Toolbox AMR

Toolbox AMR
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The AMR TOOLBOX is a comprehensive knowledge repository designed to provide its users with practical, up-to-date information on antimicrobial resistance, It collates documents, guidelines, posters, training tools as well as information source for various disciplines and backgrounds including among others health care sector, veteranary and agriculture sector.
Strategies & Action Plans
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Supporting tools
International
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Tools for Rational use
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Assessment
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Education of students & professionals
Knowledge hubs
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Filter
625
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43
New Publications
76
Language
509
French
82
Spanish
72
Russian
19
Arabic
14
Chinese
14
Portuguese
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German
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Italian
Greek
Laotian
Ukrainian
Tetun
Document type
Studies & Reports
185
Guidelines
145
Fact sheets
76
Strategic & Response Plan
41
Manuals
34
Online Courses
30
No document type
19
Infographics
18
Videos
18
Resource Platforms
17
Training Material
14
Brochures
13
Situation Updates
11
Dashboards/Maps
Countries / Regions
Africa
21
Kenya
20
South Africa
18
Latin America and the Carribbean
10
Global
10
Western and Central Europe
India
Nigeria
Ethiopia
Nepal
Senegal
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Mali
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Malawi
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South–East Asia Region
Western Pacific Region
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Tajikistan
Vietnam
France
Sierra Leone
Congo, Democratic Republic of
Zimbabwe
Philippines
Pakistan
Jordan
Mozambique
Eswatini/ Swaziland
Serbia
Colombia
Myanmar / Burma
Chile
Gabon
Uruguay
Guinea-Bissau
Côte d’Ivoire / Ivory Coast
Morocco
USA
Saudi Arabia
Niger
Haiti
South Sudan
Iraq
Afghanistan
Lebanon
Zambia
Egypt
Cambodia
Rwanda
Sudan
Benin
Brazil
North Macedonia
Ukraine
Honduras
El Salvador
Bolivia
Libya
Angola
Guatemala
Madagascar
Mexico
Nicaragua
Sri Lanka
East and Southern Africa
West and Central Africa
Asia
Fiji
Bhutan
Venezuela
Armenia
Laos
Congo-Brazzaville
Timor Leste/ East Timor
Russia
Qatar
Iran
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyzstan
Kazakhstan
Georgia
Turkmenistan
Denmark
Belgium
Maldives
Mauritius
Tunisia
United Kingdom
Spain
Authors & Publishers
World Health Organization WHO
161
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO
25
World Health Organisation (WHO)
23
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
22
Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention
19
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
14
European Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ECDC
14
Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network
13
et al.
10
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
ReAct
USAID
Pan American Health Organisation PAHO
The Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy CDDEP
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO, World Health Organization WHO
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS
Africa CDC
Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC
Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS
UNICEF
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO and World Health Organization WHO
IACG Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicral Resistance
National Department of Health South Africa
OECD
SIAPS
World Health Organization WHO, Unicef
Africa CDC Centres for Disease Control and Prevention
African Union
British Society for antimicrobial chemotherapy BSAC
Future Learn
Managment of Health Sciences MSH
Open WHO
the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the World Health Organization (WHO)
WHO Europe
World Health Organization
World Health Organization (WHO)
Yoni Segal
Best Care Always South Africa
BMJ Global Health
BUKO Pharma-Kampagne
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Coursera
Craig, J.
EMHJ – Vol. 30 No. 12 – 2024
EngenderHealth
Goff, D.
Government of Kenya
International Dairy Federation
International Livestock Research Institute ILRI
International Society for Infectious Diseases
L. Bebora and P. Gathumbi
OPS
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé OMS
Pan American Health Organization PAHO
ReAct Action on Antibiotic Resistance
Republic of Tajikistan
Sitema Argentino de Información Jurídica
SOUTH AFRICAN ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMME (SAASP)
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office of Europe
A. Haenen
A. IYANE SOW
A. Sriram
A.B. A. Boxall, D. W. Kolpin, et al.
Aboud S., R. Mdegela
Access to Medicine Foundation
Action on Anitbiotic Resistance (ReAct)
Agne Diminskyte
Alberta Health Services, Canada, et al.
American Hospital Association AHA
AMR Industry Alliance
and M.P.Joshi
Antibiotic Research UK (ANTRUK)
Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control
AOSIS
Apisarnthanarak A.,S. Danchaivijitr,T. Khawcharoenporn, et al.
Asaduzzaman, M. et al.
Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology APIC
Ärztliches Zentrum für Qualität in der Medizin (ÄZQ)
B.A. Wall, A. Mateus, L. Marshall et al.
Balaji, V., P. Rupali, K. Walia, et al.
Belgian Antibiotic Policy Coordination Committee
Belkum, A.van, T. T. Bachmann, G. Lüdke, et al.
Beovic B., M. Dousak, C. Pulcini et al.
Berman, D.
Bizimana, T.
BMC Biology
BMC Infectious Diseases
Bortone, B.
Boston Consulting Group
British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
C. M J E Vandenbroucke-Grauls, G. Kahlmeter, J. Kluytmans et al.
Cecchini, M.
Center for Disease Control and Prevention CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC, American Nurses Association ANA
Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg
Centros africanos para el control y la prevención de enfermedades El Centro de Dinámica de Enfermedades, Economía y Política
Chetty, S.
Chukwu, E., Oladele, D., Awoderu, O. et al.
Clark, A.
Clinical Infectious Diseases
COLL-SECK, A. M.
Communicable Disease Control Program (CDC), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW)
Constance Georgina Walyaro
Costa Rica Gobierno del Bicentenario
D. Gyamfi Amoako, R. Carrel Founou, et al.
Dacombe R., I. Bates, B. Gopul et al.
Deininger, K.
Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
Denis K. Byarugaba
Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers Welfare
Department of Health Services Ministry of Health Nepal
Departments of Health and Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for the Republic of South Africa
Dept of Agriculture, Forestry & Fisheries, South Africa
Dept. of Health
Dilip Nathwani
Dirección de Medicamentos y Tecnologías en Salud, Colombia
Doyle, M.P.
Dr Brink A. J., MD A P Messina, BPharm Prof C. Feldman, et al.
Dr T Apalata, Dr C Bamford, Mr D Benjamin et al.
Dressler D. D., MD, MSc Director OF
Dyar O.J., B. Beovic, C. Pulcini et al.
Education 2030
Elsevier
EMA European Medicines Agency
Emmanuel O. Irek, Adewale A. Amupitan, Temitope O. Obadare, Aaron O. Aboderin
Erica Balligand, Michiel Costers and Evelyne Van Gastel
Essack S.Y., A.T. Desta, R.E. Abotsi et al.
Ethiopian Food, Medicine and Healthcare Administration and Control Authority
Euroepan Union
EuroHealth Observer
EUROPEAN ANTIBIOTIC AWARENESS DAY
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) andEuropean Medicines Agency (EMA)
European Commission
European Medicines Agency
European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies Eurostation
European Public Health Alliance
European Public Health Alliance (EPHA), Changing Markets
European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases EUCAST
European specialist nurse organisation (ESN)
European Union EU
Evelina Tacconelli, Michael Buhl, Hilary Humphreys et al.
Evelyn Wesangula, David Radoli
Ewig S.
FAO
FAO and OIE
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia -Ministry of Health
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations FAO, World Health Organization WHO
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO, World Health Organization WHO and World Organisation for Animal Health OiE
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO, World Health Organization WHO, World Organisation for Animal Health
Founou, L.L.
G. H. Loneragan, H. M. Scott et al.
Gajda M., E. Urban
Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership—Tanzania Working Group
Global AMR R&D Hub
Global Antibiotic Research & Development Partnership GARDP
Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS)
Global Health Elearning Center
Global Leaders Group on Animicrobial Resistance
Gobierno de Peru
Government of the Kingdom of Swaziland Ministry of Health
Government of Uganda
Grace, D.
Gres E.
Gyssens I. C., W. V. Kern, D. M. Livermore
Haematologica
HAL Open Sience
Health & Family Welfare, Government of Kerala
Hernández Serrano, P.
Hindawi
Hsia Y., B. R Lee, A. Versporten, et al
Hung Nguyen-Viet
I. Frost
I. SECK
ICRC
Indian Council of Medical Research
Indian Council of Medical Research - Department of Health Research
Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluations
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)
J. Langer and J. Slawomirski
J. O. Errecalde
Jackson, J., Kheng Heng, L., Eklund, G. et al.
Joel
John Hopkins Hospital antimicrobioal Stewardship Program
Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future
Joshi, M.P.
Journal of Public Health
K. Hiban, I. Frost, et al.
K.L Tang, N.P Caffrey, D.B Nóbrega, et al.
Kagisha, V.
Kakkar M., Chatterjee P. et. al.
Kariuki S., K. H. Keddy, M. Antonio
Kenya Medical Research Institute
Kenya Ministry of Health
Kingdom of Bahrain - Ministry of Health
Klein E.Y., K. K .Tseng, S. Pant, et al.
Lawrence Mayega, Michel M. Dione, Brian Kawuma, et al.
Ledingham, K.
Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
Lode, H.
London School of Hygien &Tropical Medicine
Malaria Consortium
Maldives Food and Drug Authority Ministry of Health
May L., K. Yadav, S. D. Gaona
MDPI Antibiotics
Mendelson M. , A.M. Morris , K. Thursky et al.
Microbiology Society
Ministerial Advisory Committee on Antimicrobial Resistance National Dept. of Health, South Africa
Ministerio de Salud, Argentina
Ministerio de Salud, Chile
Ministerio de Salud, Peru
Ministerio de Salud, Uruguay
Ministery of Public Health, Thailand
MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE
Ministry of Health
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW), World Health Organization WHO
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare India
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, India, et al.
Ministry of Health and Medical Education Iran
Ministry of Health and Quality of Life Mauritius
Ministry of Health and Sanitation Sierra Leone
Ministry of Health Jordan
Ministry of Health Saudi Arabia
MINISTRY OF HEALTH, BARBADOS
Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Cambodia
Ministry of Health, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, et al.
Ministry of Health, Ukraine
Ministry of National Health Services Regulations & Coordination Government of Pakistan
Ministry of Public Health, Afghanistan
Ministry of Public Health, Quatar
MINSITRY OF HEALTH AND MEDICAL INDUSTRY OF TURKMENISTAN
Mohan P. Joshi Malaïka Ludman Dan Kibuule, et al.
Mount Sinai Hospital-University
Murni I. K., T. Duke, S. Kinney et al.
National Centre for Disease Control
National Institut for Health and Care Excellence NICE
National Office of Animal Health NOAH
NdOH South Africa
Nepal Public Health Foundation
Nyandwi, J.B: et al.
Official Journal of the European Union
Olans R. N. , R. D. Olans, A. DeMaria Jr
openlearning
Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture
Organización de las Naciones Unidas Para la Alimentación y la Agricultura FAO
Oxford University Press
O’Neill, J.
P. Collignon, J.J.Beggs, T.R. Walsh, et al.
PAHO
Pan American Health Organization PAHO, World Health Organization WHO
Patricia M.C. Huijbers, Carl-Fredrik Flach, D.G. Joakim Larsson
Pharmaceutical Services, Directorate Tertiary Health Care and Clinical Support Services Ministry of Health and Social Services, Namibia
Pharmacy Magazine
Phillipine Department of Health
Pig Veterinary Society of the South African Veterinary Association
PLoS ONE
Pollack L. A., D. Plachouras, H. Gruhler et al.
Programme pour l'environnement ONU
Public Health Foundation India
Quadripartite: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO
Rajiha A. Ibrahim, Amete M. Teshal, Surafel F. Dinku, et al.
ReAct, Ecumenical Pharmaceutical Network
Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Health
Republic of Lebanon - Ministry of Public Health
Republic of Sudan Federal Ministry of Health & Ministry of Animal Resources
Review on Antimicrobial Resistance
REVIVE
République française
République Tunienne - Ministére de la santé
Réseau de Prévention des Infections Associées aux Soins PIAS
Rousham E. K., M. Aminul Islam, P. Nahar et al.
Royal Government of Bhutan
Royaume du Maroc - Ministère de la Santè
Sascha Marchang, Natasha Hurley
Scientific Animations without Borders SWABO
Segal Y.
Siriam, A.
Society of Hospital Medicine
South Africa's Dept. of Health
South African Medical Journey SAMJ
Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases
Special Programme for TDR
Standford School of Medicine
Standford University
State of Libya
Strengthening Pharmaceutical Systems
Swedish International Agricultural Network Initiative SIANI
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU)
T. Boyles, M. Mendelson
T. Leenstra, MD, PhD
Telligen, Quality Innovation Network National Coordinating Center, Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS)
The Center for Disease Dynamics Economics & olicy CDDEP
The Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation and ReAct
The Government of Fiji
The Lancet
The MEDBOX Team
The Ohio State University
The Review on Antimicrobial Resistance
The Swedish Veterinary Association SVS
The United Republic of Tanzania - Ministry of Health Community Development Gender Elderly and Children
Thriemer K, Katuala Y, Batoko B, Alworonga J-P, Devlieger H, et al.
Tilahun Tadesse, B., E. A. Ashley, S. Ongarello et al.
Torres, A.
Transatlantic Taskforce on Antimicrobial Resistance (TATFAR)
U.S. Government
UHN Patient Education
UN Children's Fund UNICEF
UN Environment
UN Environment Programme UNEP
UNESCO
Univ. Namibia
University of Dundee, British Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
USAID, Strengthening Pharmaceutical Systems SPS
van den Dool C., PhD
Van Dijck C., Vlieghe E., Cox J.A.
Victoria Simpkin, LauraSuhlrie, Alastair Wood et al
Wasserman, S.
Wellcome Trust
WHO TEAM Health and migration programme, Surveillance, Prevention and Control
Wilkinson, J.L.
Wonder Goredema Jane Briggs Mupela Ntengu, et al.
Woodhead M., F. Blasi, S. Ewig, et al.
World Health Organization WHO, Regional Office for South-East Asia
World Health Organisation
World Health Organization WHO
World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
World Health Organization Europe
World Health Organization WHO Western-Pacific Region
World Health Organization WHO, et al.
World Health Organization WHO, Food and Agriculture Organization FAO, World Organization for Animal Health OIE
World Health Organization WHO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FAO
World Health Organization WHO, Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations FAO
World Organisation for Animal Health
World Organisation for Animal Health WAHO
World Organization for Animal Health
Wright G.D.
Yohaness Garoy E., Y. Berhane Gebreab, O. Okoth Achila et al.
Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases Research team
Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Υπουργείο Υγείας
Publication Years
2020-2026
204
2010-2019
403
2000-2009
18
Category
Countries
79
Key Resources
32
Capacity Building
Clinical Guidelines
Women & Child Health
Pharmacy & Technologies
Direction:
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World Health Organization Model List of Essential Medicines 24th List
recommended
World Health Organization WHO
(2025)
C_WHO
Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of a population. They are selected with due regard to disease prevalence and public health relevance, evidence of efficacy and safety and comparative cost-effectiveness. They are intended to be available in functioning health
...
systems at all times, in appropriate dosage forms, of assured quality, and at prices individuals and health systems can afford.
more
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World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 10th list
recommended
World Health Organization WHO
(2025)
C_WHO
The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and Model List of Essential Medicines for Children are updated and published every two years, intended as a guide for countries or regional authorities to adopt or adapt in accordance with local priorities and treatment guidelines for the development and upd
...
ating of national essential medicines lists. Selection of a limited number of essential medicines as essential, taking into consideration national disease burden and clinical need can lead to improved access through streamlined procurement and distribution of quality-assured medicines, support more rational or appropriate prescribing and use and lower costs for both health care systems and for patients.
more
External Link
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Training courses on infection prevention and control (IPC)
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ECDC
(2025)
CC
List of available resources and courses
External Link
External Link
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WHO Antibiotic Categorization AWaRE
recommended
World Health Organization WHO
(2025)
C_WHO
Online Database: Provides recommendations for 21 common infectious diseases; Classifies antibiotics into three groups based on the potential to induce and propagate resistance; Identifies antibiotics that are priorities for monitoring and surveillance of use
External Link
External Link
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WHO Global Essential Medicines
recommended
World Health Organization WHO
(2025)
C_WHO
Database of the essential lists for 137 countries based on the national essential lists repository
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Préparation des pays pour l'introduction et l’utilisation appropriée des antibiotiques : orientations opérationnelles
World Health Organization WHO
(2025)
C_WHO
Ces orientations opérationelles ont pour but de soutenir les pays dans le processus d’introduction d’un antibiotique. Leur objectif est de garantir un accès rapide aux antimicrobiens et l’utilisation appropriée de ces produits ainsi que des résultats optimaux pour les patients, tout en ré
...
duisant le risque de résistance émergente, en offrant des conseils sur la manière d’introduire un antibiotique dans les systèmes de santé nationaux. Elles se concentrent principalement sur les antibiotiques relevant des groupes de classification « Watch » (utilisation sélective) et « Reserve » (dernier recours), qui sont généralement utilisés comme traitements de deuxième et troisième intention en milieu hospitalier. Ceux-ci sont essentiels pour traiter les organismes multirésistants mais sont souvent confrontés à des difficultés spécifiques en matière d’accès, en particulier dans les pays à revenu faible ou intermédiaire. Les présentes orientations décrivent une approche de planification pour l’introduction et la mise en oeuvre de ces produits, en tenant compte de leurs caractéristiques uniques et des besoins connexes, dans le but d’améliorer l’accès au traitement pour les patients et de promouvoir globalement l’utilisation appropriée des antibiotiques.
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Prévention et enseignement de la résistance aux antimicrobiens dans les écoles : une note d'orientation à l'intention des décideurs politiques en matière d'enseignement et des professionnels travaillant en milieu scolaire
World Health Organization WHO
(2025)
C_WHO
La résistance aux antimicrobiens (RAM) constitue une menace pour la santé mondiale, la sécurité alimentaire et la réalisation des Objectifs de développement durable (ODD) à l'horizon 2030. Il est essentiel de s'attaquer à la RAM pour préserver la capacité des pays à traiter les maladies c
...
hez les humains, les animaux et les plantes, réduire les risques pour la sécurité et la salubrité des aliments, protéger l'environnement et faire perdurer les progrès accomplis en vue de la réalisation des ODD. Les enfants et les jeunes d'aujourd'hui seront confrontés aux conséquences de l'inaction face à la RAM et aux risques accrus que pose cette dernière.
more
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African Union AMR Landmark Report: Voicing African Priorities on the Active Pandemic
Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention
(2024)
CC
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a leading cause of death in the African region, surpassing fatalities from malaria, HIV, and TB. In response to this critical threat, the region has adopted the AMR Global Action Plan and the African Union Framework for Antimicrobial Resistance Control 2
...
020 – 2025, which is tailored to meet the specific needs of African nations through a coordinated approach. While most countries in the region have developed and prioritized National Action Plans (NAPs) to tackle AMR, the overall response remains inadequate given the magnitude of the threat, which endangers human, animal, environmental, aquatic, and plant health.
more
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Guidance on establishing national and local AMR surveillance systems in the Western Pacific Region
World Health Organization WHO
(2024)
C_WHO
Antimicrobial resistance (‎AMR)‎ is impacting our health, economies and development. Up to 5.2 million people may die because of resistant bacterial infections across the Western Pacific Region from 2020-2030. Childbirth, surgery, cancer treatment and other interventions will become impossibly d
...
angerous if bacterial infections no longer respond to available antibiotics.
more
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Infection prevention and control in-service education and training curriculum
World Health Organisation (WHO)
(2024)
C_WHO
The primary objective of this curriculum is to equip health and care workers with the essential knowledge and competencies necessary for delivering safe and effective care. By doing so it aims to significantly reduce HAIs and combat antimicrobial resistance, thereby safeguarding both patient and HCW
...
s well-being.

This curriculum is developed to meet the needs of IPC professionals responsible for developing learning resources and overseeing training within health care organizations. Moreover, the curriculum is intended to encompass all individuals involved in health care delivery and support. This holistic approach includes a wide range of staff -ranging from clinical workers to administrative and auxiliary services, thus ensuring a broad and inclusive approach to IPC training.
more
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Overuse of antibiotics for urinary tract infections in pregnant refugees, Lebanon
World Health Organisation (WHO)
(2024)
C_WHO
Objective To determine whether adding urine culture to urinary tract infection diagnosis in pregnant women from refugee camps in
Lebanon reduced unnecessary antibiotic use.
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Vaccines designed to reduce antimicrobial resistance
World Health Organisation (WHO)
(2024)
C_WHO
Until fairly recently, debates about how to tackle the looming threat of antibiotic resistance have tended to focus on how to come up with new antibiotics
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Approche axée sur les personnes pour lutter contre la résistance aux antimicrobiens dans le secteur de la santé humaine
World Health Organisation (WHO)
(2024)
C_WHO
La résistance aux antimicrobiens (RAM) est une réponse
évolutive naturelle à l’exposition aux antimicrobiens, qui
a été aggravée par des comportements humains, tels que
l’utilisation abusive et excessive d’antimicrobiens, l’utilisation
d’antimicrobiens dans l’agriculture et la
...
santé animale, et
la pollution environnementale
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Status of antimicrobial resistance education and awareness in the WHO African Region 2017–2021
World Health Organisation (WHO)
(2024)
C_WHO
Animicrobial resistance (AMR) was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the
top 10 health threats facing humanity. The effects of AMR are far-reaching as it cuts across sectors and affects food safety,
nutrition security, livelihoods, environment and, consequently, attainment o
...
f several sustainable development goals (SDGs)
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Implementing the global action plan on antimicrobial resistance: first quadripartite biennial report
World Health Organisation (WHO)
(2024)
C_WHO
The first quadripartite biennial report summarizes progress in the implementation of multisectoral national action plans, actions by the quadripartite organizations, actions by the global governance structures, key environmental dimensions, highlights areas for accelerated action, and shares case st
...
udies from six countries. An Annex with extensive data on the global action plan’s monitoring and evaluation indicators is included. The report was developed through contributions from all 6 WHO regions, member states, various headquarters departments and units, and technical teams from FAO, WOAH and UNEP.
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Status on national core elements for antimicrobial stewardship programmes in the WHO African Region
World Health Organisation (WHO)
(2024)
C_WHO
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the world’s top 10 public health threats. The World Health Organization (WHO) in the African Region, using the Antimicrobial Stewardship assessment tool, has assessed Member States progress on strengthening national capacity need for effective implementatio
...
n of antimicrobial stewardship interventions to mitigate the threat posed by AMR. The African Region bears the bulk of the global burden of AMR, which drives up health care costs and the increases the economic burden on families and societies. Ultimately, this puts the achievements of modern medicine at risk when infections can no longer be treated with first-line antibiotics. In 2019, the deaths associated with and those directly attributable to bacterial resistance were estimated around 4.95 million and 1.27 million respectively. Left unchecked, deaths from drug resistant infections will surpass the predicted annual death toll of 10 million by 2050.
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Addressing gender inequalities in national action plans on antimicrobial resistance
World Health Organisation (WHO)
(2024)
C_WHO
National action plans on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) often overlook the critical intersection of gender, despite evidence that exposure and susceptibility to infection, health-seeking behaviours, as well as antimicrobial prescribing and use patterns are all influenced by gender.
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Antimicrobial Resistance Curriculum Assessment Tool for Medical Education
World Health Organisation (WHO)
(2024)
C_WHO
The Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) calls for making AMR a core component of professional education and training. In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) published Competency framework for health workers’ education and training on AMR to ensure that academic institutions
...
and regulatory agencies provided pre-service and in-service training to equip health workers with the adequate competencies to address AMR. This was followed by Health workers’ training and education on AMR: curricula guide, which outlines the learning objectives and expected outcomes of pre-service training of health workers to improve curricula. These tools were designed to strengthen the capacity of health workers in various settings to address the growing challenge of AMR.
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Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Guidance for the African Region
Africa Center for Disease Control and Prevention
(2024)
CC
Antimicrobials are medicines, including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and antiparasitics, that are used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals, and plants. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) arises when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites no longer respond to these medicines, ren
...
dering them ineffective and making infections more difficult to treat. This resistance increases the risk of disease spread, severe illness, disability, and death. Although AMR is a natural phenomenon driven by genetic
changes in pathogens, it is significantly accelerated by human activities such as the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in healthcare, agriculture, and animal husbandry.
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Antimicrobial resistance and access to antibiotics
World Health Organization WHO
EMHJ – Vol. 30 No. 12 – 2024
(2024)
C_WHO
It is estimated that around 2 billion people worldwide do not have access to essential medicines. Access to medicines in the Eastern Mediterranean Region varies among countries, depending on their income level and allocation of domestic resources to medicine and vaccine procurement. Access to safe a
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nd effective antibiotics remains a major challenge, especially for low- and middleincome countries. Barriers to access include high prices for new products, weak regulatory systems, substandard and falsified antibiotics, shortages of essential antimicrobials and inefficient procurement and supply management systems.
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