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Latest Data
Coastal Bend
Corpus Christi AgriLife
Corpus Christi North
Corpus Christi South
Dickinson
Driscoll
Freer
Garwood
Hebbronville
Houston
Houston North
Jersey Village
Kingsville
Memorial Village
Refugio
Richmond North
Richmond South
Sinton
Spring
Victoria County West
East Texas
Ben Wheeler
Carthage
Conroe
Huntsville
Naples
Overton
Greater Texas
Alvarado
Detroit
Forestburg
Nasho
Nocona
Lower Rio Grande
Delta Lake
Eagle Pass
La Gloria
La Villa
San Benito
South Central
Austin (LCRA Redbud)
Bryan
Buda
Burnet
Cedar Creek
Cedar Park
Dime Box
Dripping Springs
Lakeway
Marble Falls
Pflugerville
Round Rock
San Saba
Seguin
Spicewood
TAMU Irrigation Lab
TAMU Turf Lab
Waco
Washington
The Metroplex
Allen
Argyle
Aubrey
Cash
Celina
Cooper
Dallas AgriLife Center
Farmersville
Forney
Fort Worth - NOAA
Garland
Highland-University Park
Irving North
Irving South
Kennedale
Ladonia 2
Lewisville
McKinney
Melissa
Melissa RD121
Mesquite
Murphy
Plano
Princeton
Prosper
Providence Village
Richardson
Rockwall
Royse City
Sachse
Seagoville
Southlake
Springtown
Tarrant West
Tawakoni
Wylie
West Texas
Abilene
Ballinger
Canyon
El Dorado
Fabens
Fort Stockton East
Fort Stockton West
Halfway
Lubbock
Marfa
Menard
Mountain Home
Ozona-Sonora
San Angelo
Schleicher County North
Shafter
Van Horn North
Van Horn South
Water Valley
Winter Garden
Crystal City
Medina
San Antonio North
Uvalde Research
ET and Weather Data
Download Status
Rain Station Download Status
Order Data
Crop Coefficents
Turf Coefficents
Average ETo
Average Rainfall
Average Temperature
Average Relative Humidity
Useful Information
How to use this site
What is ET?
System efficiencies
ET User's Guide for Growers
Bulletin 6019
Tables from Bulletin 6019
TAMU Wiring Diagram
TAMU Data Format
Recommended Station Maintenance
ASABE Standard: Measurement and Reporting Practices for Automatic Agricultural Weather Stations
Weather Station Calibration & Replacement Information
About
Profile
Station Map
TexasET
contains weather information, current and average evapotranspiration data, and irrigation watering recommendations.
Try the TexasET mobile app designed for irrigators. Download for
iOS
or
Android
Yesterday's Weather Summary
Station
ETo
(in)
Max Temp
(f)
Min Temp
(f)
Min RH
(%)
Solar Rad.
(MJ/m2)
Rainfall
(in)
Wind 4am
(mph)
Wind 4pm
(mph)
Battery
(v)
Coastal Bend
Freer*
0.14
84
69
62
12.08
0.00
5.58
7.06
Garwood*
0.15
82
67
60
20.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
Hebbronville*
0.17
86
70
50
13.60
0.00
6.85
10.71
Kingsville*
0.14
83
72
62
13.91
0.00
4.92
7.91
Refugio*
0.14
83
70
68
17.45
0.00
0.00
7.12
Sinton*
0.15
83
69
67
16.50
0.00
3.16
14.79
Victoria County West*
0.15
83
70
57
16.48
0.00
2.79
5.60
East Texas
Ben Wheeler*
0.12
81
65
58
13.71
0.00
1.96
6.95
Carthage*
0.14
84
67
53
15.52
0.00
0.56
2.38
Naples*
0.04
81
65
57
0.00
0.01
0.00
3.96
Overton
0.12
82
67
62
13.62
0.00
2.39
5.05
Greater Texas
Alvarado*
0.13
78
67
65
11.71
0.00
5.53
8.36
Detroit*
0.12
77
65
65
11.20
0.00
6.08
10.18
Forestburg*
0.14
78
66
67
13.84
0.00
5.96
8.80
Nocona*
0.18
80
67
63
20.01
0.00
5.35
9.44
Lower Rio Grande
Eagle Pass*
0.15
85
70
55
14.11
0.00
6.73
6.28
La Gloria*
0.13
88
69
50
12.75
0.00
4.38
6.05
San Benito*
0.18
87
72
57
19.25
0.00
4.93
9.62
South Central
Austin (LCRA Redbud)
0.09
82
70
74
9.85
0.00
2.14
3.74
Buda
0.10
81
69
66
9.44
0.00
2.03
5.47
Burnet
0.09
77
67
66
8.49
0.00
3.63
5.34
Cedar Creek*
0.14
83
66
54
16.39
0.00
2.51
3.59
Cedar Park
0.10
79
68
66
9.40
0.00
3.33
4.81
Dime Box*
0.18
83
66
56
20.40
0.00
2.55
8.41
Dripping Springs
0.08
79
67
83
9.20
0.00
0.40
0.40
Lakeway
0.10
80
69
59
9.41
0.00
2.78
4.72
Marble Falls
0.09
79
70
70
8.29
0.00
4.46
5.52
Pflugerville
0.14
81
67
57
12.57
0.00
6.50
10.76
Round Rock*
0.12
81
67
57
12.60
0.00
0.00
2.78
San Saba*
0.15
78
67
61
16.23
0.00
4.41
8.55
Seguin*
0.14
83
70
56
13.37
0.00
2.75
6.38
Spicewood
0.07
79
69
64
8.02
0.00
0.40
0.56
TAMU Irrigation Lab
0.14
82
68
69
15.49
0.00
5.04
7.06
The Metroplex
County
Aubrey*
0.15
78
69
64
15.22
0.00
5.15
8.79
Cooper*
0.12
78
67
69
12.19
0.00
7.77
8.14
Dallas County
Dallas AgriLife Center
0.12
78
68
67
10.06
0.00
7.91
9.57
Parker County
Springtown*
0.14
79
67
65
16.12
0.00
4.45
5.94
Tarrant County
Fort Worth - NOAA
0.11
79
69
72
10.80
0.00
6.40
7.38
Tarrant West
0.11
77
67
71
9.20
0.00
11.20
12.79
West Texas
Abilene*
0.26
87
68
42
24.82
0.00
9.33
8.33
Ballinger*
0.09
86
65
42
0.00
0.00
3.95
6.89
El Dorado*
0.20
80
65
51
22.64
0.00
10.92
10.22
Fabens*
0.35
86
57
27.04
0.00
7.42
10.68
Fort Stockton East*
0.29
90
57
27.26
0.00
2.20
8.82
Fort Stockton West*
0.30
91
58
29.68
0.00
4.39
9.90
Marfa*
0.28
87
52
31.06
0.00
3.19
6.28
Menard*
0.17
79
66
61
21.55
0.00
2.52
8.15
Mountain Home*
0.11
75
67
69
10.90
0.01
7.39
9.45
Ozona-Sonora*
0.18
81
67
50
19.25
0.00
7.02
4.66
Shafter*
0.30
88
67
29.22
0.00
2.24
8.83
Van Horn North*
0.37
87
67
28.40
0.00
12.22
9.93
Van Horn South*
0.32
86
52
29.15
0.00
4.31
11.33
Water Valley*
0.23
89
67
19
24.35
0.00
3.46
7.88
Winter Garden
Crystal City*
0.18
87
71
49
17.24
0.00
3.34
6.85
Medina*
0.09
75
65
71
8.83
0.00
7.25
5.64
TexMesonet
Station
Current stations:
Historic stations:
TexasET Station Map
Current Stations
Historic Stations
Weather from CIRA/NOAA
Why Create a TexasET Profile?
By creating an account, you can receive a weekly email with your irrigation water requirements for each crop that you add to your profile.
The email will include a direct link to your account, so that you can quickly make modifications in the crop coefficient, stage of growth and other factors.
Setting up a profile is quick and easy and does not require that you provide personal information. Profiles and emails are offered as a public service at no cost by the
Irrigation Technology Program of the Texas A&M Agrilife Extension Service. You will not receive any advertisements, and your email address will not be shared with any
other organizations or companies. Note: the accuracy of your irrigation water requirements is dependent upon how close you are to an existing ET weather station.
How to use this site
HOW
TO USE THIS WEB SITE FOR DETERMINING THE IRRIGATION
WATER NEEDS OF PLANTS AND CROPS
METHOD 1:
Select your weather station. Choose the number of days to be included: 3-day summary,
5-day summary, 7-day summary or 2-week summary (by default, the 7-day summary is shown).
Choose the calculator: Landscape or Crop. The calculator is automatically populated with the ETo total
for the number of days listed and with rainfall. If your rainfall is different, enter it.
Fill in the remaining variables and click "Compute" to determine the water needs for your landscape or crop.
METHOD 2:
Track the daily and weekly ETo values and use
this information subjectively to estimate water needs.
METHOD 3:
Use the average historic ETo values to determine seasonal irrigation
water needs and establish monthly irrigation schedules.
NOTE:
If you utilize this site often, you may want to create an account where you can set up sites,
quickly adjust crop coefficients during the growing season, and view or receive calculated
water requirements by email.
Click the link below to obtain a copy of the Website User's Manual:
Texas ET Network and Website User's Manual
Close
What is ET?
Evapotranspiration
(ET)
is a measurement of the total amount of water
needed to grow plants and crops. This term comes from
the words
evaporation
(i.e., evaporation
of water from the soil) and
transpiration
(i.e., transpiration of water by plants). Different
plants have different water requirements, so they have
different ET rates.
In 1948, a British scientist name Howard Penman presented
a theory (i.e., mathematical model) for calculating ET using
local climate data. The resulting Penman equation has been
modified since, but forms of this equation are still used
today for this purpose.
Since there are thousands of cultivated plants, scientists
simplified matters by establishing a standard
ET rate for general reference and use. The standard
is referred to as the
potential evapotranspiration
ETo (pet)
. This is the "potential" ET since we are
assuming the crop is in a deep soil and under well watered
conditions. A cool-season grass is widely used for this
standard crop. The technical term
for this is the
"Potential Evapotranspiration of
a Grass Reference Crop"
or
"ETo"
for
short.
ETo depends on the climate and varies from location
to location. Special weather stations are used to collect
the climatic data for calculating ETo, including temperature,
dew point temperature (relative humidity), wind,
and solar radiation. The American Society of Biological and
Agricultural Engineers has established a standard for weather
stations used for calculation of ET which can be found on this website.
The water requirements of specific crops and turf grasses
can be calculated as a fraction of the ETo. This "fraction"
is the called the crop coefficient (Kc) or turf coefficient
(Tc). Crop coefficients vary depending on the type of
plant and its stage of growth. Detailed information
on crop and turf coefficients and how to use them is
presented at other locations on this website.
We are using the standardized Penman-Monteith method to
calculate ETo from the weather station
data. This method is also referred to as the ASCE standard method (for more info, see:
The ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation | Books (ascelibrary.org)
This is one of several methods that can be
used to determine ETo and ET. Organizations,
such as the International Committee on Irrigation and
Drainage and the Water Requirements Committee of the
American Society of Civil Engineers, have proposed establishing
the Penman-Monteith method as a world-wide standard.
Such a standard would help facilitate the sharing of
ETo data and development of crop coefficients.
For more information on the Penman-Monteith equation
see the
FAO
website
. For information on the standardized equation and other methods for determining ET, see
the book:
Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements
edited by M.E. Jensen, R.D. Burman, and R.G. Allen.
Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers,
New York, NY. 2016.
Close
System Efficiencies
Typical
Overall On-Farm Efficiencies
For Various Types Of Irrigation Systems.
System
Overall
Efficiency
Surface
-average
-land leveling and delivery pipeline meeting desing
standards
-tailwater recovery
-surge
0.5-0.8
0.5
0.7
0.8
0.6-0.9
Sprinkler
0.55-0.75
Center
Pivot
0.55-0.90
LEPA
0.90-0.95
Drip
0.80-0.90
footnotes:
1. Surge has been found to increase efficiencies 8 to
28 percent over non-surge furrow systems.
2. Trickle systems are typically designed at 90 percent
efficiency; short laterals (<100ft) or systems with pressure
compensationg emitters may have higher efficiencies.
3. Under low wind conditions.
Close
Texas A&M Weather Data Format
Data Format of the TAMU weather station:
TAMU Weather Station Format
Column
Data
Units
Year
Station ID
Julian Date
Time
Hour
Temperature
Celcius
Relative Humidity
Solar Radiation
MJ/m^2
Wind Speed
Meters/Second
Rainfall
Milimeters
Close
Texas A&M Wiring Diagram
HMP45
(temp/RH)
Blue
1L
Yellow
1H
Purple
AG
Orange
C1
Red
12V
Black
AG
Clear
Anemometer
Black
P1
White
Clear
Wind
Vane
Black
E2
Red
3H
White
AG
Clear
L1200X
(pyrometer)
Red
2H
Black
2L
White
AG
Clear
107
(soil temp)
Clear
Purple
AG
Red
3L
Black
E1
TE525
(rain gauge)
Clear
White
AG
Black
P2
Close
Crop Coefficents
Evapotranspiration (ETo) is an estimate of the total water requirements of a 4-inch tall,
cool season grass in a deep soil growing under well-watered conditions.
This reference grass is modeled after fescue and is assumed to be healthy and free of pest and disease problems.
The water requirements of crops and plants are calculated from ETo by using crop coefficients (Kc). The following equation is used:
ETo
Kc
crop water requirement
Crop coefficients are different for different crops and varieties. In addition,
they change based on the growing stage of the crop. In Texas, crop coefficients
have been developed by USDA and Texas A&M AgriLife scientists in the Texas High Plains.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) has published generalized crop
coefficients which are used throughout the world where local values are not available.
Irrigation Efficiency - To adjust for irrigation system efficiency, we use the following equation:
ETo x Kc / Eff = crop water requirements
North
Plains Crop Coefficient for Corn
North
Plains Crop Coefficients for Cotton
North
Plains Crop Coefficients for Peanuts
North
Plains Crop Coefficients for Sorghum
North
Plains Crop Coefficients for Soybean
North
Plains Crop Coefficient for Winter Wheat
Close
Turf Coefficents
Potential Evapotranspiration, ETo (also abreviated as PET), is an estimate
of the water requirements of a 4-inch grass growing
in a deep soil under well-watered conditions. A turf
coefficent (Tc) is needed to relate pET to the water
requirements of a specific turf. For established lawns,
the Tc remains constant throughout the active growing
season of the grass. For warm season grasses, such
as St. Augustine, the Tc is 0.6 throughout much of
the year, while the Tc for cool season grasses, such
as rye, is 0.8.
However, we seldomly apply this amount of water to
lawns. Why? Because we do not want maximum production
of grass clippings. Instead, we want to maintain a
healthy, attractive turf with as little water as possible.
Thus, we modify the coefficent by specifying a Quality Factor.
The complete equation is:
ETo x Tc x Qf = turf water requirement
Turf Coefficient Values (Tc)
Warm
Season
0.6
Cool
Season
0.8
Quality Factor (Qf)
No
Stress
1.0
Low
Stress
0.8
Normal
Stress
0.6
High
Stress
0.5
Very
High Stress
0.4
Close
Historic ETo Reference
City
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Abilene
2.08
2.57
4.14
5.48
6.47
7.65
8.36
7.46
5.48
4.21
2.67
2.08
Amarillo
1.84
2.27
3.73
5.06
5.89
7.51
8.08
7.29
5.61
4.05
2.40
1.78
Austin
2.27
2.72
4.34
5.27
6.39
7.15
7.22
7.25
5.57
4.38
2.74
2.21
Brownsville
2.65
3.03
4.48
5.17
6.03
6.32
6.68
6.65
5.21
4.34
3.01
2.59
College Station
2.20
2.71
4.22
5.20
6.25
6.89
7.10
6.85
5.60
4.30
2.80
2.20
Corpus Christi
2.42
2.95
4.28
5.17
5.95
6.43
6.68
6.65
5.21
4.34
3.01
2.59
Dallas / Ft Worth
2.00
2.46
3.96
5.14
6.21
7.06
7.40
7.25
5.49
4.19
2.59
2.10
Del Rio
2.47
3.01
4.76
6.01
6.98
7.41
7.57
7.41
5.77
4.35
2.91
2.36
El Paso
2.74
3.53
6.07
8.19
9.83
11.12
9.19
8.94
7.69
5.89
3.58
2.49
Galveston
2.20
2.60
4.10
5.00
6.11
6.60
6.20
6.00
5.50
4.20
2.80
2.30
Houston
2.36
2.83
4.32
5.01
6.11
6.57
6.52
6.08
5.57
4.28
2.90
2.35
Lubbock
2.35
2.63
4.41
5.53
6.93
7.73
7.63
7.20
5.54
4.19
2.61
2.33
Midland
2.20
2.78
4.46
5.91
7.21
8.20
9.23
8.62
6.96
4.31
2.78
2.16
Port Arthur
2.25
2.63
3.95
5.09
6.12
6.60
5.81
5.61
5.46
4.18
2.76
2.23
San Angelo
2.88
3.13
5.31
7.01
8.48
9.16
9.29
8.49
6.60
5.08
3.37
2.54
San Antonio
2.42
2.90
4.42
5.47
6.47
6.97
7.31
6.99
5.64
4.44
2.85
2.36
Victoria
2.35
2.87
4.29
5.77
6.39
6.70
6.92
6.70
5.36
4.41
2.93
2.33
Waco
2.13
2.62
4.03
5.31
6.45
7.15
7.40
7.50
5.70
4.41
2.70
2.17
Wichita Falls
1.94
2.46
4.07
5.50
6.70
7.54
7.97
7.72
5.79
4.30
2.62
1.95
City
Years of Data
Abilene
52
Amarillo
52
Austin
70
Brownsville
79
College Station
47
Corpus Christi
52
Dallas/Ft. Worth
26
Del Rio
44
El Paso
52
Galveston
59
Houston
31
Lubbock
89
Midland
52
Port Arthur
53
San Angelo
54
San Antonio
54
Victoria
39
Waco
68
Wichita Falls
99
Averages were computed using climatic data over the entire period of record available from the National Weather Service and compared to ETo rates based on the standardized Penman-Monteith equation where available. (August 2005)
Close
Historic Relative Humidity Reference
Average Relative Humidity
City
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average
Abilene
55.4
60.2
68.4
77.5
84.2
91.3
94.9
94.3
87.0
77.8
65.6
57.8
76.2
Amarillo
49.2
53.3
61.2
70.9
79.0
88.0
91.2
89.2
82.2
72.5
59.3
51.0
70.6
Austin
60.1
64.4
71.7
79.1
85.2
91.6
95.2
95.7
89.8
81.6
70.2
62.7
78.9
Brownsville
70.3
73.1
78.0
83.2
87.4
91.3
93.0
93.6
90.4
85.1
77.9
71.6
82.9
College Station
59.3
63.6
71.0
78.4
84.8
91.2
94.7
95.3
89.4
80.9
69.9
62.2
78.4
Corpus Christi
66.2
69.7
75.3
81.2
86.0
90.8
93.5
93.6
89.8
83.8
75.2
69.0
81.2
Dallas/Ft. Worth
54.2
59.9
67.8
75.9
83.2
91.6
96.2
95.7
88.3
78.6
66.0
57.3
76.2
Del Rio
63.4
68.2
76.1
83.6
88.8
94.4
97.0
96.7
91.0
82.1
71.6
64.3
81.4
El Paso
57.5
63.3
69.9
78.6
87.2
95.8
95.2
93.0
87.8
78.7
66.3
58.1
77.6
Galveston
59.4
61.5
67.0
73.5
80.2
85.5
87.7
88.1
85.0
78.0
69.1
62.9
74.8
Houston
61.8
66.0
72.7
79.0
85.3
90.8
93.7
93.5
89.0
81.4
71.7
64.9
79.2
Lubbock
53.5
58.7
66.3
75.3
82.7
90.6
92.6
91.1
84.2
75.1
63.2
54.7
74.0
Midland
57.1
62.2
69.8
78.6
86.4
92.9
94.3
93.2
86.4
77.9
66.2
59.0
77.0
Port Arthur
61.6
65.1
71.2
77.8
84.4
89.7
91.8
91.8
88.0
80.7
70.9
64.2
78.1
San Angelo
58.4
63.2
70.8
79.7
86.3
92.2
95.5
94.6
87.6
79.1
67.6
60.5
78.0
San Antonio
61.8
66.2
73.4
80.3
86.1
91.9
95.1
95.2
89.9
82.1
71.3
64.5
79.8
Victoria
63.3
67.1
73.8
80.4
85.7
90.8
93.7
94.0
89.6
83.0
73.7
66.3
80.1
Waco
57.1
61.9
69.4
78.0
84.6
92.1
96.4
96.8
89.9
80.6
68.1
59.9
77.9
Wichita Falls
53.0
58.4
67.0
76.6
83.9
92.6
97.6
97.2
88.6
78.4
64.7
55.6
76.1
Average Minimum Temperature (TMin)
City
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average
Abilene
31.6
36.1
42.9
52.3
61.0
68.8
72.5
71.5
64.7
54.3
42.3
34.2
52.7
Amarillo
21.9
26.3
32.2
41.6
51.8
61.2
65.7
64.1
56.7
44.9
32.1
24.5
43.6
Austin
39.5
43.0
49.3
57.7
65.1
71.4
73.8
73.6
68.8
59.2
48.5
41.7
57.6
Brownsville
51.0
53.7
59.1
65.6
71.1
74.6
75.5
75.3
72.8
65.9
58.6
52.3
64.6
College Station
39.5
42.7
49.4
57.8
65.2
71.2
73.5
73.2
68.4
58.4
48.6
41.8
57.5
Corpus Christi
46.5
49.7
55.9
63.2
69.9
73.8
75.2
75.2
72.3
64.4
55.4
49.0
62.5
Dallas/Ft. Worth
34.0
38.7
46.3
54.0
63.2
70.7
74.8
74.2
67.1
56.0
45.3
36.9
55.1
Del Rio
39.9
43.9
51.3
59.3
66.6
72.5
74.7
74.2
69.3
59.8
48.7
40.9
58.4
El Paso
31.1
35.2
41.2
49.2
57.8
66.6
69.8
68.3
62.0
50.1
38.0
31.7
50.1
Galveston
48.1
50.6
56.8
64.6
71.9
77.3
79.4
79.1
75.6
68.2
58.1
51.6
65.1
Houston
41.3
44.3
51.1
57.8
65.5
71.3
73.2
72.8
68.4
58.7
49.7
43.5
58.1
Lubbock
25.3
29.1
35.4
45.0
54.7
63.5
66.8
65.3
58.4
47.4
35.0
27.3
46.1
Midland
29.7
33.9
40.4
49.3
58.7
66.7
69.2
68.3
61.9
51.6
38.9
31.8
50.0
Port Arthur
42.9
45.6
51.5
59.2
66.6
72.2
74.0
73.5
69.7
59.7
50.5
44.9
59.2
San Angelo
32.6
36.4
43.5
52.4
61.2
68.7
71.5
70.5
64.1
53.8
42.1
34.5
52.6
San Antonio
39.4
43.0
49.9
58.1
66.0
72.1
74.4
73.8
69.2
59.5
48.5
41.6
58.0
Victoria
43.2
46.1
53.1
60.9
68.0
73.2
74.9
74.6
70.6
61.5
52.5
45.5
60.3
Waco
36.2
40.2
46.8
55.8
64.0
71.4
74.7
74.3
67.9
57.3
46.3
38.7
56.1
Wichita Falls
29.7
34.1
41.2
50.9
59.9
68.7
72.9
72.1
64.5
53.4
40.6
32.8
51.7
Average Mean Temperature (TMean)
City
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average
Abilene
43.5
48.2
55.6
64.9
72.6
80.1
83.7
82.9
75.8
66.0
53.9
46.0
64.4
Amarillo
35.6
39.8
46.7
56.3
65.4
74.6
78.5
76.7
69.4
58.7
45.7
37.8
57.1
Austin
49.8
53.7
60.5
68.4
75.2
81.5
84.5
84.6
79.3
70.4
59.4
52.2
68.3
Brownsville
60.6
63.4
68.5
74.4
79.2
82.9
84.2
84.4
81.6
75.5
68.2
62.0
73.8
College Station
49.4
53.2
60.2
68.1
75.0
81.2
84.1
84.3
78.9
69.7
59.3
52.0
67.9
Corpus Christi
56.4
59.7
65.6
72.2
77.8
82.3
84.3
84.4
81.1
74.1
65.3
59.0
71.8
Dallas/Ft. Worth
44.1
49.3
57.1
65.0
73.2
81.1
85.5
84.9
77.7
67.3
55.7
47.1
65.7
Del Rio
51.7
56.0
63.7
71.4
77.7
83.4
85.8
85.5
80.2
70.9
60.2
52.6
69.9
El Paso
44.3
49.3
55.6
63.9
72.5
81.2
82.5
80.7
74.9
64.4
52.2
44.9
63.9
Galveston
53.8
56.1
61.9
69.1
76.1
81.4
83.5
83.6
80.3
73.1
63.6
57.2
70.0
Houston
51.6
55.2
61.9
68.4
75.4
81.0
83.5
83.1
78.7
70.0
60.7
54.2
68.6
Lubbock
39.4
43.9
50.9
60.2
68.7
77.0
79.7
78.2
71.3
61.2
49.1
41.0
60.1
Midland
43.4
48.0
55.1
63.9
72.5
79.8
81.8
80.7
74.2
64.7
52.6
45.4
63.5
Port Arthur
52.2
55.4
61.4
68.5
75.5
80.9
82.9
82.6
78.8
70.2
60.7
54.6
68.6
San Angelo
45.5
49.8
57.1
66.0
73.8
80.5
83.5
82.5
75.9
66.4
54.8
47.5
65.3
San Antonio
50.6
54.6
61.6
69.2
76.0
82.0
84.7
84.5
79.5
70.8
59.9
53.1
68.9
Victoria
53.3
56.6
63.4
70.7
76.8
82.0
84.3
84.3
80.1
72.2
63.1
55.9
70.2
Waco
46.7
51.1
58.1
66.9
74.3
81.8
85.6
85.5
78.9
68.9
57.2
49.3
67.0
Wichita Falls
41.4
46.3
54.1
63.7
71.9
80.7
85.2
84.6
76.6
65.9
52.6
44.2
63.9
City
Years of Data
Abilene
52
Amarillo
52
Austin
70
Brownsville
79
College Station
47
Corpus Christi
52
Dallas/Ft. Worth
26
Del Rio
44
El Paso
52
Galveston
59
Houston
31
Lubbock
89
Midland
52
Port Arthur
53
San Angelo
54
San Antonio
54
Victoria
39
Waco
68
Wichita Falls
99
Close
Historic Temperature Reference
Average Maximum Temperature (TMax)
City
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average
Abilene
55.4
60.2
68.4
77.5
84.2
91.3
94.9
94.3
87.0
77.8
65.6
57.8
76.2
Amarillo
49.2
53.3
61.2
70.9
79.0
88.0
91.2
89.2
82.2
72.5
59.3
51.0
70.6
Austin
60.1
64.4
71.7
79.1
85.2
91.6
95.2
95.7
89.8
81.6
70.2
62.7
78.9
Brownsville
70.3
73.1
78.0
83.2
87.4
91.3
93.0
93.6
90.4
85.1
77.9
71.6
82.9
College Station
59.3
63.6
71.0
78.4
84.8
91.2
94.7
95.3
89.4
80.9
69.9
62.2
78.4
Corpus Christi
66.2
69.7
75.3
81.2
86.0
90.8
93.5
93.6
89.8
83.8
75.2
69.0
81.2
Dallas/Ft. Worth
54.2
59.9
67.8
75.9
83.2
91.6
96.2
95.7
88.3
78.6
66.0
57.3
76.2
Del Rio
63.4
68.2
76.1
83.6
88.8
94.4
97.0
96.7
91.0
82.1
71.6
64.3
81.4
El Paso
57.5
63.3
69.9
78.6
87.2
95.8
95.2
93.0
87.8
78.7
66.3
58.1
77.6
Galveston
59.4
61.5
67.0
73.5
80.2
85.5
87.7
88.1
85.0
78.0
69.1
62.9
74.8
Houston
61.8
66.0
72.7
79.0
85.3
90.8
93.7
93.5
89.0
81.4
71.7
64.9
79.2
Lubbock
53.5
58.7
66.3
75.3
82.7
90.6
92.6
91.1
84.2
75.1
63.2
54.7
74.0
Midland
57.1
62.2
69.8
78.6
86.4
92.9
94.3
93.2
86.4
77.9
66.2
59.0
77.0
Port Arthur
61.6
65.1
71.2
77.8
84.4
89.7
91.8
91.8
88.0
80.7
70.9
64.2
78.1
San Angelo
58.4
63.2
70.8
79.7
86.3
92.2
95.5
94.6
87.6
79.1
67.6
60.5
78.0
San Antonio
61.8
66.2
73.4
80.3
86.1
91.9
95.1
95.2
89.9
82.1
71.3
64.5
79.8
Victoria
63.3
67.1
73.8
80.4
85.7
90.8
93.7
94.0
89.6
83.0
73.7
66.3
80.1
Waco
57.1
61.9
69.4
78.0
84.6
92.1
96.4
96.8
89.9
80.6
68.1
59.9
77.9
Wichita Falls
53.0
58.4
67.0
76.6
83.9
92.6
97.6
97.2
88.6
78.4
64.7
55.6
76.1
Average Minimum Temperature (TMin)
City
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average
Abilene
31.6
36.1
42.9
52.3
61.0
68.8
72.5
71.5
64.7
54.3
42.3
34.2
52.7
Amarillo
21.9
26.3
32.2
41.6
51.8
61.2
65.7
64.1
56.7
44.9
32.1
24.5
43.6
Austin
39.5
43.0
49.3
57.7
65.1
71.4
73.8
73.6
68.8
59.2
48.5
41.7
57.6
Brownsville
51.0
53.7
59.1
65.6
71.1
74.6
75.5
75.3
72.8
65.9
58.6
52.3
64.6
College Station
39.5
42.7
49.4
57.8
65.2
71.2
73.5
73.2
68.4
58.4
48.6
41.8
57.5
Corpus Christi
46.5
49.7
55.9
63.2
69.9
73.8
75.2
75.2
72.3
64.4
55.4
49.0
62.5
Dallas/Ft. Worth
34.0
38.7
46.3
54.0
63.2
70.7
74.8
74.2
67.1
56.0
45.3
36.9
55.1
Del Rio
39.9
43.9
51.3
59.3
66.6
72.5
74.7
74.2
69.3
59.8
48.7
40.9
58.4
El Paso
31.1
35.2
41.2
49.2
57.8
66.6
69.8
68.3
62.0
50.1
38.0
31.7
50.1
Galveston
48.1
50.6
56.8
64.6
71.9
77.3
79.4
79.1
75.6
68.2
58.1
51.6
65.1
Houston
41.3
44.3
51.1
57.8
65.5
71.3
73.2
72.8
68.4
58.7
49.7
43.5
58.1
Lubbock
25.3
29.1
35.4
45.0
54.7
63.5
66.8
65.3
58.4
47.4
35.0
27.3
46.1
Midland
29.7
33.9
40.4
49.3
58.7
66.7
69.2
68.3
61.9
51.6
38.9
31.8
50.0
Port Arthur
42.9
45.6
51.5
59.2
66.6
72.2
74.0
73.5
69.7
59.7
50.5
44.9
59.2
San Angelo
32.6
36.4
43.5
52.4
61.2
68.7
71.5
70.5
64.1
53.8
42.1
34.5
52.6
San Antonio
39.4
43.0
49.9
58.1
66.0
72.1
74.4
73.8
69.2
59.5
48.5
41.6
58.0
Victoria
43.2
46.1
53.1
60.9
68.0
73.2
74.9
74.6
70.6
61.5
52.5
45.5
60.3
Waco
36.2
40.2
46.8
55.8
64.0
71.4
74.7
74.3
67.9
57.3
46.3
38.7
56.1
Wichita Falls
29.7
34.1
41.2
50.9
59.9
68.7
72.9
72.1
64.5
53.4
40.6
32.8
51.7
Average Mean Temperature (TMean)
City
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average
Abilene
43.5
48.2
55.6
64.9
72.6
80.1
83.7
82.9
75.8
66.0
53.9
46.0
64.4
Amarillo
35.6
39.8
46.7
56.3
65.4
74.6
78.5
76.7
69.4
58.7
45.7
37.8
57.1
Austin
49.8
53.7
60.5
68.4
75.2
81.5
84.5
84.6
79.3
70.4
59.4
52.2
68.3
Brownsville
60.6
63.4
68.5
74.4
79.2
82.9
84.2
84.4
81.6
75.5
68.2
62.0
73.8
College Station
49.4
53.2
60.2
68.1
75.0
81.2
84.1
84.3
78.9
69.7
59.3
52.0
67.9
Corpus Christi
56.4
59.7
65.6
72.2
77.8
82.3
84.3
84.4
81.1
74.1
65.3
59.0
71.8
Dallas/Ft. Worth
44.1
49.3
57.1
65.0
73.2
81.1
85.5
84.9
77.7
67.3
55.7
47.1
65.7
Del Rio
51.7
56.0
63.7
71.4
77.7
83.4
85.8
85.5
80.2
70.9
60.2
52.6
69.9
El Paso
44.3
49.3
55.6
63.9
72.5
81.2
82.5
80.7
74.9
64.4
52.2
44.9
63.9
Galveston
53.8
56.1
61.9
69.1
76.1
81.4
83.5
83.6
80.3
73.1
63.6
57.2
70.0
Houston
51.6
55.2
61.9
68.4
75.4
81.0
83.5
83.1
78.7
70.0
60.7
54.2
68.6
Lubbock
39.4
43.9
50.9
60.2
68.7
77.0
79.7
78.2
71.3
61.2
49.1
41.0
60.1
Midland
43.4
48.0
55.1
63.9
72.5
79.8
81.8
80.7
74.2
64.7
52.6
45.4
63.5
Port Arthur
52.2
55.4
61.4
68.5
75.5
80.9
82.9
82.6
78.8
70.2
60.7
54.6
68.6
San Angelo
45.5
49.8
57.1
66.0
73.8
80.5
83.5
82.5
75.9
66.4
54.8
47.5
65.3
San Antonio
50.6
54.6
61.6
69.2
76.0
82.0
84.7
84.5
79.5
70.8
59.9
53.1
68.9
Victoria
53.3
56.6
63.4
70.7
76.8
82.0
84.3
84.3
80.1
72.2
63.1
55.9
70.2
Waco
46.7
51.1
58.1
66.9
74.3
81.8
85.6
85.5
78.9
68.9
57.2
49.3
67.0
Wichita Falls
41.4
46.3
54.1
63.7
71.9
80.7
85.2
84.6
76.6
65.9
52.6
44.2
63.9
City
Years of Data
Abilene
52
Amarillo
52
Austin
70
Brownsville
79
College Station
47
Corpus Christi
52
Dallas/Ft. Worth
26
Del Rio
44
El Paso
52
Galveston
59
Houston
31
Lubbock
89
Midland
52
Port Arthur
53
San Angelo
54
San Antonio
54
Victoria
39
Waco
68
Wichita Falls
99
Close
Historic Rainfall Reference
City
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Amarillo
0.59
0.58
0.93
1.24
2.74
3.40
2.88
2.99
1.89
1.41
0.62
0.57
Austin
2.11
2.41
2.05
3.01
4.38
3.46
2.05
2.23
3.38
3.35
2.28
2.46
Brownsville
1.33
1.31
0.90
1.63
2.31
2.85
1.69
2.46
4.95
3.36
1.61
1.18
College Station
2.87
2.88
2.50
3.77
4.73
3.79
2.24
2.43
4.30
3.64
3.07
3.15
Corpus Christi
1.57
1.88
1.33
2.06
3.09
3.19
1.84
3.33
5.30
3.54
1.56
1.60
Dallas / Ft Worth
1.94
2.44
3.12
3.15
5.43
3.18
2.09
2.10
2.42
4.01
2.43
2.50
Del Rio
0.53
0.91
0.86
1.89
2.39
1.90
1.54
1.72
2.59
1.94
0.85
0.65
El Paso
0.42
0.41
0.30
0.21
0.33
0.72
1.56
1.48
1.42
0.72
0.35
0.62
Galveston
3.33
2.58
2.43
2.55
3.46
4.14
3.77
4.23
5.36
3.17
3.33
3.59
Houston
3.70
2.99
3.48
3.49
5.22
5.13
3.25
3.79
4.45
4.65
3.89
3.64
Lubbock
0.52
0.61
0.82
1.26
2.62
2.67
2.12
2.07
2.53
1.99
0.62
0.64
Midland
0.54
0.61
0.47
0.77
2.02
1.59
1.83
1.65
2.04
1.56
0.58
0.53
Port Arthur
4.86
3.96
3.30
3.86
5.02
5.68
5.31
5.04
5.77
4.20
4.22
5.13
San Angelo
0.83
1.05
0.93
1.68
2.86
2.20
1.16
1.77
2.78
2.21
0.96
0.78
San Antonio
1.61
1.90
1.68
2.53
3.99
3.57
1.83
2.58
3.29
3.29
2.11
1.72
Victoria
2.28
2.12
2.08
2.93
4.95
4.77
3.03
3.08
5.37
3.72
2.51
2.33
Waco
2.07
2.39
2.51
3.43
4.59
2.80
1.88
1.66
3.07
2.91
2.48
2.49
Wichita Falls
1.08
1.31
1.91
2.72
4.59
3.36
2.05
2.16
2.94
2.69
1.55
1.56
Abilene
1.01
1.10
1.19
2.09
3.31
2.90
2.09
2.45
2.75
2.48
1.28
1.04
City
Years of Data
Abilene
52
Amarillo
52
Austin
70
Brownsville
79
College Station
47
Corpus Christi
52
Dallas/Ft. Worth
26
Del Rio
44
El Paso
52
Galveston
59
Houston
31
Lubbock
89
Midland
52
Port Arthur
53
San Angelo
54
San Antonio
54
Victoria
39
Waco
68
Wichita Falls
99
Close
Current Update Status
Station
Status
Data Available
Last Error Message
Date Error Occurred
Abilene
Updated
01/05/2024 - 04/23/2026
Soil temperature data out of range:-14366.2
02/26/2025
Allen
Not Updated
03/06/2015 - 04/22/2026
No Error Logged
Alvarado
Updated
07/08/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
09/06/2023
Argyle
Not Updated
05/26/2018 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
08/19/2025
Aubrey
Updated
04/20/2022 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
06/22/2025
Austin (LCRA Redbud)
Updated
09/11/2014 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/26/2022
Ballinger
Updated
12/17/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
12/24/2025
Ben Wheeler
Updated
04/20/2022 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
09/12/2025
Bryan
Not Updated
08/05/2014 - 04/20/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
04/22/2026
Buda
Updated
08/08/2018 - 04/23/2026
Temperature data out of range:195.65
09/04/2025
Burnet
Updated
07/26/2017 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Canyon
Not Updated
12/09/2022 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
09/05/2025
Carthage
Updated
12/10/2020 - 04/23/2026
Temperature data out of range:-304.24
10/09/2024
Cash
Not Updated
04/01/2016 - 04/06/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
01/29/2024
Cedar Creek
Updated
12/13/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Cedar Park
Updated
02/11/2015 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/26/2022
Celina
Not Updated
06/24/2025 - 04/22/2026
No Error Logged
Conroe
Not Updated
09/05/2013 - 04/22/2026
Relative humidity data out of range:7999
05/14/2025
Cooper
Updated
09/17/2025 - 04/23/2026
No Error Logged
Corpus Christi AgriLife
Not Updated
06/08/2022 - 04/22/2026
Wind speed data out of range:873.040939162996
01/21/2025
Corpus Christi North
Not Updated
08/15/2023 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
04/17/2026
Corpus Christi South
Not Updated
08/15/2023 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
04/06/2026
Crystal City
Updated
03/29/2024 - 04/23/2026
No Error Logged
Dallas AgriLife Center
Updated
04/07/2008 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
04/11/2026
Delta Lake
Not Updated
03/13/2019 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
04/23/2026
Detroit
Updated
01/05/2024 - 04/23/2026
Soil temperature data out of range:-14366.2
02/26/2025
Dickinson
Not Updated
07/27/2016 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
05/09/2025
Dime Box
Updated
12/03/2024 - 04/23/2026
No Error Logged
Dripping Springs
Updated
02/11/2015 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Driscoll
Not Updated
06/07/2022 - 11/26/2025
No Error Logged
Eagle Pass
Updated
04/03/2025 - 04/23/2026
No Error Logged
El Dorado
Updated
02/06/2025 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
07/06/2025
Fabens
Updated
04/20/2022 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Farmersville
Not Updated
11/15/2012 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/29/2022
Forestburg
Updated
12/13/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Forney
Not Updated
12/03/2012 - 04/22/2026
No Error Logged
Fort Stockton East
Updated
07/08/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
08/06/2025
Fort Stockton West
Updated
12/10/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
09/18/2024
Fort Worth - NOAA
Updated
08/25/2011 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-0.0002808
07/11/2022
Freer
Updated
04/20/2022 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Garland
Not Updated
03/07/2015 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Garwood
Updated
12/10/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
04/08/2025
Goliad
Not Updated
12/13/2020 - 04/24/2025
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Halfway
Not Updated
06/28/2012 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-28.7964
04/08/2024
Hebbronville
Updated
04/20/2022 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
08/17/2022
Highland-University Park
Not Updated
04/19/2016 - 04/21/2026
Relative humidity data out of range:0
04/22/2026
Houston
Not Updated
07/27/2016 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
04/11/2026
Houston North
Not Updated
07/11/2023 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
04/11/2026
Huntsville
Not Updated
01/22/2010 - 04/22/2026
Relative humidity data out of range:110
07/24/2025
Irving North
Not Updated
10/08/2013 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
05/12/2025
Irving South
Not Updated
10/08/2013 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
10/03/2023
Jersey Village
Not Updated
03/06/2020 - 03/30/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
07/17/2025
Kennedale
Not Updated
11/12/2014 - 03/29/2026
Relative humidity data out of range:0
04/23/2026
Kingsville
Updated
12/20/2020 - 04/23/2026
Temperature data out of range:-262.84
11/27/2023
La Gloria
Updated
07/08/2020 - 04/23/2026
Temperature data out of range:-38.542
09/02/2024
La Villa
Not Updated
12/10/2020 - 04/22/2026
Relative humidity data out of range:0
04/05/2026
Ladonia 2
Not Updated
06/17/2025 - 04/20/2026
Relative humidity data out of range:0
04/07/2026
Lakeway
Updated
02/11/2015 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/26/2022
Lewisville
Not Updated
06/26/2015 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
02/15/2024
Lubbock
Not Updated
06/02/2020 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
07/03/2025
Marble Falls
Updated
09/11/2014 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Marfa
Updated
04/20/2022 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
10/19/2024
McKinney
Not Updated
11/15/2012 - 04/22/2026
Temperature data out of range:-46.09
04/20/2023
Medina
Updated
05/25/2021 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Melissa
Not Updated
03/16/2016 - 02/12/2024
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/12/2022
Melissa RD121
Not Updated
04/01/2016 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/25/2022
Memorial Village
Not Updated
09/14/2017 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/27/2022
Menard
Updated
07/08/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
02/14/2024
Mesquite
Not Updated
12/03/2012 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/27/2022
Mountain Home
Updated
12/03/2024 - 04/23/2026
No Error Logged
Murphy
Not Updated
03/16/2016 - 08/19/2024
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
06/05/2025
Naples
Updated
04/20/2022 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
11/18/2025
Nasho
Not Updated
07/05/2018 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
11/15/2024
Nocona
Updated
12/10/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Overton
Updated
06/07/2004 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
04/28/2025
Ozona-Sonora
Updated
07/08/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
08/26/2025
Pflugerville
Updated
02/11/2015 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/27/2022
Plano
Not Updated
11/15/2012 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/29/2022
Princeton
Not Updated
03/07/2015 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/24/2022
Prosper
Not Updated
07/21/2021 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
07/14/2025
Providence Village
Not Updated
06/26/2015 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
04/18/2024
Refugio
Updated
12/22/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
02/18/2025
Richardson
Not Updated
03/06/2015 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/27/2022
Richmond North
Not Updated
01/01/2018 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
04/24/2024
Richmond South
Not Updated
07/27/2016 - 04/21/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
04/22/2026
Rockwall
Not Updated
12/03/2012 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/29/2022
Round Rock
Updated
12/17/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Royse City
Not Updated
03/07/2015 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/25/2022
Sachse
Not Updated
03/23/2016 - 12/03/2025
No Error Logged
San Angelo
Not Updated
11/03/2016 - 12/25/2022
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/29/2022
San Antonio North
Not Updated
09/02/2005 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
06/11/2025
San Benito
Updated
04/20/2022 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
11/27/2023
San Saba
Updated
12/13/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
09/06/2024
Schleicher County North
Not Updated
04/20/2022 - 08/16/2023
Relative humidity data out of range:0
11/27/2026
Seagoville
Not Updated
01/21/2016 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/27/2022
Seguin
Updated
12/10/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Shafter
Updated
04/20/2022 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
08/09/2022
Sinton
Updated
07/08/2020 - 04/23/2026
Temperature data out of range:-27.886
02/23/2023
Southlake
Not Updated
10/16/2015 - 04/11/2026
Relative humidity data out of range:0
04/18/2026
Spicewood
Updated
07/26/2017 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/28/2022
Spring
Not Updated
09/01/2016 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7999
04/06/2025
Springtown
Updated
07/08/2020 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
10/16/2025
TAMU Irrigation Lab
Updated
04/07/2021 - 04/23/2026
Temperature data out of range:-124.3
04/13/2023
TAMU Turf Lab
Not Updated
11/08/2012 - 04/22/2026
Temperature data out of range:-74.88
01/03/2023
Tarrant West
Updated
11/12/2014 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-0.208476
09/18/2025
Tawakoni
Not Updated
01/21/2016 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/27/2022
Uvalde Research
Not Updated
11/06/2010 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/23/2022
Van Horn North
Updated
12/10/2020 - 04/23/2026
Relative humidity data out of range:0
01/28/2026
Van Horn South
Updated
07/08/2020 - 04/23/2026
Temperature data out of range:-14366.2
10/24/2023
Victoria County West
Updated
04/20/2022 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
07/11/2025
Waco
Not Updated
02/14/2012 - 04/22/2026
Temperature data out of range:-39.29
04/24/2025
Washington
Not Updated
04/20/2022 - 10/02/2023
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
09/17/2023
Water Valley
Updated
04/02/2024 - 04/23/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:-7.1991
01/29/2025
Wylie
Not Updated
11/13/2012 - 04/22/2026
Solar radiation data out of range:0
06/21/2022
Close
Grower's Guide
Using PET for Determining Crop Water
Requirements and Irrigation Scheduling
Click to download
a hard copy of the grower's guide
Contents
I. How to
Use
Adjusting
for Irrigation System Efficiency
Adjusting
for Rainfall
II.
Where to Find PET Information
III.
What is Potential Evapotranspiration (PET)?
IV. Crop
Coefficients
Choosing
and Using Crop Coefficients
Soil
Moisture Monitoring
Table
1. Sorghum Crop Coefficients
Table
2. Cotton Crop Coefficients
Table
3. Corn Crop Coefficients
V.
Irrigation System Efficiencies
Table
4. Typical overall On-Farm Efficiencies
VI.
Understanding FAO Crop Coefficients
Table
5. FAO Mean Crop Coefficients, Kc.
Table
6. FAO General Crop Growth Stages.
VII. Acknowledgments
I.
HOW TO USE PET
To calculate the water requirements of
a crop, we multiply the PET times the crop coefficient
using the following equation:
PET
Kc
crop water
requirements
(equation 1)
where
PET
is the sum of daily PET over
the time period of interest, such as the 3-day total,
the weekly total, etc.
Kc
is the crop coefficient corresponding
to the current stage of crop growth.
Example 1
: the 5-day PET total
is 1.32 inches. My sorghum is in the "heading"
growth stage. What are the water requirements? (Note:
from Table 1, the "heading" crop coefficient
is 1.10)
1.32 inches x 1.10 = 1.45 inches
Thus, I need to apply 1.45 inches to replace
the water used by the sorghum in the last 5 days.
Adjusting
for Irrigation System Efficiency
It may be necessary to increase the amount
of irrigation water in order to compensate for poor
irrigation system efficiency. Irrigation system efficiency
is defined in
Section V
of this guide. Table
4 gives the typical ranges of on-farm irrigation systems.
To adjust for irrigation system efficiency,
use the following equation:
PET
Kc
Eff
irrigation
water requirements
(equation 2)
where
Eff
is the overall efficiency
of the irrigation system.
Example 2
. I am irrigating with
a low-pressure center pivot. I estimate that my overall
system efficiency is 85%. What are my irrigation water
requirements for the sorghum in example 1?
1.32 inches x 1.10 ÷ 0.85 = 1.71
inches.
Adjusting
for Rainfall
Rainfall reduces the amount of water we must supply
by irrigation to meet plant water requirements. However,
not all rainfall becomes available for use by plants
and crops. Depending on such factors as soil type, duration
and intensity of rainfall, soil moisture levels, etc.,
a portion of the rainfall will be lost to runoff and
deep percolation (water moving below the root zone).
In irrigation scheduling, the term "
effective
rainfall
" refers to that portion of rainfall
which infiltrates and is stored in the root zone. Effective
rainfall must be estimated for each field and rainfall
event. The irrigation requirement determined with equations
(1) or (2) should be reduced by the amount of effective
rainfall.
Alternatively, soil moisture monitoring devices can
be use to determine soil moisture levels and to determine
when irrigations should be re-started following rains.
II.
WHERE TO FIND PET
INFORMATION
For persons with Internet access, PET
and weather information is provided for about 10 locations
in Central and South Texas on the Texas PET Web Site.
The address is:
Persons without Internet access should
contact their water district or County Extension Agent
to see if this information is being provided locally
in another way.
Persons on the Texas High Plains should contact the
Texas A&M Research and Extension Center in Amarillo
at (806) 359-5401 about subscription to the High Plains
PET Network where PET data is sent out every three days
by FAX.
III.
WHAT IS POTENTIAL
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (PET)?
Evapotranspiration
ET
is a measurement of the total amount of water needed
to grow plants and crops. This term comes from the words
evaporation
(i.e., evaporation of water from
the soil) and
transpiration
(i.e., transpiration
of water by plants). Different plants have different
water requirements, so they have different ET rates.
Since there are thousands of cultivated plants, we have
tried to simplified matters by establishing a standard
ET rate for general reference and use. The standard
is referred to as the
potential evapotranspiration
(PET). This is the
potential
ET since
we are assuming the crop is in a deep soil and under
well watered conditions. The standard crop we are using
is a cool season grass which is 4-inches tall. The technical
term for this is the "
Potential Evapotranspiration
of a Grass Reference Crop
" or "
PET
for short.
PET depends on the climate and varies from location
to location. Special weather stations are used to collect
the climatic data for calculating PET, including temperature,
dew point temperature (relative humidity), wind speed,
and solar radiation.
The water requirements of specific crops are calculated
as a percentage of the PET. This "percentage"
is the called the
crop coefficient
(Kc). Crop
coefficients depend on the type of crop and its stage
of growth. Detailed information on crop coefficients
are given later.
We are using the Penman-Monteith method to calculate
PET from the weather station data. This is one of a
number of methods that can be used to determine PET
and ET. Several organizations, such as the International
Committee on Irrigation and Drainage and the Water Requirements
Committee of the American Society of Civil Engineers
have proposed establishing the Penman-Monteith method
as a world-wide standard. Such a standard would help
facilitate the sharing of PET data and development of
crop coefficients.
IV.
CROP COEFFICIENTS
Evapotranspiration (ETo) is
an estimate of the water requirements of a 4-inch grass
in a deep soil growing under well watered conditions.
The water requirements of other crops are determined
from PET through crop coefficients (Kc). Crop coefficients
vary for different crops. They also change depending
on the growing stage of the crop.
Unfortunately, we only have verified crop coefficients
for the Texas North High Plains for cotton, sorghum,
corn and wheat (see Tables 1-3). These coefficients
were developed by the North Plains PET Network Project
Team. Another source is the FAO (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations) who has published
a long list of generalized crop coefficients which are
used throughout the world where local values are not
available (see Tables 5&6).
Choosing
and Using Crop Coefficients
For cotton, sorghum and corn, I recommend using the
North High Plains crop coefficients. These have been
verified in research and on-farm irrigation studies,
and should vary no more than about 10% for other parts
of the state.
The North High Plains crop coefficients are listed by
stage of growth in Tables 1-3. Please note that these
dates are provided as a general guide only, as crop
growth rate is affected by many factors including variety,
current weather, soil moisture conditions, etc.
For other crops, refer to the FAO Crop Coefficients
until researchers are able to verify coefficients for
specific regions in Texas. For many crops, we would
expect these general coefficients to be within about
10%.
Soil Moisture
Monitoring
I highly recommend soil moisture monitoring using gypsum
blocks, watermark sensors, tensiometers, the "feel"
method, or other devices for measuring the current water
status in the root zone. This provides an excellent
check to ensure that irrigations are keeping up with
crop water demand.
V.
IRRIGATION SYSTEM EFFICIENCIES
No irrigation system is 100% efficient. For sprinkler
irrigation systems, we can lose anywhere from 10% to
40% of the water in the air before the water reaches
the ground depending on wind and other weather conditions.
The amount of water lost to spray drift is referred
to as the
application efficiency
For drip and surface irrigation system, our biggest
concern is how evenly distributed the water is over
the field or along laterals and rows. This is referred
to as the
distribution efficiency
. The term
overall
efficiency
is a combination of both the application
and distribution efficiencies.
The normal ranges in on-farm overall efficiencies are
listed in Table 4. Under some situations, we will need
to increase the amount of irrigation to compensate for
water lost due to the inefficiencies of the system.
Table
1. Sorghum Crop Coefficients.
GROWTH STAGE
DAYS AFTER PLANTING
Seeding
0.40
3 - 4
Emerg
0.40
5 - 8
3-leaf
0.55
19 - 24
4-leaf
0.60
28 - 33
5-leaf
0.70
32 - 37
GPD
0.80
35 - 40
Flag
0.95
52 - 58
Boot
1.10
57 - 61
Heading
1.10
60 - 65
Flower
1.00
68 - 75
S Dough
0.95
85 - 95
H Dough
0.90
95 - 100
Blk lyr
0.85
110 - 120
Harvest
0.00
125 - 140
Sorghum will bloom at different
times depending on locating , planting date, and maturity
of the variety.
The Days After Planting are
for a medium-early to medium late variety.
Table
2. Cotton Crop Coefficients.
GROWTH STAGE
DAYS
AFTER PLANTING
Seeding
.07
0 - 10
st
Sqr
.22
32 - 40
st
Blom
.44
55 - 60
Max Blom
1.10
70 - 90
st
open
1.10
105 - 115
25% open
.83
115 - 125
50% open
.44
135 - 145
95% open
.44
140 - 150
Pick
.10
140 - 150
Table
3. Corn Crop Coefficients.
GROWTH STAGE
DAYS AFTER PLANTING
Seed
0.25
0 - 5
Emerg
0.35
5 - 8
4-leaf
0.45
24 - 28
5-leaf
0.70
29 - 34
6-leaf
0.85
35 - 40
8-leaf
1.00
43 - 46
10 leaf
1.15
51 - 58
12-leaf
1.20
57 - 65
14-leaf
1.25
65 - 75
Tassel
1.25
72 - 82
Silk
1.30
75 - 85
Blister
1.30
85 - 95
Milk
1.30
95 - 105
Dough
1.20
100 - 110
Dent
1.00
110 - 120
½ mat
0.90
115 - 125
Blk lyr
0.70
125 - 135
Harvest
0.00
140 +
Note: 50% silking occurs
in 85 days in Corpus Christi/Coastal bend area and in
75 days in the Uvalde area.
Table
4. Typical overall On-Farm Efficiencies
System
Overall
Effeciency
Surface
0.50 - 0.80
a. average
0.50
b. land leveling and delivery pipeline
meeting
design standards
0.70
c. tailwater recovery with (b)
0.80
d. surge
0.60 - 0.90
Sprinkler
0.55 - 0.75
Center Pivot
0.55 - 0.90
LEPA
0.90 - 0.95
Drip
0.80 - 0.90
1. Surge has been found to increase efficiencies
8 to 28 percent over non-surge furrow systems.
2. Trickle systems are typically designed
at 90 percent efficiency; short laterals (<100ft)
or systems with pressure compensationg emitters may
have higher efficiencies.
3. Under low wind conditions.
VI.
FAO CROP COEFFICIENTS
With the FAO method, crop coefficients (Table 5) are
represented by straight lines connecting four general
growth stages, as indicated in the following figure.
Table 6 gives a more detailed explanation of the crop
coefficient values and their respective growth stages.
Table
5. FAO Mean Crop Coefficients, K
, for Arid
Climates
CROP
c1
c2
c3
Alfalfa Hay
0.30
1.25
1.10
Artichokes
0.95
1.00
0.95
Asparagus
0.30
0.95
0.30
Banana, 1
st
year
0.50
1.15
1.10
Banana, 2
nd
year
0.70
1.20
1.10
Barley, Wheat, Oats
0.30
1.15
0.20
Beans, Green
0.40
1.00
0.90
Beans, Dry and Pulses
0.40
1.15
0.35
Beets, Table
0.40
1.05
0.95
Berries
0.30
1.05
0.40
Carrots
0.50
1.10
0.80
Castor Beans
0.40
1.15
0.50
Celery
0.35
1.10
1.00
Citrus
0.65
0.80
0.65
Citrus w/cover or
weeds
0.70
1.05
1.05
Clover Hay
0.60
1.20
1.05
Coffee
0.90
0.90
0.90
Conifer Trees
1.20
1.20
1.20
Corn, Field
0.40
1.15
0.60, 0.35
Corn, Sweet
0.40
1.15
1.05
Cotton
0.40
1.20
0.65
Cucumber, Fresh
Market
0.35
0.95
0.75
Cucumber, Machine
Harvest
0.35
0.95
0.95
Crucifers
0.40
1.05
0.90
Dates
0.95
0.95
0.95
Deciduous Orchard
0.50
1.00
0.65
Deciduous Orchard
w/cover or weeds
0.80
1.25
0.85
Eggplant
0.40
1.05
0.85
Flax
0.30
1.10
0.20
Grapes
0.30
0.80
0.40
Grass Pasture
0.80
0.80
0.80
Groundnuts
0.40
1.05
0.60
Hops
0.30
1.00
0.60
Kiwi
0.30
1.05
1.05
Lentil
0.30
1.15
0.25
Lettuce
0.30
1.00
0.95
Melons
0.40
1.00
0.75
Millet
0.30
1.10
0.25
Mint
0.60
1.10
1.10
Olives
0.40
0.70
0.70
Onion, Dry
0.50
1.05
0.80
Onion, Green
0.50
1.00
1.00
Open Water
1.15
1.15
1.15
Palm Trees
0.95
0.95
0.95
Peas, Fresh
0.40
1.10
1.05
Peas, Dry/Seed
0.40
1.10
0.30
Peppers, Fresh
0.35
1.05
0.85
Pistachios
0.20
1.10
0.40
Potato
0.40
1.10
0.75
Pumpkin
0.40
1.00
0.75
Radishes
0.30
0.85
0.80
Rice
1.10
1.25
1.00
Safflower
0.35
1.15
0.20
Sorghum, Grain
0.30
1.05
0.50
Sorghum, Sweet
0.30
1.20
0.50
Soybeans
0.35
1.10
0.45
Spinach
0.30
1.00
0.95
Squash
0.30
0.95
0.75
Strawberries
0.40
0.90
0.70
Sugar Beet
0.30
1.15
1.00
Sugar Cane
0.40
1.25
0.70
Sunflower
0.30
1.15
0.35
Tea
1.00
1.00
1.00
Tomato
0.40
1.20
0.65
Walnut Orchard
0.50
1.00
0.65
Winter Wheat
0.30
1.15
0.20
Footnotes to Table 5.
Values for K
c2
and K
c3
represent those for an arid climate
(RH
min
~ 20%) with moderate wind speed (0-5
m s
-1
, averaging 2 m s
-1
) and
are used for general irrigation water requirements.
For humid or windier conditions, Kc2 and K
c3
can be modified as follows:
c2
=K
c2 table
- 0.0015 RH
min
+ 0.01 U
c3
=K
c3 table
- 0.0015 RH
min
+ 0.01 U
when
c3
> or = 0.4
c3
= K
c3 table
+ 0.001 (RH
min
-20) when K
c3
< 0.4
General values for K
c1
under infrequent soil wetting (~each 10 days). K
c1
is a function of wetting interval and potential evaporation
rate during the initial and development periods.
The coefficients for hay crops represent
immediately following cutting; full cover; and immediately
before cutting, respectively. An overall mean coefficient
for alfalfa hay which takes into account cutting effects
is 1.05 and for clover is 1.00. K
c3
for alfalfa
seed, which is never cut for forage or hay is about
0.5.
The first K
c3
value is for harvest
at high grain moisture. The second K
c3
value
is for harvest after complete field drying of grain
(to about 18%).
Crucifers include cabbage, cauliflower,
broccoli, and Brussel sprouts.
The K
c3
value represents the
prior to leaf drop.
Cool season grass varieties include dense
strands of bluegrass, ryegrass, and fescue. Warm season
varieties include bermuda grass and St. Augustine grass.
The 0.90 values for cool season grass represent a 0.06
to 0.08m height under general turf conditions.
The K
c3
value for potatoes is
about 0.40 for long season potatoes with vine kill.
The K
c3
value for sugar beets
is 0.60 if no irrigation occurs during the last month.
Table
6 . FAO Generalized Crop Growth Stages
Values
Growth Stage
Description
c1
Initial
The average K
value from planting
to about 10% ground cover.
c1
-K
c2
Rapid Growth
From 10% ground cover to 75% cover or to peak
water use, which ever comes first.
c2
Mid season
The average value from the end of the rapid
growth stage until water use begins to decline
due to crop aging.
c2
-K
c3
Late season
From when K
begins to decline until
harvest or when water use ceases or becomes minimal.
c3
Harvest
The average value at harvest or the end of the
water use season.
Note:
For the rapid growth and
the late season stage, it is assumed that KC values
increase or decrease linearly with time.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Information on crop growth periods, time periods after
planting, and other advice provided by Charles, Stickler,
Associate Professor and Extension Agronomist, Texas
A&M Center-Uvalde.
For More Information
For more information on the Penman-Monteith equation
and other methods for determining PET, see the book:
Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements
edited by M.E. Jensen, R.D. Burman, and R.G. Allen.
Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers,
New York, NY. 1990. 332pp.
Written by Guy Fipps, Associate Professor and Extension
Agricultural Engineer, Texas A&M University, College
Station..
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Texas A&M AgriLife Extension
Charles Swanson
Extension Program Specialist - Landscape Irrigation
2117 Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843
P:
(979) 845-5614
clswanson@tamu.edu
Texas A&M AgriLife Extension
Guy Fipps
Professor & Extension Specialist - Irrigation
2117 Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843
P:
(979) 845-7454
guy.fipps@ag.tamu.edu
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