Xerox - Wikipedia

Xerox - Wikipedia
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Xerox
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to:
This article is about the company. For photocopying, see
photocopier
Xerox Corporation
Xerox headquarters in Norwalk
Type
Public
Traded as
NYSE
XRX
S&P 500 Component
Industry
Information technology
Founded
April 18, 1906
; 111 years ago
1906-04-18
(as The Haloid Photographic Company)
Rochester
New York
U.S.
Founders
Joseph C. Wilson
Chester Carlson
Headquarters
Norwalk
Connecticut
U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Robert J. (Bob) Keegan (Chairman)
Jeff Jacobson
(CEO)
Products
Office printers
, Production printers & digital presses, multi-function printers, wide format printers,
projectors
scanners
Copiers
, and other
office equipments
[1]
Services
Document solutions and services.
Revenue
US$
10.77 billion (2016)
[2]
Operating income
US$768 million (2016)
[2]
Net income
US$616 million (2016)
[2]
Total assets
US$18.14 billion (2016)
[2]
Total equity
US$5.01 billion (2016)
[2]
Number of employees
37,200 (2017)
Website
www
.xerox
.com
Xerox Corporation
ɪər
(also known as
Xerox
, stylized as
xerox
since 2008, and previously as
XEROX
from 1960 to 2008) is an American global corporation that sells document solutions
clarification needed
and services, and document technology products in more than 160 countries.
[3]
Xerox is headquartered in
Norwalk, Connecticut
(moved from
Stamford, Connecticut
in October 2007),
[4]
though its largest population of employees is based around
Rochester, New York
, the area in which the company was founded. The company purchased
Affiliated Computer Services
for $6.4 billion in early 2010.
[5]
As a large developed company, it is consistently placed in the list of
Fortune 500
companies.
On December 31, 2016, Xerox separated its business process service operations into a new publicly traded company,
Conduent
. Xerox focuses on its document technology and document outsourcing business, and continues to trade on the
NYSE
Researchers at Xerox and its
Palo Alto Research Center
invented several important elements of
personal computing
, such as the
desktop metaphor
GUI
, the
computer mouse
[6]
and
desktop computing
[7]
These concepts were frowned upon by the then board of directors, who ordered the Xerox engineers to share them with
Apple
technicians. The concepts were adopted by Apple and, later,
Microsoft
. With the help of these innovations, Apple and Microsoft came to dominate the personal computing revolution of the 1980s, whereas Xerox was not a major player.
[8]
Contents
History
1.1
The Xerox 914
1.2
1960s
1.3
1970s
1.4
1980s
1.5
1990s
1.6
2000s
1.7
2010s
1.8
Digital printing
1.9
Palo Alto Research Center
Chief Executives
Products and services
Corporate structure
Rank Xerox
Accounting irregularities
Character substitution bug
Trademark
See also
10
Notes
11
References
12
External links
History
edit
Xerox was founded in 1906 in Rochester as
The Haloid Photographic Company
[9]
which originally manufactured photographic paper and equipment.
In 1938
Chester Carlson
, a physicist working independently, invented a process for printing images using an electrically charged photoconductor-coated metal plate
[10]
and dry powder "toner". However, it would take more than 20 years of refinement before the first automated machine to make copies was commercialized, using a document feeder, scanning light, and a rotating drum.
Joseph C. Wilson
, credited as the "founder of Xerox", took over Haloid from his father. He saw the promise of Carlson's invention and, in 1946, signed an agreement to develop it as a commercial product. Wilson remained as President/CEO of Xerox until 1967 and served as Chairman until his death in 1971.
Looking for a term to differentiate its new system, Haloid coined the term
Xerography
from two Greek roots meaning "dry writing". Haloid subsequently changed its name to Haloid Xerox in 1958 and then Xerox Corporation in 1961.
[11]
Before releasing the 914, Xerox tested the market by introducing a developed version of the prototype hand-operated equipment known as the Flat-plate 1385. The 1385 was not actually a viable copier because of its speed of operation. As a consequence, it was sold as a platemaker to the
offset lithography
market, perhaps most notably as a platemaker for the
Addressograph-Multigraph
Multilith 1250 and related sheet-fed offset printing presses. It was little more than a high quality, commercially available plate camera mounted as a horizontal
rostrum camera
, complete with photo-flood lighting and timer. The glass film/plate had been replaced with a selenium-coated aluminum plate. Clever electrics turned this into a quick developing and reusable substitute for film. A skilled user could produce fast, paper and metal printing plates of a higher quality than almost any other method. Having started as a supplier to the offset lithography duplicating industry, Xerox now set its sights on capturing some of offset's market share.
The 1385 was followed by the first automatic xerographic printer, the Copyflo, in 1955. The Copyflo was a large microfilm printer which could produce positive prints on roll paper from any type of microfilm negative. Following the Copyflo, the process was scaled down to produce the 1824 microfilm printer. At about half the size and weight, this still sizable machine printed onto hand-fed, cut-sheet paper which was pulled through the process by one of two gripper bars. A scaled-down version of this gripper feed system was to become the basis for the 813 desktop copier.
The Xerox 914
edit
Main article:
Xerox 914
The company came to prominence in 1959 with the introduction of the Xerox 914,
[12]
"the most successful single product of all time." The 914, the first
plain paper
photocopier
was developed by Carlson and
John H. Dessauer
[13]
it was so popular that by the end of 1961 Xerox had almost $60 million in revenue. The product was sold by an innovative ad campaign showing that even monkeys could make copies at the touch of a button - simplicity would become the foundation of future Xerox products and user interfaces. Revenues leaped to over $500 million by 1965.
1960s
edit
The company expanded substantially throughout the 1960s, making millionaires of some long-suffering investors who had nursed the company through the slow research and development phase of the product. In 1960, a xerography research facility called the Wilson Center for Research and Technology was opened in
Webster, New York
. In 1961, the company changed its name to Xerox Corporation. Xerox common stock (XRX) was listed on the
New York Stock Exchange
in 1961 and on the
Chicago Stock Exchange
in 1990.
In 1963 Xerox introduced the
Xerox 813
, the first desktop plain-paper copier, realizing Carlson's vision of a copier that could fit on anyone's office desk. Ten years later in 1973, a basic, analogue, color copier, based on the 914, followed. The 914 itself was gradually sped up to become the 420 and 720. The 813 was similarly developed into the 330 and 660 products and, eventually, also the 740 desktop microfiche printer.
Xerox's first foray into duplicating, as distinct from copying, was with the Xerox 2400, introduced in 1966. The model number denoted the number of prints produced in an hour. Although not as fast as
offset printing
, this machine introduced the industry's first automatic document feeder, paper slitter and perforator, and collator (sorter). This product was soon sped up by fifty percent to become the Xerox 3600 Duplicator.
Meanwhile, a small lab team was borrowing 914 copiers and modifying them. The lab was developing what it called long distance xerography (LDX) to connect two copiers using the public telephone network, so that a document scanned on one machine would print out on the other. The LDX system was introduced in 1964. Many years later this work came to fruition in the Xerox telecopiers, seminal to today's
fax machines
. The fax operation in today's multifunction copiers is true to Carlson's original vision for these devices.
In 1968,
C. Peter McColough
, a longtime executive of Haloid and Xerox, became Xerox's CEO. The same year, the company consolidated its headquarters at Xerox Square in downtown
Rochester, New York
, with its 30-story
Xerox Tower
Xerox embarked on a series of acquisitions. It purchased
University Microfilms International
in 1962, Electro-Optical Systems in 1963,
[14]
and
R.R. Bowker
in 1967. In 1969, Xerox acquired
Scientific Data Systems
(SDS), which it renamed the Xerox Data Systems (XDS) division and which produced the
Sigma
line and its successor XDS 5xx series of
mainframe computers
in the 1960s and 1970s. Xeros sold XDS to
Honeywell
in 1975.
Xerox Tower
in
Rochester, New York
served as headquarters in 1968–1969
Stamford, Connecticut
served as headquarters from 1969 to 2007
Former manufacturing facility in
Henrietta, New York
, constructed in the 1960s and sold to
Harris RF Communications
in 2010.
Xerox Canada Head Office at North American Life Centre (Xerox Tower), North York, Ontario
Xerox Training Center
1970s
edit
Archie McCardell
was named president of the company in 1971.
[15]
During his tenure, Xerox introduced the Xerox 6500, its first
color copier
[16]
During McCardell's reign at Xerox, the company announced record
revenues
earnings
and
profits
in 1973, 1974, and 1975.
[17]
John Carrol became a backer, later spreading the company throughout North America.
citation needed
In the mid-1970s, Xerox introduced the "Xerox 9200 Duplicating System". Originally designed to be sold to print shops, to increase their productivity, it was twice a fast as the 3600 duplicator at two impressions per second (7200 per hour). It was followed by the 9400, which did auto-duplexing, and then by the 9500, which was which added variable zoom reduction and electronic lightness/darkness control.
citation needed
In a 1975
Super Bowl commercial
for the 9200, Xerox debuted an advertising campaign featuring "Brother Dominic", a monk who used the 9200 system to save decades of manual copying.
[18]
Before it was aired, there was some concern that the commercial would be denounced as blasphemous. However, when the commercial was screened for the Archbishop of New York, he found it amusing and gave it his blessing.
[19]
Dominic, portrayed by
Jack Eagle
, became the face of Xerox into the 1980s.
citation needed
Following these years of record profits, in 1975, Xerox resolved an anti-trust suit with the United States
Federal Trade Commission
(FTC), which at the time was under the direction of
Frederic M. Scherer
. The Xerox
consent decree
resulted in the forced licensing of the company's entire
patent
portfolio, mainly to Japanese competitors. Within four years of the consent decree, Xerox's share of the U.S.
copier
market dropped from nearly 100% to less than 14%.
[20]
In 1979, Xerox purchased Western Union International (WUI) as the basis for its proposed
Xerox Telecommunications Network
(XTEN) for local-loop communications. However, after three years, in 1982, the company decided the idea was a mistake and sold its assets to
MCI
at a loss.
[21]
1980s
edit
David T. Kearns
, a Xerox executive since 1971, took over as CEO in 1982. The company was revived in the 1980s and 1990s, through improvement in quality design and realignment of its product line. Attempting to expand beyond copiers, in 1981 Xerox introduced a line of electronic memory typewriters, the
Memorywriter
, which gained 20% market share, mostly at the expense of IBM.
[14]
In 1983 Xerox bought
Crum & Forster
, an insurance company, and formed Xerox Financial Services (XFS) in 1984.
[14]
In 1985 Xerox sold all of its publishing subsidiaries including University Microfilms and R.R. Bowker.
[22]
1990s
edit
Xerox "Pixellated X" logo introduced in 1994
In 1990
Paul Allaire
, a Xerox executive since 1966, succeeded David Kearns, who had reached mandatory retirement age. Allaire disentangled Xerox from the financial services industry.
Development of digital photocopiers in the 1990s and a revamp of the entire product range again gave Xerox a technical lead over its competitors. In 1990, Xerox released the
DocuTech
Production Publisher Model 135, ushering in print-on-demand. Digital photocopiers were essentially high-end laser printers with integrated scanners. Soon, additional features such as network printing and faxing were added to many models, known as Multi Function Machines, or just MFMs, which were able to be attached to computer networks. Xerox worked to turn its product into a service, providing a complete document service to companies including supply, maintenance, configuration, and user support. In 1993, Xerox moved its European research center in
Inovallée
near
Grenoble
[23]
To reinforce this image, in 1994 the company introduced a corporate signature, "The Document Company", above its main logo and introduced a red digital X. The digital X symbolized the transition of documents between the paper and digital worlds.
In the mid-1990s LA County Superior Court turned to Xerox for help in replacing nearly 500 aging copiers throughout LA County, but Xerox refused to consider leasing. The County instead went to
Konica
. Xerox was shut out of the County for the next two years.
In April 1999 Allaire was succeeded by
Richard Thoman
, who had been brought in from
IBM
in 1997 as president. The first "outsider" to head Xerox, Thoman resigned in 2000.
2000s
edit
After Thoman's resignation Allaire again resumed the position of CEO and served until the appointment of
Anne M. Mulcahy
, another long-term Xerox executive.
[24]
Xerox's turnaround was largely led by Mulcahy, who was appointed president in May 2000, CEO in August 2001 and chairman in January 2002.
[25]
She launched an aggressive turnaround plan that returned Xerox to full-year profitability by the end of 2002, along with decreasing debt, increasing cash, and continuing to invest in research and development.
In 2000, Xerox acquired
Tektronix
color printing and imaging division in Wilsonville, Oregon, for US$925 million. This led to the current
Xerox Phaser
line of products as well as Xerox
solid ink
printing technology.
In September 2004, Xerox celebrated the 45th anniversary of the Xerox 914. More than 200,000 units were made around the world between 1959 and 1976, the year production of the 914 was stopped. Today, the 914 is part of
American history
as an artifact in the
Smithsonian Institution
In November 2006, Xerox completed the acquisition of
XMPie
. XMPie, a provider of software for cross-media, variable data one-to-one marketing.
[26]
In October 2008, Xerox Canada Ltd. was named one of
Greater Toronto's Top Employers
by Mediacorp Canada Inc., which was announced by the
Toronto Star
newspaper.
[27]
On May 21, 2009, it was announced that
Ursula Burns
would succeed Anne Mulcahy as CEO of Xerox. On July 1, 2009, Burns became the first
African American
woman to head a company the size of Xerox.
On September 28, 2009, Xerox announced the intended acquisition of
Affiliated Computer Services
, a services and
outsourcing
company, for $6.4 Billion. The acquisition was completed in February 2010. Xerox said it paid 4.935 Xerox shares and $18.60 cash for each share of ACS, totaling $6.4 billion, or $63.11 a share for the company.
[28]
2010s
edit
In May 2011, Xerox acquired NewField IT for an undisclosed sum.
[29]
NewField IT developed the Asset DB toolset which is widely used across the managed print services (MPS) market along with MPS market-leading consulting and software services delivering a large impact for this relatively small acquisition.
[30]
In December 2013, Xerox sold their Wilsonville, Oregon
solid ink
product design, engineering and chemistry group and related assets previously acquired from
Tektronix
to
3D Systems
for $32.5 million in cash.
[31]
In December 2014, Xerox sold the IT Outsourcing business it had acquired in 2009 from
Affiliated Computer Services
to
Atos
for
US$
1,050,000,000.
[32]
This move was taken due to the relatively slow growth of this business relative to some other Xerox units.
[32]
In January 2016, Xerox—reportedly under pressure from activist shareholder
Carl Icahn
—announced that by the end of the year it would
spin off
its business services unit, largely made up of Affiliated Computer Services, into its own
publicly traded company
. The name and management of the new company had not been determined at the time of the announcement. Icahn will appoint three members of the new company's
board of directors
, and he will choose a person to advise its search for a
CEO.
[33]
In June, the company announced that the document management business would retain the name Xerox and the new business services company would be named
Conduent
. It also announced that
Ashok Vemuri
will serve as Conduent's CEO and that Icahn will control three seats on the new company's board. It continues to seek a CEO for Xerox; in May, Burns announced her intention to step down as CEO but continue as chairman of the document management business.
[34]
In June 2016 the company announced that
Jeff Jacobson
will become the new CEO following the completion of the company’s planned separation.
[35]
This became effective in January 2017.
[36]
Digital printing
edit
The laser printer was invented in 1969 by Xerox researcher
Gary Starkweather
by modifying a Xerox 7000 copier. Xerox management was afraid the product version of Starkweather's invention, which became the 9700, would negatively impact their copier business so the innovation sat in limbo until IBM launched the
3800
laser printer in 1976.
The first commercial non-impact printer was the Xerox 1200, introduced in 1973,
[37]
based on the 3600 copier. It had an optical character generator designed by optical engineer Phil Chen.
In 1977, following IBM's laser printer introduction, the
Xerox 9700
was introduced. Laser printing eventually became a multibillion-dollar business for Xerox.
In the late 1970s Xerox introduced the "Xerox 350 color slide system" This product allowed the customer to create digital word and graphic 35mm slides. Many of the concepts used in today's "Photo Shop" programs were pioneered with this technology.
In 1980, Xerox announced the forward looking 5700 laser printing system, a much smaller version of their 9700, but with revolutionary touch screen capabilities and multiple media input (word processing disks, IBM magcards, etc.) and printer 'finishing' options. This product was allegedly never intended to make the commercial markets due to its development cost, but rather to show the innovation of Xerox. It did take off with many customers, but was soon replaced with its still smaller and lower cost
2700 Distributed Electronic Printer
offering in 1982.
[38]
Palo Alto Research Center
edit
Main article:
Xerox PARC
The
Xerox Alto
workstation was developed at Xerox PARC.
In 1970, under company president
C. Peter McColough
, Xerox opened the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, known as Xerox PARC. The facility developed many modern computing technologies such as the
graphical user interface
(GUI),
laser printing
WYSIWYG
text editors and
Ethernet
. From these inventions, Xerox PARC created the
Xerox Alto
in 1973, a small minicomputer similar to a modern
workstation
or
personal computer
. This machine can be considered the first true Personal Computer, given its versatile combination of a cathode-ray-type screen, mouse-type pointing device, and a QWERTY-type alphanumeric keyboard. But the Alto was never commercially sold, as Xerox itself could not see the sales potential of it. It was, however, installed in Xerox's own offices, worldwide and those of the US Government and military, who could see the potential. Within these sites the individual workstations were connected together by Xerox's own unique LAN, The Ethernet. Data was sent around this system of heavy, yellow, low loss coaxial cable using the packet data system. In addition, PARC also developed one of the earliest
internetworking
protocol suites, the
PARC Universal Packet
(PUP).
In 1979, Steve Jobs made a deal with Xerox's venture capital division: He would let them invest $1 million in exchange for a look at the technology they were working on. Jobs and the others saw the commercial potential of the
WIMP
(Window, Icon, Menu, and Pointing device) system and redirected development of the
Apple Lisa
to incorporate these technologies. Jobs is quoted as saying, "They just had no idea what they had." In 1980, Jobs invited several key PARC researchers to join his company so that they could fully develop and implement their ideas.
In 1981, Xerox released a system similar to the Alto, the
Xerox Star
. It was the first commercial system to incorporate technologies that have subsequently become commonplace in personal computers, such as a bitmapped display, window-based GUI, mouse,
Ethernet
networking,
file servers
print servers
and
e-mail
. The Xerox Star and its successor the
Xerox Daybreak
, despite their technological breakthroughs, did not sell well due to its high price, costing $16,000 per unit. A typical Xerox Star-based office, complete with network and printers, would have cost $100,000.
In the mid-1980s,
Apple
considered buying Xerox; however, a deal was never reached.
citation needed
Apple instead bought rights to the Alto GUI and adapted it into to a more affordable personal computer, aimed towards the business and education markets. The
Apple Macintosh
was released in 1984, and was the first personal computer to popularize the GUI and mouse among the public.
In 2002, PARC was spun off into an independent wholly owned subsidiary of Xerox.
Chief Executives
edit
Chief executives
Name
Title
Tenure
Photo
George C. Seager
President
1906–1912
Gilbert E. Mosher
President
1912–1938
Joseph R. Wilson
President
1938–1946
Joseph C. Wilson
President
CEO
1946–1966
1961–1967
C. Peter McColough
CEO
1968–1982
David T. Kearns
CEO
1982 – July 31, 1990
Paul A. Allaire
CEO
August 1, 1990 – April 6, 1999
G. Richard Thoman
CEO
April 7, 1999 – May 10, 2000
Paul A. Allaire
CEO
May 11, 2000 – July 31, 2001
Anne M. Mulcahy
CEO
August 1, 2001 – July 1, 2009
Ursula M. Burns
CEO
July 1, 2009 – December 31, 2016
Jeff Jacobson
CEO
January 1, 2017 – Present
Products and services
edit
Xerox manufactures and sells a wide variety of office equipment including scanners, printers, and multifunction systems that scan, print, copy, email and fax. These model families include WorkCentre, Phaser, and ColorQube.
[1]
For the graphic communications and commercial print industries, the Xerox product portfolio includes high-volume, digital printing presses, production printers, and wide format printers that use xerographic and inkjet printing technologies. Product families include iGen, Nuvera, DocuPrint, Impika's product (Trivor, iPrint and Rialto).
[39]
Corporate structure
edit
Xerox logo 1968–2008 designed by
Chermayeff & Geismar
Although Xerox is a global
brand
, it maintains a joint venture,
Fuji Xerox
, with Japanese photographic firm
Fuji Photo Film Co.
to develop, produce and sell in the
Asia
Pacific
region. Fuji Photo Film Co. is currently the majority stakeholder, with 75% of the shareholding.
Xerox India
, formerly Modi Xerox, is Xerox's Indian subsidiary derived from a joint venture formed between Dr. Bhupendra Kumar Modi and Rank Xerox in 1983. Xerox obtained a majority stake in 1999 and aims to buy out the remaining shareholders.
[40]
NewField IT is a wholly owned subsidiary of Xerox that implements and supports third party software for MPS providers.
[30]
Xerox now sponsors the Factory Ducati Team in the World Superbike Championship, under the name of the "Xerox Ducati".
Rank Xerox
edit
Rank Xerox logo used in 1980s
European operations,
Rank Xerox
, later extended to Asia and Africa, has been fully owned by Xerox Corporation since 1997. The Rank Xerox name was discontinued following the buyout, and the Rank Xerox Research Centre was renamed to the Xerox Research Centre Europe.
Accounting irregularities
edit
On May 31, 2001, Xerox Corporation announced that its auditors, KPMG LLP, had certified Xerox's financial statements for the three years ended December 31, 2000. And the financials included some restatements.
[41]
On March 31, 2002, Xerox restated its financials which reflected the reallocation of equipment sales revenue of more than $2 billion.
[42]
On April 11, 2002, the U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission
filed a complaint against Xerox.
[43]
The complaint alleged Xerox deceived the public between 1997 and 2000 by employing several "accounting maneuvers," the most significant of which was a change in which Xerox recorded revenue from copy machine leases – recognizing a "sale" when a lease contract was signed, instead of recognizing revenue over the entire length of the contract. At issue was when the revenue was recognized, not the validity of the revenue. Xerox's restatement only changed what year the revenue was recognized. On December 20, 2002, Xerox Corporation reported that it had discovered an error in the calculation of its non-cash interest expense related to a debt instrument and associated interest rate swap agreements, resulted in after-tax understatement of interest expense of approximately $5 million to $6 million or less than 1 cent per share in each of the four quarters of 2001 and for the first three quarters of 2002.
[44]
In response to the
SEC's
complaint, Xerox Corporation neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing. It agreed to pay a $10 million penalty and to restate its financial results for the years 1997 through 2000. On June 5, 2003, six Xerox senior executives accused of securities fraud settled their issues with the SEC and neither admitted nor denied wrongdoing. They agreed to pay $22 million in penalties, disgorgement, and interest. The company received approval to settle the securities lawsuit in 2008.
[45]
On January 29, 2003, the SEC filed a complaint against Xerox's auditors,
[46]
KPMG
, alleging four partners in the "Big Five" accounting firm permitted Xerox to "cook the books" to fill a $3 billion "gap" in revenue and $1.4 billion "gap" in pre-tax earnings. In April 2005 KPMG settled with the SEC by paying a US$22.48 million fine.
[47]
Meanwhile, Xerox paid a civil penalty of $10 million.
[48]
As part of the settlement KPMG neither admits nor denies wrongdoings. During settlement with the
Securities and Exchange Commission
, Xerox began to revamp itself once more. As a symbol of this transformation, the relative size of the word "Xerox" was increased in proportion to "The Document Company" on the corporate signature and the latter was dropped altogether in September-2004, along with the digital X. However, the digital X and "The Document Company" were still used by
Fuji Xerox
until April-2008.
Character substitution bug
edit
In 2013, German computer scientist David Kriesel discovered an
error
in a Xerox WorkCentre 7535 copier. The device would substitute number digits in scanned documents, even when
OCR
was turned off. For instance, a cost table in a scanned document had an entry of 85.40, instead of the original sum of 65.40.
[49]
After unsuccessfully trying to resolve this issue with Xerox's customer support, he publicised his findings on his blog. Providing examples pages that lead to the bug occurrence, it was confirmed that this bug was reproducible on a wide variety of Xerox WorkCentre and other high-end Xerox copiers.
The source of the error was a bug in the
JBIG2
implementation, which is an image compression standard that makes use of pattern matching to encode identical characters only once. While this provides a high level of compression, it is susceptible to errors in identifying similar characters.
A possible workaround was published by Kriesel, which involved setting the image quality from "normal" to "higher" or "high". Shortly afterwards it was found that the same fix had been suggested in the printer manual, which mentioned the occurrence of character substitutions in "normal mode", indicating that Xerox was aware of the software error.
[50]
In Xerox's initial response to a growing interest by the media, the error was described as occurring rarely and only when factory settings had been changed.
[51]
[52]
After Kriesel provided evidence that the error was also occurring in all three image quality modes (normal, higher and high) including the factory defaults, Xerox corrected their statement and released a software patch to eliminate the problem.
[53]
[54]
Despite the problem being present in some instances also in higher quality mode, Xerox advises users that they can use this mode as an alternative to applying the patch.
[55]
Trademark
edit
The word "xerox" is used as a synonym for "photocopy" (both as a noun and a
verb
) in many areas; for example,"
I xeroxed the document and placed it on your desk.
" or "
Please make a xeroxed copy of the articles and hand them out a week before the exam
". Though both are common, the company does not condone such uses of its trademark, and is particularly concerned about the ongoing use of Xerox as a verb as this places the trademark in danger of being declared a
generic word
by the courts. The company is engaged in an ongoing advertising and media campaign to convince the public that Xerox should not be used as a verb.
[56]
[57]
To this end, the company has written to publications that have used Xerox as a verb, and has also purchased print advertisements declaring that "you cannot 'xerox' a document, but you can copy it on a Xerox Brand copying machine". Xerox Corporation continues to protect its trademark in most if not all trademark categories.
citation needed
Despite their efforts, many dictionaries continue to include the use of "xerox" as a verb, including the
Oxford English Dictionary
. In 2012, the Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB) of
India
declared "xerox" a non-generic term after "almost 50 years (1963–2009) of continued existence on the register without challenge, and with proof of almost 44 years of use evident (1965-2009)",
[58]
but as of 2015, most Indians still use it as a synonym for photocopying.
[59]
See also
edit
Connecticut portal
New York portal
Companies portal
Notes
edit
"Professional Digital Printing Equipment - Xerox"
Xerox
"Annual Report 2016, Financial Highlights"
. Xerox Corporation.
"Xerox Annual Report 2014"
"Online Fact Book: Historical Highlights"
www.xerox.com
. 2007.
"Xerox Corporation Details"
. PCX
. Retrieved
May 17,
2014
The first computer mouse
New Launches. October 2, 2007. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
The Graphical User Interface: A Historic Overview
Sensomatic. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
How Xerox Forfeited the PC War
Fool.com September 18, 2000. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
Online Fact Book: Xerox at a Glance
Archived
August 5, 2009, at the
Wayback Machine
., xerox.com. Article retrieved December 13, 2006.
Carlson, Chester.
"Electrophotography"
pdfpiw.uspto.gov
. USPTO
. Retrieved
19 February
2017
"Xerox Hopes Its New Logo Doesn't Say 'Copier'"
, NYT.com. Article retrieved January 7, 2008.
Eva Hemmungs Wirten,
No Trespassing: Authorship, Intellectual Property Rights, and the Boundaries of Globalization
(University of Toronto Press, 2004), p61.
[1]
Xerox 914 Plain Paper Copier
at americanhistory.si.edu
"Gale Directory of Company Histories: Xerox Corporation (from Amswers.com)"
. Retrieved
November 3,
2013
"Xerox Appoints Chairman and President,"
New York Times,
December 14, 1971.
Smith, Gene. "Xerox Planning to Market Color Copier Next Year."
New York Times.
May 19, 1972.
Smith, Gene. "Xerox Foresees Profit Record in 1973."
New York Times.
May 25, 1973; Reckert, Claire M. "Xerox Earnings Set Record."
New York Times.
July 17, 1974; Reckert, Claire M. "Xerox Earnings Up 5.4% to Record."
New York Times.
April 16, 1975.
"Ad Age Encyclopedia of Advertising: Xerox corp."
Advertising Age
. September 15, 2003
. Retrieved
November 2,
2013
O'Reilly, Terry (5 February 2017).
"Judgment Day: Super Bowl Advertising"
. CBC Radio. Canadian Broadcast Corporation
. Retrieved
5 February
2017
"Xerox: The Downfall."
Business Week
. March 5, 2001. Archived from
the original
on October 27, 2015
. Retrieved
November 23,
2015
Strauss, Paul R. (September 1983).
"Xerox at the Crossroads"
Data Communications
. Retrieved
November 6,
2013
Winter, Christine (November 14, 1985).
"Bell, Howell Acquires Two Data Firms"
Chicago Tribune
. Retrieved
Sep 10,
2014
xrce.xerox.com
"America's Best Leaders: Anne Mulcahy, Xerox CEO"
Archived
from the original on December 10, 2008
. Retrieved
November 25,
2008
Morris, Betsy (June 2003).
"The Accidental CEO"
Fortune
"Leaders in One-to-One in One, Personalized VDP and Cross Media Communications"
. XMPie
. Retrieved
November 9,
2011
"Reasons for Selection, 2009 Greater Toronto's Top Employers Competition"
"Xerox to buy ACS to expand back office services"
Reuters
. September 28, 2009.
"Xerox acquires NewField IT to expand managed print services"
. May 23, 2011. Archived from
the original
on September 6, 2011.
"Xerox confirms transfer of 120 Wilsonville employees to an Indian contractor, HCL Technologies"
IT Director.com
. May 30, 2011.
"3D Systems To Acquire a Portion of Xerox’s Oregon Based Solid Ink Engineering and Development Teams"
. Retrieved
January 14,
2014
Patnaik, Subrat; Baker, Liana B. (18 December 2014).
"Xerox to sell IT outsourcing arm to France's Atos for $1.05 billion"
. Reuters.
de la Merced, Michael J.; Picker, Leslie (January 29, 2016).
"Xerox, in Deal With Carl Icahn, to Split Company in Two"
The New York Times
. Retrieved
January 30,
2016
Becker, Nathan (June 16, 2016).
"Xerox Says It Will Call Business-Services Company Conduent After Split"
The Wall Street Journal
. Retrieved
June 18,
2016
"Jeff Jacobson to Become CEO of Xerox Corporation Following Completion of Separation"
xerox.com
. Xerox. 2016-06-23
. Retrieved
2017-01-10
Clausen, Todd (2017-01-03).
"Xerox completes split into 2 companies"
usatoday.com
. USA Today
. Retrieved
2017-01-10
Vullo, Christina.
"Flashback Friday: The Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System"
Xerox Blogs
. Retrieved
November 1,
2013
1987 Fact Book
"Digital Printing Press for Commercial Printers : Xerox"
"Xerox looks to up stake in Indian arm to 100%"
The Economic Times
. March 2005.
"Xerox 2000 Financial Statement Audit Complete; 'After Rigorous Reviews of Xerox's Accounting, No Fictitious Transactions Were Found and the Company's Liquidity is Not Impacted.
"Xerox agrees to pay fine to SEC, restate results"
"SEC v. Xerox Corporation"
SEC
. 2002.
"Xerox Reports Adjustment in Non-Cash Interest Expense"
"Xerox Corp receives approval to settle securities lawsuit"
. Mar 2008
. Retrieved
July 22,
2013
"Complaint: KPMG LLP et al."
SEC
. 2003.
"SEC fines Xerox's ex-auditor"
Democrat and Chronicle
. April 2005.
"KPMG and Xerox Settle Securities Lawsuit"
. Mar 2008
. Retrieved
July 24,
2013
"Xerox scanners/photocopiers randomly alter numbers in scanned documents"
. Retrieved
March 22,
2015
"Possible workaround for character substitutions in xerox machines"
. Retrieved
March 22,
2015
Coy, Peter.
"Some Xerox Scanners Can Alter Documents by Accident"
Businessweek.com
. Retrieved
March 22,
2015
"Xerox scanners alter numbers in scanned documents"
ZDNet
. Retrieved
March 22,
2015
Williams, Martyn (August 13, 2013).
"Impact of Xerox character-substitution bug wider than thought"
PCWorld
. Retrieved
March 22,
2015
"BBC News - Xerox to update scan software after switched number outcry"
BBC News
. Retrieved
March 22,
2015
Stim, Richard (2006).
Patent, Copyright & Trademark
. Nolo. p. 388.
ISBN
1-4133-0196-7
"Online Fact Book: Overview"
. Retrieved
July 2,
2007
R. Sivaraman.
"Appellate Board upholds trademark status of Xerox"
The Hindu
"Maggi returns"
The Indian Express
. 11 November 2015
. Retrieved
16 November
2015
References
edit
David Owen
Copies in Seconds: How a Lone Inventor and an Unknown Company Created the Biggest Communication Breakthrough Since Gutenberg—Chester Carlson and the Birth of the Xerox Machine
Simon & Schuster
, 2004,
ISBN
978-0-7432-5117-4
Charles D. Ellis
Joe Wilson
and the Creation of Xerox
Wiley
, 2006,
ISBN
978-0-471-99835-8
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