Vermont - Wikipedia

Vermont - Wikipedia
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Coordinates
44°00′N
72°42′W
 / 
44.0°N 72.7°W
 /
44.0; -72.7
 (
State of Vermont
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
U.S. state
This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see
Vermont (disambiguation)
"State of Vermont" and "Vermonter" redirect here. For the former independent state in New England known as the "State of Vermont", see
Vermont Republic
. For the Amtrak train service, see
Vermonter
(train)
. For the Central Vermont train service, see
Vermonter
(Central Vermont train)
State in the United States
Vermont
State
Flag
Seal
Nickname
The Green Mountain State
Motto(s)
Freedom and Unity
and
Stella quarta decima fulgeat
(May the fourteenth star shine bright)
Anthem:
These Green Mountains
Location of Vermont within the United States
Country
United States
Before statehood
Vermont Republic
Admitted to the Union
March 4, 1791
; 235 years ago
1791-03-04
(14th)
Capital
Montpelier
Largest city
Burlington
Largest county or equivalent
Chittenden
Largest metro
and
urban
areas
Burlington
Government
Governor
Phil Scott
Lieutenant Governor
John S. Rodgers
(R)
Legislature
General Assembly
Upper house
Senate
Lower house
House of Representatives
Judiciary
Vermont Supreme Court
U.S. senators
Bernie Sanders
Peter Welch
U.S. House delegation
Becca Balint
(D)
list
Area
• Total
9,623 sq mi (24,923 km
• Land
9,217 sq mi (23,871 km
• Water
400 sq mi (1,035 km
)  4.2%
• Rank
45th
Dimensions
• Length
160 mi (260 km)
• Width
81 mi (130 km)
Elevation
980 ft (300 m)
Highest elevation
Mount Mansfield
4,400 ft (1,340 m)
Lowest elevation
Lake Champlain
95 ft (29 m)
Population
(2025)
• Total
644,663
• Rank
49th
• Density
70/sq mi (27/km
• Rank
31st
Median household income
$81,200 (2
23)
• Income rank
17th
Demonym
Vermonter
Language
Official language
None
Spoken language
: 94.4%
French
: 2%
Other: 3.6%
Time zone
UTC−05:00
Eastern
• Summer (
DST
UTC−04:00
EDT
USPS abbreviation
VT
ISO 3166 code
US-VT
Traditional abbreviation
Vt.
Latitude
42°44′ N to 45°1′ N
Longitude
71°28′ W to 73°26′ W
Website
vermont
.gov
State symbols of Vermont
List of state symbols
Coat of arms of Vermont
Living insignia
Amphibian
Northern leopard frog
Rana pipiens
Bird
Hermit thrush
Catharus guttatus
Fish
Brook trout
Salvelinus fontinalis
Walleye
Sander vitreous vitreous
Flower
Red clover
Trifolium pratense
Insect
Western honey bee
Apis mellifera
Mammal
Morgan horse
Mushroom
Bear's head tooth mushroom
Hericium americanum
Reptile
Painted turtle
Tree
Sugar maple
Acer saccharum
Inanimate insignia
Beverage
Milk
Food
Apple pie
Fossil
Woolly mammoth
beluga whale
Gemstone
Grossular garnet
Mineral
Talc
Rock
Granite
marble
slate
Soil
Tunbridge
State route marker
State quarter
Released in 2001
Lists of United States state symbols
Vermont
ər
is a landlocked
state
in the
New England
region of the
Northeastern United States
. It borders
Massachusetts
to the south,
New Hampshire
to the east,
New York
to the west, and the
Canadian province
of
Quebec
to the north. According to the most recent
U.S. census
estimates, the state has an estimated population of 648,493,
making it the
second-least populated
of all U.S. states. It is the nation's
sixth-smallest state by total area
. The state's capital,
Montpelier
, is the least populous
U.S. state capital
. No other U.S. state has a
most populous city
with fewer residents than
Burlington
Native Americans
have inhabited the area for about 12,000 years. The competitive tribes of the
Algonquian
-speaking
Abenaki
and
Iroquoian
-speaking
Mohawk
were active in the area at the time of European encounter. During the 17th century, French colonists claimed the territory as part of
New France
. Conflict arose when the
Kingdom of Great Britain
began to settle colonies to the south along the Atlantic coast; France was defeated in 1763 in the
Seven Years' War
, ceding its territory east of the
Mississippi River
to Britain. Thereafter, the nearby British
Thirteen Colonies
disputed the extent of the area called the
New Hampshire Grants
to the west of the
Connecticut River
, encompassing present-day Vermont. The provincial government of New York sold land grants to settlers in the region, which conflicted with earlier grants from the government of New Hampshire. The
Green Mountain Boys
militia protected the interests of the established New Hampshire land grant settlers. Ultimately, a group of settlers with New Hampshire land grant titles established the
Vermont Republic
in 1777 as an independent state during the
American Revolutionary War
. The Vermont Republic
abolished slavery
before any other U.S. state.
10
It was
admitted to the Union
in 1791 as the 14th state.
The geography of the state is marked by the
Green Mountains
, which run north–south up the middle of the state, separating
Lake Champlain
and other valley terrain on the west from the
Connecticut River Valley
that defines much of its eastern border. A majority of its terrain is forested with hardwoods and
conifers
. The state has warm, humid summers and cold, snowy winters.
Vermont's economic activity of
$40.6 billion
in 2022
[update]
is ranked last on the
list of U.S. states and territories by GDP
, but 21st in GDP per capita. Known for its
progressivism
, the state was one of the first in the U.S. to recognize same-sex
civil unions
and
marriage
, has the highest proportion of
renewable
electricity generation at 99.9%, and is one of the
least religious
and
least racially/ethnically diverse
states. Dairy, forestry,
maple syrup
, and wine are important sectors in Vermont's agricultural economy. Vermont produces approximately 50% of the nation's maple syrup.
Toponymy
edit
The 17th-century French explorer
Samuel de Champlain
is sometimes credited with coining the name
Vermont
, but it did not in fact appear until 1777, when, at the suggestion of
Thomas Young
, it was adopted as the name of the
Vermont Republic
(replacing
New Connecticut
, the name the republic had borne for the first six months of its existence).
11
It represents a French translation of
Green Mountain(s)
, the name of the mountain range that bisects the state. The latter name first appeared in 1772 in the context of the
Green Mountain Boys
12
History
edit
Main article:
History of Vermont
Pre-colonial
edit
Watercolor
of
Abenaki
couple, 1700s
The first humans to inhabit what is now Vermont arrived about 11,000 years ago, as the
glaciers
of the
last ice age
receded.
13
Small groups of
hunter-gatherers
followed herds of
caribou
elk
, and
mastodon
through the grasslands of the
Champlain Valley
. At that time much of the region was mixed
tundra
. The oldest human artifacts are 11,000 year old
projectile points
found along the eastern shore of the saltwater
Champlain Sea
14
This time is known as the
Paleo-Indian
period.
By about 8,000 years ago, the Champlain Sea had become the freshwater
Lake Champlain
and the climate was more
temperate
, bringing increased diversity of flora and fauna.
14
This was the beginning of the
Archaic period
. By about 4,300 years ago, the forests were as they are today.
13
Large mammals underwent extinction or migrated north, and the human population became reliant on smaller game and plants.
13
People developed fishing equipment and stone cookware, and practiced woodworking and food storage.
14
They had time for travel, leisure, and performed elaborate ceremonies.
14
Most of the state's territory was occupied by the
Abenaki
, south-western parts were inhabited by the
Mohicans
and south-eastern borderlands by the
Pocumtuc
and the
Pennacook
15
16
self-published source?
Over 3,000 years ago, the
Woodland period
began.
17
Food was increasingly sourced from domesticated plants, including
maize
beans
, and
squash
. Agriculture meant a change from dispersed hunter-gatherering towards the establishment of larger settlements.
13
Pottery was made from local
clay
, and tools were made from
chert
found along the
Winooski River
. Canoes were used for fishing and travel.
14
The arrival of European explorers in the 1600s marked the end of the Woodland period and the beginning of the
Abenaki
. At that time, there were about 10,000 Indigenous people in what is now Vermont, of whom an estimated 75–90% were killed by European diseases like
smallpox
18
19
Survivors moved north to
New France
or assimilated with European settlers.
14
Today, there are no
Indian reservations
in Vermont. In 2021
[update]
, 0.2% of live births in Vermont were to American Indian people.
20
Nearly all information about the
Pre-Columbian era
of Vermont is from found artifacts. About 750
prehistoric
sites are known in Vermont,
21
but few have been
excavated by archaeologists
, and those on private property benefit from no legal protection.
22
Several native
toponyms
survive in the state, including
Lake Bomoseen
Lake Memphremagog
Missisquoi River
Monadnock Mountain
, and
Winooski
Colonial
edit
The
Old Constitution House
at
Windsor
, where the
Constitution of Vermont
was adopted on July 8, 1777
A c.1775 flag used by the
Green Mountain Boys
In 1609,
Samuel de Champlain
led the first European expedition to
Lake Champlain
. He named the lake after himself and made the first known map of the area. Portions of the land that is now Vermont remained part of New France until 1763.
The French had a military presence around Lake Champlain, since it was an important waterway,
23
but they did very little colonization. In 1666, they built
Fort Sainte Anne
on
Isle La Motte
to defend Canada from the
Iroquois
. It was abandoned by 1670.
24
A short-lived settlement existed at Pointe à l'Algonquin, now Windmill Point,
Alburgh
. A village with a church, saw mill and fifty huts existed at the present site of
Swanton
. Much of the eastern shore of Lake Champlain was mapped out with
seigniories
, but settlers were unwilling to populate the area, possibly because of continual warfare and raiding there.
25
The English also made unsuccessful attempts to colonize the area in the 1600s. In 1724, they built
Fort Dummer
near what is now
Brattleboro
, but it remained a small and isolated outpost, often under attack by the Abenaki.
26
With the 1763
Treaty of Paris
, France ceded its claims east of the
Mississippi River
to the
Kingdom of Great Britain
, making the area more attractive to European settlement.
27
At the same time, New England was overcrowded; new land was needed for settlement.
28
The territory west of the
Connecticut River
was the last unsettled part of New England, and both the
Province of New Hampshire
and the
Province of New York
laid claim to it.
29
In 1749, New Hampshire governor
Benning Wentworth
began to auction land in an uncolonized area between Lake Champlain and the
Connecticut River
30
This area became known as the
New Hampshire Grants
. This westward expansion was started to increase New Hampshire's tax base and claim the timber there,
White Pine
in particular.
30
There were eventually 135
New Hampshire Grants
. The first of Benning Wentworth's grants included a town named after himself:
Bennington
. A typical town, it was 6 square miles (16 km
), contained 48 lots, with land set aside for a school, a church, and a town center.
31
Five hundred acres of the best land was kept by Wentworth for later resale.
32
Settlers came from across New England, and were obliged to "Plant and Cultivate Five Acres of Land" within five years.
31
Some settlers kept to the agreement and started farms. Others, like
Ethan Allen
, did not. They wanted to sell the land for profit.
27
Those who purchased New Hampshire Grants ran into disagreements with New York, which began selling off the same land as
land patents
33
In 1764,
King George III
proclaimed the territory to be under the jurisdiction of New York, which meant that the New Hampshire Grant landowners did not have legal title.
34
Meanwhile, New York continued selling large tracts of land, many of which overlapped with those already inhabited.
35
The dispute led to
Ethan Allen
forming the
Green Mountain Boys
, an illicit militia that attacked New York settlers and speculators through arson and mob violence.
29
36
37
They eventually repelled the New Yorkers, and went on, with
Benedict Arnold
, to fight in the
American Revolutionary War
, where they captured
Fort Ticonderoga
from the British.
Sovereignty
edit
Main articles:
Vermont Republic
and
Constitution of Vermont (1777)
The
gold leaf
dome
of the
neoclassical
Vermont State House
(Capitol) in
Montpelier
On January 15, 1777, representatives of the New Hampshire Grants declared the independence of the
Vermont Republic
38
For the first six months of its existence, it was called the Republic of New Connecticut.
39
On June 2, 1777, a second convention of 72 delegates met and adopted the name "Vermont". This was on the advice of
Thomas Young
, a mentor of Ethan Allen. He advised them on how to achieve admission into the newly independent United States of America as the 14th state.
39
On July 4, they completed the drafting of the first
Constitution of Vermont
(in effect from 1777 to 1786) at the
Windsor Tavern
, and adopted it on July 8. This was the first written constitution in North America to ban adult
slavery
40
stating that
male slaves become free at the age of 21 and females at 18
. It provided for universal adult male suffrage and established a public school system.
41
Revolutionary War
edit
Main articles:
American Revolutionary War
Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War
, and
Treaty of Paris (1783)
The
Battle of Bennington
was fought on August 16, 1777. A combined American force under General
John Stark
, attacked the
Hessian
column at
Hoosick, New York
, just across the border from Bennington. It killed or captured virtually the entire Hessian detachment. General
John Burgoyne
never recovered from this loss and eventually surrendered the remainder of the 6,000-man force at
Saratoga, New York
, on October 17 of that year.
42
The battles of Bennington and
Saratoga
together are recognized as the turning point in the Revolutionary War,
citation needed
because they were the first major defeat of a British army. The anniversary of the battle is celebrated in Vermont as a legal holiday.
The
Battle of Hubbardton
(July 7, 1777) was the only Revolutionary
battle within the present boundaries of Vermont
. Although the Continental forces suffered defeat, the British forces were damaged to the point that they did not pursue the Americans (retreating from Fort Ticonderoga) any further.
Admission to the Union
edit
Main articles:
Admission to the Union
and
List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union
1791
Act of Congress
admitting Vermont into the Union
Vermont continued to govern itself as a sovereign entity based in the eastern town of
Windsor
for 14 years. The independent state of Vermont issued its own coinage from 1785 to 1788 and operated a national postal service.
43
Thomas Chittenden
was the Governor in 1778–1789 and in 1790–1791.
Because the state of New York continued to assert that Vermont was a part of New York, Vermont could not be
admitted to the Union
under Article IV, Section
3 of the Constitution until the legislature of New York consented. On March 6, 1790, the legislature made its consent contingent upon a negotiated agreement on the precise boundary between the two states. When commissioners from New York and Vermont met to decide on the boundary, Vermont's negotiators insisted on also settling the property ownership disputes with New Yorkers, rather than leaving that decision to a federal court.
44
The negotiations were successfully concluded in October 1790 with an agreement that Vermont would pay $30,000 to New York to be distributed among New Yorkers who claimed land in Vermont under New York land patents.
45
In January 1791, a convention in Vermont voted 105–4
46
to petition Congress to become a state in the federal union. Congress acted on February 18, 1791, to admit Vermont to the Union as the 14th state as of March 4, 1791; two weeks earlier on February 4, 1791, Congress had decided to admit Kentucky as the 15th state as of June 1, 1792.
47
Vermont became the first state to enter the Union after the original 13 states. The revised constitution of 1786, which established a greater separation of powers, continued in effect until 1793, two years after Vermont's admission to the Union.
Under the Act "To Secure Freedom to All Persons Within This State,"
48
slavery was officially outlawed by state law on November 25, 1858, less than three years before the
American Civil War
49
50
51
Vermonters provided refuge at several sites for escaped slaves fleeing to Canada, as part of the
Underground Railroad
52
Civil War
edit
Main article:
Vermont in the American Civil War
Vermont in 1827. The county boundaries have since changed.
From the mid-1850s on, some Vermonters became
abolitionists
, which they had previously worked to contain in the South. Abolitionist
Thaddeus Stevens
was born in Vermont and later represented a district in Pennsylvania in Congress. He developed as a national leader and later promoted
Radical Republican
goals after the
American Civil War
. As the
Whig Party
declined and the
Republican Party
grew, Vermont supported Republican candidates. In 1860, it voted for
Abraham Lincoln
, giving him the largest margin of victory of any state.
53
During the
American Civil War
, Vermont sent 33,288 troops into United States service, of which 5,224 (more than 15 percent) died.
54
The northernmost land action of the war was the
St. Albans Raid
—the robbery of three St. Albans banks, perpetrated in October 1864 by Confederate agents. A posse pursued the Confederate raiders into Canada and captured several, before having to turn them over to Canadian officials. Canada reimbursed the banks, released, and later re-arrested some of the perpetrators.
55
56
Post–Civil War to the present
edit
Demographic changes
edit
Beginning in the mid-19th century, Vermont industries attracted numerous
Irish
Scottish
, and
Italian
immigrants, adding to its residents of mostly
and some
French Canadian
ancestry. Many of the
immigrants
migrated to
Barre
, where many worked as stonecutters of
granite
, for which there was a national market. Vermont granite was used in major public buildings throughout the United States.
In this period, many Italian and Scottish women operated boarding houses to support their families. Such facilities helped absorb new residents and taught them the new culture; European immigrants peaked in number between 1890 and 1900. Typically immigrants boarded with people of their own language and ethnicity, but sometimes they boarded with others.
57
Gradually, the new immigrants assimilated into the state. Times of tension aroused divisions. In the early 20th century, some Vermonters were alarmed about the decline of rural areas; people left farming to move to cities and others seemed unable to fit within society. In addition, there was a wave of immigration by French Canadians, and Protestant Anglo-Americans feared being overtaken by the new immigrants, who added to the Catholic population of Irish and Italians. Based on the colonial past, some Yankee residents considered the French Canadians to have intermarried too frequently with Native Americans.
58
In 1970, the population of Vermont stood at 444,732. By 1980, it had increased by over 65,000 to 511,456. That change, an increase of 15 percent, was the largest increase in Vermont's population since the days of the Revolutionary War.
59
In 2002, the State of Vermont incorrectly reported that the Abenaki people had migrated north to
Quebec
by the end of the 17th century;
60
however, in 2011, the State of Vermont designated the
Elnu Abenaki Tribe
and the
Nulhegan Band of the Coosuk Abenaki Nation
as
state-recognized tribes
; in 2012 it recognized the
Abenaki Nation of Missisquoi
and the
Koasek Traditional Band of the Koos Abenaki Nation
. In 2016, the state governor proclaimed Columbus Day as Indigenous Peoples Day.
61
Vermont has no
federally recognized tribes
62
Political changes
edit
Vermont approved women's suffrage decades before it became part of the national constitution. Women were first allowed to vote in the elections of December 18, 1880, when they were granted limited
suffrage
. They were first allowed to vote in town elections, and later in state legislative races.
In 1931, Vermont was the 29th state to pass a
eugenics
law. Vermont, like other states, sterilized some patients in institutions and persons it had identified through surveys as degenerate or unfit. It nominally had permission from the patients or their guardians, but abuses were documented. Two-thirds of the sterilizations were done on women, and poor, unwed mothers were targeted, among others. There is disagreement about how many sterilizations were performed; most were completed between 1931 and 1941, but such procedures were recorded as late as 1970.
58
In 1964, the
U.S. Supreme Court
decision in
Reynolds v. Sims
required "
one man, one vote
" redistricting in all states. It had found that many state legislatures had not redistricted and were dominated by rural interests, years after the development of densely populated and industrial urban areas. In addition, it found that many states had an upper house based on geographical jurisdictions, such as counties. This gave disproportionate power to rural and lightly populated counties.
63
The court ruled there was no basis for such a structure. Major changes in political apportionment took place in Vermont and other affected states.
63
In the 21st century, Vermont increasingly became defined by its progressivism. It was the first state to introduce
civil unions
in 2000 and the first state to legalize
same-sex marriage
in 2009, unforced by court challenge or ruling.
64
On January 22, 2018, Vermont became the first state to legalize
cannabis
for recreational use by legislative action, and the ninth state in the United States to legalize marijuana for medical purposes. This law was signed by Republican Governor
Phil Scott
65
Geography
edit
See also:
List of counties in Vermont
List of towns in Vermont
, and
List of mountains of Vermont
Map of Vermont showing cities, roads, and rivers
Population density of Vermont
Mount Mansfield
Western face of
Camel's Hump Mountain
(elevation 4,079 feet; 1,243 m)
66
Fall foliage
at
Lake Willoughby
Vermont is located in the
New England
region of the
northeastern United States
and comprises 9,614 square miles (24,900 km
), making it the 45th-largest state. It is the only state that
does not have any buildings taller than 124 feet (38 m)
67
Land comprises 9,250 square miles (24,000 km
) and water comprises 365 square miles (950 km
), making it the 43rd-largest in land area and the 47th in water area. In total area, it is larger than
El Salvador
and smaller than
Haiti
. It is the only landlocked state in New England,
68
and it is the easternmost and smallest in area of all US landlocked states.
69
The
Green Mountains
in Vermont form a north–south spine running most of the length of the state, slightly west of its center. In the southwest portion of the state are located the
Taconic Mountains
70
In the northwest, near
Lake Champlain
, is the fertile
Champlain Valley
. In the south of the valley is
Lake Bomoseen
The west bank of the
Connecticut River
marks the state's eastern border with New Hampshire, though much of the river flows within New Hampshire.
71
41% of Vermont's land area is part of the Connecticut River's watershed.
72
Lake Champlain
, the sixth-largest body of fresh water in the United States, separates Vermont from New York in the northwest portion of the state.
From north to south, Vermont is 159 miles (256 km) long. Its greatest width, from east to west, is 89 miles (143 km) at the Canada–U.S. border; the narrowest width is 37 miles (60 km) near the Massachusetts border. The width averages 60.5 miles (97.4 km). The state's
geographic center
is approximately three miles (4.8 km) east of
Roxbury
, in
Washington County
. There are
fifteen U.S. federal border crossings between Vermont and Canada
Several mountains have timberlines with delicate year-round alpine ecosystems, including
Mount Mansfield
, the highest mountain in the state;
Killington Peak
, the second-highest;
Camel's Hump
, the state's third-highest; and
Mount Abraham
, the fifth-highest peak.
73
Areas in Vermont administered by the
National Park Service
include the
Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park
(in
Woodstock
) and the
Appalachian National Scenic Trail
74
The topography and climate make sections of Vermont subject to large-scale
flooding
. Incidents include the
Great Vermont Flood of 1927
, which killed 84 and damaged much of the state's infrastructure,
75
the flood of 1973, which covered many of the state's roads in the southeast,
76
and
Tropical Storm Irene
in 2011, which caused substantial damage throughout the state.
77
In response to the 1927 flood, the federal government funded construction of six flood control dams in the state, run by the
Army Corps of Engineers
78
These extreme rain and flooding events are expected to
intensify with climate change
79
Cities
edit
Vermont has ten incorporated cities. The most populous city in Vermont is
Burlington
. Its
metropolitan area
is also the most populous in the state, with an estimate of 225,562 as of 2020.
City
populations (
2020 census
City
Population
Burlington
44,743
South Burlington
20,292
Rutland
15,807
Essex Junction
10,761
Barre
8,491
Montpelier
8,074
Winooski
7,997
St. Albans
6,877
Newport
4,455
Vergennes
2,553
Largest towns
edit
Although these
towns
are large enough to be considered cities, they are not incorporated as such.
Large town populations (
2020 census
Town
Population
Essex
22,094
Colchester
17,524
Bennington
15,333
Brattleboro
12,184
Milton
10,723
Hartford
10,686
Williston
10,103
Middlebury
9,152
Springfield
9,062
Barre
7,923
Shelburne
7,717
St. Johnsbury
7,364
Climate
edit
See also:
Climate of New England
Köppen climate types
of Vermont, using 1991–2020
climate normals
The annual mean temperature for the state is 43 °F (6 °C).
80
Vermont has a
humid continental climate
, with
muddy
springs, in general a mild early summer, hot Augusts; it has
colorful autumns
: Vermont's hills reveal red, orange, and (on
sugar maples
) gold foliage as cold weather approaches.
81
Winters are colder at higher elevations.
82
It has a
Köppen climate classification
of Dfb, a temperate continental climate.
83
The rural northeastern section known as the "
Northeast Kingdom
" often averages 10 °F (5.6 °C) colder than the southern areas of the state during winter. The annual snowfall averages between 60 and 100 inches (1,500 and 2,500 mm) depending on elevation. Vermont is the seventh coldest state in the country.
84
The highest recorded temperature was 105 °F (41 °C), at
Vernon
, on July 4, 1911. The lowest recorded temperature was −50 °F (−46 °C), at
Bloomfield
, on December 30, 1933; this is the lowest temperature recorded in New England alongside
Big Black River
, which recorded a verified −50 °F (−46 °C) in 2009.
85
The agricultural growing season ranges from 120 to 180 days.
86
The
United States Department of Agriculture
plant
hardiness zones
for the state range between zone 3b, no colder than −35 °F (−37 °C), in the
Northeast Kingdom
and northern part of the state and zone 5b, no colder than −15 °F (−26 °C), in the southern part of the state.
87
The state receives between 2,200 and 2,400 hours of sunshine annually. New England as a whole receives a range of less than 2,000 hours of sunshine in part of New Hampshire to as much as 2,600 hours of sunshine per year in Connecticut and Rhode Island.
88
Climate change
edit
Main article:
Climate change in Vermont
Climate change in Vermont
encompasses the
effects of climate change
, attributed to anthropogenic increases in atmospheric
carbon dioxide
The state is already seeing effects of climate change that affect its ecosystems, economy and public health. According to the state government, rainfall has significantly increased in the last 50 years, storms and flooding have increased, and winters have become warmer and shorter.
89
These changes have affected the winter tourism industry,
90
and caused a decline in critical agricultural and woodland industries like
maple sugaring
91
The state openly acknowledges and is developing programs that respond to
global warming
92
Vermont was one of the first states in the United States to adopt
greenhouse gas emissions
goals, in 2006.
Geology
edit
Silurian
and
Devonian
stratigraphy of Vermont
Further information:
Geology of New England
There are five distinct
physiographic
regions of Vermont.
93
Categorized by geological and physical attributes, they are the Northeastern Highlands, the Green Mountains, the
Taconic Mountains
, the Champlain Lowlands, and the Vermont Piedmont.
94
About 500 million years ago, Vermont was part of
Laurentia
and located in the tropics.
95
The central and southern Green Mountain range include the oldest rocks in Vermont, formed about one billion years ago during the first mountain building period (or orogeny). Subsequently, about
400 million
years ago, the second mountain building period created Green Mountain peaks that were 15,000–20,000 feet (4,600–6,100 m) tall, three to four times their current height and comparable to the
Himalayas
. The geological pressures that created those peaks remain evident as the
Champlain Thrust
, running north–south to the west of the mountains (now the eastern shore of Lake Champlain). It is an example of geological fault thrusting where bedrock is pushed over the newer rock formation.
As a result of tectonic formation, Vermont east of the Green Mountains tends to be formed from rocks produced in the
Silurian
and
Devonian
periods, and western Vermont mainly from the older
Pre-Cambrian
and
Cambrian
material.
96
Several large deposits within the state contain granite.
97
The remains of the
Chazy Formation
can be observed in
Isle La Motte
which was one of the first tropical reefs. It is the site of the limestone Fisk Quarry, which contains a collection of ancient marine fossils, such as
stromatoporoids
, that date to
200 million
years ago. At one point, Vermont is believed to have been connected to Africa (
Pangaea
); the fossils found and the rock formations found on the coasts in both Africa and America are evidence affirming the Pangaea theory.
98
99
100
In the past four centuries, Vermont has experienced a few earthquakes, rarely centered under the state. The highest ranked, in 1952, had a
Richter magnitude scale
6.0 and was based in Canada.
101
Fauna
edit
The
hermit thrush
, the state bird of Vermont
The state contains 41 species of
reptiles
and
amphibians
(including the
spring peeper
), 89 species of
fish
, of which 12 are nonnative;
102
193 species of breeding birds, 58 species of mammals (including
black bears
eastern chipmunks
coyotes
fishers
red
and
gray foxes
porcupines
, and
woodchucks
), more than 15,000 insect species (including
luna moths
), and 2,000 higher plant species, plus fungi, algae, and 75 different types of natural communities.
103
Vermont contains one species of venomous snake, the
timber rattlesnake
, which is confined to a few acres in western
Rutland County
104
Wildlife has suffered because of human development in the state. By the mid-19th century,
wild turkeys
were eradicated in the state through
hunting
and
habitat destruction
. Sixteen were reintroduced in 1969, and had grown to a flock estimated to number 45,000 in 2009.
105
In 2013, hunters killed 6,968 of these.
106
Since 1970, reduction of farmland has resulted in reduced environment for, and resulted in a decline in, numbers of various
shrubland
birds, including the
American woodcock
brown thrasher
eastern towhee
willow flycatcher
golden-winged warbler
blue-winged warbler
field sparrow
, and
Baltimore oriole
107
Ospreys
, whose eggs were previously damaged by
DDT
, began to reappear in 1998 and by 2010, were no longer endangered in the state.
108
Several species have declined or disappeared from the state, including bats, many of which have been killed by
white-nose syndrome
109
the
New England cottontail
, outcompeted by the
eastern cottontail rabbit
110
and the
yellow-banded bumblebee
, gone as one of 19 species of bee in decline.
111
112
Invasive species and organisms include the Asian
spotted wing drosophila
, a destroyer of crops,
113
and
eastern equine encephalitis virus
whose
antibodies
were found in moose or deer in each of Vermont's counties.
114
Flora
edit
Vermont is in the
temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
biome
. Much of the state, in particular the Green Mountains, is covered by the
conifers
and
northern hardwoods
of the
New England-Acadian forests
. The western border with New York and the area around Lake Champlain lies within the
Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests
. The southwest corner of the state and parts of the Connecticut River are covered by
northeastern coastal forests
of mixed
oak
115
Invasive
wild honeysuckle
has been deemed a threat to the state's forests, native species of plants, and wildlife.
116
Many of Vermont's rivers, including the
Winooski River
, have been subjected to artificial barriers to prevent flooding.
117
Historical population
Census
Pop.
Note
%±
1790
85,425
1800
154,465
80.8%
1810
217,895
41.1%
1820
235,981
8.3%
1830
280,652
18.9%
1840
291,948
4.0%
1850
314,120
7.6%
1860
315,098
0.3%
1870
330,551
4.9%
1880
332,286
0.5%
1890
332,422
0.0%
1900
343,641
3.4%
1910
355,956
3.6%
1920
352,428
−1.0%
1930
359,611
2.0%
1940
359,231
−0.1%
1950
377,747
5.2%
1960
389,881
3.2%
1970
444,330
14.0%
1980
511,456
15.1%
1990
562,758
10.0%
2000
608,827
8.2%
2010
625,741
2.8%
2020
643,085
2.8%
2025 (est.)
644,663
0.2%
Source: 1910–2020
118
Climate change
appears to be affecting the maple sugar industry.
Sugar maples
have been subject to stress by
acid rain
asian long-horned beetles
, and
pear thrips
. In 2011, the deer herd had grown too large for the habitat, and many resorted to eating bark to survive the winter, destroying trees in the process. In addition, the sugar maples need a certain period of cold to produce sap for maple syrup. The time to tap these trees has shrunk to one week in recent years. The tree may be replaced by the more aggressive
Norway maples
, in effect forcing the sugar maples to "migrate" north to Canada.
119
Demographics
edit
Population
edit
Vermont
population pyramid
According to the
U.S. Census Bureau
, the state of Vermont had a population of 643,085 in the
2020 U.S. census
120
Vermont was one of two states with fewer people than the
District of Columbia
Wyoming
was the other.
120
The
center of population
of Vermont is located in
Washington County
, in the town of
Warren
121
The influx of
domestic migrants
in the 1960s to 1980s brought outlooks different than those of the native-born population. As one example, since 1988, Vermont has consistently voted for Democrats in national elections, despite having been the most Republican state in the nation for more than 100 years after the party's founding in the 1850s.
122
123
Inward migration to Vermont began to wane during the 2000s, and became
emigration
during the 2010s. This trend reversed in the 2020s, with about 4,500 new residents domestically migrating to the state between 2020 and 2021.
124
Chittenden County
has seen the most rapid population growth, experiencing a 7.5% increase between 2010 and 2020.
125
In 2018, the top countries of origin for immigrants in Vermont were
Canada
Nepal
Jamaica
, the
Philippines
and
Bosnia and Herzegovina
126
Race and ethnicity
edit
As of 2022, 94% of Vermont's residents identify as racially White, and 92.2% of all residents are White people without Hispanic origin,
127
making it one of the least diverse states in the U.S., along with Maine. When including
French Canadians
, the
French
made up the largest ancestral and ethnic group, with 20% of Vermont's population identify as such, with
Irish
and
also making up large portions of the populace.
Race and ethnicity in Vermont (2021)
White (non-Hispanic) (92.2%)
Hispanic or Latino (2.20%)
Asian (non-Hispanic) (2.00%)
Mixed race (1.90%)
Black (non-Hispanic) (1.30%)
American Indian (non-Hispanic) (0.30%)
The population of Vermont by race: 2000–2021
127
Race
2000
2005
2010
2015
2021
White (non-Hispanic)
587,155 (96.3%)
591,941 (95.3%)
590,817 (94.4%)
584,157 (93.3%)
595,151 (92.2%)
Hispanic or Latino
5,556 (0.9%)
7,754 (1.2%)
9,291 (1.5%)
11,214 (1.8%)
14,384 (2.2%)
Asian (non-Hispanic)
5,521 (0.9%)
6,885 (1.1%)
8,004 (1.3%)
10,477 (1.7%)
12,765 (2.0%)
Mixed race
5,972 (1%)
7,686 (1.2%)
9,543 (1.5%)
10,567 (1.7%)
12,316 (1.9%)
Black (non-Hispanic)
3,040 (0.5%)
4,590 (0.7%)
6,056 (1%)
7,230 (1.2%)
8,685 (1.3%)
American Indian (non-Hispanic)
2,374 (0.4%)
2,215 (0.4%)
2,030 (0.3%)
1,993 (0.3%)
2,082 (0.3%)
Total
609,618
621,215
625,886
625,810
645,570
Vital statistics
edit
A total of 5,384 babies were born in 2021, a 4.89% increase from 2020. Of those births, 90.3% were non-Hispanic white. The fertility rate was 1.371, a slight increase from 2020.
Live births by race/ethnicity of mother, and birth rate: 2016-2021
Race
2016
128
2017
129
2018
130
2019
131
2020
132
2021
133
2022
134
2023
135
White
5,208 (90.5%)
5,134 (90.8%)
4,934 (90.8%)
4,856 (90.6%)
4,646 (90.5%)
4,863 (90.3%)
4,754 (89.4%)
4,526 (89.3%)
Asian
154 (2.7%)
159 (2.8%)
152 (2.8%)
122 (2.3%)
137 (2.7%)
122 (2.3%)
145 (2.7%)
143 (2.8%)
Black
70 (1.2%)
115 (2.0%)
118 (2.2%)
133 (2.5%)
108 (2.1%)
137 (2.5%)
116 (2.2%)
123 (2.4%)
American Indian
11 (0.2%)
16 (0.3%)
12 (0.2%)
11 (0.2%)
15 (0.3%)
13 (0.2%)
13 (0.2%)
12 (0.2%)
Hispanic
(any race)
136
(2.3%)
123
(2.2%)
121
(2.2%)
124
(2.3%)
132
(2.6%)
147
(2.7%)
163
(3.1%)
152
(3.0%)
Total births
5,756
(100%)
5,655
(100%)
5,432
(100%)
5,361
(100%)
5,133
(100%)
5,384
(100%)
5,316
(100%)
5,065
(100%)
Total Fertility rate
1.542
1.519
1.443
1.432
1.359
1.371
1.352
Birth rate
9.2
9.1
8.7
8.6
8.2
8.3
8.2
Dialect
edit
Main articles:
Western New England English
and
Eastern New England English
Linguists have identified speech patterns found among Vermonters as belonging to
Western New England English
, a dialect of
New England English
, which features
full pronunciation of all
sounds
pronouncing
horse
and
hoarse
the same
, and
pronouncing vowels in
father
and
bother
the same
, none of which are features traditionally shared in neighboring
Eastern New England English
136
Some rural speakers realize the
as a
glottal stop
mitten
sounds like "mi'in" and
Vermont
like "Vermon' "
).
137
A dwindling segment of the Vermont population, generally both rural and male, pronounces certain vowels in a distinctive manner (e.g.
cows
with a
raised vowel
as
[kʰɛʊz]
and
ride
with a backed, somewhat
rounded vowel
as
[ɹɒɪd]
).
138
Eastern New England English—also found in New Hampshire, Maine and eastern Massachusetts—was common in eastern Vermont in the mid-twentieth century and before, but has become rare.
139
This accent
drops the
sound
in words ending in
farmer
sounds like "farm-uh") and
adds an
sound
to some words ending in a vowel (
idea
sounds like "idee-er") was common.
140
139
Those characteristics in eastern Vermont appear to have been inherited from
West Country
141
and
Scots-Irish
ancestors.
142
Vermont is one of three states (along with
Maine
and New Hampshire) where
French
is the second-most spoken language at home, which is largely due to the state's proximity to the province of
Quebec
New England French
, a unique dialect spoken in many of Vermont's Francophone homes, is derived from Quebec French, in contrast to the
Brayon French
which predominates in the Francophone regions of northern Maine which were settled primarily by
Acadians
Religion
edit
Religion, per
Public Religion Research Institute
's 2022
American Values Survey
143
Unaffiliated
(48.0%)
Catholicism
(21.0%)
Protestantism
(19.0%)
Jehovah's Witness
(4.00%)
Unitarian
Universalist
(2.00%)
Mormonism
(1.00%)
Hinduism
(4.00%)
Jewish
(1.00%)
According to the
Pew Research Center
in 2014, 37% reported no religion, the highest rate of irreligion of all U.S. states.
144
The Pew Research Center also determined the largest religion was
Christianity
145
Catholics
made up 22% of the population and
Protestants
were 30%. In contrast with
Southern U.S.
trends, the majority of Protestants are
mainline Protestant
, dominated by
Methodism
. The
United Methodist Church
was the largest mainline Protestant denomination in Vermont, followed by the
American Baptist Churches USA
and
United Church of Christ
. Evangelical Protestants were dominated by
independent Baptist churches
. Major non-Christian religions were
Judaism
Islam
Buddhism
Hinduism
, and other faiths. The largest non-Christian religious group outside of irreligion were
Unitarians
. An estimated 3.1% of the irreligious were
atheist
145
With the publication of a study by the
Public Religion Research Institute
in 2020, Christianity spread among Protestantism, Catholicism, and non-mainstream Christians including
Mormonism
and the
Jehovah's Witnesses
were approximately 64% of the adult population.
146
The religiously unaffiliated were determined to be an estimated 30% of the total adult population according to the Public Religion Research Institute. As of 2022 per the Public Religion Research Institute, Vermont became plurality
irreligious
, and consistently ranks as one of the most secular states in the United States.
146
147
The 2022 study estimated 48% of the population were religiously unaffiliated, while 45% were Christian altogether (Catholic, Protestant, Mormon, and Jehovah's Witness).
The
Association of Religion Data Archives
reported that in 2020, the religiously affiliated population were primarily Christian. The single largest Christian denominations were the following: the Catholic Church (124,208); United Church of Christ (11,882); and the United Methodist Church (9,652). Non-denominational Protestants numbered 29,830.
148
Among the largest Christian denominations at this study, Catholics had an adherence rate of 208.70 per 1,000 people; the United Church of Christ 18.48 per 1,000 people; and United Methodists 15.01 per 1,000 people.
149
ARDA's 2020 membership tabulations reflected the Pew Research Center's 2014 study where 21% of the population attended religious services weekly, 32% once or twice a month, and 47% seldom/never.
144
In a 2018 research article by the
National Christian Foundation
, non-churchgoing Christians nationwide did not attend religious services often through practicing the faith in other ways, not finding a house of worship they liked, disliking sermons and feeling unwelcomed, and logistics.
150
Economy
edit
In 2024, Real GDP (inflation-adjusted, chained 2017 dollars) for Vermont was US$36 billion.
151
GDP per capita (real, chained 2017 dollars) in 2024 was $55,577.
151
Vermont's nominal GDP for 2024 was $45.7 billion, the lowest among all U.S. states.
152
In 2021
[update]
, Vermont had a total employment of 239,758, and the total employer establishments were 20,696.
153
As of 2019
[update]
, Canada was Vermont's largest foreign trade partner, followed by
Taiwan
. Quebec received 75% of the state's exports to Canada.
154
In 2022
[update]
, 7,457 new businesses were registered in Vermont.
155
Retail sales reached
$10.8 billion
in 2017
[update]
, according to U.S. Census Bureau data.
156
Personal income
edit
See also:
Vermont locations by per capita income
In 2021
[update]
, the state had a median household income of $67,674, with approximately 10.3% of the population at or below the poverty line.
153
The median wage in the state was $22.75 hourly or $47,320 annually in 2022
[update]
157
In 2007, about 80% of the 68,000 Vermonters who qualify for food stamps received them.
158
40% of seniors 75 years or older live on annual incomes of $21,660 or less.
159
In 2011, 15.2% of Vermonters received
food stamps
. This compares to 14.8% nationally.
160
In 2011, 91,000 seniors received an annual average of $14,000 from
Social Security
. This was 59% of the average senior's income. This contributed $1.7 billion to the state's economy.
161
Agriculture
edit
Fall foliage seen from Hogback Mountain,
Wilmington
As of 2022
[update]
, agriculture, along with forestry and other animal industry, contributed 0.45% of the state's gross domestic product.
162
As of May 2022
[update]
, about 0.16% of the state's working population was engaged in agriculture jobs.
163
Dairy farming
edit
Main article:
Vermont dairy industry
Dairy farming
remains a primary source of agricultural income. In the second half of the 20th century, developers had plans to build
condos
and houses on what was relatively inexpensive, open land. Vermont's government responded with a series of laws
controlling development
to prevent the decline of Vermont's dairy industry. This proved ineffective, as the number of Vermont dairy farms has declined nearly 95% from the 11,206 dairy farms operating in 1947. As of December 2021
[update]
, the state had 568 dairy farms, a decline from 658 in 2019, 1,138 in 2006, and fewer than 1,500 in 2003.
164
165
The number of dairy farms has been diminishing by roughly 10% annually.
166
Dairy farms control 80% of open land.
165
In 2021
[update]
, 28.5% (162) of the state's dairy farms were
certified organic
164
The number of
cattle
in Vermont had declined by 40%; however, milk production has doubled in the same period due to tripling the production per cow.
167
While milk production rose, Vermont's
market share
declined. Within a group of states supplying the
Boston
and
New York City
markets (called "Federal order Class I"),
168
Vermont was third in market share, with 10.6%; New York has 44.9% and Pennsylvania has 32.9%.
169
In 2007, dairy farmers received a record $23.60 for 100 pounds (45 kg) (11.63 gallons at $2.03/gallon) of milk. This dropped in 2008 to $17 ($1.46/gallon).
170
The average dairy farm produced
1.3 million
pounds of milk annually in 2008.
171
The dairy barn remains characteristic of Vermont, but the 95% decrease in dairy farms between 1947 and 2021 means that preservation of dairy barns has increasingly become a matter of
preserving historic legacy
rather than meeting a basic need of an agricultural economy. The Vermont Barn Census, organized in 2009 by educational and nonprofit state and local historic preservation programs, has worked to record the number, condition, and features of barns throughout Vermont.
172
A significant amount of milk is shipped into the Boston market. Therefore, the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts
certifies that Vermont farms meet Massachusetts sanitary standards. Without this certification, a farmer may not sell milk for distribution into the bulk market.
173
In 2019, two-thirds of all milk in New England was produced by Vermont dairies.
165
Forestry
edit
Forestry has always been a staple to the economy, comprising 1% of the total gross state output and 9% of total manufacturing as of 2013.
174
In 2007,
Windham County
contained the largest concentration of kilns for drying lumber east of the
Mississippi River
. The decline of farms has resulted in a regrowth of Vermont's forests due to
ecological succession
. Today, most of Vermont's forests are
secondary
. The state and
non-profit organizations
are actively encouraging regrowth and careful forest management. Over 78% of the land area of the state is forested compared to only 37% in the 1880s, when sheep farming was at its peak and large amounts of acreage were cleared for grazing.
175
Over 85% of that area is non-industrial, private forestland owned by individuals or families. In 2013, 73,054 million cubic feet (2,068.7 million cubic meters) of wood was harvested in Vermont.
176
A large amount of Vermont forest products are exports with 21,504 million feet (6.554
10
meters) being shipped overseas plus an additional 16,384 million cubic feet (463.9 million cubic meters) to Canada.
176
Most of it was processed within the state. In this century the manufacture of wood products has fallen by almost half. The annual net growth has been estimated at 172,810 million cubic feet (4,893 million cubic meters).
176
The
USDA
estimates that 8,584 billion cubic feet (243.1 billion cubic meters) remain in the state.
176
Forest products also add to carbon sequestration since lumber and timber used in houses and furniture hold carbon for long periods of time while the trees that were removed are replaced overtime with new growing stock.
177
In 2017, the price of wood products had either plummeted or remained the same when compared to previous decades, which meant there was cause for concern with jobs in the industry. For example, in 1994, the price of a thousand board feet was $300, the same as it was in 2017. The price of wood chips has halved in the same time frame. In 1980, the price for a cord of wood was $50; in 2017, $25. For lack of demand, Vermont's forests are growing twice as fast as they are being cut.
178
Other
edit
As of 2022
[update]
, Vermont was the leading producer of
maple syrup
in the United States at 2,550,000 US gallons (9,700,000 L), representing 50.7% of the nation's total production.
179
In 2021
[update]
, its production value totaled $56.0 million at $32.00/gallon.
180
There were about 2,000 maple products producers in 2010.
181
The
wine industry in Vermont
started in 1985. As of 2007, there were 14 wineries.
182
As of 2020
[update]
apple
growing is the third largest contributor to the state's agricultural economy, after dairy and maple syrup. Vermont orchards primarily grow
McIntosh apples
, and the industry has seen a steady decline as consumer preferences have shifted to newer apple varieties. The number of acres devoted to apple growing decreased from approximately 3,700 in 1997 to just 1,700 in 2017, and many of the orchards now focus on growing apples for
cider
production and providing
Pick-Your-Own
orchards to appeal to the state's
agritourism
market.
183
In 1999, apples and
apple pie
were named the official state fruit and state pie, respectively.
184
Around 23% of Vermont's vegetable farms are organic.
Manufacturing
edit
As of 2015,
GlobalFoundries
was the largest private employer in the state and provided jobs to 3,000 employees at its plant in the village of
Essex Junction
within Chittenden County.
185
A growing part of Vermont's economy is the manufacture and sale of artisan foods, fancy foods, and novelty items trading in part upon the Vermont "brand", which the state manages and defends. Examples of these specialty exports include
Ben and Jerry's Ice Cream
Burton Snowboards
Cabot Cheese
Fine Paints of Europe
King Arthur Flour
, the
Vermont Teddy Bear Company
Vermont Creamery
, several
microbreweries
, and ginseng growers.
In 2010, a
University of Connecticut
study reported that Vermont, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire tied as the most costly states in the U.S. for manufacturers.
186
Energy
edit
See also:
List of power stations in Vermont
Vermont has no fossil fuel reserves, however its forest products industry provides fuel for electricity generation and home heating. Electricity consumption per capita ranks it among the lowest 20% of states, and total electricity consumption was the lowest in the United States. Vermont consumed three times more electricity than it generated in-state in 2019, and imported its largest share of electricity from Canada. Vermont's 99.9% share of electricity generation from renewable sources was the highest among all 50 states.
187
Health
edit
See also:
Vermont § Public health
, and
List of hospitals in Vermont
An increasingly aging population is expected to increase demand for aging-related services and healthcare. The
University of Vermont Medical Center
, with more than 8,800 employees, is the largest employer in the state.
188
In 2010, all of Vermont's hospitals billed patients $3.76 billion, and collected $2 billion.
189
92,000 people are enrolled in Medicare. In 2011, Medicare spent $740 million on health care in the state.
161
Labor
edit
In 2009, the state attained a high of 361,290 workers.
190
As of 2006, there were 305,000 workers in Vermont. Eleven percent of these are unionized.
191
192
Out of a workforce of 299,200 workers, 52,000 were government jobs, federal, state, and local.
193
A modern high unemployment rate of 9% was reached in June 1976. A modern low of 2.4% was measured in February 2000.
194
As of May 2025, the unemployment rate was 2.6%.
195
Employment grew 7.5% from 2000 to 2006. From 1980 to 2000, employment grew by 3.4%; nationally it was up 4.6%. Real wages were $33,385 in 2006 constant dollars and remained there in 2010; the nation, $36,871.
196
As of 2014, the Pew Research Center estimated that farms in the state employed fewer than 5,000
illegal immigrants
197
In 2017, Vermont Governor Phil Scott announced that the state was "exploring a legal challenge" to the executive order signed by President
Donald Trump
for Vermont law enforcement authorities to cooperate with
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
and "perform the functions of immigration officers in relation to the investigation, apprehension, or detention of aliens".
198
Insurance
edit
Captive insurance
plays an increasingly large role in Vermont's economy. With this form of alternative insurance, large corporations or industry associations form standalone insurance companies to insure their own risks, thereby substantially reducing their insurance premiums and gaining a significant measure of control over types of risks to be covered. There are also significant tax advantages to be gained from the formation and operation of captive insurance companies. According to the Insurance Information Institute, Vermont in 2009 was the world's third-largest domicile for captive insurance companies, following
Bermuda
and the
Cayman Islands
199
In 2009, there were 560 such companies.
200
In 2010, the state had 900 such companies.
201
Recreation
edit
Lake Champlain
Summer camps such as Camp Abnaki,
Camp Billings
Camp Dudley
, and Camp Hochelaga contribute to Vermont's tourist economy.
In 2005, visitors made an estimated
13.4 million
trips to the state, spending
$1.57 billion
202
In 2012, fall accounted for $460 million of income, about one-quarter of all tourism.
203
In 2011, the state government earned $274 million in taxes and fees from tourism. 89% of the money came from out-of-state visitors. Tourism supported over 26,000 jobs, 7.2% of total employment.
204
According to the 2000 census, almost 15% of all housing units in Vermont were vacant and classified "for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use".
205
clarification needed
This was the second highest percentage nationwide, after
Maine
. In some Vermont cities, vacation homes owned by wealthy residents of
New England
and
New York
constitute the bulk of all housing stock. According to one estimate, as of 2009, 84% of all houses in
Ludlow
were owned by out-of-state residents.
206
Other notable vacation-home resorts include
Manchester
and
Stowe
Hunting
edit
Autumn in Vermont
Hunting is controlled for
black bear
wild turkeys
, deer, and moose.
207
There are 5,500 bears in the state. The goal is to keep the numbers between 4,500 and 6,000.
208
In 2010, there were about 141,000 deer in the state, which is in range of government goals. However, these are distributed unevenly and when in excess of 10–15 per square mile (4–6/km
), reduce timber growth.
209
In 2012, hunting of migratory birds was limited to October 13 to December 16.
Waterfowl hunting
is also controlled by federal law.
210
Skiing and snowmobiling
edit
Stowe
Resort Village
Some of the
largest ski areas in New England
are located in Vermont. Skiers and snowboarders visit
Burke Mountain Ski Area
Bolton Valley
Smugglers' Notch
Killington Ski Resort
Mad River Glen
Stowe Mountain Resort
, Cochrans Ski Area,
Sugarbush
Stratton
Jay Peak
Okemo
Saskadena Six
Mount Snow
Bromley
, Brattleboro Ski Hill, and
Magic Mountain Ski Area
. Summer visitors tour resort towns like
Stowe
Manchester
Quechee
Wilmington
Woodstock
Mount Snow
, and. The
effects of global warming
have been predicted to shorten the length of the ski season across Vermont, which would continue the contraction and consolidation of the ski industry in Vermont and threaten individual ski businesses and communities that rely on ski tourism.
211
In winter, Nordic and backcountry skiers visit to travel the length of the state on the
Catamount Trail
. Several
horse shows
are annual events. Vermont's state parks, historic sites, museums, golf courses, and new boutique hotels with spas were designed to attract tourists.
In 2000–2001, there were 4,579,719 skier and snowboarder visits to the state. There were 4,125,082 visits in 2009–2010, a rise from recent years.
212
In 2008, there were 35,000 members of 138 snowmobiling clubs in Vermont. The combined association of clubs maintains 6,000 miles (9,700 km) of trail often over private lands. The industry is said to generate "hundreds of millions of dollars worth of business."
213
Quarrying
edit
The towns of
Rutland
and
Barre
are the traditional centers of marble and granite quarrying and carving in the U.S. For many years Vermont was also the headquarters of the smallest union in the U.S., the
Journeymen Stonecutters' Association of North America
, of about 500 members. The first marble quarry in America was on
Mount Aeolus
overlooking
East Dorset
214
The granite industry attracted numerous skilled stonecutters in the late 19th century from Italy, Scotland, and Ireland. Barre is the location of the
Rock of Ages quarry
, the largest
dimension stone
granite quarry in the United States. Vermont is the largest producer of slate in the country. The highest quarrying revenues result from the production of dimension stone.
citation needed
The Rock of Ages quarry in
Barre
is one of the leading exporters of granite in the country. The work of the sculptors of this corporation can be seen 3 miles (4.8 km) down the road at the
Hope Cemetery
, where there are gravestones and mausoleums.
citation needed
Nonprofits and volunteerism
edit
There were 2,682 nonprofit organizations in Vermont in 2008, with
$2.8 billion
in revenue.
215
The state ranked ninth in the country for volunteerism for the period 2005–08. 35.6% of the population volunteered during this period. The national average was 26.4%.
216
Education
edit
This section needs to be
updated
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
April 2022
Main article:
Education in Vermont
Lyndon Institute
, a non-profit high school in
Lyndon
with both day and boarding students.
Vermont was named the nation's smartest state in 2005 and 2006.
217
In 2006, there was a gap between state testing standards and national, which is biased in favor of the state standards by 30%, on average. This puts Vermont 11th-best in the nation. Most states have a higher bias.
218
However, when allowance for race is considered, a 2007 U.S. Government list of test scores shows Vermont white fourth graders performed 25th in the nation for reading (229) and 26th for math (247).
219
White eighth graders scored 18th for math (292) and 12th for reading (273). The first three scores were not considered statistically different from average. White eighth graders scored significantly above average in reading. Statistics for black students were not reliable because of their small representation in the testing.
In 2017, spending $1.6 billion on education for 76,000 public school children, represented more than $21,000 per student.
220
Education Week
ranked the state second
in high school graduation rates for 2007.
221
In 2011, 91% of the population had graduated from high school compared with 85% nationally. Almost 34% have at least an
undergraduate degree
compared with 28% nationally.
222
In 2013, the ratio of pupils to teachers was the lowest in the country.
223
Higher education
edit
Main article:
List of colleges and universities in Vermont
The
University of Vermont
's Old Mill, the oldest campus building
Vermont's largest university is
The University of Vermont (UVM)
, a
public
land-grant
research university
and one of the original eight
Public Ivies
. In addition,
Vermont State University
and the
Community College of Vermont
reside within the
Vermont State Colleges
system. The state has several other private colleges, including
Bennington College
Champlain College
Middlebury College
Norwich University
Saint Michael's College
, and
Vermont Law and Graduate School
Research at the University of Vermont by
George Perkins Marsh
and the influence of Vermont-born philosopher and educator
John Dewey
brought about the concepts of
electives
and
learning-by-doing
citation needed
Transportation
edit
The
Vermont Agency of Transportation
(VTrans) is responsible for transportation infrastructure. The principal mode of travel in Vermont is via
car
, with 93.4% of Vermont households owning a car in 2021
[update]
224
Four car ferry routes operate across
Lake Champlain
. Passenger rail is provided by
Amtrak
's daily
Vermonter
and
Ethan Allen Express
trains. Intercity bus operators include
Vermont Translines
Greyhound Lines
, and
Megabus
. A number of public transit agencies operate bus service at the local, county, and regional levels.
Patrick Leahy Burlington International Airport
is the state's primary airport.
Vermont's license plate
Road
edit
The
West Dummerston Bridge
, the longest
covered bridge
in Vermont
Vermont Route 17
in
Addison
with
Snake Mountain
at right
See also:
List of state highways in Vermont
In 2012, there were 605,000 vehicles registered, nearly one for every person. This is similar to average car ownership nationwide.
225
In 2012, about half of
greenhouse gas emissions
in the state were from vehicles.
226
In 2010, Vermont owned 2,840 miles (4,570 km) of highway. This was the third smallest quantity among the 50 states. 2.5% of the highways were listed as "congested", the fifth lowest in the country. The highway fatality rate was one per 100,000,000 miles (160,000,000 km), tenth lowest in the nation. The highways cost $28,669 per mile ($17,814/km) to maintain, the 17th highest in the states. 34.4% of its 2,691
227
bridges were rated deficient or obsolete, the eighth worst in the nation.
228
A 2005–06 study ranked Vermont 37th out of the states for "cost-effective road maintenance", a decline of thirteen places since 2004–05.
229
In 2007, Vermont was ranked the third safest state for highway fatalities.
230
One third of these fatal crashes involved a drunken driver.
231
On average, 20–25 people die each year from drunk driving incidents, and 70–80 people are in fatal car crashes in the state.
232
Collisions with
moose
constitute a traffic threat, particularly in northern Vermont, and cause several deaths per year.
233
In 2009, 93% of Vermont motorists were insured, tying with Pennsylvania for the highest percentage.
234
In 2008, Vermont was the fifth best state for fewest uninsured motorists at 6%.
235
Trucks weighing less than 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg) can use Vermont's interstate highways. The limit for state roads is 99,000 pounds (45,000 kg). This means that vehicles too heavy for the interstates can legally use only secondary roads.
236
237
In 1968, Vermont outlawed the use of
billboards
for advertisement along its roads. It is one of only four states in the U.S. to have done this, along with
Hawaii
Maine
, and
Alaska
, and is a source of pride among Vermonters. The consensus from the state's
Act 250
commission was that billboards obstruct and distract from scenic views of countryside, critical to Vermont's pastoral image.
238
239
Major north–south routes
edit
Interstate 89
runs a northwest–southeast path through Vermont, beginning in
White River Junction
and heading northwest to serve the cities of
Montpelier
Burlington
, and
St. Albans
en route to the Canada–U.S. border. I-89 intersects I-91 in White River Junction and has a short spur route,
Interstate 189
, just outside of Burlington.
Interstate 91
runs a north–south path from the Massachusetts state line to the Canada–U.S. border, connecting the towns of
Brattleboro
White River Junction
St. Johnsbury
, and the city of
Newport
. I-91 intersects I-89 in White River Junction, and I-93 in St. Johnsbury.
Interstate 93
runs a short, 11-mile (18 km) distance from the New Hampshire state line to its northern terminus in St. Johnsbury, where it intersects I-91. I-93 connects the Northeast Kingdom region of Vermont with the White Mountains region of New Hampshire, and points south.
U.S. Route 5
runs a north–south path in eastern Vermont from the Massachusetts state line to the Canada-U.S. border. U.S. Route
5 is a surface road that runs parallel to I-91 for its entire length in the state, and serves nearly all the same towns. The two routes also parallel the New Hampshire state line between Brattleboro and St. Johnsbury.
U.S. Route 7
runs a north–south path in western Vermont from the Massachusetts state line to the Canada-U.S. border. U.S. Route
7 connects the cities and towns of
Bennington
Rutland
Middlebury
Burlington
, and
St. Albans
. Between Bennington and Dorset, U.S. Route
7 runs as a
Super
2 freeway
. It also parallels I-89 between Burlington and the Canada–U.S. border.
Vermont Route 30
is a 111.870-mile-long north–south road that runs from
Brattleboro
to
Middlebury
Vermont Route 30
runs through the state's historic West River Valley, where it passes through the colonial towns of Newfane, Townshend, West Townshend, East Jamaica, Jamaica, Rawsonville and Bondville.
Vermont Route 100
runs a north–south path directly through the center of the state, along the length of the Green Mountains. VT Route 100 generally parallels both U.S. Route
5 (which runs to its east) and U.S. Route
7 (which runs to its west). Many of the state's major ski areas are located either directly on, or very close to, VT Route 100. The largest town by population along VT Route 100 is
Morristown
Major east–west routes
edit
U.S. Route 2
runs a generally east–west path across central and northern Vermont, from
Alburgh
(on the New York state line) to
Guildhall
(on the New Hampshire state line). U.S. Route
2 connects the Lake Champlain Islands and the
Northeast Kingdom
to the population centers of Burlington, Montpelier, and St. Johnsbury. U.S. Route
2 runs parallel to I-89 between
Colchester
and Montpelier. Although the portion of the road from Alburgh to Burlington follows a north–south orientation, U.S. Route
2 in Vermont is entirely signed as east–west.
U.S. Route 4
runs east–west across south-central Vermont from
Fair Haven
(on the New York state line) to White River Junction (on the New Hampshire state line). U.S. Route
4 also connects the city of Rutland and the towns of
Killington
and
Woodstock
. Between Fair Haven and Rutland, U.S. Route
4 runs as a four-lane freeway that is mostly up to Interstate design standards.
U.S. Route 302
runs an east–west path from its western terminus in Montpelier to the village of
Wells River
, where it intersects both I-91 and U.S. Route 5, and then crosses into New Hampshire. U.S. Route 302 is one of the main roads connecting Montpelier and
Barre
in central Vermont.
Vermont Route 9
runs an east–west path across the southern part of the state. VT Route
9 connects the towns of Bennington,
Wilmington
, and Brattleboro.
Vermont Route 105
runs a generally east–west path across the northernmost parts of Vermont (sometimes within a few miles of the Canada–U.S. border) from St. Albans to
Bloomfield
(on the New Hampshire state line). VT Route 105 ultimately connects the cities of St. Albans and Newport.
Ferry
edit
The
Cumberland
ice-breaking
ferry headed toward
Grand Isle
in winter
There is a year-round ferry service to and from New York State across
Lake Champlain
from Charlotte to
Essex
and
Grand Isle
to
Plattsburgh
. Operated by the
Lake Champlain Transportation Company
(LCTC),
240
the Grand Isle - Plattsburgh ferry operates 24 hours a day, while the Charlotte ferry serves a limited schedule.
241
Seasonal service from
Shoreham
to
Ticonderoga
is provided by the
Fort Ticonderoga Ferry
Rail
edit
The
Ethan Allen Express
alongside the
Island Line Trail
in Burlington
See also:
List of Vermont railroads
Passenger service is provided by
Amtrak
's
Vermonter
and
Ethan Allen Express
while freight service is provided by the
New England Central Railroad
, the
Vermont Railway
, and the
Green Mountain Railroad
The
Ethan Allen Express
serves
Burlington Union Station
Ferrisburgh–Vergennes
Middlebury
Rutland
, and
Castleton
242
while the
Vermonter
serves
St. Albans
Essex Junction
Waterbury
Montpelier
Randolph
White River Junction
Windsor
Bellows Falls
, and
Brattleboro
243
Intercity bus
edit
Greyhound Lines
stops in Bennington, Bellows Falls,
Brandon
, Burlington, Colchester, Ferrisburgh, Manchester, Middlebury, Montpelier, Rutland, Wallingford, and White River Junction.
244
Vermont Translines
, an intercity bus company founded by Premier Coach in 2013 partnering with Greyhound and starting service on June 9, 2014, serves Milton, Colchester, Burlington, Middlebury, Brandon, Rutland, Wallingford, Manchester and Bennington. Additionally, Bennington hosts the weekday-operating
Albany
-Bennington Shuttle, an intercity bus operated by Yankee Trails World Travel.
245
Local bus
edit
MVRTD's
"The Bus" in
Rutland
See also:
List of bus operators in Vermont
A patchwork of transit providers operate local
bus service
in every Vermont county, though route frequency and coverage are often limited outside major cities. Many operators also provide
paratransit
and regional
express bus
services.
Green Mountain Transit
is the largest operator in the state, with weekday ridership of 7,300 as of the fourth quarter of 2025.
246
Other major systems are
Marble Valley Regional Transit District
(The Bus),
Southeast Vermont Transit
(MOOver),
Tri-Valley Transit
Rural Community Transportation
Advance Transit
, and
Green Mountain Community Network
247
Air
edit
Edward F. Knapp State Airport
in
Berlin
See also:
List of airports in Vermont
Patrick Leahy Burlington International Airport
is the largest in the state, with regular flights to
Atlanta
Charlotte
Chicago
Denver
Detroit
Washington Dulles
JFK
LaGuardia
Newark
Orlando
, and
Philadelphia
. Airlines serving the airport include
American
Breeze
Delta
Sun Country
, and
United
248
Beta Technologies
operates an
eVTOL
manufacturing and testing facility at the airport. Additionally, the airport houses the 134th fighter squadron of the 158th fighter wing. Known as the "
Green Mountain Boys
", the squadron is armed with the
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
and is tasked with protecting the Northeastern United States from the air.
Rutland-Southern Vermont Regional Airport
has three daily flights to
Boston
via
Cape Air
249
Media
edit
Newspapers of record
edit
Further information:
List of newspapers in Vermont
Vermont statute requires the
Vermont Secretary of State
to designate newspapers that provide general coverage across the state as the
Newspapers of Record
250
As of 2019, these include:
251
Addison Independent
Bennington Banner
Brattleboro Reformer
Burlington Free Press
Caledonian Record
The Chronicle
Islander
Newport Daily Express
News & Citizen
Rutland Herald
Seven Days
St. Albans Messenger
Times Argus
Valley News
Vermont Lawyer
The White River Valley Herald
Broadcast and web media
edit
Main articles:
List of radio stations in Vermont
and
List of television stations in Vermont
Vermont hosts 93 radio broadcast stations. The top categories are talk/information (11), country (9) and classic rock (9). The top owner of radio broadcast stations is
Vermont Public Radio
(11 broadcast frequencies and 13 low-power, local transmitters).
252
Other companies had five or fewer stations. The state has 15 online radio stations.
253
Vermont hosts 10 high-power television broadcast stations, three of which are satellites of a primary station. Represented are the following networks and number of high-power transmitters,
ABC
(1),
CBS
(1),
Fox
(1),
NBC
(2),
PBS
(4), and
RTV
(1). In addition, it has 17 low-power television broadcast stations, which in several cases are satellites of the high-power stations.
The
"Rumble Strip"
podcast features conversations with everyday Vermonters and in 2021 won a
Peabody award
254
Electrical utilities
edit
Main article:
Energy in Vermont
The former
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant
, in
Vernon
Vermont electric power needs are served by over twenty utilities. The largest is
Green Mountain Power
, a subsidiary of
Énergir
which also took over
Central Vermont Public Service
. Together this company represents 70% of the retail customers in Vermont. The state is a small electricity consumer compared with other states. Therefore, its electricity sector has the lowest
carbon footprint
in the country. As of 2010, the state had the lowest wholesale electricity costs in
New England
255
Public health
edit
In 2010, Vermont was the sixth highest ranked state for Well-Being in a study by Gallup and Healthways.
256
In 2010, the state stood third in physical well-being of children.
257
In 2010, Vermont was ranked the highest in the country for health outcomes.
258
In 2000, the state implemented the Vermont Child Health Improvement Program to improve preventive services and management of chronic conditions. In 2011, the state ranked third in the nation in child health system performance.
259
In 2011, the March of Dimes gave Vermont an "A", ranking it number one in the country on its Prematurity Report Card.
260
The state scored well in cessation of smoking, obesity, fewer occupational fatalities, prevalence of health insurance, and low infant mortality. A problem area was a high prevalence of
binge drinking
261
While ranking sixth from best for adults in obesity in 2009, the state still had 22% obese with a rate of 27% for children 10–17. The ranking for children was ninth best in the nation.
262
In 1993, the obesity rate for adults was 12%. Vermonters spend
$141 million
annually in medical costs related to obesity.
263
The combined figures for overweight and obese adults rose from 40.7% in 1990 to 58.4% in 2010. This is better than most other states.
264
In 2011, Vermont led the nation in the rate of young people who had consumed alcohol in the past month; one-third of people aged 11 through 20. One-fifth of that group had binged during that time. The state was second for the use of marijuana by young people; 30% of adults 18 to 25 in the past month.
265
In 2009, Vermont was ranked second in the nation for safety. Crime statistics on violence were used for the criteria.
266
In 2007, Vermont was ranked among the best five states in the country for preventing "premature death" in people under 75 years of age. The rate of survival was twice that of the five lowest performing states.
267
Parts of the state have been declared federal
disaster areas
on 28 occasions from 1963 to 2008.
268
In 2007, the Environmental Protection Agency cited Chittenden and Bennington as counties with 70 parts per billion of smog which is undesirable.
269
In 2008, about 100,000 Vermonters got their health care through the federal government,
Medicare
Tri-Care
, and the
Veteran's Administration
. An additional 10,000 Vermonters work for employers who provide insurance under federal law under
ERISA
. About 20% of Vermonters receive health care outside of Vermont; 20% of the care provided within the state is to non-Vermonters.
270
In 2008, the state had an estimated 7.6% with no medical insurance, down from 9.8% in 2005.
271
In 2008, the Vermont Health Access Program for low-income, uninsured adults cost from $7 to $49 per month.
272
A "Catamount Health" premium assistance program was available for Vermonters who do not qualify for other programs. Total monthly premiums ranged from $60 to $393 for an individual. There was a $250 deductible. Insured paid $10 toward each generic prescription. 16.9% of residents 18 to 35 were uninsured, the highest group.
273
Health care spending increased from
$2.3 billion
in 2000 to
$4.8 billion
in 2009.
274
In 2009, adult day care services cost more in Vermont than any other state—$150 daily.
275
The state started air drops of
rabies bait
for
raccoons
in 1997. Known rabies cases in raccoons peaked in 2007 at 165. The program is in cooperation with neighboring states and Canada.
276
Law and government
edit
Main article:
Government of Vermont
The Vermont Supreme Court's building in
Montpelier
Vermont is federally represented in the
United States Congress
by two senators and one representative.
The state is governed by a
constitution
which divides governmental duties into legislative, executive, and judicial branches: the
Vermont General Assembly
, the
governor of Vermont
and the
Vermont Supreme Court
. The governorship and the General Assembly serve two-year terms including the governor, 30 senators, and 150 representatives. There are no
term limits
for any office. The state capital is in
Montpelier
There are three types of incorporated municipalities in Vermont: towns, cities, and villages. Like most of New England, there is slight provision for autonomous county government. Counties and county seats are merely convenient repositories for various government services such as state courts, with several elected officers such as a state's attorney and sheriff. All county services are directly funded by the state of Vermont. The next effective governmental level below state government are municipalities. Most of these are towns.
277
Finances and taxation
edit
Vermont is the only state in the union not to have a balanced-budget requirement, though it has had a balanced budget every year since 1991.
278
In 2007,
Moody's
gave its top
bond credit rating
(Aaa) to the state.
279
The state uses enterprise funds for operations that are similar to private business enterprises. The Vermont Lottery Commission, the Liquor Control Fund, and the Unemployment Compensation Trust Fund, are the largest of the State's enterprise funds.
280
Also in 2007, Vermont was the 14th highest out of 50 states and the District of Columbia for state and local taxation, with a per capita load of $3,681. The national average was $3,447.
281
Vermont collects a
state personal income tax
in a
progressive structure
of five different income brackets, with
marginal tax rates
ranging from 3.6% to 9.5%. In 2008, the top 1% of Vermont residents provided 30% of the income tax revenue; around 2,000 people had sufficient income to be taxed at the highest marginal rate of 9.5%.
282
Vermont's general
state sales tax
rate is 6%, which is imposed on sales of
tangible personal property
, amusement charges, fabrication charges, some public utility charges and some service contracts. Some towns and cities impose an additional 1% Local Option Tax. There are 46
exemptions from the sales tax
, including exemptions for food, medical items, manufacturing machinery, equipment and fuel, residential fuel and electricity, clothing, and shoes. A
use tax
is imposed on the buyer at the same rate as the sales tax. The buyer pays the use tax when the seller fails to collect the sales tax or the items are purchased from a source where no tax is collected. The use tax applies to items taxable under the sales tax.
Vermont does not collect
inheritance taxes
, but does impose a
state estate tax
; a Vermont estate
tax return
must be filed if the
estate
must file a federal estate tax return (the requirement for which depends on federal law).
283
Vermont does not collect a
gift tax
284
Property taxes
are levied by municipalities for the support of education and municipal services. Vermont does not assess tax on
personal property
285
Property taxes are based on appraisal of the
fair market value
of real property.
285
Rates vary from 0.97% on homesteaded property in Ferdinand, Essex County, to 2.72% on nonresidents' property in Barre City.
286
Statewide, towns average 1.77% to 1.82% tax rate.
In 2007, Vermont counties were among the highest in the country for property taxes. Chittenden ($3,809 median), Windham ($3,412), Addison ($3,352), and Windsor ($3,327) ranked in the top 100, out of 1,817 counties in the nation with populations greater than 20,000. Twelve of the state's 14 counties stood in the top 20%.
287
Median annual property taxes as a percentage of median homeowners income, 5.4%, was rated as the third highest in the nation in 2011.
288
To equitably support education, some towns are required by
Act 60
to send some of their collected taxes to be redistributed to school districts lacking adequate support.
289
Politics
edit
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require
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to meet Wikipedia's
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. The specific problem is:
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Main article:
Politics of Vermont
See also:
Political party strength in Vermont
and
United States Congressional Delegations from Vermont
Vermont is one of four states (
Texas
California
, and
Hawaii
) that previously claimed status as independent nations. Vermont is the only state to have voted for presidential candidate
William Wirt
from the
Anti-Masonic Party
, and Vermont was one of only two states to vote against
Franklin D. Roosevelt
in all four of his presidential campaigns (the other was
Maine
).
Vermont's history of independent political thought has led to movements for the establishment of the
Second Vermont Republic
and other plans advocating
secession
Vermont is the only state in the United States that requires voters to be sworn in, having established the
voter's oath or affirmation
in 1777.
290
All white men were granted universal suffrage in 1777.
291
State politics
edit
Vermont towns hold a March town meeting for voters to approve the town's budget and decide other matters.
Marlboro
voters meet in this building.
Republicans
dominated local Vermont politics from the party's founding in 1854 until the mid-1970s, and at the presidential level until the 1990s. Before the 1960s, rural interests dominated the legislature. As a result, cities, particularly the older sections of Burlington and Winooski, were neglected and fell into decay, and people began to move out to newer suburbs.
A series of
one man, one vote
decisions made by the United States Supreme Court in the 1960s required states to redraw their legislative districts to accurately reflect population. As a result, urban areas in Vermont gained political power.
The legislature was redistricted under one-person, one-vote in the 1960s. It passed the Land Use and Development Law (
Act 250
) in 1970, to discourage suburban sprawl and to limit major growth to already developed areas. The law, the first of its kind in the nation, created nine District Environmental Commissions appointed by the
governor
, who judged land development and subdivision plans that would affect the state's environment and many small communities significantly. As a result of Act 250, Vermont was the last state to get a
Walmart
(there are now six Walmarts in the state, as of November 2017, but only three — in Williston, St. Albans, and Derby — were newly built from the ground up). Because of the successful attempts to dilute what is perceived as the original intent of Act 250,
292
and other development pressures, Vermont has been designated one of America's most "endangered historic places" by the
National Trust for Historic Preservation
293
From
1856
(the first presidential election after the Republican Party's founding) to
1988
, Vermont voted Republican in every presidential election except
1964
, when Democrat
Lyndon B. Johnson
became the first of his party to carry the state amidst a national landslide. Since
1992
, Vermont has voted
Democratic
in every presidential election, marking a massive shift in the state's politics.
294
295
296
297
In 1995, the state banned the spreading of manure from December 15 to April 1, to prevent run-off and protect the water. Therefore, farms must have environmentally approved facilities to store manure during this time frame.
298
While the state voted largely Democratic, Republican governor Douglas won all counties but
Windham
in the 2006 election.
A controversy dating from 1999 has been over the adoption of
civil unions
, an institution which grants same-sex couples nearly all the rights and privileges of
marriage
at the state, but not federal, level. In
Baker v. Vermont
(1999), the Vermont Supreme Court ruled that, under the
Constitution of Vermont
, the state must either allow
same-sex marriage
or provide a "
separate, but equal
" status for them. The state legislature chose the second option, by creating the institution of
civil union
; the bill was passed by the legislature and signed into law by Governor
Howard Dean
In April 2009, the state legislature overrode governor
Jim Douglas
's veto to allow same-sex marriage, becoming the first state in the nation to legalize same-sex marriage through legislation.
299
In September 2009, Vermont became the fourth state in which same-sex couples could marry. The previous three were
Massachusetts
Connecticut
, and
Iowa
In 2007, the state's House of Representatives rejected a measure which would have legalized
assisted suicide
for the terminally ill, by a vote of (82–63). With the governor's signature on May 20, 2013, Vermont became the fourth state to pass a "death with dignity" law — the first to be passed through legislation, rather than by ballot initiative.
300
Minor parties and independents flourish. Rules which eliminate smaller parties from the ballot in most states do not exist in Vermont. As a result, voters often have extensive choices for general elections. Among others, this more open policy enabled independents like
Bernie Sanders
to win election as mayor of
Burlington
, as a
U.S. congressman
, and as a
U.S. senator
A political issue has been
Act 60
, which balances taxation for education funding. This has resulted in the town of
Killington
trying to secede from Vermont and join
New Hampshire
, due to what the locals say is an unfair tax burden.
301
302
The Vermont constitution and the courts supports the right of a person to walk (fish and hunt) on any unposted, unfenced land. That is, trespass must be proven by the owner; it is not automatically assumed.
303
Vermont has some of the
least restrictive gun control laws
in the country. A permit or license is not required for purchasing or carrying firearms.
Concealed carry
and
open carry
of a firearm is legal over the age of 16, with those below 16 requiring parental permission.
304
305
306
307
Vermont has a pro-
sanctuary city
law.
308
The state is an
alcoholic beverage control state
. In 2007, through the Vermont Department of Liquor Control, it took in over $14 million from the sale and distribution of liquor.
309
In 2013, Vermont became the 17th state to decriminalize marijuana. The statute makes possession of less than an ounce of the drug punishable by a small fine, rather than arrest and possible jail time.
310
In 2014, Vermont became the first state to call for a
constitutional convention
to overturn the Supreme Court's decision in
Citizens United v. FEC
311
In 2014, Vermont became the first state to mandate labeling of genetically modified organisms in the retail food supply.
A distinctive law of Vermont is public nudity.
312
The state's legislation calls for nudity in public to be a constitutional right of Vermonters, so long as "lewd and lascivious" acts are not performed in public view,
313
and that the nudist does not undress in the presence of others. One reason this law was implemented is to protect skinny-dippers who frequent swimming holes, a long-time tradition in the state. There are other restrictions and bylaws on the municipal level concerning problematic nudity, but walking in the nude is legally protected in all 251 towns and cities in Vermont.
314
In January 2018, Governor
Phil Scott
opted to sign H.511, the Vermont marijuana legalization bill, which allows adults 21 and older to possess up to one ounce of marijuana and grow up to two mature plants starting July 1, 2018.
315
Federal politics
edit
See also:
United States presidential elections in Vermont
Senators
Bernie Sanders
and
Patrick Leahy
and Representative
Peter Welch
greet supporters in 2017.
Historically, Vermont was considered one of the most reliably
Republican
states in the country in terms of national elections. From
1856
to
1988
, Vermont voted
Democratic
only once, in
Lyndon B. Johnson
's
landslide victory
of 1964 against
Barry M. Goldwater
. It was also one of only two states—
Maine is the other
—where
Franklin D. Roosevelt
was completely shut out in all four of his presidential bids. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Republican presidential candidates frequently won the state with over 70% of the vote.
In the 1960s and 1970s, many people moved in from out of state.
316
317
318
Much of this immigration included the arrival of more liberal political influences of the urban areas of
New York
and the rest of
New England
in Vermont.
317
The brand of Republicanism in Vermont has historically been a moderate one, and combined with the newcomers from out of state, this made Vermont friendlier to Democrats as the national GOP moved to the right. As evidence of this, in 1990
Bernie Sanders
, a self-described
democratic socialist
, was elected to Vermont's
lone seat in the House
as an independent. Sanders became the state's junior Senator in 2007. However, for his entire career in the House and Senate, Sanders has caucused with the Democrats and is counted as a Democrat for the purposes of committee assignments and voting for party leadership.
319
After narrowly supporting
George H. W. Bush
in
1988
, it gave Democrat
Bill Clinton
a 16-point margin in
1992
—the first time the state had gone Democratic since 1964. Vermont has voted Democratic in every presidential election since.
Since
2004
, Vermont has been one of the Democrats' most loyal states. It gave
John Kerry
his fourth-largest margin of victory in the presidential campaign against
George W. Bush
; he won the state's popular vote by 20 percentage points, taking almost 59% of the vote. (Kerry, from neighboring
Massachusetts
, also became the first Northern Democrat ever to carry Vermont; Johnson was from
Texas
, Clinton from
Arkansas
and
Al Gore
, triumphant in Vermont in 2000, from
Tennessee
.)
Essex County
in the state's northeastern section was the only county to vote for Bush. Vermont is the only state that did not receive a visit from George W. Bush during his tenure as
President of the United States
320
Indeed, George W. Bush and
Donald Trump
are the only Republicans to win the
White House
without carrying Vermont.
In
2008
, Vermont gave
Barack Obama
his third-largest margin of victory (37 percentage points) and third-largest vote share in the nation by his winning the state 68% to 31%. Only Obama's birth state of
Hawaii
and
Washington, D.C.
were stronger Democratic victories. The same held true in
2012
, when Obama carried Vermont 67% of the vote to 31% for
Mitt Romney
, and in
2016
, when
Hillary Clinton
won with 57% of the vote to 30% for Donald Trump.
Vermont's two senators are independent
Bernie Sanders
and Democrat
Peter Welch
. The state is represented by an at-large member of the House, Democrat
Becca Balint
, who succeeded Welch in 2023.
Culture
edit
Vermontasaurus
sculpture in Post Mills, in 2010
Vermont festivals include the Vermont Maple Festival, Festival on the Green,
321
The
Vermont Dairy Festival
in Enosburg Falls,
322
the Apple Festival (held each Columbus Day Weekend), the
Marlboro Music Festival
, the Guilford Country fair and the Vermont Brewers Festival.
323
The
Vermont Symphony Orchestra
is supported by the state and performs throughout the area.
Since 1973 the
Sage City Symphony
, formed by composer
Louis Calabro
, has performed in the Bennington area. In 1988, a number of Vermont-based composers including
Gwyneth Walker
formed the Vermont Composers Consortium,
324
325
which was recognized by the governor proclaiming 2011 as
The Year of the Composer
326
Burlington, Vermont's largest city, hosts the annual Vermont International Film Festival, which presents ten days in October of independent films.
327
The
Brattleboro
-based Vermont Theatre Company presents an annual summer Shakespeare festival. Brattleboro also hosts the summertime
Strolling of the Heifers
parade which celebrates Vermont's dairy culture. The annual
Green Mountain Film Festival
is held in Montpelier.
328
In the Northeast Kingdom, the
Bread and Puppet Theatre
holds weekly shows in Glover in a natural outdoor amphitheater.
329
One of Vermont's best known musical acts is the rock band
Phish
, whose members met while attending school in Vermont and spent much of their early years playing at venues across the state.
330
331
The Vermont-based
House of LeMay
332
performs several shows a year, hosts the annual "Winter is a Drag Ball",
333
and performs for fundraisers.
Examples of
folk art
found in Vermont include the
Vermontasaurus
in
Post Mills, a community in Thetford
334
The rate of volunteerism in Vermont was eighth in the nation with 37% in 2007. The state stood first in New England.
335
In 2011, Vermont residents were ranked as the healthiest in the country.
336
Sports
edit
Winter sports
edit
Winter sports are popular in New England, and Vermont's winter sports attractions are a big part of Vermont tourism. Some well known attractions include
Burke Mountain
ski area,
Jay Peak Resort
Killington Ski Resort
Stowe Mountain Resort
, the Quechee Club Ski Area, and
Smugglers' Notch Resort
Vermont natives in the snowboarding profession include
Kevin Pearce
Ross Powers
Hannah Teter
, and
Kelly Clark
. Others learned snowboarding in the state, such as
Louie Vito
and
Ellery Hollingsworth
Vermont Olympic gold medalists include
Barbara Cochran
337
Hannah Kearney
338
Kelly Clark
339
Ross Powers
340
and
Hannah Teter
341
Baseball
edit
The largest professional franchise is the
Vermont Lake Monsters
of the
Futures Collegiate Baseball League
, based in
Burlington
. They were named the Vermont Expos before 2006.
342
Up until the 2011 season, they were the affiliate of the
Washington Nationals
(formerly the
Montreal Expos
). Up until
2020
, they played in the
New York-Penn League
of
Single-A
and were the Single-A affiliate of the
Oakland Athletics
Basketball
edit
Currently the highest-ranked teams in basketball representing Vermont are the NCAA's
Vermont Catamounts
—male and female.
343
The
Vermont Frost Heaves
, the 2007 and 2008
American Basketball Association
national champions, were a franchise of the
Premier Basketball League
, and were based in
Barre
and
Burlington
from the fall of 2006 through the winter of 2011.
Football
edit
The
Vermont Bucks
, an
indoor football
team, were based in
Burlington
and began play in 2017 as the founding team in the
Can-Am Indoor Football League
344
For 2018, the Bucks joined the
American Arena League
, but folded prior to playing in the new league.
345
The University of Vermont abolished its intercollegiate football team, the
Vermont Catamounts
, in 1974.
Hockey
edit
Vermont is home to the University of Vermont
Men's
and
Women's
hockey teams. Vermont's only professional hockey team was the
Vermont Wild
who played in the
Federal Hockey League
during the 2011–12 season, but the team folded before the season ended.
346
Soccer
edit
The
Vermont Voltage
were a
USL Premier Development League
soccer club that played in
St. Albans
Vermont Green FC
are a USL League 2 club that will play at University of Vermont's Virtue Field in Burlington.
347
348
In 2024, the
University of Vermont Catamounts men's soccer team
won the NCAA Division I National Championship, becoming the first UVM team sport to win a national championship as well as the first America East Conference team to win a national championship.
349
They defeated Marshall 2–1 in overtime, finishing a Cinderella run in the tournament.
350
Annually since 2002, high school statewide all stars compete against New Hampshire in ten sports during "Twin State" playoffs.
351
Motorsport
edit
Vermont also has a few auto racing venues. The most popular of them is
Thunder Road International Speedbowl
in
Barre, Vermont
. It is well known for its tight racing and has become well known in short track stock car racing. Other racing circuits include the
USC
sanctioned Bear Ridge Speedway, and the
NASCAR
sanctioned
Devil's Bowl Speedway
. Some NASCAR Cup drivers have come to Vermont circuits to compete against local weekly drivers such as
Tony Stewart
Clint Bowyer
Kyle Busch
Kenny Wallace
Ken Schrader
352
and
Christopher Bell
353
Kevin Lepage
from
Shelburne, Vermont
is one of a few professional drivers from Vermont. Racing series in Vermont include
NASCAR Whelen All-American Series
American Canadian Tour
, and Vermont's own Tiger Sportsman Series.
Other
edit
Rugby Union is represented at the collegiate level and adult club level with 5 men's sides and 1 women's side. All compete in the NERFU conference and some have won national championships.
citation needed
Residents
edit
Main article:
List of people from Vermont
The following were either born in Vermont or resided there for a substantial period during their lives and whose names are widely known.
Chester A. Arthur
, 21st
President of the United States
Pearl S. Buck
, author
Jake Burton Carpenter
, inventor of the
snowboard
Calvin Coolidge
, 30th President of the United States
John Deere
, founder of
Deere & Company
George Dewey
, the only
Admiral of the Navy
in U.S. history
John Dewey
, philosopher, psychologist, and educator
Stephen Douglas
, 19th-century politician
Carlton Fisk
Baseball Hall of Fame
catcher
James Fisk
, financier
Robert Frost
, poet
Richard Morris Hunt
, architect
Rudyard Kipling
, author
Bill McKibben
, environmentalist
Samuel Morey
, inventor of the steam-powered
paddle wheel
boat
Justin Morrill
, U.S. Senator and author of the Morrill Land Grant Acts.
Norman Rockwell
, painter, author, and illustrator
Bernie Sanders
, politician and legislator
Joseph Smith
, founder of the
Latter Day Saint movement
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
, Russian author and Soviet dissident
Thaddeus Stevens
, member of the U.S. House of Representatives and leader of the
Radical Republicans
Rudy Vallée
, singer and actor
Brigham Young
, 2nd
President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
In fiction
edit
Vermont was also the home of Dick Loudon,
Bob Newhart
's character on the 1980s sitcom
Newhart
. All action supposedly took place in Vermont.
Vermont was the home of Pollyanna and her Aunt Polly in the novel
Pollyanna
, later made into the 1960
Disney film
starring
Hayley Mills
and
Jane Wyman
354
In
H. P. Lovecraft
's
The Whisperer in Darkness
, Vermont is the home of folklorist Henry Akeley (and the uninhabited hills of Vermont serve as one of the earth bases of the extraterrestrial
Mi-Go
).
Donna Tartt
's novel
The Secret History
is a story set mostly in a fictitious town of Hampden, Vermont, and college of the same name, where several students conspire to murder a classmate.
355
Sinclair Lewis
' 1935 anti-fascist novel
It Can't Happen Here
is largely set in Vermont, as local newspaper editor Doremus Jessup opposes a newly elected dictatorial government.
Annie Baker
's
Circle Mirror Transformation
Body Awareness
, and
The Aliens
all take place in the fictional town of Shirley, Vermont.
See also
edit
Vermont portal
New England portal
United States portal
Outline of Vermont
Index of Vermont-related articles
French language in the United States
Notes
edit
Elevation adjusted to
North American Vertical Datum of 1988
Births in table do not total 100% because Hispanics are counted by both ethnicity and race, giving a higher overall number.
Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Often pronounced
[vəɹˈmɑ̃ʔ]
in rural areas of the state
Note: there is a glitch surrounding the display of Vermont's religious tradition data on
Public Religion Research Institute
. Click the "list" option if results show "N/A". Do not remove pie chart.
Behind New Jersey
Average property taxes as % of median income: 5.4% (3rd most in the U.S.). Average median property taxes paid on homes: $4,618 (3rd most in the U.S.). Unemployment rate: 5.6% (5th lowest in the U.S.). Average median income for home owners: $77,161 (7th highest in the U.S.).
References
edit
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. Retrieved
January 9,
2025
"Household Income in States and Metropolitan Areas: 2023"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
January 12,
2025
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"Mt Mansfield Highest Point"
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. Retrieved
July 20,
2015
"Highest and Lowest Elevations"
United States Geological Survey
. 2001
. Retrieved
April 29,
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State terrestrial fossil is the
woolly mammoth
of
Mount Holly
, state marine fossil is the
beluga whale
of
Charlotte
Vermont State Fossil – Mount Holly Mammoth & Charlotte Whale
. FossilEra.
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Therefore, no male person, born in this country, or brought from over sea, ought to be holden by law, to serve any person, as a servant, slave, or apprentice, after he arrives to the age of twenty-one years; nor female, in like manner, after she arrives to the age of eighteen years, unless they are bound by their own consent, after they arrive to such age, or bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or the like.
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{{
cite news
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: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (
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{{
cite book
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|work=
ignored (
help
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..." "Table 3.5 Frenchest towns were most Democrat voting towns" Page 50, table 3.6 also shows towns with highest portion of French ancestry have highest portion of Democrat voters; highest portion of English ancestry corresponds with highest portion of Republican voters.
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..."
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Bibliography
edit
Sources
edit
Albers, Jan (2000),
Hands on the Land: A History of the Vermont Landscape
, MIT Press,
ISBN
978-0-262-01175-4
Allen, Ira
(1969) [1798].
The natural and political history of the State of Vermont, one of the United States of America
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Federal Writers' Project
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CT
{{
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link
Vermont Atlas & Gazetteer
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Van de Water, Frederic Franklyn (1974).
The Reluctant Republic: Vermont 1724–1791
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