU
Dirk Diedrichs
Head of office
non-party
Saxon State Ministry of Justice and for Democracy, European Affairs and Equality
(SMJ)
Katja Meier
B'90/Die Grünen
Mathias Weilandt
Gesine Märtens
B'90/Die Grünen
Saxon State Ministry of Education
(SMK)
Christian Piwarz
CDU
Herbert Wolff
CDU
Saxon State Ministry of Science
(SMWK)
Sebastian Gemkow
CDU
Andrea Franke
CDU
Saxon State Ministry of Culture and Tourism
(SMWK)
Barbara Klepsch
CDU
Saxon State Ministry of Social Affairs
(SMS)
Petra Köpping
SPD
Uwe Gaul
(until July 5, 2021)
Sebastian Vogel
(since July 6, 2021)
Dagmar Neukirch
SPD
Saxon State Ministry of Regional Development
(SMR)
Thomas Schmidt
CDU
Frank Pfeil
non-party
Head of the
Saxon State Chancellery
and State Minister of Federal matters and Media
Oliver Schenk
CDU
Thomas Popp
Digital Administration and Administrative modernization (Member of the state government)
Conrad Clemens
Authorized representative of the free state Saxony to the federal government of Germany
CDU
2024 European Parliament Election
edit
In the
2024 European Parliament election
AfD
received the highest percentage of votes in Saxony, winning 31.8% of the ballots. The other states where AfD has become the strongest party are
Thuringia
Saxony-Anhalt
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
, and
Brandenburg
. These four states were part of
East Germany
like Saxony. Compared to the last election, AfD increased their votes in Saxony which was 25.3% in the
2019 European Parliament election
31
32
CDU/CSU
received 21.8% of the votes in Saxony and became the second strongest party in the 2024 EP election.
BSW
was in the third place by receiving 12.6% of the votes.
The Left
lost a significant proportion of their votes compared to the 2019 election. Their votes regressed from 11.7% to 4.9%.
33
Federal politics
edit
Saxony has 16
constituencies
for the
Bundestag
Electoral districts of
Saxony
in the German
Bundestag
Current
Nordsachsen
Leipzig I
Leipzig II
Leipzig-Land
Meissen
Bautzen I
Görlitz
Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge
Dresden I
Dresden II – Bautzen II
Mittelsachsen
Chemnitz
Chemnitzer Umland – Erzgebirgskreis II
Erzgebirgskreis I
Zwickau
Vogtlandkreis
Other states
Baden-Württemberg
Bavaria‎
Berlin
Brandenburg‎
Bremen
Hamburg‎
Hesse
Lower Saxony
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
North Rhine-Westphalia
Rhineland-Palatinate‎
Saarland
Saxony-Anhalt‎
Schleswig-Holstein‎
Thuringia‎
See also
List of Bundestag constituencies
Elections in Germany
Administration
edit
Saxony is divided into 10 districts:
Map of Saxony's 10 districts
1.
Bautzen
(BZ)
2.
Erzgebirgskreis
(ERZ)
3.
Görlitz
(GR)
4.
Leipzig
(L)
5.
Meissen
(MEI) (Meissen)
6.
Mittelsachsen
(FG)
7.
Nordsachsen
(TDO)
8.
Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge
(PIR)
9.
Vogtlandkreis
(V)
10.
Zwickau
(Z)
In addition, three cities have the status of an
urban district
German
kreisfreie Stadt
):
Chemnitz
(C)
Dresden
(DD)
Leipzig
(L)
Between 1990 and 2008, Saxony was divided into the three regions (
Regierungsbezirke
) of
Chemnitz
Dresden
, and
Leipzig
. The
1994–1996 Saxony district reform
created 22 new districts and seven independent cities. After the
2008 Saxony district reform
, these regions – with some alterations of their respective areas – were called
Direktionsbezirke
. In 2012, the authorities of these regions were merged into one central authority, the
Landesdirektion Sachsen
de
Demographics
edit
Population change
edit
Saxony is a densely populated state if compared with more rural German states such as
Bavaria
or
Lower Saxony
. However, the population has declined over time. The population of Saxony began declining in the 1950s due to emigration, a process which accelerated after the fall of the
Berlin Wall
in 1989. After bottoming out in 2013, the population has stabilized due to increased immigration and higher fertility rates. The cities of Leipzig, Dresden and Chemnitz, and the towns of Radebeul and Markkleeberg in their vicinity, have seen their populations increase since 2000. The following tables illustrate the foreign resident populations and the population of Saxony from 1816 to 2022:
Significant foreign resident populations as of 31 December
34
Nationality
Population (2022)
| Population (2023)
Ukraine
61,795
65,750
Syria
31,310
37,985
Poland
23,730
25,170
Romania
15,725
16,200
Afghanistan
9,270
14,605
Russia
11,620
13,985
Vietnam
9,735
10,020
Turkey
7,130
9,790
Czech Republic
8,840
9,745
India
7,675
8,670
Historical population
Year
Pop.
±%
1816
1,200,000
1837
1,652,114
+37.7%
1849
1,894,431
+14.7%
1858
2,122,148
+12.0%
1871
2,556,244
+20.5%
1880
2,972,805
+16.3%
1885
3,182,003
+7.0%
1890
3,502,684
+10.1%
1895
3,787,688
+8.1%
1900
4,202,216
+10.9%
1905
4,508,601
+7.3%
1910
4,806,661
+6.6%
1914
4,986,000
+3.7%
Year
Pop.
±%
1919
4,670,311
−6.3%
1925
4,996,138
+7.0%
1939
5,158,329
+3.2%
1946
5,558,566
+7.8%
1950
5,682,802
+2.2%
1964
5,463,571
−3.9%
1970
5,419,187
−0.8%
1981
5,152,857
−4.9%
1990
4,775,873
−7.3%
2000
4,384,192
−8.2%
2011
4,056,799
−7.5%
2022
4,038,131
−0.5%
Birthrate
edit
The average number of children per woman in Saxony was 1.60 in 2018, the fourth-highest rate of all German states.
35
Within Saxony, the highest is the
Bautzen
district with 1.77, while Leipzig is the lowest with 1.49. Dresden's fertility rate of 1.58 is the highest of all German cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants.
Sorbian population
edit
Saxony is home to the
Sorbs
. There are currently between 45,000 and 60,000 Sorbs living in Saxony (Upper Lusatia region).
36
37
Today's Sorb minority is the remainder of the Slavic population that settled throughout Saxony in the early Middle Ages and over time slowly assimilated into the German speaking society. Many geographic names in Saxony are of Sorbic origin (including the three largest cities
Chemnitz
Dresden
and
Leipzig
). The Sorbic language and culture are protected by special laws and cities and villages in eastern Saxony that are inhabited by a significant number of Sorbian inhabitants have bilingual street signs and administrative offices provide service in both, German and Sorbian. The Sorbs enjoy cultural self-administration which is exercised through the
Domowina
. Former
Minister President
Stanislaw Tillich
is of Sorbian ancestry and has been the first leader of a German state from a national minority.
Religion
edit
Religion in Saxony – 2011
religion
fraction
EKD Protestants
21.4%
Roman Catholics
3.8%
Evangelische Freikirchen
0.9%
Orthodox churches
0.3%
Other religions
1.0%
Unaffiliated
72.6%
As of 2011, 72.6% of people are not affiliated with any religion. The
Protestant Church in Germany
represents the largest
Christian
denomination in the state, adhered to by 21.4% of the population. Members of the
Roman Catholic Church
formed a minority of 3.8%. About 0.9% of the Saxons belonged to an Evangelical
free church
Evangelische Freikirche
, i.e. various Protestants outside the EKD), 0.3% to Orthodox churches and 1% to other religious communities.
38
The
Moravian Church
(see above) still maintains its religious centre in Herrnhut and it is there where 'The
Daily Watchwords
(Losungen) are selected each year which are in use in many churches worldwide. In particular in the larger cities, there are numerous smaller religious communities.
The international
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
has a presence in the
Freiberg Germany Temple
which was the first of its kind in Germany, opened in 1985 even before its counterpart in Western Germany. It now also serves as a religious center for the church members in Poland, the Czech Republic,
Slovakia
, and
Hungary
39
In Leipzig, there is a significant
Buddhist
community, which mainly caters to the population of Vietnamese origin, with one Buddhist temple built in 2008 and another one currently under construction.
40
The
Sikh
faith also maintains a presence in Saxony's three largest cities with three (though small)
Gurdwara
41
Economy
edit
The
Gross domestic product
(GDP) of the state was 124.6 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 3.7% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 28,100 euros or 93% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 85% of the EU average. The GDP per capita was the highest of the states of the former GDR.
42
Saxony has a "very high"
Human Development Index
value of 0.930 (2018), which is at the same level as Denmark.
43
Within Germany Saxony is
ranked 9th
Unemployment rate
Year
1999
17.2
2000
17.0
2001
17.5
2002
17.8
2003
17.9
2004
17.8
2005
18.3
2006
17.0
2007
14.7
2008
12.8
2009
12.9
Year
2010
11.8
2011
10.6
2012
9.8
2013
9.8
2014
8.8
2015
8.2
2016
7.5
2017
6.7
2018
6.0
2019
5.5
Saxony has, after Saxony-Anhalt,
44
the most vibrant economy of the states of the former
East Germany
(GDR). Its economy grew by 1.9% in 2010.
45
Nonetheless, unemployment remains above the German average. The eastern part of Germany, excluding
Berlin
, qualifies as an "Objective 1" development-region within the
European Union
, and was eligible to receive investment subsidies up to 30% until 2013.
46
FutureSAX
, a business plan competition and entrepreneurial support organisation, has been in operation since 2002.
47
Microchip-makers near Dresden have given the region the nickname "
Silicon Saxony
". The publishing and porcelain industries of the region are well known, although their contributions to the regional economy are no longer significant. Today, the automobile industry, machinery production, and services mainly contribute to the economic development of the region.
Saxony reported an average unemployment of 5.5% in 2019.
48
The Leipzig area, which until recently was among the regions with the highest unemployment rate, could benefit greatly from investments by
Porsche
and
BMW
. With the
VW Phaeton
factory in Dresden, and many parts suppliers, the automobile industry has again become one of the pillars of Saxon industry, as it was in the early 20th century.
Zwickau
is another major Volkswagen location.
Freiberg
, a former mining town, has emerged as a foremost location for solar technology. Dresden and some other regions of Saxony play a leading role in some areas of international biotechnology, such as electronic bioengineering. While these high-technology sectors do not yet offer a large number of jobs, they have stopped or even reversed the
brain drain
that was occurring until the early 2000s in many parts of Saxony.
49
Regional universities have strengthened their positions by partnering with local industries.
Glashütte
is the birthplace of the
German watchmaking industry
and home to highly regarded watch manufacturers such as
A. Lange & Söhne
and
Glashütte Original
Dresden is the hub of
Silicon Saxony
Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk
is one of Germany's public broadcasters.
Leipzig/Halle Airport
is the main hub of
DHL
and the fifth-busiest airport in Europe in terms of cargo traffic.
Glashütte
is the birthplace of the German watchmaking industry.
VNG – Verbundnetz Gas
in Leipzig is the third-largest natural-gas importer in Germany.
Porsche
customer center in Leipzig
BMW
production facility in Leipzig
Bombardier Transportation
in Bautzen
International trade
edit
Saxony is a strongly export-oriented economy. In 2018, exports amounted to 40.48 billion euros while imports stood at 24.41 billion euros. The largest export partner of Saxony is
China
with an amount of 6.72 billion euros, while the second largest export market are the United States with 3.59 billion.
50
The largest exporting sectors are the automobile industry and mechanical engineering.
In April 2022, Saxony received about 84% of its imported oil and gas from Russia while nationally Germany only imported about one third from Russia.
51
This is mainly due to the pipeline network, which since the time of the GDR has been strongly integrated with the Soviet Union, similar to other states of Eastern Europe.
52
Tourism
edit
Saxony is a renowned
tourist destination in Germany
. The cities of Dresden and Leipzig are two of Germany's most visited cities.
53
Areas along the border with the Czech Republic, such as the
Lusatian Mountains
Ore Mountains
Saxon Switzerland
, and
Vogtland
, attract significant numbers of visitors. In addition, Saxony has well-preserved historic towns such as
Görlitz
Bautzen
Freiberg
Pirna
Meissen
and
Stolpen
as well as numerous castles and palaces. New tourist destinations are developing, notably in the
Lusatian Lake District
54
Dresden is one of the most visited cities in Germany and Europe.
The
Dresden Frauenkirche
. It now serves as a symbol of reconciliation between former warring enemies.
Leipziger Neuseenland
is a large lake district south of Leipzig, one of Germany's most vibrant cities.
The
Bastei
bridge in
Saxon Switzerland
The Rakotz bridge at
Azalea and Rhododendron Park Kromlau
The historical city of
Görlitz
The
Elbe valley
with
Meissen
in the background
Saxony is home to numerous castles, such as
Schloss Moritzburg
north of Dresden.
Oberwiesenthal
Ore Mountains
Education
edit
Saxony has four large universities, six
Fachhochschulen
(Universities of Applied Sciences) and six
art schools
TU Dresden
is the largest university in Saxony.
The
Dresden University of Technology
(TU Dresden), founded in 1828, is one of Germany's oldest universities, and one of the ten largest universities in Germany. It is a member of
TU9
, a consortium of nine leading German Institutes of Technology.
Leipzig University
, founded in 1409, is one of the oldest universities in the world, and the
second-oldest
university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. Famous alumni include
Leibniz
Goethe
Ranke
Nietzsche
Wagner
Cai Yuanpei
Angela Merkel
Raila Odinga
, and
Tycho Brahe
; the university is, additionally, associated with nine Nobel laureates.
With over 11,000 students, the
Chemnitz University of Technology
is the third largest university in Saxony.
Established in 1765, the
Freiberg University of Mining and Technology
, located in the former mining town of
Freiberg
, is the oldest university of mining and metallurgy in the world.
55
Saxony is home to several
Max Planck Institutes
and research institutions of the
Fraunhofer Society
, and one of the two main campuses of the
German National Library
is located in Leipzig.
Culture
edit
Saxony is part of
Central Germany
as a cultural area. As such, throughout German history it has played an important role in shaping
German culture
Languages
edit
Boundary sign of
Bautzen
/ Budyšin in
German
and
Upper Sorbian
. Many place names in eastern Saxony are derived from Sorbian.
The most common
patois
spoken in Saxony are combined in the group of "
Thuringian
and
Upper Saxon dialects
". Due to the inexact use of the term "Saxon dialects" in colloquial language, the Upper Saxon attribute has been added to distinguish it from
Old Saxon
and
Low Saxon
. Other German dialects spoken in Saxony are the dialects of the
Ore Mountains
, which have been affected by Upper Saxon dialects, and the dialects of the Vogtland, which are more affected by the
East Franconian
languages.
Upper Sorbian
(a
West Slavic language
) is spoken in the parts of
Upper Lusatia
that are inhabited by the Sorbian minority. The Germans in Upper Lusatia speak distinct dialects of their own (Lusatian dialects).
Motherland of the Reformation
edit
Saxony is often seen as the
motherland
of the
Reformation
56
It was predominantly
Lutheran
Protestant
from the
Reformation
until the late 20th century.
The
Electoral Saxony
, a predecessor of today's Saxony, was the original birthplace of the Reformation. The
elector
was Lutheran starting in 1525. The Lutheran church was organized through the late 1510s and the early 1520s. It was
officially established
in 1527 by
John the Steadfast
. Although some of the sites associated with
Martin Luther
also lie in the current state of Saxony-Anhalt (including
Wittenberg
Eisleben
and
Mansfeld
), today's Saxony is usually viewed as the formal successor to what used to be Luther's country back in the 16th century (i.e. the Electoral Saxony).
Martin Luther personally oversaw the Lutheran church in Saxony and shaped it consistently with
his own views and ideas
. The 16th, 17th and 18th centuries were heavily dominated by
Lutheran orthodoxy
. In addition, the
Reformed faith
made inroads with the so-called
crypto Calvinists
, but was strongly persecuted in an overwhelmingly Lutheran state. In the 17th century,
Pietism
became an important influence. In the 18th century, the
Moravian Church
was set up on
Count von Zinzendorf
's property at
Herrnhut
. From 1525, the rulers were traditionally Lutheran and widely acknowledged as
defenders of the Protestant faith
, although – beginning with
Augustus II the Strong
, who was required to convert to Roman Catholicism in 1697 in order to become King of Poland – its monarchs were exclusively Roman Catholic. That meant Augustus and the subsequent Electors of Saxony, who were Roman Catholic, ruled over a state with an almost entirely Protestant population.
In 1925, 90.3% of the Saxon population was Protestant, 3.6% was Roman Catholic, 0.4% was Jewish and 5.7% was placed in other religious categories.
57
After World War II, Saxony was incorporated into East Germany which pursued a policy of
state atheism
. After 45 years of Communist rule, the majority of the population has become unaffiliated. Nonetheless, even during this time Saxony remained an important place of religious dialogue and it was at
Meissen
where the agreement on mutual recognition between the German Evangelical Church and the
Church of England
was signed in 1988.
58
Sports
edit
Red Bull Arena
in
Leipzig
In 2020, there were 4,447 registered sports clubs of various disciplines with over 600,000 members in Saxony.
59
The most popular sport in Saxony is
football
. With
RB Leipzig
there is one Saxon team playing in the
Bundesliga
as well as the European
Champions League
. Leipzig is notable for a longstanding football tradition, a Leipzig
team
having been the first national football champion in German history. Another popular sport is
handball
with
SC DHfK Leipzig
playing in the
Bundesliga
. On a local level sports such as
table tennis
cycling
mountaineering
and
volleyball
are popular.
Rock climbing
edit
See also:
Saxon Switzerland climbing region
Saxony prides itself to have been one of the first places in the world where modern recreational rock climbing was developed.
Falkenstein
rock in the area of
Bad Schandau
is considered to be the place were the German rock climbing tradition started in 1864.
Winter sports
edit
The Ore Mountains in southern Saxony are a traditional center for winter sports, and there are a number of training facilities for the German Winter Olympics team in the region. Thus, climate change poses a certain threat to the development of the region's winter sports industry.
The ski resort of
Oberwiesenthal
is the highest town of Germany, at an altitude of 900 m, though the surrounding mountains do not reach the same height as those found in the alpine areas of
Southern Germany
Art
edit
The 'Dresden Green Diamond' – the largest natural green diamond – is part of the collection of the
Green Vault
The two major cultural centers of Saxony are
Dresden
and
Leipzig
. The two cities have each a unique character which is reflecting the role they played throughout Saxon and German history, Dresden being a political center while Leipzig has been a major trading city. Thus, Dresden is well known for the art collections of the former Saxon kings (
Dresden State Art Collections
with the
Green Vault
and
Zwinger
as the most well-known parts).
Leipzig on the other hand never had a royal court, so its culture is borne largely by its citizens. The city is famous for its relationship with classical music and names like
Johann Sebastian Bach
Mendelssohn
or
Wagner
are linked to it. Over the past decades the city became famous for its modern art scene, most notably the Neue Leipziger Schule (
New Leipzig School
) with artists such as
Neo Rauch
Porcelain
edit
Saxony was the first place in Europe to develop and produce white
porcelain
, a luxury good until then imported only from China. The
Meissen Porcelain
manufactory has been producing porcelain since 1710. It is one of the world's leading porcelain manufacturers and one of the oldest and most internationally known German luxury brands.
60
Cuisine
edit
Main article:
Saxon cuisine
Saxon cuisine encompasses regional cooking traditions of Saxony. In general the cuisine is very hearty and features many peculiarities of Mid-Germany such as a great variety of
sauces
which accompany the
main dish
and the fashion to serve potato dumplings (Klöße/
Knödel
) as a
side dish
instead of
potatoes
pasta
or
rice
. Also much
freshwater fish
is used in Saxon cuisine. The area around Dresden is home to the easternmost wine region in Germany (see:
Saxony (wine region)
).
Anthem
edit
Saxony (as other German states) has its own anthem, dating back to the monarchy of the 19th century. 'Gott segne Sachsenland' (God save Saxony) is based on the melody of
God save the King
Transport
edit
Air
edit
The state has two major international airports:
Leipzig/Halle Airport
which provides flights to other parts of Germany and other European destinations. The airport also serves as the main European hub for cargo flights operated by
DHL Aviation
and the main hub for
AeroLogic
Dresden Airport
also provides flights to other parts of Germany and other European destinations.
See also
edit
Germany portal
Saxony portal
Saxony (wine region)
States of Germany
Notes
edit
German
Sachsen
[ˈzaksn̩]
Upper Saxon
Saggsn
Upper Sorbian
Sakska
German:
Freistaat Sachsen
[ˈfʁaɪʃtaːt
ˈzaksn̩]
; Upper Saxon:
Freischdaad Saggsn
; Upper Sorbian:
Swobodny stat Sakska
[ˈswɔbɔdnɨ
ˈstat
ˈsakska]
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{{
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Bibliography
edit
Pollock, James K.; Thomas, Homer (1952).
Germany in Power and Eclipse
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