July 14, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress begins discussions on the possibility of launching new offensives against British-held territories in the south, as British attention was now shifting toward campaigns in Georgia and the Carolinas.
July 20, 1778 (Monday):
Congress appoints new officers to the restructured Commissary Department, continuing efforts to reform the supply chain for the army. The effectiveness of this department was critical to maintaining the army’s ability to fight.
July 25, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress adopts measures to promote desertion among British mercenaries, particularly Hessians, by offering land and citizenship in exchange for leaving the British service.
August 1778
August 3, 1778 (Monday):
Congress receives word of French naval forces arriving in American waters, under the command of Admiral d’Estaing. The French fleet’s presence marks the first direct military support from France following the signing of the alliance.
August 6, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress orders the reinforcement of American forces in Rhode Island, where French and American forces were planning a joint operation against British positions. This cooperation was an early test of the Franco-American military alliance.
August 10, 1778 (Monday):
Congress appoints new officers to the Continental Army’s southern department, as British forces had begun a campaign to capture key southern cities like Savannah.
August 15, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress resolves to increase the recruitment of African Americans into the Continental Army. Although initially hesitant, Congress recognized the need for additional manpower and the contributions made by African American soldiers.
August 20, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress receives reports of the failed attempt to retake Newport, Rhode Island. The joint Franco-American operation had been disrupted by a British fleet, and Admiral d’Estaing’s forces were forced to withdraw. Despite the setback, the alliance with France remained strong.
August 25, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress orders an investigation into the failed Newport operation, aiming to understand what went wrong and to improve coordination with French forces in future engagements.
August 30, 1778 (Sunday):
Congress adopts a resolution to improve the defenses of Charleston, South Carolina, as British forces were preparing to invade the southern colonies.
September 1778
September 1, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress orders the expansion of the Continental Army in the southern department, recognizing the growing threat posed by British campaigns in Georgia and the Carolinas.
September 5, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress debates the continued funding of privateers and adopts new regulations to ensure that privateering efforts remain focused on disrupting British supply lines rather than pursuing personal profit.
September 10, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress receives reports of increased Loyalist activity in the southern colonies and adopts measures to suppress these Loyalist forces, which were working with the British to undermine the revolutionary cause.
September 15, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress adopts new recruitment regulations, focusing on increasing the number of soldiers in the Continental Army as the war enters a critical phase. Recruitment efforts were especially urgent in the southern colonies.
September 20, 1778 (Sunday):
Congress adopts a resolution to strengthen the defenses of Savannah, Georgia, as British forces were moving to capture the city. The fall of Savannah would be a major blow to American efforts in the south.
September 25, 1778 (Friday):
Congress appoints a committee to negotiate with Native American tribes in the western territories, aiming to secure their neutrality or support in the war. Relations with Native Americans were complex, as different tribes sided with either the British or the Americans.
September 30, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress debates proposals for new financial reforms to address inflation and the depreciation of Continental currency. These economic issues were becoming increasingly problematic as the war dragged on, making it difficult to maintain public confidence in paper money.
October 1778
October 2, 1778 (Friday):
Congress extends the embargo on exports to January 31, 1779, and requests that states seize provisions to prevent "engrossing" (hoarding) and speculation. These measures were aimed at ensuring supplies for the Continental Army and preventing profiteering during wartime.
October 3, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress informs General Casimir Pulaski, who had been leading a cavalry unit, that "it is the duty of every military officer in the service of these states to yield obedience" to the laws of the states. This was a response to disputes over Pulaski’s independent command style, emphasizing the need for military officers to follow legal protocols.
October 5, 1778 (Monday):
Congress conducts an examination of William Carmichael regarding the activities of Silas Deane in France. Deane, a former commissioner to France, was under investigation for financial mismanagement and his controversial dealings with foreign officers.
October 6, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress invites the British philosopher and economist Dr. Richard Price to become a citizen of the United States and assist "in regulating their finances." Price was a strong supporter of the American Revolution and had written extensively on economic and political reform.
October 8, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress lifts limitations on the price of silver and gold, removing government controls over these critical commodities in the hope of stabilizing the currency and addressing inflation.
October 12, 1778 (Monday):
Congress adopts resolutions to suppress "theatrical entertainments, horse racing, gaming, and such other diversions as are productive of idleness, dissipation, and vice." These measures reflect the desire to maintain moral discipline and focus on the war effort.
October 13, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress orders General George Washington to take measures for the defense of the western frontier, which was vulnerable to British and Native American attacks. This was part of the ongoing effort to protect settlers in the frontier regions.
October 14, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress receives documents from Silas Deane and schedules further inquiry into the charges made against him. Deane’s financial dealings in Europe continued to be a contentious issue.
October 15, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress receives intelligence about the distribution of a "Manifesto and Proclamation" from British peace commissioners. These proclamations, intended to undermine American morale, promised pardons to rebels who would return to British loyalty.
October 16, 1778 (Friday):
Congress orders the seizure of anyone attempting to distribute the British commissioners’ manifestos and orders the removal of the Convention Army (British troops captured at Saratoga) to Charlottesville, Virginia, to prevent escape or rescue.
October 17, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress commends the comte d'Estaing for his attempts to assist American forces. D'Estaing had led French naval forces in a failed attempt to retake Newport, Rhode Island, from the British, but his efforts were nonetheless appreciated.
October 21, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress orders the arrest of the British commissary of prisoners in Philadelphia and declares opposition to "partial and parole exchanges" of prisoners of war in favor of "a general exchange." Congress also commends the marquis de Lafayette and expresses gratitude to the king of France for his continued support.
October 22, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress assigns General Horatio Gates to command the eastern department of the army, which included the defense of key locations like New York and Rhode Island. Congress also adopts instructions for the American minister to France and a plan for an attack on Quebec.
October 26, 1778 (Monday):
Congress appoints a committee to prepare a publication on "matters relating to" the negotiations with the British peace commissioners, aiming to clarify the American position and refute British propaganda.
October 27, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress responds to the Governor of Havana, thanking him for introducing Juan de Miralles, an unofficial Spanish agent to the United States. Miralles would play a key role in securing Spanish support for the American cause.
October 29, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress reorganizes the Board of War to improve the administration of military operations, reflecting ongoing efforts to make the war effort more efficient and better coordinated.
October 30, 1778 (Friday):
Congress adopts a "Manifesto" vowing to take "exemplary vengeance" against any future acts of British barbarity, such as the mistreatment of American prisoners of war or attacks on civilians.
October 31, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress rejects a proposal from the Spanish Governor of New Orleans for an attack on British-controlled West Florida. While Spain supported the American cause, Congress chose not to undertake this particular offensive at the time.
November 1778
November 2, 1778 (Monday):
Congress authorizes an attack on East Florida, another British-controlled territory, as part of its broader strategy to undermine British power in the southern colonies.
November 3, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress appoints a comptroller, auditor, treasurer, and commissioners of accounts for the reorganized Treasury office, continuing efforts to improve the management of war finances.
November 4, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress orders the printing of the Franco-American treaties to ensure wider distribution of these key documents. Congress also resolves to emit an additional $10 million in Continental currency to help finance the war effort.
November 7, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress sets December 30 as "a day of general thanksgiving" to celebrate the victories of the past year and the growing international support for the American cause. Congress also reaches a compromise over the provisioning of prisoners of war, addressing disputes over how to treat captured British soldiers.
November 10, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress augments the plans for the expedition against East Florida, further strengthening American efforts to capture the British-held territory.
November 11, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress exempts embargoed flour purchased in Virginia for the French navy, recognizing the importance of supporting French forces as part of the alliance.
November 12, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress denies John Connolly's plea to be treated as a prisoner of war due to his violations of parole. Connolly, a Loyalist officer, had been caught attempting to organize a British uprising in the western frontier.
November 14, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress adopts new incentives to encourage naval enlistments, recognizing the importance of maintaining a strong Continental Navy to challenge British dominance at sea.
November 17, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress orders the closer confinement of John Connolly for his parole violations. Congress also reaffirms the thanksgiving day resolve for December 30.
November 19, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress authorizes General Washington to appoint commissioners to negotiate a prisoner exchange with the British. Congress also receives formal charges from Thomas McKean against General William Thompson, initiating an inquiry into the matter.
November 20, 1778 (Friday):
Congress hears General William Thompson’s denial of the charges brought against him by Thomas McKean, marking the beginning of a dispute that would require further investigation.
November 23, 1778 (Monday):
Congress examines witnesses in the McKean-Thompson dispute, continuing its inquiry into the charges of misconduct against General Thompson.
November 24, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress adopts rules for settling rank and seniority disputes in the Continental Army, addressing issues of military hierarchy and promotions. Congress also authorizes the Board of War "to finish the arrangements of the army agreeably to the resolutions of Congress."
November 26, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress receives New Jersey’s ratification of the Articles of Confederation, a crucial step toward the formal unification of the states under a common government.
November 27, 1778 (Friday):
Congress rejects a petition to exempt grain for Bermuda from the embargo, prioritizing American and allied needs over those of neutral or British-controlled territories.
November 28, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress responds to a threat from British Admiral James Gambier, who had warned of retaliation against American prisoners of war. Congress reaffirms its commitment to humane treatment of prisoners while preparing to defend American captives.
December 1778
December 3, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress confirms General Philip Schuyler’s acquittal by court-martial, clearing him of any misconduct during his command. Congress also receives letters recommending John Temple, a suspected British agent, for further investigation.
December 5, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress endorses General Washington’s recommendation to suspend preparations for a Canadian invasion, recognizing the logistical challenges of such an undertaking. Congress also confirms General Charles Lee’s conviction by court-martial for insubordination and poor conduct during the Battle of Monmouth.
December 7, 1778 (Monday):
Congress orders Silas Deane to submit a written report detailing "his agency . . . in Europe" as part of the ongoing investigation into his diplomatic and financial activities. Congress also hears testimony in the McKean-Thompson dispute.
December 9, 1778 (Wednesday):
Henry Laurens resigns as president of Congress after serving in the role since November 1777. Laurens had helped guide Congress through the challenging period of the British occupation of Philadelphia and the subsequent return to the city.
December 10, 1778 (Thursday):
John Jay is elected as the new president of Congress, succeeding Henry Laurens. Jay would later become a key figure in American diplomacy. On the same day, Congress endorses the French minister Gérard’s proposal for encouraging privateering, a critical tool in disrupting British trade and supply lines.
December 14, 1778 (Monday):
Congress resolves to emit an additional $10 million in Continental currency to finance the war, despite growing concerns about inflation and the depreciation of paper money.
December 16, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress resolves to contract the supply of Continental currency in an effort to combat inflation. Congress also accepts presidential expenses as a public charge and asks the states to raise $15 million in taxes to fund the war. On this day, Congress also confirms the acquittal of General Arthur St. Clair, who had been court-martialed for his role in the loss of Fort Ticonderoga.
December 18, 1778 (Friday):
Congress directs General Washington to attend Congress for a "personal conference," following his suggestion that a face-to-face meeting would be beneficial for discussing strategy and the state of the army.
December 22, 1778 (Tuesday):
Silas Deane appears before Congress and "reads his written information" concerning his agency in Europe. This marks the beginning of a formal hearing into his activities, which had been mired in controversy.
December 23, 1778 (Wednesday):
Congress continues the Silas Deane hearing, seeking to resolve the questions surrounding his financial dealings and diplomatic efforts. Congress also continues the hearing into the McKean-Thompson dispute.
December 24, 1778 (Thursday):
General Washington arrives in Congress for his personal conference, as requested. Congress also continues the McKean-Thompson dispute hearing, ultimately accepting General William Thompson’s "apology" in the matter.
December 25, 1778 (Friday):
Congress observes Christmas.
December 26, 1778 (Saturday):
Congress adopts new regulations for the exchange of Continental bills through loan offices, continuing its efforts to stabilize the wartime economy.
December 29, 1778 (Tuesday):
Congress adopts Gérard’s proposal for protecting American-grown masts, crucial for shipbuilding and the war effort. Congress also appoints three additional Continental brigadier generals, reflecting the need for leadership in the expanding army.
December 31, 1778 (Thursday):
Congress continues the hearing into Silas Deane’s conduct and adopts additional fiscal resolutions aimed at addressing the financial strains of the war.
Journals of the Continental Congress - United States of America - 1779
January 1779
January 1, 1779 (Friday):
Congress defers the planned Franco-American attack on Canada. The proposal for this campaign had been part of a broader strategy to expel British forces from North America, but logistical challenges and the winter season led to its postponement.
January 2, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress adopts additional fiscal resolves aimed at curbing the depreciation of Continental currency. With inflation rampant, Congress sought to stabilize the value of its paper money, which was losing public confidence.
January 5, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress receives French minister Gérard’s protest against Thomas Paine’s published letters. Paine had revealed details about French supplies being sent to America, which were supposed to remain confidential, creating tensions between the U.S. and its crucial ally.
January 6, 1779 (Wednesday):
An inquiry is launched into Gérard’s charges against Thomas Paine, further examining the breach of diplomatic confidentiality regarding the French supplies.
January 7, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress adopts Gérard’s charges against Thomas Paine, and as a result, Paine is dismissed from his position as Secretary to the Committee for Foreign Affairs. This marks the end of Paine’s official role in Congress, though he remained an influential writer.
January 8, 1779 (Friday):
Henry Laurens admits that he had informed Thomas Paine of Congress’ confidential proceedings, further complicating the situation and implicating Laurens, the former president of Congress, in the leak of sensitive information.
January 9, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress orders Henry Laurens to submit a written statement regarding his "suspicion of fraudulent proceedings" by Robert Morris, the Continental Congress’s Superintendent of Finance. Laurens had hinted at financial impropriety, prompting Congress to investigate.
January 11, 1779 (Monday):
Congress receives Henry Laurens' formal charges against Robert Morris, marking the start of an inquiry into the financial dealings of one of the most influential figures in the American Revolution.
January 12, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress disavows the charges published by Thomas Paine concerning supplies received from France. This move is part of the effort to repair the diplomatic rift between the United States and France following Paine’s breach of confidentiality.
January 14, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress resolves to reassure France that the United States "will not conclude either truce or peace" without formal consent from its ally. This resolution reaffirms the commitment to the Franco-American alliance and aims to rebuild trust.
January 15, 1779 (Friday):
Congress receives a statement from Francis Lewis regarding Henry Laurens' charges against Robert Morris. Lewis, a member of Congress, provides additional context for the accusations made by Laurens.
January 19, 1779 (Tuesday):
Henry Laurens appears before Congress to explain his charges against Robert Morris, further detailing his concerns about Morris's financial management.
January 20, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress appoints a committee to conduct a formal inquiry into foreign affairs, which includes investigating the broader implications of the controversies surrounding Paine, Laurens, and Morris.
January 21, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress appoints a committee to "examine into principles of the powers of the... Committee on Appeals" and Pennsylvania’s refusal to honor the committee’s decree in the case of the Active, a ship involved in a dispute over admiralty law.
January 22, 1779 (Friday):
Congress resolves to request assistance from Virginia, North Carolina, and French naval commander Comte d'Estaing to provide aid to Georgia and South Carolina, where British forces were mounting a significant campaign.
January 23, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress adopts resolutions to improve recruitment of Continental troops and augment the authority of General Washington, the commander-in-chief. These measures reflect the ongoing need to strengthen the Continental Army as the war dragged on.
January 26, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress appoints a committee to investigate charges brought by Pennsylvania against General Benedict Arnold, then serving as the Continental Commander of Philadelphia. Arnold was accused of abusing his power for personal gain, foreshadowing his later treason.
January 28, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress debates Gérard’s contention that the United States should compensate France for aid rendered by d'Estaing to the southern states, in accordance with Article Four of the Treaty of Alliance. The treaty required mutual assistance, and Gérard argued that compensation was due.
January 30, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress approves General Washington's request for leave to return to his army camp after conferring with Congress on strategy and the state of the war.
February 1779
February 1, 1779 (Monday):
Congress debates a complaint from Pennsylvania against Matthew Clarkson, a Continental officer accused of overstepping his authority and offending civil officials in the state.
February 2, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress orders reinforcements for South Carolina and Georgia, where British forces were threatening to overrun the southern colonies.
February 3, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress confers with Gérard on how to supply the French fleet stationed in America. Congress also resolves to emit an additional $5 million in Continental currency and approves borrowing $20 million in loan office certificates to fund the war effort.
February 5, 1779 (Friday):
Congress resolves to request additional French aid for the defense of South Carolina, recognizing the critical role French forces played in securing the southern theater.
February 8, 1779 (Monday):
Congress recommends that certain embargo exemptions be made for Rhode Island and Massachusetts to relieve food shortages in those states. Congress also withdraws its request for French aid for South Carolina and discourages French requests for provisions for the French colony of Martinique, which was suffering under British blockades.
February 9, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress recommends relief for the owners of a Portuguese vessel that had been illegally seized by an American privateer. Congress also augments the treasury staff to expedite the settlement of army accounts, improving efficiency in financial management.
February 11, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress exonerates Robert Morris from the accusations made by Henry Laurens after a thorough investigation found no evidence of wrongdoing.
February 15, 1779 (Monday):
Congress meets with Gérard to discuss Spain’s offer to mediate peace talks with Great Britain and the need to formulate American negotiating demands. Spain had not formally entered the war but was offering to broker a settlement.
February 16, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress orders an inquiry into Pennsylvania’s charges against General Benedict Arnold. This inquiry would eventually reveal Arnold’s growing discontent and set the stage for his later defection to the British.
February 18, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress reorganizes the Inspector General's Department and the Ordnance Department, reflecting efforts to improve military discipline and logistics.
February 19, 1779 (Friday):
Congress resolves to emit another $5 million in Continental currency, despite concerns about inflation, as it struggled to finance the ongoing war.
February 22, 1779 (Monday):
Congress receives a proposal from William Lee, an American diplomat, for a commercial treaty with the United Provinces (the Dutch Republic). The Dutch were an important potential ally and trading partner. On the same day, Delaware ratifies the Articles of Confederation, moving the new system of government closer to full ratification.
February 23, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress debates instructions for potential peace negotiations, should Spain succeed in arranging talks with Great Britain. This reflects the growing possibility of a diplomatic end to the war.
February 25, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress accepts the resignation of Major General Thomas Mifflin, who had faced personal and political challenges in his military role. Congress also authorizes the augmentation of defense on the northern frontiers, where British and Native American forces continued to pose a threat.
February 26, 1779 (Friday):
Congress authorizes embargo exemptions to provide relief for Rhode Island and Massachusetts, reflecting the need to balance national policies with the immediate needs of individual states.
March 1779
March 1, 1779 (Monday):
Congress begins debating peace terms, focusing specifically on territorial boundaries that would define the new United States in the event of a settlement with Great Britain.
March 4, 1779 (Thursday):
Debate continues on peace terms, with boundaries remaining a central issue. Congress sought to secure the most favorable territorial arrangement possible for the new nation.
March 5, 1779 (Friday):
Congress authorizes General Washington to negotiate a cartel for a general exchange of prisoners, aiming to relieve the suffering of prisoners held by both sides and improve the morale of the army.
March 6, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress adopts a Declaration on Continental Authority over Admiralty Appeals, asserting that Congress had final jurisdiction in cases involving privateers and naval captures, an issue of growing importance in the war at sea.
March 9, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress urges the states to accelerate military recruitment and revises the bounty provisions to encourage more enlistments, reflecting ongoing difficulties in maintaining troop levels in the Continental Army.
March 10, 1779 (Wednesday):
Debate resumes on peace terms, with territorial boundaries continuing to dominate discussions.
March 11, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress debates the status of Nova Scotia in the context of peace negotiations. Some members favored annexing the territory, while others were more focused on securing other strategic regions. Congress also creates a corps of engineers, recognizing the importance of military engineering in the war effort.
March 15, 1779 (Monday):
Debates on boundaries continue as Congress seeks to finalize its territorial demands in preparation for any potential peace talks.
March 16, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress debates peace terms again, with boundaries remaining a contentious issue. Congress also authorizes the reorganization of the corps of waggoners, essential for transporting supplies to the army.
March 17, 1779 (Wednesday):
Debates over territorial boundaries continue, with Congress working to define the future borders of the United States.
March 19, 1779 (Friday):
Congress adopts its official position on peace terms regarding boundaries, solidifying its demands for territorial concessions from Great Britain in any negotiated settlement.
March 20, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress adopts a Fast Day proclamation, calling for a day of prayer and fasting as the war continued to strain the nation’s resources and resolve.
March 22, 1779 (Monday):
Congress begins debating peace terms related to fisheries, a critical issue for the New England states that depended heavily on access to fishing grounds for their economy.
March 23, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress reorganizes the clothing department of the army, addressing complaints about the inadequate and irregular supply of uniforms and other essential clothing for soldiers.
March 24, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress reprimands Matthew Clarkson for affronts to the civil authorities of Pennsylvania, concluding the complaint lodged against him. Congress also continues its debate on peace terms, including the important issues of fishing rights and navigation of the Mississippi River.
March 27, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress resolves that the yeas and nays will be reported in the published journals, increasing transparency and accountability in congressional voting.
March 29, 1779 (Monday):
Congress adopts measures for the defense of South Carolina and Georgia, where British forces were threatening to break the southern resistance.
March 30, 1779 (Tuesday):
Debate resumes on peace terms, particularly focusing on fishing rights, which were crucial to the New England states.
March 31, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress resolves to publish the journals of Congress weekly, ensuring that the public remains informed about the deliberations and decisions being made.
April 1779
April 1, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress endorses New York’s plan for reprisals against the Seneca Indians, who had allied with the British and posed a threat to American settlers on the frontier. Congress also resolves to emit another $5 million in Continental currency to fund the war.
April 2, 1779 (Friday):
Congress adjourns in observance of Good Friday.
April 3, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress adopts resolutions aimed at restoring harmony with Pennsylvania officials, who had been incensed by Congress’ response to their prosecution of General Benedict Arnold. This was part of an effort to smooth tensions between the national government and state authorities.
April 6, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress opens debate on the recall of American commissioners abroad, including key figures like Benjamin Franklin and Arthur Lee. The debate reflects ongoing concerns about the performance of these diplomats and their conduct in negotiations with European powers.
April 7, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts a plan to encourage rebellion in Nova Scotia, aiming to foment unrest in British-controlled territories. Congress also continues debating the recall of American commissioners abroad.
April 8, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress authorizes a prisoner exchange in the southern department, where British forces had captured a significant number of American soldiers.
April 9, 1779 (Friday):
Congress resumes debate on the recall of American commissioners abroad, with differing opinions on the effectiveness and loyalty of certain diplomats.
April 13, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress endorses a plan for the creation of a corps of French volunteers to fight in South Carolina, reflecting the ongoing cooperation between French and American forces.
April 14, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress reaffirms the authority of state officials to issue safe conduct passes, clarifying jurisdictional issues over the movement of individuals during the war.
April 15, 1779 (Thursday):
Debate continues on the recall of American commissioners abroad, particularly focusing on Benjamin Franklin and Arthur Lee, whose diplomatic conduct had come under scrutiny.
April 19, 1779 (Monday):
Congress accepts the resignation of Major General Philip Schuyler, who had been cleared of wrongdoing in previous court-martial proceedings but continued to face political opposition. Congress also authorizes the creation of an additional brigade for the defense of Rhode Island.
April 20, 1779 (Tuesday):
Debate resumes on the recall of American commissioners abroad, as Congress continues to evaluate the performance of its diplomatic representatives in Europe.
April 21, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress continues debating the recall of American commissioners abroad, weighing the merits and drawbacks of removing key diplomats from their posts.
April 22, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress rejects a motion to recall Benjamin Franklin, affirming his position as the leading American diplomat in France, where his negotiations were crucial to maintaining French support for the war.
April 26, 1779 (Monday):
Debate continues on the recall of other American commissioners abroad, particularly Arthur Lee, whose conduct had been controversial and had strained relations with the French.
April 27, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress appropriates 2,000 guineas in specie (gold) for General Washington's secret service operations, providing funds for intelligence and covert activities.
April 30, 1779 (Friday):
Congress debates the recall of Arthur Lee, continuing its examination of the conduct and effectiveness of its diplomatic corps.
May 1779
May 1, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress debates the recall of Arthur Lee, one of its commissioners in Europe, who had become embroiled in disputes with fellow diplomats. The recall was contentious due to divisions over Lee's conduct and effectiveness in representing American interests abroad.
May 3, 1779 (Monday):
A motion to recall Arthur Lee is put to a vote, but the result is a tie, leading to the motion's rejection. The split reflects the deep divisions within Congress over foreign diplomacy and Lee's role in the American mission.
May 4, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress appoints a committee to meet with a delegation of Delaware Native Americans. Relations with Native American nations were complex, as some tribes sided with the British while others aligned with the Americans.
May 5, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress resolves to emit an additional $10 million in Continental currency to fund the war effort, despite growing concerns about inflation and the depreciation of paper money.
May 6, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress observes a day of fasting and prayer, reflecting the spiritual dimension that Congress often invoked to inspire perseverance during the war.
May 7, 1779 (Friday):
Congress denies a petition from Bermuda seeking an exemption from the American embargo on provisions. Congress also orders Virginia and North Carolina to send reinforcements to South Carolina, where British forces were making advances.
May 8, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress resumes debates over peace terms, particularly focusing on fishing rights, which were a vital issue for the New England colonies. Fisheries were seen as crucial to the post-war economy and national security.
May 10, 1779 (Monday):
Congress authorizes General Washington to coordinate combined Franco-American military operations, underscoring the importance of cooperation with France following the alliance.
May 11, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress appoints General Louis Duportail as commandant of the corps of engineers. Duportail, a French military officer, had been instrumental in fortifying American defenses.
May 12, 1779 (Wednesday):
Debates continue over peace terms, with fisheries remaining a focal point. Congress aimed to secure access to critical fishing grounds as part of any settlement with Great Britain.
May 13, 1779 (Thursday):
The debate on fisheries persists, as Congress sought to balance the needs of New England with broader national interests in negotiations.
May 14, 1779 (Friday):
Meriwether Smith, a delegate from Virginia, charges Henry Laurens, the former president of Congress, with injuring the honor of Congress through improper actions. The dispute highlights internal divisions within Congress.
May 15, 1779 (Saturday):
Henry Laurens defends himself, denouncing Meriwether Smith’s accusations as an attack on his honor and reputation, further intensifying the conflict within Congress.
May 17, 1779 (Monday):
Congress directs its commissioners for Native American affairs in the northern department to consult with General Washington on all treaty negotiations with Native American tribes. Coordination with military leadership was essential for securing frontier defenses.
May 18, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress authorizes an embargo exemption for Bermuda, reversing its earlier decision, likely due to humanitarian concerns. The embargo had placed significant strain on the island.
May 19, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress increases the states' 1779 quotas by an additional $45 million, attempting to raise more revenue for the war effort as the conflict dragged on.
May 20, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress receives a proposal from Virginia suggesting that the Articles of Confederation be ratified without requiring unanimous consent from all states. This proposal came amid frustrations with Maryland, which had delayed ratification over territorial disputes.
May 21, 1779 (Friday):
Congress receives instructions from Maryland delegates concerning the Articles of Confederation and considers Connecticut’s proposal to ratify the Articles without Maryland's consent, reflecting the growing impatience with the ongoing delay.
May 24, 1779 (Monday):
Congress debates the ongoing Deane-Lee controversy, involving charges of misconduct between Silas Deane and Arthur Lee, two of the American commissioners in Europe. Congress also authorizes retaliation for British atrocities committed against French subjects in Virginia.
May 25-26, 1779 (Tuesday-Wednesday):
A congressional committee confers with a delegation of Delaware Native Americans, continuing discussions aimed at securing alliances and peaceful relations with Native tribes.
May 26, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress allows Joseph Reed, president of Pennsylvania, to address Congress on the worsening American fiscal crisis. The speech underscores the urgency of meeting financial and manpower quotas. Congress also adopts an address to the inhabitants of America, calling for sacrifices to support the war effort.
May 27, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress continues its debates over peace terms, again focusing on the contentious issue of fisheries. The stakes remained high, particularly for the New England colonies.
May 29, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress debates New York’s proposals for settling the Vermont issue, which involved a dispute between New York and Vermont over the territory’s independence and future status within the United States.
June 1779
June 1, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress resolves to send a committee to Vermont to investigate the situation and work toward a resolution of the ongoing territorial dispute.
June 3, 1779 (Thursday):
Debates continue over peace terms, with fisheries again taking center stage. Congress recognized the economic importance of these resources for post-war recovery.
June 4, 1779 (Friday):
Congress resolves to emit an additional $10 million in Continental currency, as the war effort continued to strain the nation's finances.
June 5, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress adopts a plan to fund the claims of Pierre Beaumarchais, a French playwright and arms dealer who had provided critical supplies to the American cause. His financial claims had been the subject of ongoing negotiations.
June 7, 1779 (Monday):
Congress adopts a vote of confidence in the quartermaster and commissary generals, refusing to accept the resignation of Commissary Jeremiah Wadsworth. The vote reflects Congress' desire to maintain stability in military logistics. Congress also appoints a committee to consider the powers of foreign consuls in America.
June 8, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress recalls Ralph Izard and William Lee, two American commissioners abroad, reflecting dissatisfaction with their conduct and performance.
June 10, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress resumes debate on the recall of Arthur Lee, who was also under scrutiny for his diplomatic efforts in Europe.
June 11, 1779 (Friday):
Congress resolves to borrow $20 million domestically at 6 percent interest, attempting to fund the war through loans rather than further emissions of paper currency, which were fueling inflation.
June 12, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress exonerates Dr. John Morgan, a former director of military hospitals, who had been accused of mismanagement but was cleared after an inquiry.
June 14, 1779 (Monday):
Congress debates price regulation proposals, reflecting ongoing concerns about rising inflation and the need to stabilize the economy.
June 15, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress directs General Washington to investigate charges against Dr. William Shippen, Jr., the current director of military hospitals, amid allegations of mismanagement. Congress also prepares a request for additional supplies from the king of France.
June 16, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress denounces the seizure of New York officials by inhabitants of the New Hampshire Grants (Vermont), a further complication in the ongoing territorial dispute.
June 17, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress debates peace terms, reaffirming provisions of the Franco-American alliance that prohibited the negotiation of a separate peace with Britain.
June 19, 1779 (Saturday):
Debates continue over peace terms, with fisheries remaining a key issue.
June 21, 1779 (Monday):
Congress reverses a previous plan to enlist German deserters into the Continental Army, reflecting concerns about discipline and loyalty. Congress also debates financial reform proposals.
June 23, 1779 (Wednesday):
Financial reform continues to dominate debates, as Congress struggles to address inflation, war financing, and the depreciation of currency.
June 24, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress resumes debates over peace terms, with fisheries once again being the focal point of discussions.
June 25, 1779 (Friday):
Debates continue over financial reform as Congress seeks solutions to the growing fiscal crisis that threatened to undermine the war effort.
June 28, 1779 (Monday):
Congress rejects a quartermaster's appeal for relief from state taxes, maintaining the authority of the states over tax collection.
July 1779
July 1, 1779 (Thursday):
Debates over peace terms continue, with fisheries still at the center of discussions. The fishing rights issue was seen as critical to the New England economy.
July 2, 1779 (Friday):
Congress sets procedures for exchanging withdrawn emissions of Continental currency, part of its broader efforts to stabilize the value of its paper money.
July 6, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress approves the export of provisions for the French fleet stationed in American waters. Franco-American cooperation was vital to the war effort, and supplying the French forces was a priority.
July 7, 1779 (Wednesday):
Debates over financial reform continue, with Congress considering various measures to combat inflation and stabilize the currency.
July 9, 1779 (Friday):
Congress orders an investigation into the purchasing practices of the commissary and quartermaster departments amid concerns about corruption and inefficiency in military supply chains.
July 12, 1779 (Monday):
Congress confers with French minister Gérard and receives a report from two members of the committee sent to Vermont. The Vermont situation remained a contentious issue.
July 13, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress receives a report from the other two members of the Vermont committee, continuing discussions on how to resolve the dispute.
July 14, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress debates the substance of its conference with the French minister, focusing on Franco-American military coordination and diplomatic relations.
July 15, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress orders retaliation for British mistreatment of American naval prisoners, particularly Captain Gustavus Conyngham, who had been captured and harshly treated by the British.
July 16, 1779 (Friday):
Congress receives Arthur Lee’s response to charges made by Silas Deane, further fueling the ongoing controversy between the two diplomats.
July 17, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress resolves to emit an additional $15 million in Continental currency to meet the financial needs of the war. Congress also threatens retaliation against Britain for its treatment of Captain Conyngham and debates peace terms, again focusing on fishing rights.
July 19, 1779 (Monday):
Congress directs the Marine Committee to prepare a plan for retaliation following recent British raids on Connecticut, where the British had inflicted significant damage.
July 21, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress recommends compensation for the owners of a Portuguese vessel that had been illegally seized by an American privateer. The case was part of ongoing diplomatic efforts to maintain good relations with neutral nations.
July 22, 1779 (Thursday):
Debates over peace terms, especially fishing rights, continue, as Congress seeks to secure favorable terms in any eventual settlement with Great Britain.
July 23, 1779 (Friday):
Congress adopts a plan for the protection of Continental property within the states, reflecting concerns about the security of military and civilian assets during the war.
July 24, 1779 (Saturday):
Debates on peace terms, particularly fishing rights, continue as Congress grapples with how to protect vital economic interests.
July 26, 1779 (Monday):
Congress commends the American forces for their victory in capturing the British post at Stony Point, New York, a significant morale boost for the Continental Army.
July 27, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress orders Virginia to send reinforcements to South Carolina, where British forces continued to threaten American positions.
July 28, 1779 (Wednesday):
Debates on financial reform continue, with Congress seeking solutions to the ongoing fiscal crisis that threatened to derail the war effort.
July 29, 1779 (Thursday):
Debates over peace terms, particularly fishing rights, persist as Congress tries to secure a favorable settlement with Britain.
July 30, 1779 (Friday):
Congress adopts an ordinance for reorganizing the Treasury, aiming to improve the management of the nation's finances and address the inflationary pressures of war.
July 31, 1779 (Saturday):
Debates on peace terms continue, with fishing rights remaining a key issue in Congress’s discussions.
August 1779
August 2, 1779 (Monday):
Congress exonerates Jean Holker, the French consul in Philadelphia, on charges of profiteering. Congress also reaffirms its commitment to protecting French consuls and officials, reflecting the importance of maintaining strong Franco-American relations.
August 3, 1779 (Tuesday):
Debates over peace terms continue, with a focus on the French alliance and the prohibition against negotiating a separate peace with Great Britain.
August 5, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress debates peace terms related to a potential Spanish subsidy, the status of Florida, and navigation rights on the Mississippi River. These issues were part of broader negotiations involving Spain, which was not yet a formal belligerent in the war.
August 6, 1779 (Friday):
Congress authorizes the payment of Silas Deane’s expenses and releases him from his obligation to remain in America. Deane, a former commissioner to France, had been involved in a prolonged controversy with Arthur Lee and was anxious to return to Europe.
August 7, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress continues to debate peace terms, particularly in relation to Spanish interests in North America. Spain's involvement was critical to shaping the post-war territorial settlement.
August 10, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress requests reinforcements from North Carolina to aid South Carolina, where British forces were continuing their offensive operations.
August 13, 1779 (Friday):
Congress debates instructions for its minister plenipotentiary, who would be tasked with negotiating peace terms with Great Britain. These discussions were crucial as Congress sought to define its diplomatic strategy.
August 14, 1779 (Saturday):
Debates continue on the instructions for the minister plenipotentiary, focusing on the key issues that would shape the peace negotiations, including territorial boundaries, fishing rights, and the status of loyalists.
August 17, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress urges the states to provide half-pay for Continental officers, who had long struggled with irregular pay and financial hardship, as part of efforts to boost morale and retain experienced military leaders.
August 18, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress augments the pay and allowances for Continental officers, recognizing the need to support the officers who were leading the fight for independence.
August 21, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress requests that the states extend the embargo on provisions until January 1, 1780, in order to maintain control over supplies and prevent goods from reaching the British.
August 25, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress urges the states to lift restrictions on interstate inland trade to improve the flow of goods between the states and reduce internal trade barriers.
August 26, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress appoints a committee to create a supreme court for admiralty appeals, recognizing the need for a higher authority to handle complex legal disputes over maritime captures and privateering.
August 28, 1779 (Saturday):
Debates over financial reform continue, with Congress seeking ways to stabilize the economy and address the inflationary pressures that were undermining the value of Continental currency.
August 31, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress receives a complaint from Henry Laurens, who accuses Secretary Charles Thomson of disrespectful behavior. This personal dispute underscores the tensions within Congress as members navigated the challenges of war and diplomacy.
September 1779
September 1, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress resolves that "on no account whatever" will it emit more than $200 million in Continental currency. This decision is made to curb inflation and the depreciation of paper money, which had become a growing concern as the war continued.
September 3, 1779 (Friday):
Congress receives notice from French Minister Conrad Alexandre Gérard that he will soon return to France. Gérard had been a key figure in maintaining the Franco-American alliance during his tenure.
September 4, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress observes the death of William Henry Drayton, a South Carolinian delegate and influential political figure. Drayton had played a significant role in the revolutionary efforts in the southern colonies.
September 7, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress is notified of Spain's entry into the war against Britain, an important development in the international support for the American cause. Congress also adopts a farewell response to Minister Gérard, expressing gratitude for his service.
September 9, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress adopts a letter of thanks to King Louis XVI of France for his continued support of the American Revolution. On the same day, Congress debates terms for a prospective alliance with Spain, seeking to formalize the newly established cooperation.
September 10, 1779 (Friday):
Congress issues an urgent appeal to the states for clothing to supply the Continental Army, which was suffering from shortages. The debate over relations with Spain continues.
September 11, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress resumes its debate on relations with Spain, focusing on the terms of a possible alliance and how to coordinate military efforts.
September 14, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress reads memorials from the Indiana and Vandalia land companies, both of which were seeking Congressional recognition of their land claims in the western territories. These land disputes would continue to be contentious.
September 16, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress debates various ways and means proposals to finance the war effort, reflecting the ongoing financial crisis that was straining both Congress and the states.
September 17, 1779 (Friday):
A farewell audience is held for French Minister Gérard as he prepares to depart for France. Congress resolves to emit an additional $15 million in Continental currency to fund the war effort and continues debating relations with Spain and the ways and means proposals.
September 18, 1779 (Saturday):
Debates over relations with Spain persist, as Congress works to solidify Spain’s commitment to the American cause while securing favorable terms for a future alliance.
September 20, 1779 (Monday):
Congress orders military and naval reinforcements for the southern department, where British forces were threatening American positions. The debate over relations with Spain continues.
September 21, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress continues to debate the ways and means proposals for funding the war and stabilizing the Continental economy.
September 22, 1779 (Wednesday):
Debates shift to claims made by New Hampshire Grants (modern-day Vermont) regarding territorial disputes with New York and New Hampshire.
September 23, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress continues debating the New Hampshire Grants claims and resumes discussions on relations with Spain, as it sought to clarify boundaries and rights in any future treaties.
September 24, 1779 (Friday):
Congress requests authorization from Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and New York to mediate the ongoing territorial claims involving the New Hampshire Grants. Congress also commends American forces for their victory in the attack on the British-held post at Paulus Hook, New Jersey. Relations with Spain remain a topic of debate.
September 25, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress debates relations with Spain and the conduct of future peace negotiations, focusing on Spain’s potential role as a mediator and ally in the conflict.
September 26, 1779 (Sunday):
Congress nominates a minister plenipotentiary to negotiate treaties of peace and alliance with Spain, formalizing efforts to secure Spanish support.
September 27, 1779 (Monday):
Congress elects John Jay as Minister to Spain and John Adams as the negotiator for peace with Great Britain, reflecting Congress’s intention to engage diplomatically on multiple fronts as the war continued.
September 28, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress elects Samuel Huntington as President of Congress, succeeding John Jay. Congress also adopts commissions and instructions for John Adams and John Jay as they prepare to negotiate peace and alliances with Spain and Britain.
October 1779
October 1, 1779 (Friday):
Congress orders the preparation of a plan for reorganizing the conduct of naval affairs, reflecting concerns about the management of the Continental Navy and the need for more effective leadership.
October 2, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress requests claimants in Vermont to authorize Congress to settle the ongoing territorial dispute. The Vermont issue had become increasingly contentious as the region sought recognition as a separate state.
October 4, 1779 (Monday):
Congress adopts instructions for John Jay, the newly appointed Minister to Spain, as he prepares to negotiate an alliance and support for the American cause.
October 6, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress admonishes General Benedict Arnold for his treatment of Pennsylvania officials. Arnold’s conduct while serving as the military commander of Philadelphia had raised concerns, marking the beginning of his fall from grace.
October 7, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress calculates and apportions the fiscal quotas for 1780, determining how much each state should contribute to the war effort.
October 9, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress adopts a circular letter to the states urging them to meet their fiscal quotas, as the war effort continued to place enormous financial demands on Congress.
October 13, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress authorizes Arthur Lee, the controversial American commissioner in Europe, to return to America. Lee had been involved in numerous diplomatic disputes during his time abroad.
October 14, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress commends General John Sullivan for his leadership in the expedition against Native American tribes allied with the British. Congress also resolves to emit an additional $5 million and sets a national day of thanksgiving.
October 15, 1779 (Friday):
Congress adopts further instructions for John Jay and resolves to seek a loan in Holland, recognizing the need to secure foreign funds to support the war effort.
October 20, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts the national day of thanksgiving proclamation, calling on Americans to give thanks for their victories and perseverance during the war.
October 21, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress appoints Henry Laurens, a former president of Congress, to negotiate a Dutch loan, recognizing Laurens’ diplomatic experience and the importance of securing financial support from European powers.
October 22, 1779 (Friday):
Congress rejects an appeal for Continental intervention against state taxation of Continental quartermasters, affirming the autonomy of the states in taxation matters.
October 26, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress adopts instructions for the negotiation of a Dutch loan and a treaty of amity and commerce, continuing efforts to expand diplomatic and financial ties with European powers.
October 28, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress creates a Board of Admiralty, ending the management of naval affairs by a congressional committee. The new board was designed to provide more efficient oversight of the Continental Navy.
October 30, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress urges Virginia to reconsider its decision to open a land office for the sale of unappropriated lands. The sale of western lands was a contentious issue, particularly in the context of territorial disputes and the need to settle land claims.
November 1779
November 1, 1779 (Monday):
Congress appoints Henry Laurens to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with the Dutch Republic, part of the ongoing effort to secure foreign alliances and financial support.
November 2-3, 1779 (Tuesday-Wednesday):
Congress adjourns due to the expiration of President Samuel Huntington’s credentials as a Connecticut delegate, a procedural issue that temporarily halted congressional business.
November 5, 1779 (Friday):
Congress is notified of the British evacuation of Rhode Island, a major victory for American forces. Congress also appoints a committee to plan an executive board to supervise Continental officials, aiming to improve the administration of the war effort.
November 8, 1779 (Monday):
Congress requests the correspondence files of former presidents of Congress, likely to ensure continuity and institutional memory in decision-making.
November 9, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress elects new Treasury officers as part of its ongoing efforts to improve the management of war finances.
November 10, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress orders the deployment of three frigates to South Carolina, where British forces continued their push into the southern colonies.
November 11, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress orders reinforcements for the southern department and observes the funeral of Joseph Hewes, a North Carolina delegate and signer of the Declaration of Independence.
November 13, 1779 (Saturday):
Congress rejects the resignation of General John Sullivan, who had led the successful campaign against British-aligned Native American tribes. Congress also approves the parole of British Generals William Phillips and Baron Riedesel, captured as part of the Saratoga Convention Army.
November 16, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress undertakes the care of Spanish prisoners held in New York, reflecting Spain’s new alliance with the American cause. Congress also rejects an appeal from Massachusetts to retain Continental taxes to offset the costs of the failed Penobscot expedition.
November 17, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress holds an audience with the newly arrived French minister, the Chevalier de La Luzerne, who had replaced Gérard. Congress also resolves to emit an additional $10 million in Continental currency.
November 18, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress gives General Washington the authority to coordinate operations with French armed forces, cementing the Franco-American military alliance.
November 19, 1779 (Friday):
Congress recommends that the states adopt price regulations to combat inflation and stabilize the wartime economy.
November 23, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress resolves to draw bills of exchange worth £100,000 sterling on John Jay and Henry Laurens, providing them with funds for their diplomatic missions in Europe.
November 25, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress adopts new regulations for clothing the Continental Army, addressing ongoing shortages. Congress also discharges the committee responsible for superintending the commissary and quartermaster departments, signaling a shift in administrative oversight.
November 26, 1779 (Friday):
Congress appoints Admiralty commissioners to oversee naval operations, further centralizing the management of naval affairs.
November 29, 1779 (Monday):
Congress commemorates the death of General Casimir Pulaski, a Polish nobleman who had died of wounds sustained at the Battle of Savannah. Congress also resolves to emit an additional $10 million in Continental currency and accepts the resignation of Commissary General Jeremiah Wadsworth.
November 30, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress appoints a committee to confer with General Washington at his headquarters, reflecting ongoing coordination between the military and political leadership. Congress also accepts the resignation of General John Sullivan.
December 1779
December 2, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress receives notification of Spain’s formal declaration of war against Britain, a significant development in the international dimensions of the American Revolution. Congress also appoints Ephraim Blaine as the new commissary general of purchases.
December 3, 1779 (Friday):
Congress resolves to move its sessions from Philadelphia at the end of April 1780, reflecting concerns over the city’s vulnerability to British attack.
December 6, 1779 (Monday):
Congress orders reinforcements to bolster the armed forces in the southern department, where British forces were making significant gains.
December 9, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress observes the national day of thanksgiving, a tradition that had been proclaimed earlier in the fall to recognize the perseverance of the American people and military.
December 15, 1779 (Wednesday):
Congress recommends that the states extend the provisions embargo until April 1780, seeking to maintain control over resources critical to the war effort.
December 16, 1779 (Thursday):
Congress authorizes General Benjamin Lincoln, commander of the southern department, to coordinate operations with Spanish officers stationed at Havana, Cuba. This decision reflects the growing importance of Spanish support in the southern theater of the war.
December 20-24, 1779 (Monday-Friday):
Congress debates a proposal to borrow $20 million abroad, part of the ongoing effort to secure foreign loans to finance the war. The financial crisis continued to dominate discussions as Congress struggled to fund the Continental Army.
December 24, 1779 (Friday):
Congress authorizes the use of depositions from witnesses at courts-martial in non-capital cases, streamlining the judicial process in military courts.
December 27, 1779 (Monday):
Congress recommends a moratorium on granting lands in the region of the Pennsylvania-Virginia boundary dispute, hoping to prevent further conflicts over land claims. Congress also orders the Post Office to institute twice-weekly deliveries, replacing the previous weekly service.
December 28, 1779 (Tuesday):
Congress authorizes Continental reimbursement for militia expenses incurred during the defense of Connecticut against British invasions.
December 31, 1779 (Friday):
Congress endorses a Board of War plan to employ greater secrecy to reduce procurement expenses, reflecting concerns about waste, fraud, and the efficient management of wartime logistics.
Journals of the Continental Congress - United States of America - 1780
January 1780
January 3, 1780 (Monday):
Congress postpones a decision on selecting a new site for its sessions. The vulnerability of Philadelphia to British attack had prompted discussions about relocating Congress to a more secure location.
January 4-8, 1780:
Congress debates a plan for creating a Court of Appeals, aimed at handling admiralty cases and other legal matters that had arisen during the war. This new court would provide a mechanism for settling disputes related to maritime captures and trade.
January 8, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress reorganizes Georgia’s Continental regiments, which had been weakened by the British occupation of Savannah. This reorganization was part of broader efforts to reinforce the southern department.
January 10, 1780 (Monday):
Congress dismisses General Charles Lee, the second-ranking officer in the Continental Army, following a series of controversies, including his conduct at the Battle of Monmouth. Congress also debates plans to reduce the size of the army in order to curtail expenses, as the war’s financial strain was becoming increasingly severe.
January 12, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress sends an emergency appeal to the states for provisions to supply the Continental Army, which was suffering from severe shortages. Congress also abolishes the mustermaster’s department, a cost-cutting measure as part of efforts to streamline military administration.
January 13, 1780 (Thursday):
New regulations for prisoner exchanges are adopted by Congress, formalizing the process of negotiating the exchange of prisoners of war with the British.
January 14, 1780 (Friday):
Congress recommends that the states guarantee the privileges and immunities of French citizens living in the United States, as recognized in the Franco-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce. This was part of ongoing efforts to strengthen ties with France.
January 15, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress officially creates a Court of Appeals in admiralty cases, providing a legal mechanism for resolving disputes over maritime captures, trade, and related matters.
January 17, 1780 (Monday):
Congress endorses the export of grain to French forces, facilitating cooperation with French military and naval operations. This decision was made at the request of the French agent of marine, who was responsible for provisioning French forces stationed in America.
January 18, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress resolves to print its journals monthly but ends the practice of printing the yeas and nays from its votes, likely to reduce costs and maintain some level of discretion in decision-making.
January 20, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress orders an investigation into the expenses of the staff departments and abolishes the barrackmaster’s department, part of an ongoing effort to reduce military expenditures.
January 22, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress elects judges to serve on the newly created Court of Appeals, ensuring the court could begin functioning to handle disputes.
January 24, 1780 (Monday):
New measures for recruiting Continental troops are adopted, as the army continued to struggle with recruitment and retention issues.
January 25, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress halts the pay of inactive naval officers, another cost-cutting measure aimed at reducing unnecessary expenditures.
January 26, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress appoints a committee to confer with the French minister, Chevalier de La Luzerne, on joint Franco-American military operations, reflecting the importance of coordination with French forces.
January 27, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress authorizes inflation adjustments for the salaries of Continental officials, responding to the widespread depreciation of Continental currency and the rising cost of living.
January 31, 1780 (Monday):
Congress pledges to wage a vigorous campaign in conjunction with French forces during 1780, committing to a strategy of intensified military action to bring the war to a favorable conclusion.
February 1780
February 4-5, 1780:
Congress debates Continental Army quotas for 1780, discussing how many troops each state should provide to ensure the army was adequately manned for the coming campaigns.
February 9, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress sets state quotas and adopts recruitment measures to raise an army of 35,000 men by April 1, 1780. This ambitious goal was part of a broader effort to rebuild the Continental Army after years of attrition.
February 11, 1780 (Friday):
Congress affirms its commitment to the reconquest of Georgia, which had fallen under British control. The southern theater of the war was becoming increasingly critical to American strategy.
February 12, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress confirms the court-martial sentence of General Benedict Arnold. Arnold had been accused of misconduct during his time as the military governor of Philadelphia, though this decision preceded his eventual treason later in the year.
February 16-24, 1780:
Congress debates various proposals for a system of in-kind requisitions from the states. This would allow states to contribute supplies and resources, such as food and clothing, instead of money, which had become scarce due to inflation and economic instability.
February 22, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress debates an issue of congressional privilege arising from a complaint made by delegate Elbridge Gerry. The nature of the complaint is not specified but likely involved a dispute over parliamentary procedures or personal conduct.
February 25, 1780 (Friday):
Congress adopts a system of in-kind requisitions from the states, formalizing the process by which states could supply the army with goods rather than paper money.
February 28, 1780 (Monday):
Congress once again postpones a decision on selecting a new site for its sessions, reflecting continued uncertainty about where Congress could safely convene.
March 1780
March 2, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress postpones debate on the Vermont controversy, a long-standing territorial dispute involving claims by New York, New Hampshire, and the self-declared Republic of Vermont.
March 3, 1780 (Friday):
Congress sets a "day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer," a tradition observed throughout the war to invoke divine favor and inspire perseverance among the American people.
March 4, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress commends John Paul Jones and the crew of the Bonhomme Richard for their famous victory over the British warship Serapis in September 1779, recognizing their bravery and contributions to the war effort.
March 8, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress orders reinforcements for the southern department, where British forces were threatening American control of the region, particularly in South Carolina and Georgia.
March 13-18, 1780:
Congress engages in a series of debates over fiscal reform, discussing measures to address the rampant inflation and depreciation of Continental currency.
March 18, 1780 (Saturday):
In a significant move, Congress repudiates the Continental dollar and adopts measures to redeem bills in circulation at the ratio of 40 to 1. This was an attempt to restore confidence in the currency and control inflation.
March 20, 1780 (Monday):
Congress recommends that states revise their legal tender laws, aligning them with the newly adopted measures to stabilize the value of paper money.
March 21, 1780 (Tuesday):
Debate on the Vermont controversy is again postponed, as the territorial dispute remained unresolved.
March 24, 1780 (Friday):
Congress observes Good Friday, a day of Christian reflection and observance.
March 26, 1780 (Sunday):
Congress observes the funeral of James Forbes, a delegate from Maryland who had recently passed away.
March 27, 1780 (Monday):
Congress rejects proposals for a new site for its sessions, once again deferring the decision. Congress also receives a plan for reorganizing the quartermaster department, which was responsible for supplying the army.
March 29-31, 1780:
Congress debates proposals for adjusting Continental loan office certificates to account for inflation, as the depreciation of paper currency had drastically reduced the value of these certificates.
April 1780
April 1, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress resumes debates on the plan for reorganizing the quartermaster department, reflecting ongoing concerns about the efficiency of the military supply chain.
April 3, 1780 (Monday):
Congress rejects a motion to hear Elbridge Gerry’s appeal, likely related to his earlier complaint of congressional privilege.
April 4, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress authorizes the defense of the New York frontier at Continental expense, responding to the threat of British raids and Native American attacks.
April 6, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress resolves to send a committee to confer with General Washington at his headquarters, underscoring the importance of close coordination between the political and military leadership.
April 8, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress authorizes partial reimbursement to Massachusetts for expenses related to the failed Penobscot expedition, a disastrous military campaign in 1779.
April 10, 1780 (Monday):
Congress authorizes depreciation allowances for Continental troops, recognizing the financial hardships caused by inflation and seeking to compensate soldiers more fairly.
April 12, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts instructions for the Committee at Headquarters, which was responsible for coordinating with General Washington on military strategy.
April 13, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress formally appoints the members of the Committee at Headquarters.
April 15, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress appoints Joseph Ward as commissary general of prisoners, a key position responsible for managing prisoner exchanges and the treatment of captured soldiers.
April 17, 1780 (Monday):
Congress rejects a proposal to appoint a “resident” at the Court of Versailles, France. This suggests that Congress did not see the need for a permanent diplomatic representative in France beyond the existing commissioners.
April 18, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress authorizes depreciation allowances for holders of Continental loan office certificates and commissions for Delaware Indians, reflecting ongoing efforts to stabilize the currency and maintain alliances with Native American tribes.
April 20, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress resolves to draw bills of exchange on John Jay, who was serving as Minister to Spain, to finance diplomatic efforts and secure loans.
April 21, 1780 (Friday):
Measures for the relief of prisoners of war are adopted by Congress, ensuring that captured soldiers were provided for while in captivity.
April 24, 1780 (Monday):
Congress adopts an appeal to the states to meet their fiscal quotas, urging them to provide the necessary funds and supplies for the war effort.
April 28, 1780 (Friday):
Cyrus Griffin is appointed to the Court of Appeals, and William Denning is appointed to the Board of Treasury, filling important administrative roles in Congress.
May 1780
May 2, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress revises commissions, bonds, and instructions for privateers, seeking to regulate the growing number of private ships authorized to attack British vessels.
May 5, 1780 (Friday):
Postal rates are doubled by Congress to help raise revenue, as the cost of maintaining postal services had increased due to inflation.
May 10, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts regulations for replacing destroyed loan office certificates, ensuring that holders of these certificates could still redeem them for value despite losses.
May 15, 1780 (Monday):
Three delegates from Georgia attend Congress, representing the state for the first time in over a year after Georgia had been under British occupation.
May 17, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress considers the report from the Committee at Headquarters, which was presented by delegate John Mathews, detailing the military situation and coordination with General Washington.
May 18-20, 1780:
Congress debates a memorial from French Minister Chevalier de La Luzerne on Franco-American cooperation, reflecting the importance of maintaining and expanding military coordination with French forces.
May 19, 1780 (Friday):
Congress urges the states to remit quota payments immediately, emphasizing the urgent need for funds to sustain the war effort.
May 20, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress issues another urgent call for the states to meet their troop quotas, highlighting the shortages in manpower faced by the Continental Army.
May 22, 1780 (Monday):
Congress urges Delaware to extend its embargo on provisions indefinitely to prevent goods from falling into British hands.
May 23, 1780 (Tuesday):
The Vermont controversy is debated again in Congress, but no final resolution is reached.
May 26, 1780 (Friday):
Congress requests that the states accept Continental certificates in payment of taxes, an attempt to stabilize the currency and ensure its use within the states.
May 29, 1780 (Monday):
Debates over the Vermont controversy continue as Congress grapples with the disputed territorial claims.
May 30, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress rescinds an instruction from the Committee at Headquarters regarding the propriety of reducing the Continental Army, reflecting the need to maintain troop strength despite financial challenges.
June 1780
June 1, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress adopts measures for the defense of the New York and New Hampshire frontiers, where British forces and Native American allies posed a significant threat.
June 2, 1780 (Friday):
Congress censures Vermont settlers and pledges to make a final determination on the Vermont controversy once nine “disinterested” states are represented in Congress, delaying a final resolution.
June 5, 1780 (Monday):
Congress adopts plans for cooperating with the anticipated arrival of additional French forces, reflecting the growing importance of the Franco-American military alliance.
June 6, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress orders arms and supplies for the defense of the southern department, where British forces were conducting a major offensive.
June 9, 1780 (Friday):
The Vermont inquiry is postponed until September 12, further delaying a resolution of the territorial dispute.
June 12, 1780 (Monday):
Congress orders restrictions on the issuance of Continental rations to conserve supplies and creates two extra chambers of accounts to facilitate the settlement of staff department accounts.
June 13, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress appoints General Horatio Gates to command the southern department, replacing General Benjamin Lincoln, whose forces had been defeated at the Siege of Charleston.
June 14, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts measures for the defense of the southern department, as the British continued their offensive in the region.
June 15, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress issues a circular letter to the states reinforcing the appeals of the Committee at Headquarters for funds and troops, urging immediate action to meet the war’s demands.
June 19, 1780 (Monday):
Congress adopts measures to prevent and punish counterfeiting, which had become a major problem undermining the value of Continental currency.
June 20, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress empowers John Adams, serving as a diplomat in Europe, to seek a loan from the Dutch Republic to finance the war effort.
June 21, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress reaffirms its commitment to Franco-American military cooperation and appoints an agent to transact U.S. affairs in Portugal, reflecting an effort to expand diplomatic and commercial relations.
June 22, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress endorses a plan to establish a private bank for provisioning and supplying the Continental Army, recognizing the need for more reliable financial support for the military.
June 23, 1780 (Friday):
Congress orders an inquiry into the fall of Charleston, South Carolina, which had been captured by British forces in May, and reaffirms support for the defense of Georgia and South Carolina.
June 28, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts a plan for paying depreciation allowances to holders of Continental loan office certificates, recognizing the need to compensate those whose investments had been eroded by inflation.
July 1780
July 3, 1780 (Monday):
Congress orders the Admiralty Board to implement an intelligence gathering plan, reflecting the importance of naval intelligence in the ongoing conflict with Britain, particularly in protecting American and French forces.
July 5-6, 1780:
Congress debates a plan to reform the quartermaster department, focusing on making the department more efficient in supplying the Continental Army with the resources needed for the war.
July 7, 1780 (Friday):
Congress endorses French Minister Chevalier de La Luzerne’s request to allow the shipment of provisions to Spanish forces stationed in the West Indies. This marks the strengthening of Franco-Spanish cooperation in the war against Britain.
July 11, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress orders the publication of its May 1778 resolution requesting the revocation of Articles 11 and 12 of the Franco-American Treaty of Commerce. These articles had been a source of contention between the two allies due to their potential impact on future trade relations.
July 13, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress orders General Washington to seek the exchange of General du Portail, the chief of engineers, who had been captured by the British. Du Portail’s expertise was critical for the fortification and defense of American positions.
July 15, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress reorganizes the quartermaster department, formally keeping Nathanael Greene in his role as quartermaster general, a position that was vital to maintaining army logistics.
July 17, 1780 (Monday):
Congress receives news of the arrival of the French fleet at Rhode Island under Admiral Ternay. This fleet, accompanied by troops under General Rochambeau, was a major boost to the American war effort.
July 19, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress opens debate on the court-martial of Dr. William Shippen, Jr., the director general of hospitals, who had been accused of corruption and mismanagement within the military medical department.
July 20, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress suspends Deputy Quartermaster Henry Hollingsworth from his duties, likely due to charges of mismanagement in the supply chain, as the Continental Army continued to suffer from logistical challenges.
July 25, 1780 (Tuesday):
Charles Pettit is appointed assistant quartermaster general, reflecting Congress’s ongoing efforts to reform and strengthen the logistics of the Continental Army.
July 26, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress orders the deployment of Continental frigates to cooperate with the French fleet, recognizing the need for joint naval operations. Congress also orders reforms in the department of military stores to improve the efficiency of supplying the army with arms and ammunition.
July 27, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress transfers responsibility for issuing privateer commissions and bonds to the office of the secretary of Congress. This centralization was likely intended to streamline the process and reduce fraud or abuse.
August 1780
August 2, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress lifts restrictions on General Washington’s operational authority, giving him greater flexibility to manage the war effort. It also reprimands the Committee at Headquarters for its failure to adequately support the army’s needs.
August 3-4, 1780:
Congress debates Quartermaster Nathanael Greene’s request to resign, reflecting his frustration with the logistical challenges he faced. His resignation request is ultimately rejected.
August 5, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress appoints Timothy Pickering as the new quartermaster general, replacing Greene. Congress also orders Washington to confer with French officers to plan joint operations to expel the British from Georgia and South Carolina.
August 7, 1780 (Monday):
Congress instructs Washington on how to handle prisoner-of-war exchanges and reinforces his orders to bolster the southern department, where the British were gaining ground.
August 9, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress authorizes drawing bills of exchange on Benjamin Franklin, the U.S. ambassador to France, to secure additional financial relief for the southern department, which was in dire need of resources.
August 11, 1780 (Friday):
Congress dismisses the Committee at Headquarters, likely due to its failure to effectively manage the army’s affairs, especially in terms of supplies and communication.
August 12, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress reforms the department of military stores and responds to grievances raised by general officers regarding their treatment and conditions.
August 17, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress commends General Rochambeau and the French forces for their conduct since arriving in America, recognizing the importance of the French alliance.
August 18, 1780 (Friday):
Congress confirms the court-martial acquittal of Dr. William Shippen, Jr., who had faced accusations of corruption in his management of the military hospital department.
August 22, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress orders the punishment of abuses within the staff departments, reflecting the ongoing issues of corruption and inefficiency in military administration.
August 23, 1780 (Wednesday):
New regulations are adopted for the issuance of certificates within the commissary and quartermaster departments, aiming to address problems of accountability and transparency. Congress also authorizes additional bills of exchange to be drawn on Franklin in France.
August 24-25, 1780:
Congress extends additional benefits to general officers in recognition of their service and to address grievances related to pay and conditions.
August 26, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress urges the states to implement its March 18 resolves for exchanging Continental currency, as inflation continued to plague the war economy.
August 29, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress appoints a committee to plan a "new arrangement of the civil executive departments," part of an effort to streamline the functioning of the government and improve oversight.
August 31, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress receives news of General Horatio Gates' defeat at the Battle of Camden, a major setback in the southern campaign, and begins preparing a response to the crisis.
September 1780
September 1, 1780 (Friday):
Congress receives an informal invitation to trade with Morocco, signaling the first diplomatic overtures between the United States and the North African kingdom.
September 5, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress authorizes the issuance of loan office certificates amounting to $1 million in specie value, with 6 percent interest, in an effort to raise additional funds for the war effort.
September 6, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress urges the states to cede their western land claims to the federal government and presses Maryland to ratify the Articles of Confederation, which was still pending Maryland's approval.
September 8, 1780 (Friday):
Congress orders reinforcements for the southern military department, which was in disarray following the defeat at Camden.
September 13, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress sets a new salary schedule for the Continental establishment, addressing ongoing concerns about compensation and the depreciation of Continental currency.
September 14, 1780 (Thursday):
The Vermont dispute is reopened for debate, as the conflict over Vermont’s territorial claims continued to divide the states.
September 15, 1780 (Friday):
Abraham Skinner is appointed commissary general of prisoners, and Congress adopts a plan to ensure a stable meat supply for the Continental Army, addressing concerns over food shortages.
September 19, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress convenes an evening session to continue the debate on the Vermont dispute, indicating the contentiousness and importance of the issue.
September 21, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress authorizes the enlistment of troops for one-year terms, as it struggled to fill the army’s ranks with soldiers enlisted for the duration of the war.
September 22, 1780 (Friday):
Congress authorizes drawing additional bills of exchange on Franklin in France, continuing efforts to finance the war through foreign loans.
September 25, 1780 (Monday):
Congress adopts a new plan for the inspecting department, consolidating mustering functions under the inspector general, in an effort to improve the efficiency of troop inspections and records.
September 26, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress resolves to instruct commanders of ships to observe principles conforming to the Russian declaration on neutral rights, reflecting the importance of international law in maritime warfare.
September 27, 1780 (Wednesday):
The debate over the Vermont dispute is postponed again as no resolution could be reached.
September 28, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress resolves to limit presidential terms to one year, likely to ensure more frequent turnover in leadership and prevent the consolidation of power.
September 30, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress receives word of General Benedict Arnold’s treason, a shocking revelation that would have a significant impact on morale and trust within the Continental Army. Congress also adopts a new plan for the medical department to improve the care and treatment of soldiers.
October 1780
October 2, 1780 (Monday):
Congress authorizes the drawing of additional bills of exchange on Franklin and John Jay, who were both securing loans in Europe for the war effort.
October 3, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress adopts a new establishment for the Continental Army, restructuring its organization to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the field.
October 4, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts instructions for John Jay regarding the navigation of the Mississippi River and the southwestern boundaries of the United States, which were critical issues in future peace negotiations.
October 6, 1780 (Friday):
Congress elects officers for the hospital department, continuing its efforts to reform the military medical system.
October 10, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress adopts a Virginia proposal to reimburse the state for expenses related to the cession of its western lands. It also requires that the ceded lands be used "for the common benefit of the United States."
October 13, 1780 (Friday):
Congress appoints Daniel Morgan as brigadier general, recognizing his leadership and contributions to the war effort. It also creates a third chamber of accounts to expedite the settlement of financial claims.
October 14, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress votes to memorialize Baron de Kalb, a major general who had been killed in the Battle of Camden. Congress also commends various officers and troops for their bravery in the battle.
October 16, 1780 (Monday):
Congress receives the proceedings of the Hartford Convention, a meeting of New England states to discuss mutual defense and coordination.
October 17, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress adopts a letter of instruction for John Jay, who was negotiating with Spain over the southwestern boundaries and the navigation of the Mississippi River.
October 18, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress instructs John Adams on peace negotiations and sets a day of prayer and thanksgiving, continuing the tradition of seeking divine guidance in times of crisis.
October 21, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress endorses a proposal to receive a delegation from the Cherokee Nation, recognizing the importance of maintaining alliances with Native American tribes. It also revises the Continental Army establishment.
October 23, 1780 (Monday):
Congress receives a report on the American victory at the Battle of King’s Mountain, a major turning point in the southern campaign.
October 24, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress sends an urgent appeal to the states, highlighting the severe distress faced by the Continental Army, which was suffering from a lack of provisions, clothing, and pay.
October 25-31, 1780:
Congress engages in intense debates over proposals for ways and means to finance the war, as inflation and currency depreciation continued to cripple the economy.
October 30, 1780 (Monday):
Congress confirms Nathanael Greene’s appointment as commander of the southern department, replacing General Gates after his defeat at Camden.
October 31, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress orders the deployment of cavalry reinforcements to the southern department to bolster the forces under General Greene.
November 1780
November 1, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress authorizes the drawing of additional bills of exchange on Franklin to raise more funds for the war effort.
November 3, 1780 (Friday):
Congress rewards the captors of Major John André, the British officer who had assisted Benedict Arnold in his treasonous plot. André’s capture had helped foil Arnold’s plans.
November 4, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress apportions a $6 million specie tax, to be collected chiefly in kind, as part of its efforts to fund the war. William Palfrey is appointed consul to France.
November 7, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress authorizes an exchange of prisoners of war, a critical issue as both sides held significant numbers of captured soldiers.
November 9, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress adopts a letter appealing to the states to respond to the present emergency, seeking immediate support in the form of funds, troops, and supplies.
November 10, 1780 (Friday):
Congress adopts measures to curtail enemy fraudulent use of American privateer commissions and directs steps to reduce forage expenses, reflecting ongoing issues of supply management.
November 13, 1780 (Monday):
Congress commends the troops who had engaged in the victory at King’s Mountain, recognizing the significance of the battle for the southern campaign.
November 14, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress authorizes capital punishment for individuals convicted of supplying the enemy with provisions or military stores, reflecting the seriousness of such offenses during wartime.
November 16, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress receives a report from the Committee at Headquarters and holds discussions with Pennsylvania officials on maintaining the provisions embargo.
November 17, 1780 (Friday):
Congress resolves to appeal to France for 25 million livres in aid, recognizing the continued need for French financial support.
November 22, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts an appeal to the king of France for additional aid and appoints William Geddes as paymaster general.
November 23, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress rescinds its election of William Geddes as paymaster general, reflecting dissatisfaction or new developments in the appointment process.
November 24, 1780 (Friday):
Congress receives a report on a treasury inquiry, likely related to the management of finances and the ongoing fiscal challenges.
November 27, 1780 (Monday):
Congress adopts measures for outfitting Continental ships and issues additional instructions to privateers, aiming to bolster naval operations.
November 28, 1780 (Tuesday):
Congress extends half-pay provisions to general officers and instructs Franklin on procuring additional aid from France and cultivating trade relations with Morocco.
November 30, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress adopts revised regulations for the commissary department, reflecting ongoing efforts to improve the efficiency and accountability of military supply chains.
December 1780
December 1, 1780 (Friday):
Congress adopts a statement endorsing Arthur Lee’s conduct abroad, reaffirming its support for the diplomat amid ongoing controversies over his role.
December 4, 1780 (Monday):
Congress prohibits unauthorized military purchases and appoints Simeon De Witt as Geographer to the Continental Army, a key role in mapping and planning military operations.
December 6, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress commends Benjamin Tallmadge and his troops for a successful raid on Long Island, highlighting the importance of guerrilla-style raids against British positions.
December 7, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress observes a national day of prayer and thanksgiving, continuing the tradition of seeking divine support for the American cause.
December 9, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress adopts instructions for William Palfrey, consul to France, reflecting the ongoing importance of diplomatic relations with America’s European allies.
December 11, 1780 (Monday):
John Laurens is appointed as "envoy extraordinary" to France, tasked with securing additional aid and support for the war effort.
December 15, 1780 (Friday):
Congress resolves to appoint a minister to Russia, signaling an interest in expanding diplomatic relations with other European powers.
December 19, 1780 (Tuesday):
Francis Dana is appointed as Minister to Russia, marking a significant step in the formalization of diplomatic ties between the two nations.
December 21, 1780 (Thursday):
Congress debates the impact of John Laurens’ appointment on Benjamin Franklin’s mission in France, considering the potential for overlapping responsibilities.
December 22, 1780 (Friday):
Congress appeals to the states to fulfill their Continental troop quotas, emphasizing the urgent need for reinforcements as the war continued into its sixth year.
December 23, 1780 (Saturday):
Congress adopts formal instructions for John Laurens in his special envoy mission to France, outlining his responsibilities and goals.
December 27, 1780 (Wednesday):
Congress instructs Benjamin Franklin on the details of John Laurens’ mission to France, ensuring coordination between the two diplomats.
December 29, 1780 (Friday):
John Adams is commissioned to negotiate a treaty of amity and commerce with the United Provinces (the Dutch Republic), marking an important step in securing new trade relations and financial support.
Journals of the Continental Congress – United States of America - 1781
January 1781
January 3, 1781 (Wednesday):
Congress appoints a committee to confer with Pennsylvania officials regarding the mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line, a significant crisis in which Continental soldiers stationed in Pennsylvania mutinied over pay and poor conditions. The committee is tasked with addressing the soldiers' grievances while maintaining order.
January 5, 1781 (Friday):
The committee on the Pennsylvania Line mutiny is empowered to "take such measures as may appear necessary to quiet the disturbances." This move reflects the urgency of the situation, as the mutiny had the potential to destabilize military morale. On the same day, Congress issues a threat of retaliation against the British for their mistreatment of American prisoners of war.
January 6, 1781 (Saturday):
Congress revives a committee to focus on the reorganization of the executive departments. This indicates a push to streamline and improve the management of key governmental functions, especially as the war dragged on and the need for more efficient administration became apparent.
January 8, 1781 (Monday):
Congress endorses a proposal to receive a delegation from the Delaware Native American tribe, underscoring the importance of maintaining good relations with Native American allies during the war.
January 9, 1781 (Tuesday):
Congress recommends the prosecution of former Clothier General James Mease for "a high abuse of office," likely connected to corruption or mismanagement in the distribution of military supplies.
January 10, 1781 (Wednesday):
Congress authorizes the establishment of a permanent office for the Department of Foreign Affairs, recognizing the growing importance of diplomatic efforts and the need for a stable structure to manage foreign relations, particularly with France, Spain, and other European powers.
January 12, 1781 (Friday):
Congress endorses a treasury inquiry report that acquits the commissioners of the chambers of accounts. This likely involved a review of financial conduct to ensure transparency and accountability in the handling of public funds.
January 15, 1781 (Monday):
A new fiscal appeal to the states from New Hampshire to Pennsylvania is adopted, reflecting Congress’s ongoing attempts to secure funding from the states in order to sustain the war effort.
January 17, 1781 (Wednesday):
Congress appoints John Cochran as the Director of the Hospital Department, responsible for overseeing the medical care of soldiers. John Pierce is also appointed Paymaster General, tasked with managing the payment of troops, a critical position given the ongoing issues with pay.
January 19, 1781 (Friday):
Congress opens debate on the fiscal crisis, which had been exacerbated by inflation, the depreciation of Continental currency, and the states’ reluctance or inability to meet financial requisitions.
January 24, 1781 (Wednesday):
Congress receives a report on the mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line, which provides details on the causes and current status of the situation, as the unrest among the soldiers posed a serious threat to military discipline and the overall war effort.
January 31, 1781 (Wednesday):
A recommendation from the committee of the whole is received, advocating for a 5 percent impost (a tax on imported goods) to help address the fiscal crisis. This proposal was part of Congress’s ongoing attempts to generate revenue independent of the states.
February 1781
February 2, 1781 (Friday):
Congress rejects Pennsylvania’s appeal for an emergency pay response to address the grievances of the Pennsylvania Line mutineers. This decision underscores the financial constraints Congress faced, despite the pressing need to restore order.
February 3, 1781 (Saturday):
Congress recommends that the states empower it to levy a 5 percent impost, further pressing for a centralized means of raising revenue to fund the war. The lack of financial independence was a major weakness of Congress under the Articles of Confederation.
February 5, 1781 (Monday):
Congress commends General Samuel Parsons' troops for their successful attack at Morrisania, New York, reflecting the ongoing military engagements with British forces. Congress also defines alien property rights under the Franco-American treaties, ensuring that French citizens’ property would be protected under U.S. law.
February 7, 1781 (Wednesday):
Congress adopts a plan to create three new departments: finance, war, and marine. This reorganization was designed to improve the management and oversight of the critical functions of government, particularly as the war placed immense strain on resources.
February 8, 1781 (Thursday):
News arrives of General Daniel Morgan's stunning victory at the Battle of Cowpens in South Carolina. This pivotal battle was a major morale boost for the Continental Army in the southern theater of the war.
February 12, 1781 (Monday):
Congress receives Maryland’s act authorizing the ratification of the Articles of Confederation. Maryland had been the last holdout, primarily due to disputes over western land claims, and its ratification was a significant step toward formalizing the framework of the new government.
February 15, 1781 (Thursday):
Congress authorizes expenditures to support the eastern Native American department and permits John Jay, the U.S. envoy to Spain, to recede from his previous instructions that insisted on the free navigation of the Mississippi River. This change in instructions likely reflected the complexities of negotiating with Spain over territorial and navigation rights.
February 19, 1781 (Monday):
Congress orders an inquiry into the causes of delays in the shipment of clothing and arms from France, recognizing the vital importance of these supplies in sustaining the war effort.
February 20, 1781 (Tuesday):
Congress orders reinforcements and resupply of the southern department, where the Continental Army was fighting to hold off British advances. On the same day, Robert Morris is appointed Superintendent of Finance, marking a critical step in reforming the country’s financial system.
February 22, 1781 (Thursday):
Congress assigns March 1, 1781, as the date for completing and ratifying the Articles of Confederation. This would formalize the union of the states and establish a more permanent structure for governance.
February 23, 1781 (Friday):
Congress debates and recommits the report on the Hartford economic convention, which had focused on financial and economic matters among the New England states.
February 24, 1781 (Saturday):
Congress doubles postage rates, likely in an effort to raise additional revenue, and adopts a plan for ratification ceremonies to mark the official adoption of the Articles of Confederation.
February 27, 1781 (Tuesday):
Congress commends John Paul Jones for his "distinguished bravery and military conduct," particularly for his victory over the British ship Serapis during the famous naval battle off the coast of England. On the same day, Alexander McDougall is elected Secretary of Marine.
February 28, 1781 (Wednesday):
Congress postpones the election of the Secretary at War to October 1. Additionally, it imposes restrictions on ornate military uniforms and decorations, perhaps in response to financial constraints and concerns over military discipline. Old business is referred to the newly established United States in Congress Assembled, the formal government structure under the Articles of Confederation.