Tanaman - Wikipedia

Tanaman - Wikipedia
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Ibat king Wikipedia
Para keng aliwang gamit, lawen ye ing
Tanaman (disambiguation)
Deng tanaman king gabun
(embryophyte)
Deng non-vascular a tanaman
(bryophyte)
Hepatophyta
– deng liverwort
Anthocerophyta
– deng hornwort
Bryophyta
– deng moss
Vascular plants
(tracheophytes)
Lycopodiophyta
– deng clubmoss
Equisetophyta
– deng horsetail
Pteridophyta
– deng “tutung” pakû ("true" ferns)
Psilotophyta
- deng whisk fern
Ophioglossophyta
– deng adderstongue
Seed plants
(spermatophytes)
Pteridospermatophyta
- deng seed fern
Pinophyta
– deng conifer
Cycadophyta
– deng cycad
Ginkgophyta
– deng ginkgo
Gnetophyta
– deng gnetae
Magnoliophyta
– deng tanaman a manyampaga
Template:Taxobox end
Adiantum pedatum
(a
fern
Metung la kareng pekamaragul a grupu da reng mabibye reng
Tanaman
(manga
300,000 a
species
, kayabe no reng balu tamung
organismu
anti reng
dutung
sampaga
dikut
ampong
pakû
. Pinitna nong Aristotle deng eganaganang mabibye kareng tanaman, a
keraklan e gagalo at alang dakeng makapanamdam king paligid da (sensory organs),
ampo reng animal. Ketang sistema nang
Linnaeus
, deni
reng meging
Kingdoms
a Vegetabilia (a meging Plantae)
ampong
Animalia
. Manibat kanita, abalu rang detang sadyang
mabibilang kareng Plantae myayaliwa la palang grupung e mikakamaganak, at kewani
do reng
fungi
at mapilan a grupu da reng
alga
bang
gawang bayung kingdom. Nanupata, ating kabilyan a mituturing la pa muring
tanaman deti. Ing tutu, e magsilbi ing sanumang tangkang ibili ya king metung a
taxon o grupu ing “tanaman” uling e malino pangalarawan o panga-isplika iti, at
ala yang kaugnayan o pamisuglung kareng konseptung batayan ning makabayung
ciencia ning
taxonomy
Deng Embryophyte
mag-edit
alilan ya ing pikuwanan
Lon ya ing main article king
Deng Embryophytes
Ing kilalang dili ila pin deng
multicellular
a tanaman
king gabun, a awsan dang
embryophyte
. Kayabe la kareti deng
vascular plant
, tanaman a kumpletu
bulung
tangke
, ampong
yamut
. Kayabe la rin keti reng mapilan
kareng mangalapit dang kamaganak, a awsan dang
bryophyte
, nung nu deng
moss
ing pekakilala.
All of these plants have
eukaryotic
cells with
cell walls
composed of
cellulose
, and most obtain their energy through
photosynthesis
, using
light
and
carbon dioxide
to synthesize food.
About three hundred plant species do not photosynthesize but are
parasites
on other species of photosynthetic plants. Plants are distinguished from [[green
alga]]e, from which they evolved, by having specialized reproductive organs
protected by non-reproductive tissues.
Atin la ngang
eukaryotic
a celula deng eganaganang kareng tanaman
a reti, a maki
cell wall
a gawa king
cellulose
. Keraklan karela, akukwa
ra ing karelang enerhiya king
photosynthesis
, nung nu la gagamit
salâ
at
carbon dioxide
bang gawang pamangan. Ating manga
atlung dalan a species da reng tanaman a e darapat photosynthesis, nun e
parasitiku
la kareng aliwang species da reng tanaman a
photosynthetic. Ing pamiyaliwa da reng tanaman kareng [[:en:green
algage|aluntyan a algae]], nung nu la menibatan, itang atin lang specialized
reproductive organ o dakeng makaparikil king pamiparakal, a mipapaindurutan
(antimong proteksyon) da reng non-reproductive a tissue.
Minuna lang linto reng bryophyte kanitang bandang umpisa ning panaun a
Palaeozoic
. Mabibye la mu kareng lugal a mamasa-masa, at
malati la king kabilugan ning karelang bye. Dadalan la king alternation of
generations. Maki
haploid
a parti ning kayang bye a awsan dang
gametophyte
, at atin namang
diploid
a parti,
itang
sporophyte
Minuna lang linto reng vascular a tanaman kanitang panaun a
Silurian
Anyang datang ing
Devonian
, merakal nong uri deti at mikalat no kareng dakal
a myayaliwang kapaligiran king gabun. Atin lang mapilan a pamakibage
(adaptation) king paligid a sinaup karelang magtagumpe laban karetang kakulangan
da reng bryophyte. Kayabe ya kareti ing cuticle (pekabalat) a magsilbing sabat
king pangalangi, at vascular tissue a magdalang danum king kabilugan ning
tanaman. Marlas, mabibye ya antimong aliwang tanaman ing sporophyte, kabang
manatili yang malati ing gametophyte.
Ing penibatan (phylogeny) da remg
makabayung Spermatophyta (tanaman a maki butul) ampo reng kamaganak dang grupung
vascular. Pansinan mung deng spore-bearing vascular plants
paraphyletic
la
nung kareng tanaman a maki butul, at mas malapit la reng
pakú
o fern
(Pteridophyta) kareng tanaman a maki butul kesa kareng
clubmoss
(Lycopodiophyta)
Linto la kanitang tawli nang dake ning panaun a Devonian deng minunang diling
tanaman a maki butul (seed plants), deng Pteridosperms (seed ferns) ampong
Cordaites (a pareu nang ala o extinct), minyupling lang myayaliwa kanitang
Carboniferous, at lalu la pang migbayu anyang panaun a
Permian
ampong
Trisassic
. Kareng tanaman a reti, taglus taglus neng melati ing gametophyte
(completely reduced), at migumpisa ya ing sporophyte king kilub ning makakulung
a lulanan a awsan dang
butul
, a daragul kabang atyu king pengaring
tanaman, kaybat ning fertilization kapamilatan da ring butil ning
pollen
Kabang darakal la kapamilatan da reng spore deng aliwang tanaman a vascular, at
uli na niti, mangaylangan lang danum bang dagul, agyu rang mye at dákal deng
mapilan a tanaman a maki butul agyang malanging malangi ing paligid.
Gymnosperm (“lubas a butul” o “naked seed”)ing aus kareng minunang tanaman a
maki butul uling e ya makabalut takap a proteksyon ing embryo ning butul neng
pollination, at deretsu yang durugpa ing pollen ketang embryo. Maleparan la pa
murin deng lugal nung nu la mabibye reng apat a mitatagan a grupu da reti, lalu
na reng
conifer
, a ilang manimuna o dominanting dutung kareng mapilan a
biome
. Deta namang angiosperm, a
tanaman a manyampaga
, ila pin deng
tawling maragul a grupu da reng tanaman a linto. Menibat la kareng gymnosperm
kanitang panaun a
Jurassic
, at malagwa lang minyupling myayaliwang uri
kanitang
Cretaceous
. Ing aliwa da reti, makatakap ya ing seed embryo, anya
kaylangan yang magpalwal tubo ing pollen ba neng luban ing takap ning butul
(protective seed coat). Ila ring tanaman a keraklan mayayakit kareng alus
eganaganang biome ngeni.
Deng Algae ampong Fungi
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alilan ya ing pikuwanan
Bibilugan dong mapilan a myayaliwang grupu reng algae, a e kayanib king Kingdom
Plantae nun e king Kingdom Protista. Gagawa lang enerhiya kapamilatan ning
photosynthesis. Ing peka kapansin-pansin kareti ila reng
seaweed
Multicellular lang algae deti a pekamalapit kareng tanaman king gabun
(terrestrial plants), oneng e la tanaman; kayabe la reti kareng [[green
alga|green]],
red
, ampong
brown algae
. Kayabe la murin kareti
reng myayaliwang mabibyeng maki tunggal celula ampo retang kabud namu mitipun a
celula, a yalang myayaliwang
tissue
. Makakimut la reng
dakal kareti, at atin pa ping e na makarapat king photosynthesis. Anyang minuna
lang metuklas deti, tuturing dong pareung tanaman ampong animal deti. Ngeni, e
no kayabe king sanuman kareng adwa, nun e kayabe la kareng protist.
Menibat la kareng green algae deng embryophyte; Viridiplantae ing aus da kareng
adwang deti. Karaniwan, ini na mung
monophyletic
a grupu ing tuturing dang
kayanib king kingdom a Plantae, anti ing mayayakit king babo. Liban kareng
mapilan a green algae, atin lang cell wall a maki
cellulose
deti, ampong
chloroplast
a maki adwang klasing chlrophyll,
ampong
, at
sasalikut da ing pamangan bilang
starch
. Daralan la king closed
mitosis
a alang
centriole
, at keraklan, ating lang
mitochondria
maki patag (flat) a cristae.
Ating adwang membrane a makapadurut kareng chloroplast da reng aluntyan a
tanaman (green plants), at malyaring iti tanda yang menibat la retang
chloroplast kareng endosymbiotic a
cyanobacteria
. Makanyan la murin deng
red algae
; paniwalan da reng keraklan a metung la mu penibatan
deting adwa. Samantala, deta namang aliwang algae, atin lang chloroplast a maki
atlu o apat a membrane. Keraklan kareti, e ro malapit a kamaganak deng aluntyan
a tanaman, at akukwa do reng karelang chloroplast kareng ayayakmul dang green o
red algae.
E anti kareng embryophyte ampong algae, e la photosynthetic deng fungus, nun e
saprophyte la. Ing buri nang sabyan niti, kukwanan da ing karelang pamangan
kapamilata’ning pamaglaso (breaking down) kareng materyal a makapadurut karela
at sisipsipan da iti kaybat. Deng keraklan kareng fungi bibilugan da lang
microscopic a tubong awsan dang hyphae, a malyaring mapipitna o e mapipitna
kareng celula, pero atin lang eukaryotic a
nucleus
. Deng
fruiting body (ing pekakilalang alimbawa da reti yapin ing payung-payungan) ila
mu reng reproductive structure o dakeng magagamit king pamiparakal kareng fungi.
E ro kamaganak deti ding sanuman kareng grupung photosynthetic, nun e malapit
dong kamaganak deng animal. Atin lang sarili rang kingdom.
Ulaga
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alilan ya ing pikuwanan
Ing photosynthesis ampong carbon fixation a daraptan da reng tanaman king gabun
ampong algae ila reng peka panibatan nign enerhiya ampong materyal a organic
kareng halus eganaganang tutuknangan da reng mabibye. Ayalilan deng mayap deng
prosesung deti ing sangkap (composition) ning
atmosfera
ning Yatu, anya pin
asnang karagul a dake na niti ing gawa king
oxygen
Aerobic
la reng
animal at keraklan kareng organismu - mamasa la king oxygen. Detang ali,
mayayakit la mu kareng mapilang
anaerobic
a lugal.
Much of human nutrition depends on
cereals
. Other plants that are eaten
include
fruits
vegetables
herbs
, and
spices
. Some vascular
plants, referred to as
trees
and
shrubs
, produce
woody
stems and are
an important source of building material. A number of plants are used
decoratively, including a variety of
flowers
Magdependi la kareng
binutil
(cereal) deng tau para king keraklan king
kakanan da. Bukud kareti, kayabe la kareng aliwang tanaman a kakanan deng
prutas
gule
dikut
, at
spice
. Maulaga lang pikukwanan
pangawang bale deng mapilan a vascular a tanaman a awsan dang
dutung
ampong
shrub
, a maki tangkeng mala-dutung.
Pamandagul
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alilan ya ing pikuwanan
Atin lang paralan a pamingwa o
pangdepensa king sarili ra deng aliwang tanaman, antimo reng suksuk king
blackberry
Mangakuyad la mu bye reng simpling tanaman kalupa da reng algae bilang
indibidwal, dapot pana-panaun la reti dung ibasi king pangkabilugan a
populasyun. Den namang aliwang tanaman, gugrupu da la basi king karelang
pamandagul dikil king panaun:
Annual
: mabibye la at darakal kilub ning metung a panaun a
pamananam.
Biennial
: mabibye la kilub ding adwang panaun ning
pamananam; keraklan, magparaka’la keng kadwang banwa.
Perennial
: mabibye la kilub da reng dakal a panaun;
taglus-taglus lang magparakal o manyupling kabud atsu no king edad.
Kareng vascular a tanaman, kayabe la kareng perennial deng
evergreen
, a maki
bulung king kabilugan ning banwa, ampo reng tanaman a
deciduous
, a mababalag
bulung king metung a dake ning banwa. Kareng klimang
temperate
ampong
boreal
, keraklan, neng karimlan (winter, o panaun ning dimla) la mababalag
bulung deti; den namang tanaman kareng mangapali o
tropical
a lugal, neng
kaleldo (dry season) malilyari iti.
Maragul ing pamiyaliwa king bilis ning pamandagul da reng tanaman. Ating moss a
daragul a kulang king 1 μm/h, kabang keraklan kareng dutung daragul lang 25-
250 μm/h. Ating tanaman a kukulate, antimo ing kudzu, a e na kaylangan
gawang makapal a supporting tissue o laman a pangsuporta – iti daragul yang
anggang 12500 μm/h.
Deng fossil
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alilan ya ing pikuwanan
Kayabe la kareng fossil da reng tanaman deng yamut, dutung, bulung, butul,
bunga,
pollen
spores
phytolith
, ampong
amber
(ing fossil a
agta a manibat kareng mapilan a tanaman). Mayayakit la reng fossil a tanamang
gabun kareng banlik (sediment) a menibatan king gabun, dayatan (lacustrine),
ilug ampong bebe dagat. Gagamitan do reng
pollen
spores
ampng algae
dinoflagellates
ampong
acritarchs
) ba lang mabalu edad deng tumpak-
tumpak a batung banlik (sedimentary rock sequences). E ro kasindakal deng
fossil a animal deng fossil a tanaman, dapot sagana la reng fossil a tanaman
kareng dakal a lokal a lugal king mabilug a yatu.
Mayayakit angga reng tunggal-tunggal a cell kareng fossil da reng minunang
tanaman. Milyari kanitang panaun a Devonian ing pamanalto ning paniwalan dang
mumunang makabayung tanaman a dutung, ing
Archaeopteris
. Miyayabe
kaniting dutung a lupang paku ing metung a pun a madutung ampo reng bulung ning
paku, oneng ala yang butul.
Fossil a bulung ning
Ginkgo
king
England anyang panaun a Jurassic
Metung lang manimunang pikukwanan fossil da reng tanaman manibat kanitang
en:Palaeozoic
deng
en:Coal Measures
; mayayakit la reng dakal a grupu da reng
tanaman a mabibye anyang panaun a ita. Masanting diling mangolekta kareng
buntun a piyugsyanan (spoil heaps) kareng minang karbon. Ita mismung
karbon
ibat ya ketang pekatanaman, oneng keraklan e mayayakit ing itsura detalye ning
itsura da reng fossil a tanaman king karbon. Ketang Fossil Forest king Victoria
Park king
Glasgow
Scotland
, mayayakit la reng impun (trunk) da reng
dutung a
Lepidodendron
ketang orihinal a lugal nung nu
la tinubu.
Malyari lang mayakit deng dakal a fossil da reng dakeng mitagan kareng yamut,
tangke ampong sangang conifer ampong angiosperm kareng sedimentary rocks o
batung ibat king banlik a manibat king panaun a Mesozoic ampong Caenozoic.
Marlas lang mayayakit deng
Sequoia
ampo reng kayang kamaganak,
deng
en:magnolia
en:oak
, ampong
palmeras
Dakal muring
batung kalyus
o petrified wood kareng mapilang dake ning yatu.
Marlas mayayakit iti kareng lugal a malangi o desyertu, nung nu ya malagwang
lunto uling king
pangatibag
(erosion). Keraklan, silicified (miyalilan
silicon dioxide
itang materyal a organic) ing batung kalyus, at angga ing
mangalati nang detalye ning dutung manatili ketang dakal miyalilan nang batu.
Malyari lang pututan at pakintaban deng pirasu ning batung kalus a gagamit
kasangkapan a para kareng batung pang-alahas. Mayayakit la reng fossil a
kakewan (fossil forests) kareng eganaganang kontinenti.
Mayayakit la king kabilugan dang dake deng mapilan a kontinenti ning [[southern
hemisphere]] (ing mawli nang kapitna ning yatu) deng fossil da reng seed fern
anti ing
Glossopteris
, at iti migsilbing pamipatune karetang mumuna nang
ideyang
Alfred Wegener
tungkul king teoryang
Continental drift
Pikwanan at karagdagan a pamamasa
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alilan ya ing pikuwanan
Thomas N Taylor and Edith L Taylor.
The Biology and Evolution of Fossil
Plants
. Prentice Hall, 1993.
Lon la murin deti
mag-edit
alilan ya ing pikuwanan
Biosphere
Botany
Garden
Flower
Forest
Fruit
Plant cell
Phytophilia
(love of plants)
Prehistoric plants
Tree
Vegetable
Vegetation Structure
Suglung a palwal
mag-edit
alilan ya ing pikuwanan
Template:Dichotomouskey
Tree of Life
Archived
Juliu 9, 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
Chaw, S.-M. et al. [
Molecular Phylogeny of Extant Gymnosperms and Seed Plant Evolution: Analysis of
Nuclear 18s rRNA Sequences (pdf file)]
Molec. Biol. Evol
. 14 (1): 56-68.
1997.
Algorithmic Botany at the University of Calgary
led by Professor Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,]
Botanical and vegetation databases
mag-edit
alilan ya ing pikuwanan
e-Floras (Flora of China, Flora of North
America and others)]
Archived
Nobyembri 5, 2005 at the
Wayback Machine
United States of America
Archived
Oktubri 5, 2013 at the
Wayback Machine
Flora Europaea
Australia
Mekua ya king "
Kategorya
Plants
Tanaman
Dagdagan ing pisasabian