Zhuang languages - Wikipedia

Zhuang languages - Wikipedia
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Zhuang language
Various Tai languages used by the Zhuang people of southern China
Zhuang
Vahcuengh
("Zhuang"),
Hauqcuengh
(Yongbei)
Kauqnuangz
(Nong),
Kauqnoangz
Hoedyaej
(Guibian),
Hauƽyəiч
(Qiubei)
Hauqraeuz
Gangjdoj
(Yongbei, Nong, Qiubei)
Kauqraeuz
Gangjtoj
(Nong, Yang, Dai)
Native to
China
Ethnicity
Zhuang people
Native speakers
16 million, all Northern Zhuang languages (2007)
Language family
Kra–Dai
Kam–Tai
Be–Tai ?
Tai
Northern Tai
and
Central Tai
Zhuang
Standard forms
Standard Zhuang
Writing system
Zhuang, Old Zhuang,
Sawndip
Sawgoek
Language codes
ISO 639-1
za
ISO 639-2
zha
ISO 639-3
zha
– inclusive code
Individual codes:
zch
– Central Hongshuihe Zhuang
zhd
Dai Zhuang
(Wenma)
zeh
Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang
zgb
– Guibei Zhuang
zgn
Guibian Zhuang
zln
– Lianshan Zhuang
zlj
– Liujiang Zhuang
zlq
– Liuqian Zhuang
zgm
Minz Zhuang
zhn
Nong Zhuang
(Yanguang)
zqe
Qiubei Zhuang
zyg
Yang Zhuang
(Dejing)
zyb
Yongbei Zhuang
zyn
Yongnan Zhuang
zyj
Youjiang Zhuang
zzj
Zuojiang Zhuang
Glottolog
None
daic1237
= Daic; Zhuang is not a valid group
Geographic distribution of Zhuang dialects in Guangxi and related languages in Northern Vietnam and Guizhou
This article contains
IPA
phonetic symbols.
Without proper
rendering support
, you may see
question marks, boxes, or other symbols
instead of
Unicode
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
Help:IPA
Books of Zhuang language
The
Zhuang languages
dʒ
dʒ
autonym
Vahcuengh
[βa˧ɕuːŋ˧]
Sawndip
話僮
are more than a dozen
Tai languages
spoken by the
Zhuang people
of Southern
China
in the province of
Guangxi
and adjacent parts of
Yunnan
and
Guangdong
. The Zhuang languages do not form a monophyletic linguistic unit, as northern and southern Zhuang languages are more closely related to other Tai languages than to each other. Northern Zhuang languages form a
dialect continuum
with
Northern Tai
varieties across the provincial border in
Guizhou
, which are designated as
Bouyei
, whereas Southern Zhuang languages form another dialect continuum with
Central Tai
varieties such as
Nung
Tay
and
Caolan
in
Vietnam
Standard Zhuang
is based on the Northern Zhuang dialect of
Wuming
The Tai languages are believed to have been originally spoken in what is now southern China, with speakers of the
Southwestern Tai languages
, which include
Thai
(modern-day
Thailand
),
Lao
(modern-day
Laos
) and
Shan
(modern-day
Shan State
, Myanmar) having emigrated south in the face of Chinese expansion. Noting that both the Zhuang and Thai peoples have the same
exonym
for the
Vietnamese
kɛɛu
A1
from the Chinese commandery of
Jiaozhi
in northern Vietnam,
Jerold A. Edmondson
posited that the split between Zhuang and the Southwestern Tai languages happened no earlier than the founding of Jiaozhi in 112 BC. He also argues that the departure of the
Thai
from southern China must predate the 5th century AD, when the Tai who remained in China began to take family names.
Surveys
edit
Sites surveyed in Zhang (1999), subgrouped according to Pittayaporn (2009):
N,
M,
I,
C,
B,
F,
H,
L,
Zhāng Jūnrú's (張均如)
Zhuàngyǔ Fāngyán Yánjiù
壯語方言研究
[A Study of Zhuang dialects]) is the most detailed study of Zhuang
dialectology
published to date. It reports survey work carried out in the 1950s, and includes a 1465-word list covering 36 varieties of Zhuang. For the list of the 36 Zhuang variants below from Zhang (1999), the name of the region (usually county) is given first, followed by the specific village. The phylogenetic position of each variant follows that of Pittayaporn (2009)
(see
Tai languages#Pittayaporn (2009)
).
Wuming
– Shuāngqiáo 雙橋 – Subgroup M
Hengxian
– Nàxù 那旭 – Subgroup N
Yongning
(North) – Wǔtáng 五塘 – Subgroup N
Pingguo
– Xīnxū 新圩 – Subgroup N
Tiandong
– Héhéng 合恒 – Subgroup N
Tianlin
– Lìzhōu 利周 – Subgroup N
Lingyue
– Sìchéng 泗城 – Subgroup N
Guangnan
(Shā people 沙族) – Zhěméng Township 者孟鄉 – Subgroup N
Qiubei
– Gēhán Township 戈寒鄉 – Subgroup N
Liujiang
– Bǎipéng 百朋 – Subgroup N
Yishan
– Luòdōng 洛東 – Subgroup N
Huanjiang
– Chéngguǎn 城管 – Subgroup N
Rong'an
– Ānzì 安治 – Subgroup N
Longsheng
– Rìxīn 日新 – Subgroup N
Hechi
– Sānqū 三區 – Subgroup N
Nandan
– Méma 麼麻 – Subgroup N
Donglan
– Chéngxiāng 城廂 – Subgroup N
Du'an
– Liùlǐ 六里 – Subgroup N
Shanglin
– Dàfēng 大豐 – Subgroup N
Laibin
– Sìjiǎo 寺腳 – Subgroup N
Guigang
– Shānběi 山北 – Subgroup N
Lianshan
– Xiǎosānjiāng 小三江 – Subgroup N
Qinzhou
– Nàhé Township 那河鄉 – Subgroup I
Yongning
(South) – Xiàfāng Township 下枋鄉 – Subgroup M
Long'an
– Xiǎolín Township 小林鄉 – Subgroup M
Fusui
(Central) – Dàtáng Township 大塘鄉 – Subgroup M
Shangsi
– Jiàodīng Township 叫丁鄉 – Subgroup C
Chongzuo
– Fùlù Township 福鹿鄉 – Subgroup C
Ningming
– Fēnghuáng Township 鳳璜鄉 – Subgroup B
Longzhou
– Bīnqiáo Township 彬橋鄉 – Subgroup F
Daxin
– Hòuyì Township 後益鄉 – Subgroup H
Debao
– Yuándì'èrqū 原第二區 – Subgroup L
Jingxi
– Xīnhé Township 新和鄉 – Subgroup L
Guangnan
(Nóng people 儂族) – Xiǎoguǎngnán Township 小廣南鄉 – Subgroup L
Yanshan
(Nóng people 儂族) – Kuāxī Township 誇西鄉 – Subgroup L
Wenma
(Tǔ people 土族) – Hēimò Township 黑末鄉大寨, Dàzhài – Subgroup P
Varieties
edit
The Zhuang language (or language group) has been divided by Chinese linguists into northern and southern "dialects" (fāngyán 方言 in Chinese), each of which has been divided into a number of vernacular varieties (known as
tǔyǔ
土語 in Chinese) by Chinese linguists (Zhang & Wei 1997; Zhang 1999:29-30).
The
Wuming
dialect of Yongbei Zhuang, classified within the "Northern Zhuang dialect", is considered to be the "
standard
" or
prestige dialect
of Zhuang, developed by the government for certain official usages. Although Southern Zhuang varieties have aspirated stops, Northern Zhuang varieties lack them.
There are over 60 distinct tonal systems with 5–11 tones depending on the variety.
Zhang (1999) identified 13 Zhuang varieties.
Later research by the
Summer Institute of Linguistics
has indicated that some of these are themselves multiple languages that are not
mutually intelligible
without previous exposure on the part of speakers, resulting in 16 separate
ISO 639-3
codes.
10
Northern Zhuang
edit
Main article:
Northern Tai languages
Northern Zhuang comprises dialects north of the
Yong River
, with 8,572,200 speakers
11
Northern Zhuang
ccx
] prior to 2007):
Guibei
桂北 (1,290,000 speakers):
Luocheng
Huanjiang
Rongshui
Rong'an
Sanjiang
Yongfu
Longsheng
Hechi
Nandan
Tian'e
Donglan
Guibei Zhuang
zgb
])
Liujiang
柳江 (1,297,000 speakers):
Liujiang
, North
Laibin
Yishan
Liucheng
Xincheng
Liujiang Zhuang
zlj
])
Hongshui He
紅水河 (2,823,000 speakers): South
Laibin
Du'an
Mashan
, Shilong,
Guixian
Luzhai
Lipu
Yangshuo
. Castro and Hansen (2010) distinguished three
mutually unintelligible
varieties
: Central Hongshuihe (
Central Hongshuihe Zhuang
zch
]),
Eastern Hongshuihe
Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang
zeh
]) and Liuqian (
Liuqian Zhuang
zlq
]).
12
Yongbei
邕北 (1,448,000 speakers): North
Yongning
Wuming
(prestige dialect),
Binyang
Hengxian
Pingguo
Yongbei Zhuang
zyb
])
Youjiang
右江 (732,000 speakers):
Tiandong
Tianyang
, and parts of the
Baise
City area; all along the
Youjiang River
basin area (
Youjiang Zhuang
zyj
])
Guibian
桂邊 (
Yei Zhuang
; 827,000 speakers):
Fengshan
Lingyun
Tianlin
Longlin
, North
Guangnan
Yunnan
) (
Guibian Zhuang
zgn
])
Qiubei
丘北 (
Yei Zhuang
; 122,000 speakers):
Qiubei
area (
Yunnan
) (
Qiubei Zhuang
zqe
])
Lianshan
連山 (33,200 speakers):
Lianshan
Guangdong
), North
Huaiji
Guangdong
) (
Lianshan Zhuang
zln
])
Eastern Guangxi
edit
In east-central Guangxi, there are isolated pockets of Northern Zhuang speakers in
Zhongshan
(14,200 Zhuang people),
Pingle
(2,100 Zhuang people),
Zhaoping
(4,300 Zhuang people),
Mengshan
(about 5,000 Zhuang people), and
Hezhou
(about 3,000 Zhuang people) counties. These include the following varieties named after administrative villages that are documented by Wei (2017).
13
Lugang
Village 蘆崗村, Etang Town 鵝塘鎮, Pinggui District 平桂區,
He County
賀縣
Qishan
Village 啟善村, Yuantou Town 源頭鎮,
Pingle County
Xiping
Village 西坪村, Zouma Township 走馬鄉,
Zhaoping County
Xie
Village 謝村, Xinxu Town 新圩鎮,
Mengshan County
Nitang
Village 坭塘村, Yuantou Town 源頭鎮,
Pingle County
Linyan
Village 林岩村, Qingtang Town 清塘鎮,
Zhongshan County
Southern Zhuang
edit
Main article:
Central Tai languages
Southern Zhuang dialects are spoken south of the
Yong River
, with 4,232,000 speakers
11
Southern Zhuang
ccy
] prior to 2007):
Yongnan
邕南 (1,466,000 speakers): South
Yongning
, Central and North
Fusui
Long'an
Jinzhou
, Shangse,
Chongzuo
areas (
Yongnan Zhuang
zyn
])
Zuojiang
左江 (1,384,000 speakers):
Longzhou
(Longjin),
Daxin
Tiandeng
Ningming
Zuojiang River
basin area (
Zuojiang Zhuang
zzj
])
Dejing
得靖 (979,000 speakers):
Jingxi
Debao
, Mubian,
Napo
. Jackson, Jackson and Lau (2012) distinguished two
mutually unintelligible
varieties
Yang Zhuang
Yang Zhuang
zyg
]) and
Min Zhuang
Minz Zhuang
zgm
])
14
Yanguang
硯廣 (
Nong Zhuang
; 308,000 speakers): South
Guangnan
Yunnan
),
Yanshan
area (
Nong Zhuang
zhn
])
Wenma
文麻 (
Dai Zhuang
; 95,000 speakers):
Wenshan
Yunnan
),
Malipo
, Guibian (
Dai Zhuang
zhd
])
The
Tày
and
Nùng
language complex in Vietnam is also considered one of the varieties of Central Tai and shares a high
mutual intelligibility
with Wenshan Dai and other Southern Zhuang dialects in
Guangxi
. The Nùng An language has a mixture of Northern and Central Tai features.
Recently described varieties
edit
Johnson (2011) distinguishes four distinct Zhuang languages in
Wenshan Prefecture
Yunnan
Nong Zhuang
Yei Zhuang
Dai Zhuang
, and
Min Zhuang
, all of which are Southern Zhuang varieties except for Yei Zhuang, which is Northern Zhuang.
15
Min Zhuang
is a recently discovered Southern Zhuang variety that has never been described previous to Johnson (2011). (
See also
Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture#Ethnic groups
Pyang Zhuang
and
Myang Zhuang
are recently described Southern Zhuang (Central Tai) languages spoken in
Debao County
, Guangxi, China.
16
17
Writing systems
edit
Zhuang
Sawndip
manuscript
The 81 symbols of the
Poya Songbook
used by Zhuang women in
Funing County, Yunnan
The Zhuang languages have been written in the ancient
sawndip
script for over a thousand years, possibly preceded by the
sawgoek
script.
citation needed
Sawndip
is based on
Chinese characters
, similar to Vietnamese
chữ Nôm
Some
sawndip
logograms were directly borrowed from Han characters, whereas others were created locally from components of Chinese characters. It has been used for writing songs,
by whom?
and more recently in public communications encouraging people to follow official family planning policy.
example needed
There has also been the occasional use of a number of other scripts, including pictographic
proto-writing
by whom?
In 1957, a hybrid script based on the
Latin script
and expanded with Cyrillic- and IPA-derived letters was introduced to write
Standard Zhuang
. In 1982, it was updated to use only Latin letters.
18
These are referred to as the "old" and "new" Zhuang, respectively.
by whom?
Bouyei
is written in Latin script.
1957 Alphabet
edit
Consonants
edit
B b D d G g C c By by
ƌ Gv gv Y y Gy gy
M m N n Ŋ ŋ Ny ny My my F f S s H h Ŋv ŋv
V v L l R r
Vowels
edit
A a I i U u E e O o
ɵ Ə ə
Tone letters
edit
ƨ Ɜ ɜ Ч ч
A sign in Zhuang language (top) located in Guangxi
1982 Alphabet
edit
Consonants
edit
B b D d G g C c By by Mb mb Nd nd Gv gv Y y
Gy gy M m N n Ng ng Ny ny My my F f S s H h
Ngv ngv V v L l R r
Vowels
edit
A a I i U u E e O o Oe oe (from Ɵ) Ae ae (from Ə) W w (from Ɯ)
Tone letters
edit
Z z J j X x Q q H h
See also
edit
Languages of China
Zhuang studies
Notes
edit
pre-1982:
Vaƅcueŋƅ
from
vah
language
and
Cuengh
Zhuang
simplified Chinese
壮语
traditional Chinese
壯語
pinyin
Zhuàngyǔ
References
edit
Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in
Nationalencyklopedin
"Guangxi Zhuang"
Lexico
UK English Dictionary
Oxford University Press
. Archived from
the original
on April 20, 2021.
Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.).
Encyclopedia of the World's Engangered Languages
. Routledge. pp.
349–
422.
ISBN
978-1-135-79640-2
p. 370.
A1 designates a tone.
Edmondson, Jerold A. (2007).
"The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam"
(PDF)
. In Jimmy G. Harris; Somsonge Burusphat; James E. Harris (eds.).
Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics
. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. pp.
39–
63. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2011-07-16
. Retrieved
2011-06-19
(see p. 15 of preprint)
Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2009).
The Phonology of Proto-Tai
(Ph.D. thesis). Cornell University.
hdl
1813/13855
Zhang Yuansheng and Wei Xingyun. 1997. "Regional variants and vernaculars in Zhuang." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.),
Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch
, 77–96. Publications in Linguistics, 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
ISBN
978-1-55671-005-6
Luo, Yongxian (2008). "Zhuang". In Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerold A.; Luo, Yongxian (eds.).
The Tai-Kadai Languages
. London: Routledge.
ISBN
978-0-7007-1457-5
Johnson, Eric C. (2007).
"ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, Change Request Number 2006-128"
(PDF)
Tan, Sharon (2007).
"ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, Change Request Number 2007-027"
(PDF)
Zhang (1999)
Hansen, Bruce; Castro, Andy (2010).
"Hongshui He Zhuang dialect intelligibility survey"
. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2010-025.
Wei, Mingying 韦名应. 2017.
Guidong Zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu
桂东壮语语音研究. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社.
ISBN
978-7-105-14918-6
Jackson, Bruce; Jackson, Andy; Lau, Shuh Huey (2012).
"A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dejing Zhuang Dialect Area"
. SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012-036.
Johnson (2010)
"Language Name and Locationː Pyang Zhuang (Fuping), China [Not on Ethnologue]"
lingweb.eva.mpg.de
. Archived from
the original
on 2014-02-23
. Retrieved
2014-02-09
Liao, Hanbo (2016).
Tonal Development of Tai Languages
(M.A. thesis). Payap University.
Zhou (2003)
Bibliography
edit
Zhuàng-Hàn cíhuì
壯漢詞彙
(in Chinese). Nanning: Guangxi minzu chubanshe. 1984.
Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B., eds. (1997).
Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch
. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
Johnson, Eric C. (2010).
"A Sociolinguistic Introduction to the Central Taic Languages of Wenshan Prefecture, China"
(PDF)
. SIL International. SIL Electronic Survey Report 2010-027.
Zhuàng-Hàn-Yīng cídiǎn / Guengh Gun Yingh swzdenj / Zhuang–Chinese–English Dictionary
壯漢英詞典
. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe. 2004.
ISBN
7-105-07001-3
Tan, Xiaohang 覃曉航 (1995).
Xiàndài Zhuàngyǔ
現代壯語
(in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
Tan, Guosheng 覃國生 (1996).
Zhuàngyǔ fāngyán gàilùn
壯語方言概論
(in Chinese). Nanning: Guangxi minzu chubanshe.
Wang, Mingfu 王明富; Johnson, Eric 江子楊 (2008).
Zhuàngzú wénhuà yíchǎn jí zhuàngyǔ yánjiū / Zhuang Cultural and Linguistic Heritage
壯族文化遺產及壯語研究
(in Chinese and English). Kunming: Yunnan minzu chubanshe / The Nationalities Publishing House of Yunnan.
ISBN
978-7-5367-4255-0
Wei, Mingying 韋名應 (2017).
Guidong Zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu 桂東壯語語音研究
. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族出版社.
OCLC
1082879363
Wei, Qingwen 韋慶穩; Tan, Guosheng 覃國生 (1980).
Zhuàngyǔ jiǎnzhì
壯語簡志
(in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
Zhang, Junru 張均如; et al. (1999).
Zhuàngyǔ fāngyán yánjiū
壯語方言研究
A Study of Zhuang Dialects
] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan minzu chubanshe.
Zhou, Minglang (2003).
Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949–2002
. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp.
251–
258.
ISBN
3-11-017896-6
External links
edit
Look up
Category:Zhuang language
in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to
Zhuang writing
Kra-Dai Swadesh lists
(from Wiktionary's
Swadesh-list appendix
Zhuang language & alphabet
, Omniglot
The prospects for the long-term survival of Non-Han minority languages in the south of China
Field Notes on the Pronominal System of Zhuang
"A major case of language shift is occurring in which the use of Zhuang and other minority languages is restricted mainly to rural areas because Zhuang-speaking villages, like Jingxi, which develop into towns become more and more of Mandarin-speaking towns. Zhuang-speaking villages become non-Zhuang-speaking towns! And children of Zhuang-speaking parents in cities are likely not to speak Zhuang as a mother-tongue."
Map of Major Zhuang language groups
Archived
2017-10-11 at the
Wayback Machine
Paradisec
has an open access
collection of Zhuang Mogong Texts from Bama and Tianyang
Sawcuengh People.com
Official Zhuang language version (
Standard Zhuang
) of the
People's Daily
website
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